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Journal articles on the topic 'Elastomere'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Kaal, William, and Sebastian Rieß. "Elastomere Sensorwerkstoffe zur Digitalisierung industrieller Prozesse." Konstruktion 71, no. 05 (2019): IW4—IW6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0720-5953-2019-05-70.

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Die Digitalisierung industrieller Prozesse erfordert eine möglichst hohe Integrationsdichte von Sensoren in mechanische Teilkomponenten von industriellen Anlagen. Am Fraunhofer LBF konnte die Nutzbarkeit dielektrische Elastomere in Verbindung mit speziell entwickelten strukturierten Elektroden für dynamische Kraftmessungen nachgewiesen und deren Integration in einen Flachsensor sowie in ein elastisches Elastomer-Maschinenlager gezeigt werden.
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2

Baaser, Herbert. "Simulationsmodelle für Elastomere." ATZ - Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift 112, no. 5 (May 2010): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03222170.

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3

Hetterich, Martina, and Dirk Butschkau. "Flammwidrige thermoplastische Elastomere." adhäsion KLEBEN & DICHTEN 63, no. 11 (November 2019): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35145-019-0072-3.

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4

Wendorff, J. H. "Piezoelektrische flüssigkristalline Elastomere." Angewandte Chemie 103, no. 4 (April 1991): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19911030408.

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5

Agafonov, Alexander V., Anton S. Kraev, Alexander E. Baranchikov, and Vladimir K. Ivanov. "Electrorheological Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane/TiO2-Based Composite Elastomers." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092137.

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Electrorheological elastomers based on polydimethylsiloxane filled with hydrated titanium dioxide with a particle size of 100–200 nm were obtained by polymerization of the elastomeric matrix, either in the presence, or in the absence, of an external electric field. The viscoelastic and dielectric properties of the obtained elastomers were compared. Analysis of the storage modulus and loss modulus of the filled elastomers made it possible to reveal the influence of the electric field on the Payne effect in electrorheological elastomers. The elastomer vulcanized in the electric field showed high values of electrorheological sensitivity, 250% for storage modulus and 1100% for loss modulus. It was shown, for the first time, that vulcanization of filled elastomers in the electric field leads to a significant decrease in the degree of crosslinking in the elastomer. This effect should be taken into account in the design of electroactive elastomeric materials.
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6

Herrmann, Konrad, Peter Strobel, and Anton Stibler. "Neues Härtemessverfahren für sehr weiche Elastomere." Materials Testing 44, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2002-440308.

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7

Ikeda, Tomiki, Jun-ichi Mamiya, and Yanlei Yu. "Photomechanik flüssigkristalliner Elastomere und anderer Polymere." Angewandte Chemie 119, no. 4 (January 15, 2007): 512–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200602372.

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8

Biggs, James, Karsten Danielmeier, Julia Hitzbleck, Jens Krause, Tom Kridl, Stephan Nowak, Enrico Orselli, et al. "Elektroaktive Polymere: Entwicklungen und Perspektiven dielektrischer Elastomere." Angewandte Chemie 125, no. 36 (July 22, 2013): 9581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201301918.

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9

Yu, Yanlei, and Tomiki Ikeda. "Weiche Aktuatoren auf der Basis flüssigkristalliner Elastomere." Angewandte Chemie 118, no. 33 (August 18, 2006): 5542–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200601760.

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10

Fritz, Hans-Gerhard. "Neue Thermoplastische Elastomere: Rezeptierung, Aufbereitung und Werkstoffeigenschaften." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 67, no. 5 (May 1995): 560–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330670505.

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11

Dirlenbach, H. "Moderne Klauenkupplungen: Mehr Drehmoment und Betriebssicherheit." Konstruktion 67, no. 07-08 (2015): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0720-5953-2015-07-08-12.

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Antriebstechnik muss leistungsstark und sicher sein. Durch Innovationen bei elastischen Klauenkupplungen konnten Drehmoment und Betriebssicherheit gesteigert werden. Verantwortlich dafür sind neu entwickelte Elastomere mit hochwertigen Materialeigenschaften, eine modifizierte Nockengeometrie und Naben aus Sphäroguss. Die Innovationen wirken sich positiv auf die Lebensdauer des gesamten Antriebsstrangs aus.
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12

Willbanks, Otto L. "Silicone Elastomere Ring Vertical Gastroplasty: extended follow-up." Obesity Surgery 1, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1381/096089291765560746.

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13

Habr, Jiří, Jiří Bobek, Petr Lenfeld, Luboš Bĕhálek, and Martin Seidl. "Two Component Parts Hardness Optimization Regarding Production Systems." Key Engineering Materials 669 (October 2015): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.669.44.

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This paper deals with optimization of mechanical properties mainly hardness and stiffness of flexible part of two component injection molded part regarding production systems. Optimization is performed on two material combinations: Thermoplastic - thermoplastic elastomere and thermoplastic - silicone. Polymers used for two component part are suitable for medical applications.
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14

Lawson, David F. "Recent Developments in the Flammability of Elastomeric Materials." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 59, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 455–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538210.

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Abstract Most of the flame-retardant technology now used with elastomers has been known for some time. Advances have been made in recent years in the understanding of elastomer combustion and inhibition mechanisms, in the measurement and control of visible smoke generation from elastomers, and the toxic effects of combustion atmospheres. By integrating existing technology with recent developments and the likely advances of the future, elastomeric materials will continue to receive acceptance for a wide variety of applications. Author's note: A review stressing quantitative aspects of polymer combustion has recently appeared.
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15

Matsuda, Akihiro, and Shigeru Kawahara. "Applicability of Thermoplastic Elastomers to Impact Load Reduction in Sports Equipment." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049163.

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In this paper, mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomers were investigated to expand the applicability of thermoplastic elastomers to the impact load reduction for the sports equipment. The thermoplastic elastomers show both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. These are expected to apply to the impact load reduction in sports equipment due to good processability and less-smell. In this study, thermoplastic elastomers were applied for monotonic and cyclic tensile loading tests. The thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) materials in this study were newly developed for the specific purpose of impact load reduction. The nonlinear hyperelastic model considering the viscosity and damage model was applied to the tensile loading test results. finite element analysis (FEA) results of TPE specimens with periodic geometric shapes to reduce impact load were investigated.
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16

Qi, H. J., K. Joyce, and M. C. Boyce. "Durometer Hardness and the Stress-Strain Behavior of Elastomeric Materials." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547752.

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Abstract The Durometer hardness test is one of the most commonly used measurements to qualitatively assess and compare the mechanical behavior of elastomeric and elastomeric-like materials. This paper presents nonlinear finite element simulations of hardness tests which act to provide a mapping of measured Durometer Shore A and D values to the stress-strain behavior of elastomers. In the simulations, the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of the elastomers is first represented using the Gaussian (neo-Hookean) constitutive model. The predictive capability of the simulations is verified by comparison of calculated conversions of Shore A to Shore D values with the guideline conversion chart in ASTM D2240. The simulation results are then used to determine the relationship between the neo-Hookean elastic modulus and Shore A and Shore D values. The simulation results show the elastomer to undergo locally large deformations during hardness testing. In order to assess the potential role of the limiting extensibility of the elastomer on the hardness measurement, simulations are conducted where the elastomer is represented by the non-Gaussian Arruda-Boyce constitutive model. The limiting extensibility is found to predict a higher hardness value for a material with a given initial modulus. This effect is pronounced as the limiting extensibility decreases to less than 5 and eliminates the one-to-one mapping of hardness to modulus. However, the durometer hardness test still can be used as a reasonable approximation of the initial neo-Hookean modulus unless the limiting extensibility is known to be small as is the case in many materials, such as some elastomers and most soft biological tissues.
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17

Sacha, Dariusz, and Agnieszka Skibińska. "Ocena kompatybilności współczesnych elastomerów z olejami bazowymi stosowanymi do produkcji smarów plastycznych." Nafta-Gaz 79, no. 7 (July 2023): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2023.07.07.

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Kompatybilność materiałowa jest bardzo ważnym czynnikiem wpływającym na trwałość, bezpieczeństwo i niezawodność stosowanych urządzeń mechanicznych. Wprowadzenie na rynek nowo opracowanych środków smarowych do nowych zastosowań lub środków, w których zmieniono bazy olejowe lub pakiety dodatków uszlachetniających, wymaga sprawdzenia ich współoddziaływania z materiałami konstrukcyjnymi urządzeń, w których będą one stosowane. Jednym z materiałów konstrukcyjnych wrażliwych na produkty naftowe są różnego rodzaju elastomery, które w wielu zastosowaniach technicznych wykorzystywane są jako materiały uszczelniające lub przewody zasilające. Ze względu na swoją budowę elastomery ulegają niekorzystnym zmianom w miarę upływu czasu, wzrostu temperatury, oddziaływania światła ultrafioletowego, ozonu oraz różnych substancji organicznych. Środki smarowe mogą migrować do masy elastomeru, powodując ogólną zmianę objętości i modyfikację jego właściwości, w szczególności wpływając na jego twardość, wytrzymałość i zdolność do odkształceń odwracalnych. W skrajnych przypadkach środki te mogą powodować całkowitą degradację elastomeru. Z uwagi na fakt, że badania eksploatacyjne i stanowiskowe są długotrwałe i bardzo kosztowne, a do tego mało obiektywne, do badań kompatybilności stosuje się testy laboratoryjne. Wykorzystuje się próbki danego wyrobu elastomerowego i poddaje je oddziaływaniu badanego środka smarowego przez określony czas w określonej temperaturze, stosując znormalizowane metody badawcze. W artykule opisano współoddziaływania zachodzące pomiędzy elastomerami a wybranymi olejami bazowymi stosowanymi do produkcji smarów plastycznych. Zbadano wpływ olejów bazowych na właściwości fizyczne oraz mechaniczne dostępnych na rynku elastomerów. Dla każdego rodzaju elastomeru wyznaczono zmianę objętości, zmianę twardości elastomerów, wydłużenie w chwili zerwania i naprężenie zrywające. Na podstawie przeglądu literaturowego oraz obserwacji poczynionych w trakcie badań określono wstępnie dopuszczalne limity zmian właściwości fizycznych i mechanicznych, w oparciu o które można ocenić odporność elastomerów na oddziaływanie olejów bazowych stosowanych do produkcji smarów plastycznych.
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18

Kinsey, Robert A. "Solid-State NMR of Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538263.

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Abstract The versatility of solid state NMR for the characterization of elastomers and elastomer composites has been demonstrated. NMR can be used as an analytical tool for identifying the elastomer(s) present (including the sequence distribution and tacticity), measuring crosslink levels, and monitoring chemical modifications. In addition, with relaxation measurements, NMR provides direct physical insight into the dynamics, and hence the spatial interactions of elastomeric systems. The interfacial regions of heterogeneous systems such as IPNs, filled elastomers, and block copolymers can be probed. A variety of NMR parameters can be correlated with physical properties. Future studies will extend the use of variable temperature and high magnetic field strength measurements, as well as utilize the growing number of two-dimensional experiments. The use of solid state H-l NMR should increase as instrumentation progresses, complementing the heteronuclear work. Solid H-l NMR offers significant sensitivity increases over C-13 NMR, but with decreased resolution. N-15 NMR studies have been recently performed at natural abundance with rigid polymers, and will likely be useful for characterizing elastomers.
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19

Xu, Zhao-Dong, Si Suo, Jun-Tao Zhu, and Ying-Qing Guo. "Performance tests and modeling on high damping magnetorheological elastomers based on bromobutyl rubber." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 6 (September 15, 2017): 1025–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17730909.

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A new kind of magnetorheological elastomer with the matrix of the bromobutyl rubber is developed. The magnetoviscoelasticity properties of the magnetorheological elastomer specimens are investigated with respect to different magnetic fields, displacement amplitudes, and frequencies under sinusoidal loadings. The experimental results show that the shear storage modulus and the loss factor of magnetorheological elastomers increase with the increasing magnetic field, excitation frequency, and the weight fraction of particles, but decrease with the increasing strain amplitude, and the magnetorheological elastomers have a high loss factor which can reach to 0.682. Then, a microphysical model based on the assumption of the chi-square distribution of the distance between adjacent ferromagnetic particles is proposed, which can eliminate the error generated by the assumption of the uniform distribution and describe the magnetorheological effect more exactly. Based on the proposed microphysical model, the magnetoviscoelasticity parameter model is modified to describe the dynamic properties of magnetorheological elastomers. It can be concluded from comparison between the numerical and experimental results that the modified magnetoviscoelasticity parameter model can describe the magnetorheological elastomer’s performance well.
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20

Elrod, D. B., J. Gibb Figlar, S. D. Worley, Royall M. Broughton, J. R. Bickert, J. I. Santiago, and J. F. Williams. "A Novel Biocidal Elastomer." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544954.

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Abstract Biocidal elastomeric materials have been produced by a three-step chemical process on commercial elastomers which are composed of a styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene triblock copolymer. The commercial elastomeric material employed was Kraton®G, produced by the Shell Chemical Company in Houston, Texas. The three-step process involved a Friedel-Crafts acylation of the styrene blocks of the elastomer, followed by a hydantoin ring formation reaction, and subsequent halogenation with chlorine or bromine. Both raw and processed elastomeric materials were studied. The biocidal efficacies of the materials were demonstrated using several species of bacteria. A few applications for the technology may include prevention of disease by biocidal surgical gloves, condoms, protective clothing, food packaging, and the prevention of biofouling in elastomeric tubing.
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21

Kang, Sung, Kisuk Choi, Jae-Do Nam, and Hyoung Choi. "Magnetorheological Elastomers: Fabrication, Characteristics, and Applications." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 4597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204597.

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Magnetorheological (MR) elastomers become one of the most powerful smart and advanced materials that can be tuned reversibly, finely, and quickly in terms of their mechanical and viscoelastic properties by an input magnetic field. They are composite materials in which magnetizable particles are dispersed in solid base elastomers. Their distinctive behaviors are relying on the type and size of dispersed magnetic particles, the type of elastomer matrix, and the type of non-magnetic fillers such as plasticizer, carbon black, and crosslink agent. With these controllable characteristics, they can be applied to various applications such as vibration absorber, isolator, magnetoresistor, and electromagnetic wave absorption. This review provides a summary of the fabrication, properties, and applications of MR elastomers made of various elastomeric materials.
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22

McCarthy, D. W., and J. E. Mark. "Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Elastomers from Aqueous Emulsions: III. Effects of Blended Silica Fillers and γ-Radiation-Induced Crosslinking." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538519.

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Abstract The morphologies of the reinforced elastomers prepared from emulsions were found to depend greatly on how the silica phases were introduced. More specifically, blending colloidal silica into the elastomer prior to film formation was found to yield a highly unusual elastomer in which the continuous phase was the silica and the dispersed phase the elastomer. This is the opposite of the usual case in which, for example, the silica is generated in-situ within the continuous elastomeric phase. These morphological differences were used to explain the different shapes of the stress—strain isotherms of these materials in simple elongation. Results on the crosslinking effects of gamma radiation demonstrated that this treatment represents another useful technique for optimizing the properties of these emulsion-derived materials.
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23

Kresge, E. N. "Polyolefin Thermoplastic Elastomer Blends." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538564.

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Abstract Thermoplastic elastomers based on blends of polyolefins are an important family of engineering materials. Their importance arises from a combination of rubbery properties along with their thermoplastic nature in contrast to thermoset elastomers. The development of polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer blends follows somewhat that of thermoplastic elastomers based on block copolymers such as styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer and multisegmented polyurethane thermoplastic elastomers which were instrumental in showing the utility of thermoplastic processing methods. Polyoleflns are based on coordination catalysts that do not easily lend themselves to block or multisegmented copolymer synthesis. However, since polyolefins have many important attributes favorable to useful elastomeric systems, there was considerable incentive to produce thermoplastic elastomers based on simple α-olefins by some means. Low density, chemical stability, weather resistance, and ability to accept compounding ingredients without compromising physical properties are highly desirable. These considerations led to the development of polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer blends, and two types are now widely used: blends of ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM) with polypropylene (PP) and blends of EPDM and PP in which the rubber phase is highly crosslinked. This article reviews the nature of these blends. Both physical and Theological properties are very dependent on the morphology and crosslink density of the blend system. Moreover, the usefulness of practical systems depends extensively on compounding technology based on added plasticizers and fillers.
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24

Kühne, Friederike, Maurus Biedermann, Angela Eicher, Florian Felder, Stefan Sander, Roman Schmidt, Saskia Lehmann, et al. "Characterisation of Elastomers as Food Contact Materials–Part 1: Quantification of Extractable Compounds, Swelling of Elastomers in Food Simulants and Release of Elements." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020509.

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Elastomers are not a uniform class of materials but comprise a broad spectrum of chemically different polymers. Sealing gaskets, gloves, teats, conveyor belts and tubing are examples of elastomers being used as food contact materials (FCMs). Ten elastomer samples were evaluated with respect to the content of extractable compounds, migration of substances into ethanolic food simulants, swelling in food simulants and release of elements in different food simulants. The number of extractable substances <1000 Da was determined by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionisation detection (GC × GC–FID) analysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF) extracts. The number of signals ranged from 61 (a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)) to 690 (a natural rubber/styrene-butadiene-rubber blend (NR/SBR)). As for risk assessment, the decisive factor is which substances reach the food. The extent of substances that migrate into ethanolic food simulants was investigated. Elastomer FCMs can be the source of food contamination with heavy metals. Notably, contamination with lead was detected in some samples investigated in this study. It was shown that food simulants harbour the potential to morphologically alter or even disintegrate elastomeric materials. The results presented here highlight the importance to carefully choose the elastomer type for the intended use as FCMs as not every application may prove safe for consumers.
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25

Filippova, Olga V., Aleksey V. Maksimkin, Tarek Dayyoub, Dmitry I. Larionov, and Dmitry V. Telyshev. "Sustainable Elastomers for Actuators: “Green” Synthetic Approaches and Material Properties." Polymers 15, no. 12 (June 20, 2023): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122755.

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Elastomeric materials have great application potential in actuator design and soft robot development. The most common elastomers used for these purposes are polyurethanes, silicones, and acrylic elastomers due to their outstanding physical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Currently, these types of polymers are produced by traditional synthetic methods, which may be harmful to the environment and hazardous to human health. The development of new synthetic routes using green chemistry principles is an important step to reduce the ecological footprint and create more sustainable biocompatible materials. Another promising trend is the synthesis of other types of elastomers from renewable bioresources, such as terpenes, lignin, chitin, various bio-oils, etc. The aim of this review is to address existing approaches to the synthesis of elastomers using “green” chemistry methods, compare the properties of sustainable elastomers with the properties of materials produced by traditional methods, and analyze the feasibility of said sustainable elastomers for the development of actuators. Finally, the advantages and challenges of existing “green” methods of elastomer synthesis will be summarized, along with an estimation of future development prospects.
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26

Lindberg, Herbert E., and Yvonne D. Murray. "A Case and Elastomer Annulus Under Lateral Impulse." Applied Mechanics Reviews 42, no. 11S (November 1, 1989): S142—S149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3152384.

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Fourier series and finite element solutions are given for stresses in a cylindrical case filled with an annulus of elastomeric material. The Fourier series solutions are for membrane stresses, which dominate at early time, and are given for three case-elastomer models: (1) a slide boundary model in which the case wall moves as a unit with the elastomer in radial motion but, with a weak bond between the case and elastomer, is free to slide relative to the elastomer in tangential motion, (2) a unit motion model for a well-bonded elastomer in which the case wall and elastomer are assumed to move together as a unit in both radial and tangential motion, and (3) a radiation boundary model in which tangential motion of the case wall radiates energy into a well-bonded elastomer. For typical case, elastomer and bond mechanical properties, the radiation boundary model gives the most appropriate solution, which differs substantially from the other solutions even for very soft elastomers. Finite element solutions agree closely with and support the validity of all three analytical models, which were used to guide the finite element “experiments” and interpret and generalize their results.
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27

Polukoshko, Svetlana, Andris Martinovs, and Svetlana Sokolova. "AGING, FATIGUE AND DURABILITY OF RUBBER VIBRATION ISOLATION ELEMENTS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 15, 2017): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2664.

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This paper deal with shock and vibration insulators, which usually are performed from the elastomeric (rubber-like) materials. Elastomeric materials give many engineering advantages due to their capability of absorbing input energy much better than engineering materials, high elasticity, good dynamic properties, low volume compressibility, a linear relationship between stress and strain up to strain of 15% ÷ 20%, resistance to aggressive environmental factors. Elastomeric materials are widely used in machine building, shipbuilding, civil engineering, aviation and aerospace as compensation devices, vibration dampers, shock absorbers. Laminated elastomers, consisting of interleaved thin layers of elastomer and rigid reinforcing layers are also successfully used as bearing, joints, dampers, compensating devices, shock-absorbers. Such structures have many advantages: ability to endure high stress (>200 MPa), ease of maintenance, non- necessity for lubrication, vibration and noise reduction, ability to work in a very dirty, dusty, abrasive environment. The disadvantage of elastomeric material are aging, i.e. changing its properties over time. In this paper the influence of aging of elastomeric materials on the damping properties of shock absorbers is considered based on the mechanical models of elastomers - Maxwell and Burgers modes. Fatigue endurance, i.e. the ability to withstand mechanical actions for a long time is studied based on experiments on dynamic shear with laminated rubber-metal structures. The experiments show that such structures have a very high fatigue life - up to 100 million cycles.
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28

Gullu Jabbarova, Lamiya Rustamova, Gullu Jabbarova, Lamiya Rustamova. "STUDY OF PACKER'S SWELLING RATE IN DIFFERENT LIQUIDS." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 34, no. 11 (November 2, 2023): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei34112023-85.

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Cementing is currently the only method used in oil fields to establish zonal isolation. Another method for zonal isolation involves the use of swellable packers. Swellable packers are designed using elastomeric components that have a unique swelling property when exposed to water, water-based fluids or oil. The swelling of the elastomer creates a tight seal. Swellable packers offer several advantages in well construction and maintenance. They can be used for a variety of purposes including preventing gas migration, shutting off water flow, and facilitating fracturing operations. Swellable packer technology involves the selection of elastomers that can expand in the presence of water, oil, or certain brines. It is assumed that the degree of swelling and rate of expansion depends on factors such as elastomer composition, conditions in the wellbore, and the salinity of the surrounding fluids. The use of swellable packers requires careful consideration of well conditions and the fluids present. Matching the packer's swelling properties to the intended well’s fluids is essential to achieve effective zonal isolation. Proper elastomer compatibility testing and evaluation is recommended prior to field deployment to ensure successful and reliable packer operation. in this regard, the purpose of this study is to experimentally confirm the possibility of expanding packers in fluid with different salt concentrations and oil. The study highlights the importance of conducting a comprehensive quality assessment of elastomers prior to their use in field operations. Keywords: cementing, zonal isolation, swellable packers, swelling property, salinity, elastomers, crude oil, swelling rate.
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29

Belarbi, A., B. Mansouri, G. Mehdi, Mohamed Belhouari, and Zitouni Azari. "Stress Reduction in Bone/Dental Implant Interface Using Elastomeric Stress Absorbers." Advanced Materials Research 1099 (April 2015): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1099.129.

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This paper focused on optimal stress distribution in the mandibular bone surrounding a dental implant and devoted to the development of a modified Osteoplant implant type in order to minimize stress concentration in the bone/implant interface. This study investigated two elastomeric stress barriers incorporated into the dental implant using 3-D finite element analysis. Overall, this proposed implant provoked lower bone/implant interface stresses due to the effect of the elastomers as stress absorbers.Key Words: Dental implant, stress absorber, elastomer, finite element method
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Premnath, Mithun, and Kriparaj Kareveliparambil Gopi. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Performance of Various Damper Materials." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 8 (April 5, 2023): 5038. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.5038.

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The vibration in ships causes structural fatigue, damage to electrical and mechanical devices, excessive level of noise and discomfort to the passengers and crews. Sometimes the increase in ship vibration leads to unsafe operating conditions and thereby discarding it. Thus, the research on vibration reduction is essential in the maritime field and this paper deals with the reduction of vibrations in marine machinery using elastomeric bearings. The numerical analysis of the performance of passive vibration isolators with different damping materials was conducted using ANSYS and the results are validated experimentally. With the help of a vibration exciter, vibration transmissibility at different frequencies is plotted and the hysteresis curve was generated numerically by applying a cyclic load to the bearing. Then, the best damping material was deducted by comparing the calculated loss factor of different elastomeric materials such as natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber and polybutadiene Rubber (PBR) and their combinations. The natural rubber blended with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and polybutadiene rubber (PBR) shows an increase in the damping property of the elastomer and can be used for high-frequency damping applications. HIGHLIGHTS Study of damping property of various elastomers. Experimental as well as numerical analysis were done to find the loss factor of elastomers The transmissibility curve of the elastomers was plotted at different frequencies ranging from 10 - 4000 Hz using a vibration exciter and the loss factor was calculated using half power band width method Hysteresis curve of elastomers were generated numerically using ANSYS software and the loss factor of the elastomers was calculated theoretically GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Fazzini, Marina, Sébastien Mistou, Moussa Karama, and B. Desmars. "Digital Image Stereo-Correlation Applied to the Identification of Elastomers." Advanced Materials Research 112 (May 2010): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.112.103.

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As a complement to classic characterization in the identification of elastomers, full-field measurement methods such as image stereo correlation can undeniably contribute to the validation of elastomeric connection behaviour. Indeed, these measurements enable three-dimensional displacement and strains fields over the totality of the studied surface to be finely reached. Characterization tests in shearing on an elastomer were followed by image stereocorrelation up to high strain levels. The experimental results could thus be confronted with theoretical results using an Alexander hyperelastic behaviour law, which enabled the relevance of this law to be validated locally.
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Delpassand, M. S. "Stator Life of a Positive Displacement Downhole Drilling Motor." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795065.

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The power section of a positive displacement drill motor (PDM) consists of a steel rotor and a tube with a molded elastomeric lining (stator). Power section failures are typically due to the failure of the stator elastomer. Stator life depends on many factors such as design, materials of construction, and downhole operating conditions. This paper focuses on the stator failure mechanisms and factors affecting stator life. An analytical method for predicting the effect of various design and operating parameters on the strain state and heat build-up within elastomers is discussed. The effect of parameters such as rotor/stator design, downhole temperature, drilling fluid, stator elastomer properties, motor speed, and motor differential pressure on the stator life is discussed. Nonlinear finite element analysis is used to perform thermal and structural analysis on the stator elastomer. Data from laboratory accelerated life tests on power section stators is presented to demonstrate the effect of operating conditions on stator life.
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Itskov, M. "Finite-Elemente-Analyse gummiartiger inkompressibler Elastomere unter großen Verzerrungen und Kontaktwechselwirkungen." ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 77, no. 8 (1997): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19970770811.

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Marotzke, Ch. "Bewertung von Stoffgesetzen für Elastomere anhand von Versuchen und numerischen Untersuchungen." ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 65, no. 8 (1985): 388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19850650818.

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Wiranata, Ardi, and Shingo Maeda. "A Deformable Linear Dielectric Elastomer Actuator." Key Engineering Materials 884 (May 2021): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.884.430.

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Dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) is a compact device that consists of stretchable electrodes and elastomers. This device is energy efficient in performance and holds great promise in the development of soft actuators. DEAs performance relies significantly on the mechanical properties of its elastomers. This present study focuses on evaluating the soft material made of Sylgard 184 as the elastomers for DEAs. Sylgard 184 is a silicone elastomer that comes with two main parts (elastomers and its curing agent). A specific mixing ratio between elastomers and curing agent is essential to produce solid and reliable silicone elastomer. The recommended ratio for the elastomer solution was ten parts for the elastomers and one part for the curing agent (10:1). Producing softer elastomers was possible by reducing the curing agent. However, the performance of the material was unknown. We performed a series of cyclic tensile tests to understand the mechanical characteristic of the elastomer made of Sylgard 184. The result shows that reducing the curing agent did not have a significant effect on its cyclic performance. Furthermore, the use of a 30:1 ratio in the application of DEAs and deformable linear actuator indicates stable performance for both devices.
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Lin, Lili, Jingqi Ma, Quanjing Mei, Bin Cai, Jie Chen, Yi Zuo, Qin Zou, Jidong Li, and Yubao Li. "Elastomeric Polyurethane Foams Incorporated with Nanosized Hydroxyapatite Fillers for Plastic Reconstruction." Nanomaterials 8, no. 12 (November 25, 2018): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8120972.

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Plastic surgeons have long searched for the ideal materials to use in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. The aim of this study was to obtain a novel porous elastomer based on designed aliphatic polyurethane (PU) and nanosized hydroxyapatite (n-HA) fillers for plastic reconstruction. The physicochemical properties of the prepared composite elastomer were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal analysis, mechanical tests, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results assessed by the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that the n-HA/PU compounded foams had a good elasticity, flexibility, and supporting strength. The homogenous dispersion of the n-HA fillers could be observed throughout the cross-linked PU matrix. The porous elastomer also showed a uniform pore structure and a resilience to hold against general press and tensile stress. In addition, the elastomeric foams showed no evidence of cytotoxicity and exhibited the ability to enhance cell proliferation and attachment when evaluated using rat-bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The animal experiments indicated that the porous elastomers could form a good integration with bone tissue. The presence of n-HA fillers promoted cell infiltration and tissue regeneration. The elastomeric and bioactive n-HA/PU composite foam could be a good candidate for future plastic reconstruction.
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Pennel, Zachary, Michael McGeehan, and Keat Ghee Ong. "An Optoelectronics-Based Compressive Force Sensor with Scalable Sensitivity." Sensors 23, no. 14 (July 19, 2023): 6513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146513.

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There is an increasing need to accurately measure compressive force for biomedical and industrial applications. However, this need has not been fully addressed, as many sensors are bulky, have high power requirements, and/or are susceptible to electromagnetic interference. This paper presents an optoelectronics-based force sensor that can overcome the limitations of many sensors in the market. The sensor uses a light emitting diode (LED) to transmit visible broad-spectrum light into a photoresistor through an optically clear spacer on top of an elastomeric medium. In the absence of an external force, the light path is mostly blocked by the opaque elastomeric medium. Under a compressive force, the clear spacer compresses the elastomer, moving itself into the light path, and thus increasing the overall light transmission. The amount of light received by the photoresistor is used to quantify compressive force based on elastomer displacement/compression and a priori knowledge of elastomer stiffness. This sensing scheme was tested under eight different configurations: two different sized sensors with four types of elastomers per size (20A neoprene, 30A neoprene, 50A neoprene, and 75A styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR)). All configurations measured force with R2 > 0.97, RMSE < 1.9 N, and sensitivity values ranging from 17 to 485 N/V. This sensing scheme provides a low-cost, low-power method for accurate force sensing with a wide force range.
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Riehle, Natascha, Kiriaki Athanasopulu, Larysa Kutuzova, Tobias Götz, Andreas Kandelbauer, Günter E. M. Tovar, and Günter Lorenz. "Influence of Hard Segment Content and Diisocyanate Structure on the Transparency and Mechanical Properties of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Based Urea Elastomers for Biomedical Applications." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020212.

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The effect of hard segment content and diisocyanate structure on the transparency and mechanical properties of soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based urea elastomers (PSUs) was investigated. A series of PSU elastomers were synthesized from an aminopropyl-terminated PDMS (M¯n: 16,300 g·mol−1), which was prepared by ring chain equilibration of the monomers octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-tetramethyldisiloxane (APTMDS). The hard segments (HSs) comprised diisocyanates of different symmetry, i.e., 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (H12MDI), 4,4′-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and trans-1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate (CHDI). The HS contents of the PSU elastomers based on H12MDI and IPDI were systematically varied between 5% and 20% by increasing the ratio of the diisocyanate and the chain extender APTMDS. PSU copolymers of very low urea HS contents (1.0–1.6%) were prepared without the chain extender. All PSU elastomers and copolymers exhibited good elastomeric properties and displayed elongation at break values between 600% and 1100%. The PSUs with HS contents below 10% were transparent and became increasingly translucent at HS contents of 15% and higher. The Young’s modulus (YM) and ultimate tensile strength values of the elastomers increased linearly with increasing HS content. The YM values differed significantly among the PSU copolymers depending on the symmetry of the diisocyanate. The softest elastomer was that based on the asymmetric IPDI. The elastomers synthesized from H12MDI and MDI both exhibited an intermediate YM, while the stiffest elastomer, i.e., that comprising the symmetric CHDI, had a YM three-times higher than that prepared with IPDI. The PSUs were subjected to load–unload cycles at 100% and 300% strain to study the influence of HS morphology on 10-cycle hysteresis behavior. At 100% strain, the first-cycle hysteresis values of the IPDI- and H12MDI-based elastomers first decreased to a minimum of approximately 9–10% at an HS content of 10% and increased again to 22–28% at an HS content of 20%. A similar, though less pronounced, trend was observed at 300% strain. First-cycle hysteresis among the PSU copolymers at 100% strain was lowest in the case of CHDI and highest in the IPDI-based elastomer. However, this effect was reversed at 300% strain, with CHDI displaying the highest hysteresis in the first cycle. In vitro cytotoxicity tests performed using HaCaT cells did not show any adverse effects, revealing their potential suitability for biomedical applications.
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39

Riehle, Natascha, Kiriaki Athanasopulu, Larysa Kutuzova, Tobias Götz, Andreas Kandelbauer, Günter E. M. Tovar, and Günter Lorenz. "Influence of Hard Segment Content and Diisocyanate Structure on the Transparency and Mechanical Properties of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Based Urea Elastomers for Biomedical Applications." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020212.

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The effect of hard segment content and diisocyanate structure on the transparency and mechanical properties of soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based urea elastomers (PSUs) was investigated. A series of PSU elastomers were synthesized from an aminopropyl-terminated PDMS (M¯n: 16,300 g·mol−1), which was prepared by ring chain equilibration of the monomers octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-tetramethyldisiloxane (APTMDS). The hard segments (HSs) comprised diisocyanates of different symmetry, i.e., 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (H12MDI), 4,4′-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and trans-1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate (CHDI). The HS contents of the PSU elastomers based on H12MDI and IPDI were systematically varied between 5% and 20% by increasing the ratio of the diisocyanate and the chain extender APTMDS. PSU copolymers of very low urea HS contents (1.0–1.6%) were prepared without the chain extender. All PSU elastomers and copolymers exhibited good elastomeric properties and displayed elongation at break values between 600% and 1100%. The PSUs with HS contents below 10% were transparent and became increasingly translucent at HS contents of 15% and higher. The Young’s modulus (YM) and ultimate tensile strength values of the elastomers increased linearly with increasing HS content. The YM values differed significantly among the PSU copolymers depending on the symmetry of the diisocyanate. The softest elastomer was that based on the asymmetric IPDI. The elastomers synthesized from H12MDI and MDI both exhibited an intermediate YM, while the stiffest elastomer, i.e., that comprising the symmetric CHDI, had a YM three-times higher than that prepared with IPDI. The PSUs were subjected to load–unload cycles at 100% and 300% strain to study the influence of HS morphology on 10-cycle hysteresis behavior. At 100% strain, the first-cycle hysteresis values of the IPDI- and H12MDI-based elastomers first decreased to a minimum of approximately 9–10% at an HS content of 10% and increased again to 22–28% at an HS content of 20%. A similar, though less pronounced, trend was observed at 300% strain. First-cycle hysteresis among the PSU copolymers at 100% strain was lowest in the case of CHDI and highest in the IPDI-based elastomer. However, this effect was reversed at 300% strain, with CHDI displaying the highest hysteresis in the first cycle. In vitro cytotoxicity tests performed using HaCaT cells did not show any adverse effects, revealing their potential suitability for biomedical applications.
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40

Rodrigues, Pedro Veiga, Bruno Ramoa, Ana Rita Torres, Maria Cidália R. Castro, and Ana Vera Machado. "Enhancing the Interface Behavior on Polycarbonate/Elastomeric Blends: Morphological, Structural, and Thermal Characterization." Polymers 15, no. 7 (April 2, 2023): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15071773.

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A systematic study was performed to provide better understanding of the effect of elastomeric materials on the behavior of polycarbonate blends (PC). Thus, blends of PC with different amounts of elastomers, such as copolyether ester elastomer (COPE), acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS), maleic anhydride-grafted ABS (ABS-g-MA), and styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS-g-MA) were prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The materials were characterized by an electronic microscopy (SEM), an infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal (DSC) and thermo-mechanical (DMA) techniques. The incorporation of elastomeric phases was observed by changes in the FTIR band’s intensity, whereas a new shoulder of the ester band of COPE at 1728 cm−1 indicates the occurrence of a transesterification reaction. Unmodified and modified ABS (5% and 10%) did not affect the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PC, while 1% SEBS-g-MA slightly increased this value. PC/10% COPE showed that a decrease in Tg of 25 °C has a result of better compatibilization between both phases, which is visible via SEM. SEM analysis identified three main toughening mechanisms, depending on the type of elastomer. Unlike any other study, this work deepens the knowledge, in a comparative way, to understand the elastomeric effect at the interface and consequently, on the mechanical behavior of PC systems.
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41

Shafiq, Muhammad, Muhammad Taqi Zahid Butt, and Shahzad Maqsood Khan. "Synthesis of Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)-Based Polyurethane and Effect of Chain Extender on Its Associated Properties." Polymers 13, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 3436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193436.

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This study depicts the investigations of the effect of composition of aromatic polyester polyol produced from terephthalic acid (TPA) and different concentrations of mono ethylene glycol (mEG) as a chain extender on the mechanical properties of polyurethane (PU) elastomer. Aromatic polyester polyols are prepared via the poly-esterification of adipic acid, terephthalic acid, catalyst, and mono ethylene glycol; while a polyurethane elastomer is formulated via the pre-polymerization of polyol with pure monomeric Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI.) Mechanical properties of polyurethane elastomers are examined, such as hardness via shore A hardness, apparent density via ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D1622–08, and abrasion wear resistance via a Deutches Institut fur Normung (DIN) abrasion wear resistance tester. Structural properties are investigated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Results reveal that the shore A hardness of the PU elastomer increases with an increasing concentration of mEG from 4g to 12g. Nevertheless, the elastomer’s density depicts a reduction with an increasing extender content. The abrasion wear resistance of polyurethane, however, increases with an increasing concentration of glycol. A structural analysis through FTIR confirms the formation of polyurethane elastomer through the characteristic peaks demonstrated.
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42

Prakash, Y., B. Nagaraju, K. V. Narayana, K. Jeevana, and G. V. K. Murthy. "Manufacture and Reaction Replication of Unstructured and Restructured Elastomeric and Elastomeric Utilizing Steel Net." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management 8, no. 6 (November 28, 2021): 1152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2021.8.6.228.

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The magneto-rheological (MR) elastomeric material has developed addicted to a powerful and cutting-edge smart substance which adjusted and quickly acted upon in relations of mechanical belongingsusing or deprived of the usage of a magnetic flux. They are made of elastomeric materials with Feelements incorporated into the medium. Based on the application of a magnetic field during the fabrication process, isotropic and anisotropic MR elastomers are divided into various groups. An elastomer's matrix contains magnetizable particles that are distributed in a highly controlled and kind-organized manner. After observing the structural and behavioral alterations of MREs, another fabrication was made by layering a steel net between elastomeric mediums to replicate the behavior of MREs. Their performance was shown via a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. Due to their exceptional mechanical properties, they can be used in a range of applications, including seismic devices, vibration absorbers, and isolators.
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43

Demirci, Gokhan, Malwina J. Niedźwiedź, Nina Kantor-Malujdy, and Miroslawa El Fray. "Elastomer–Hydrogel Systems: From Bio-Inspired Interfaces to Medical Applications." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091822.

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Novel advanced biomaterials have recently gained great attention, especially in minimally invasive surgical techniques. By applying sophisticated design and engineering methods, various elastomer–hydrogel systems (EHS) with outstanding performance have been developed in the last decades. These systems composed of elastomers and hydrogels are very attractive due to their high biocompatibility, injectability, controlled porosity and often antimicrobial properties. Moreover, their elastomeric properties and bioadhesiveness are making them suitable for soft tissue engineering. Herein, we present the advances in the current state-of-the-art design principles and strategies for strong interface formation inspired by nature (bio-inspiration), the diverse properties and applications of elastomer–hydrogel systems in different medical fields, in particular, in tissue engineering. The functionalities of these systems, including adhesive properties, injectability, antimicrobial properties and degradability, applicable to tissue engineering will be discussed in a context of future efforts towards the development of advanced biomaterials.
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44

Hutyra, John, Leonid Bunegin, and Maurice S. Albin. "EVALUATION OF PRESSURE RECORDING CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICONE ELASTOMERE, POLYURETHANE, AND POLYETHYLENE CATHETERS." Critical Care Medicine 15, no. 4 (April 1987): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198704000-00092.

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45

Susteric, Zoran, and Tomaz Kos. "Rheological Idiosyncrasies of Elastomer/Clay Nanocomposites." Applied Rheology 18, no. 5 (October 1, 2008): 54894–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2008-0018.

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Abstract Rheological properties of elastomeric nanocomposites with organically modified Montmorillonite clays, as possible replacements or supplements to classical active fillers, such as carbon black or silica, have been intensively studied in recent years. Possessing large specific surface areas acquired through the melt-mixing processes of elastomeric intercalation and subsequent filler exfoliation, the clay particles have indeed proved to be highly eligible reinforcing and thermally stabilizing ingredients for application in elastomers. In fact, their performance has shown to be in many respects superior to that of classical fillers, particularly owing to some unusual, though beneficial, exhibited properties. Namely, apart from uncommonly high surface activity, manifested by creation of a host of van der Waals type secondary linkages with elastomer molecules, the main curiosity of clay filler is its dissipative action. Using dynamic mechanical functions under different deformational and temperature conditions, as means for rheological characterization of nanocomposites, the foregoing nano-scale traits are clearly reflected in substantial stiffness at low strains and, unexpectedly, dwindling energy loss with increasig filler content and/or decreasing temperature. Besides, rheological analysis of this kind, together with appropriate theoretical grounds, has enabled elucidation of peculiar conduct, as well as macroscopic insight into the very nature of secondary interactions in elastomers.
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46

WIELEBA, Wojciech, and Mariusz OPAŁKA. "STATIC FRICTION OF REVERSE STEEL–ELASTOMER SLIDING PAIRS." Tribologia 279, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7023.

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Sliding cooperation of materials with different hardness (deformability), e.g., a polymeric material cooperating with metallic materials, occurs in machine elements in one of the following two variants: a conventional pair or a reverse pair. In the case of the conventional sliding pair, the deformation area (contact area) of the sliding materials does not move on the surface of the polymer element during their cooperation. In the case of reverse pairs, the contact surface changes its position when moving on the surface of the polymer element. Depending on the variant of the sliding pair, the differences in the friction and wear process of polymer material can be observed. Tribological investigations of chosen sliding pairs (elastomer on steel or steel on elastomer) in the static friction were carried out on the rig. The polymeric materials selected for the tests were thermoplastic elastomers TPU, PUR, and silicone rubber SI. These materials co-operated with C45 steel in the different contact pressures (p = 0.1 – 0.26 MPa) under dry friction or mixed lubrication conditions (hydraulic oil Hipol HLP-68). Based on the recorded value of the friction force Ft, the values of static coefficients of friction μstat were determined. The test results showed a significant influence of the variant of the combination of materials (metal-polymer or polymer-metal) on the value of the friction coefficient. In all tested pairs in which steel sample (pin) slid against elastomeric plates, the friction coefficient was higher than in the case when the elastomeric sample (pins) cooperated with steel counterfaces (plates). The main reason is the considerable value of the deformation component of the friction force. This is probably due to the displacement of the elastomer deformation area in its surface layer and energy dissipation as a result of stress-strain hysteresis in the elastomeric material, as in the case with reversed pairs.
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Song, Xincheng, Wenju Wang, Fufeng Yang, Guoping Wang, and Xiaoting Rui. "The study of enhancement of magnetorheological effect based on natural rubber/thermoplastic elastomer SEBS hybrid matrix." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19888790.

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Magnetorheological elastomers are one kind of smart materials which consist of matrix materials and magnetic particles. The mechanical properties of magnetorheological elastomers were controllable under an external magnetic field. Applications of magnetorheological elastomers are limited as a result of their poor magnetorheological effect and mechanical performance, so enhancing the magnetorheological effect of them is critical for their application. Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene based thermoplastic elastomer was added to natural rubber to fabricate hybrid matrix–based magnetorheological elastomers. Zero modulus of magnetorheological elastomers increased from 0.50 to 0.64 MPa and magnetorheological effect increased from 28.00% to 43.75% with the addition of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene based thermoplastic elastomer. The contact angle of carbonyl iron particles with the matrix showed that styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene based thermoplastic elastomer can improve the compatibility of carbonyl iron particles with the matrix. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis has been carried out to investigate the internal structure of hybrid matrix–based magnetorheological elastomers.
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48

Borreguero, Ana M., Irene Izarra, Ignacio Garrido, Patrycja J. Trzebiatowska, Janusz Datta, Ángel Serrano, Juan F. Rodríguez, and Manuel Carmona. "Thermal and Mechanical Behavior of Elastomers Incorporated with Thermoregulating Microcapsules." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 5370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125370.

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Polyurethane (PU) is one of the principal polymers in the global plastic market thanks to its versatility and continuous improvement. In this work, PU elastomeric materials having thermoregulating properties through the incorporation of microcapsules (mSD-(LDPE·EVA-RT27)) from low-density polyethylene and vinyl acetate containing paraffin®RT27 as PCM were produced. Elastomers were synthesized while varying the molar ratio [NCO]/[OH] between 1.05 and 1.1 and the microcapsule (MC) content from 0.0 to 20.0 wt.%. The successful synthesis of the PUs was confirmed by IR analyses. All the synthesized elastomers presented a structure formed by a net of spherical microparticles and with a minimum particle size for those with 10 wt.% MC. The density and tensile strength decreased with the MC content, probably due to worse distribution into the matrix. Elastomer E-1.05 exhibited better structural and stability properties for MC contents up to 15 wt.%, whereas E-1.1, containing 20 wt.% MC, revealed mechanical and thermal synergy effects, demonstrating good structural stability and the largest latent heat. Hence, elastomers having a large latent heat (8.7 J/g) can be produced by using a molar ratio [NCO]/[OH] of 1.1 and containing 20 wt.% mSD-(LDPE·EVA-RT27).
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49

Medri, Gianluca, and Antonio Strozzi. "Stress—Strain Fields in Compressed Elastomeric Seals and Their Extension to Fracture Mechanics." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 59, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538229.

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Abstract The modeling of an elastomer in terms of hyperelastic material has been discussed. The peculiarities of the finite element method when applied to nearly incompressible materials have been underlined. The mechanical analysis of various uncracked elastomeric seals has been treated with particular regard to possible crack initiation. The theoretical aspects of fracture mechanics applied to elastomers have been discussed, and the validity of the J-integral approach has been checked against experiments. The J-integral has been computed numerically in cracked O-ring seals for various fractional compressions and crack lengths. The numerical stress field has been compared to the experimental findings. The influence of the crack length on the contact pressure profile has been considered. Various difficulties still exist in modeling efficiently the elastomeric materials and in developing suitable numerical tools. Nevertheless, it is believed that statistical predictions on the debasement in the sealing characteristics due to viscoelastic effects and to crack propagation will become shortly feasible.
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50

Lawson, David F. "Corona Discharge Activation and Reconstruction of Elastomer Surfaces." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 60, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536111.

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Abstract Corona discharge in air appreciably increased surface energies of ethylene—propylene—diene rubber (EPDM), a blend of chlorobutyl and natural rubbers, and styrene—butadiene rubber (SBR), as determined by contact angle measurements. High energy surfaces were typically short-lived, on the order of minutes, presumably due to facile reconstruction of the surface by mobile elastomer chains. Surface activation occurred despite the relatively thick specimens (1.8–2.5 mm) and the presence of up to 35% by weight of carbon black. Electrode configurations had an effect on the experimental results. Ozone, a byproduct of corona discharge, eroded the surface of SBR. Modest improvements in the bonding of an elastomeric urethane coating were realized with some of the surface-activated elastomers.
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