Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Élasticité (économie politique) – Modèles mathématiques'
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Erkel-Rousse, Hélène. "Commerce international et différenciation de produit : modélisation théorique et applications empiriques." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010049.
Full textManadir, Abdellah. "Frictions financières : théories et évidences." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28173.
Full textThis thesis assesses the extent to which two types of financial frictions contribute to the ability of New-Keynesian-type-stochastic dynamic general equilibrium models (DSGE) to reproduce business cycles and the ability of hybrid models (DSGE-VAR) to forecast macroeconomic aggregates. The first type of financial friction originates from a problem of Costly State Verification à la Bernanke et al. [1999] and appears in debt contracts. This type of friction implies a wedge between the expected return on capital and the risk-free rate that depends on entrepreneurial leverage, whereas the wedge is absent in models with no frictions. The second type of friction results from a problem of Costly Enforcement à la Gertler and Karadi [2011], which also induces a wedge between the expected return on capital and the risk-free rate, that is now determined by the change in entrepreneurial leverage. The first chapter of thesis estimates three versions of Smets and Wouters [2003, 2007] using a Bayesian approach. Used as a benchmark, the first version considers financial markets as a veil and thus contains no financial friction. The second version incorporates the Costly State Verification-type-friction à la Bernanke et al. [1999], while the third version includes the Costly Enforcement-type-friction à la Gertler and Karadi [2011]. The estimation results are used to answer to following questions: (i) Are models including financial frictions more compatible with U.S. macroeconomic data than those with no frictions? (ii) which types of financial friction are preferred by the data? Our findings indicate that adding financial frictions improves the New-Keynesian model's fit to data, in terms of data marginal density. In the case of Costly Enforcement problem, these improvements are both substantial and robust, while they are marginal and not robust in the case of the Costly State Verification problem. Second, estimating the risk premium elasticity to entrepreneurial leverage, rather than calibrating it to values commonly used in the literature, helps the Bernanke et al. [1999] model version to perform more well. This finding suggests that this elasticity should be revised (downwards), relative to the prior belief established in the literature. The second chapter estimates three versions of Smets and Wouters [2003, 2007] via the Bayesian methodology for both the U.S. and Euro economies. The first version serves as a basic model and considers financial markets as veil, thereby contains no financial frictions. The second version includes a Costly State Verification-type problem à la Bernanke et al. [1999], while the third one incorporates a Costly Enforcement problem à la Gertler and Karadi [2011]. These three versions pay particular attention to long term trends that are present in data and thus incorporate a labour-augmenting technology process. The chapter then uses estimation results to answer to the following questions: (i) Is the importance of financial frictions different in the U.S. economy and in the Euro economy? Then, (ii) which factors can explain this difference? The main results are: First, the Costly State Verification-type-friction à la Bernanke et al. [1999] is more important in the Euro economy than in the U.S. economy, while the Costly Enforcement-type-friction à la Gertler and Karadi [2011] doesn't appear important to the both economies. Second, the relative importance of financial frictions in the Euro area can be explained by the high estimate of the risk premium elasticity to the leverage in the Euro economy. The third chapter of thesis develops three types of prior information for a VAR model, from a New-Keynesian model with no financial friction, a model incorporating a friction of Costly state Verification à la Bernanke et al. [1999] and a model including a friction of Costly Enforcement à la Gertler and Karadi [2011]. This last chapter then compares the three hybrid models (DSGE-VAR) via the root mean squared forecast errors, in order to answer to the following question: To which extent can the presence of financial structures (frictions) improve the forecasting ability of hybrid model DSGE-VAR? In terms of out-sample forecasts, the results show that the hybrid models with no financial frictions perform as well as those with frictions.
Yaseen, Muhammad Rizwan. "Modèles d'équilibre partiel pour les pays d'Asie du Sud : Déterminants et évolution de l'offre et de la demande pour l'alimentation d'humain et des animaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-04136321.
Full textBeing the most populous countries of South Asia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh together represents about forty percent of the world total undernourished population. Thus, these three countries are of particular interest in food and feed analysis. On supply side, the own and cross gross product elasticities for each crop are calculated by translog model. The crop areas of the major crops (wheat and rice) are weakly gross product responsive as compared to the minor crops. On demand side, revenue elasticities and the own and cross uncompensated price elasticities of main vegetal products and animal products taken separately as well as together are calculated for these countries by using the LA-AIDS model. It appeared that main food products in these countries like wheat, rice, eggs and milk are relatively less price elastic as compared to other food (vegetal oils, sugar). When expenditure rises in these countries, then Pakistani and Indian consumer diversify their consumption from cereals to other products (milk, eggs) more than Bangladeshi. The own and cross price elasticities for different feed products are calculated by using regression model and translog model on pseudo data generated by a feed nutritional formulation for these three countries. It appeared that in these countries, wheat and rice are consumed directly on farm level by animals to some extent. Total brans and molasses are relatively high price elastic in Pakistan and India but relatively inelastic in Bangladesh. Maize is highly price elastic and substitute of brans in three countries. The partial equilibrium model for each of the three countries implemented in the GAMS with nonlinear solver COUENNE has allowed the realization of various scenarios for 2009 and 2025. These scenarios calculated influence of variation in key exogenous parameters (population, per capita income, total cultivated area, animal production and yields of various crops) on domestic prices, area and quantities (, production, consumption, external trade) from the actual situation of 2009. The scenario of limiting the increase in the overall deficit of Southeast Asia between 2009 and 2025 (in order to promote intra-zone exchange) would be more beneficial for Pakistan as compared to the other two countries while the scenario to control and harmonize the evolution of agricultural prices in the three countries would be more beneficial for India compared to the other two countries. In the conclusion the main limitations and some ways of improving these partial equilibrium models are presented with previous qualitative results
Louis-Sidois, Charles. "Trois essais en économie politique." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0019/document.
Full textIn the first chapter (« Optimal Vote Buying » coauthored with Leon Musolff, Princeton University), we analyze a vote buying problem. We show that bribing a supermajority can be cheaper due to pivotal considerations. When a large number of committee members receive a bribe, they do not expect to be pivotal in the election. As a result, it is sufficient to offer them a small amount of money in exchange for their vote. Due to this mechanism, it turns out that the vote buyer generally prefers to bribe a supermajority. In the second chapter (« Voting and contributing when the group is watching » coauthored with Emeric Henry, Sciences Po) we study the interaction between the way members vote on rules and their subsequent behaviors. This analysis applies to groups who choose their own rules and who care about their image. We study how players’ considerations depend on the visibility of the process. We show that multiple norms can emerge. We discuss the problem of a social planner and the implications for welfare. The last chapter (« Military service and political participation » coauthored with Etienne Fize) investigates the impact of the French military service on political behaviors. Exploiting the suspension of mandatory conscription for French men, we find a significant and positive impact of military service on turnout. This effect ranges from 3.6 percentage points for the first round of the presidential election of 2012 to 8.9 percentage points for the second round of the legislative elections. We also investigate the impact of conscription on political preferences and we find that former conscripts are significantly more nationalist and conservative
Kouassi, Eugène. "Approche fréquentielle de la causalité évolutive entre processus aléatoires bivariés non-stationnaires." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON10006.
Full textIn the study of causality between stochastic processes, the assumption of stationarity (at least of second order) is often tacitly made. It's possible, indeed, essential to release such assumption (case of nonstationary processes) using evolutionary spectral analysis and timedependant parameters models. Evolutionary causality (i. E time-dependant causality) which is issued results partly from frequency-domain analysis (evolutionary causality test) and from the combination of a set of evolutionary prediction models (arma models and transfer function models with changing parameters)
Martinez, Flores Leonardo. "Modèles de localisation optimale dans une ville multicentrée : recherche d'un critère fondé sur la productivité du travail." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100041.
Full textTolla, Christian-Joseph. "Regard historique et épistémologique sur l'évolution du statut des mathématiques dans l'économie, depuis les origines jusqu'à Cournot." Corte, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CORT0007.
Full textEconomics and mathematics have always been related and no one knows which one came first. In all the important civilizations in which functions are organized in a hierarchy, one found written evidences of the existence of mathematics. In addition, at each stage of the economic development corresponds a set of mathematical tools associated with a particular mode of thought. In the broader context of human knowledge, even a partial bird’s -eye view of the history of mathematics shows how a simple tool of the economic activity turns into the theoretical framework of economics. The first reasoning appear with the philosophers of ancient Greece; and mathematical conceptualization, in the wake of major discoveries of the 17th century, is closely related to humanist philosophy which builds political economy on the basis of the individual. In order to form a stand-alone science, political economy will find in mathematical concepts its first models during the 18th and 19th centuries. The use of mathematics in order to clarify the presentation of economic theories was and is still a subject of debates. As a teacher in mathematics in a faculty of economics, my project aims at exploring some phases of the penetration of mathematics into economics, and in fact their interaction. I also try to understand, through the example of the apparition of the concept of function raised from the concept of number and the way they became together tools for economic modeling, how the encounter between these concepts and the paradigm of economic individualism allowed Cournot to create mathematical economics
Kirmanoglu, Hasan. "Esquisse d'un modèle alternatif aux modèles de l'équilibre général-programmables (MEG-P)." Paris 10, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA100019.
Full textThis 3e cycle thesis aims to elaborate an essay of an alternative model to the computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. The principal reason of the choice of such a subject is due to the fact that CGE models do not permit to examine the economic problems that appear in the form of disequilibrium such that inflation, unemployment in spite of the fact that they constitute an alternative to the traditional models likes input-output and linear programming models. This incapacity results of their theoretical basis, i. E. Walrasian general equilibrium theory, that is not defined for disequilibrium situations. That is why our alternative model is based on disequilibrium theory that provides a more general framework which permits analysing the economic problems mentioned above. The thesis is made of two parts. The first part introduces CGE models after having been analysed the reasons that lead their substitution to the traditional models. The second part presents our model by referring to a critical survey of the disequilibrium theory
Abcha, Ali. "Équilibres multiples, concurrence imparfaite et politiques publiques." Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100061.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the literature on coordination failures that can occur in the presence of increasing returns in economies with imperfect competition type monopolistic. We will also focus on the non-optimality of the equilibria. Then we are led to study the implementation of economic policy. In fact, public policies can change the number of equilibria in an endogenous growth model. In this thesis, we show that in a growth model with monopolistic competition the existence of externalities not internalized by the agents can result in a multiplicity of equilibria. Government intervention in the economy can have an impact on this multiplicity by the management of externalities and adverse effects of imperfect competition. However inefficient public intervention can make the economy converge to a suboptimal equilibrium. To this end, our theoretical modeling is to develop a macroeconomic model for a closed economy that has a perfectly competitive sector of final goods and a sector of monopolistically competitive intermediate goods. We simulate the model to identify the effects of a public policy. Finally, in an econometric application, we estimate the impact of public spending on the mark-up and the level of competition
Lauria, Philippe. "L'approche évolutionniste en économie du changement technique : concepts et mise en oeuvre : un modèle à deux marchés de trajectoires d'entreprises." Grenoble 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE21011.
Full textTaking up biological topics and models and following the heterodox questions of dynamic economics (schumpter, simon. . . ), the evolutionary approach is an attempt to aviod the empediments of technical change analysis. The contribution starts with a systematic explanation of evolutionary fundations (bounded rationality, diversity in structures and firm behaviours, disequilibrium) and concepts (competition and selection, routines, paradigms and techno-economic trajectories). The methodological outlets are of two kinds : taxinomies of industrial structures behavioral models. The second contribution is an analysis of a simulation model (silverberg, 1988) of techno-economic firms trajectories with learning. The model is then extended to give elements of answer to the problem of competition under a require of products variety
Ben, Aï͏ssa Mohamed Safouane. "Dynamiques de l'inflation américaine autour des changements structurels : essais théoriques & empiriques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX24013.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the performance of neo-Keynesian Phillips curves at times of structural changes. The first part studies the central topic of inflation persistence. Indeed in the first chapter, we compare the performance of a number of alternative models of price stickiness, all widely used in the literature. The sensitivity of the models results to the arbitrary choice of model periodicity is then evaluated in the second chapter. In the second part, we provide an overview of spectral analysis with a special emphasis on the spectral analysis of non-stationary processes. Then, the American inflation data is analyzed. Some of the tools used in this empirical investigation stem directly from chapter three and some new techniques are introduced. The third part focuses on the estimation of the simple neo-Keynesian Phillips curves with the GMM approach in the fifth chapter and on the estimation of the macroeconomic model (AS-IS-Monetary rule) with FIML approach in the sixth chapter
Sohier, Joël. "La relation d'échange interorganisationnelle : une approche stratégique et interactive." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOE002.
Full textThe thesis fits into the debate on the interactive approach of the markets. It integrates the different marketing approaches of the exchange: distribution, business to business marketing and social marketing. This integration is enriched through the knowledge of the other fields of management, organisation theory and strategy. The research is backed by a conceptual set inspired by a political economy paradigm and the transaction cost approach. The paradigm considers the exchange as the meeting-point between two parties: each one trying to obtain something from the other one against something else. The exchange is the product of a social relationship which, even though it is often constrained, is never entirely determined. The inclusion of a strategic construct in the exchange paradigm allows an interactive representation of the transaction. Each party displays a transactional strategy that is the result of his global strategy as well as the structural conditions which surround the exchange. The thesis shows that the interaction of these strategies makes it possible to explain the functioning and the climate of the exchange. This analysis of the exchange, within the strategic aspect of its management, has required developing a methodology that allows the statistical bringing together of both parties concerned. The simple dyadic approach is outdaded to be replaced by an interactive analysis. The paradigm is tested on a data base of 103 dyads composed of manufacturers of knitted articles and their suppliers. Each party has been separately interviewed about their relationship with their partner. Thus a statistical approach has been made possible: the testing of the model is made through an estimate of the influence of variables measured for one party over variables concerning the exchange partner
Uctum, Ugur Remzi. "Aspects internationaux d'une économie en déséquilibre : fondements théoriques et applications économétriques : France 1963-1984." Paris 10, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA100032.
Full textThe main theoretical idea of this research is to introduce disequilibrium situations in a mundell-fleming type open economy model. The economy is compound, on the one hand, of the goods and labour markets with sticky prices in the short run. These markets are subject to quan titative rationings, and therefore produce spill-over effects on the other markets. On the other hand, the model contains the stock market and the balance of paiements that are always in equilibrium. A stochas tic specification is chosen for the effective demands and supplies of goods and labour. The parameters of the disequilibrium model are then estimated using a non-linear iterative optimisation procedure based on maximum likelihood method and the occurence probalities of the random regimes are computed (quarterly french data, period 1963-1984). A rationing on a market leads to three types of repercussions : intramarket restrictive effects, spill-over effects between markets and gross compensation effects with foreign markets. The results of various economic policies are studied. The computation of the occurence probabilities of the regimes shows some persistence of the classical un employment regime over the 1976-84 period in the industrial sector
Lainé, Jean. "Echange et communication : essai sur l'efficacité parétienne dans une économie contrainte." Rennes 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REN1G036.
Full textDessertenne, Patrick. "Caracterisation de certaines fonctions de choix social par une approche de type probabiliste." Caen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CAEN0557.
Full textGuibbaud-Seyte, Françoise. "Les modèles de distribution du revenu : application des modèles de C. Dagum aux distributions de salaires français." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON10008.
Full textIn this thesis, we have analysed and developped models of income distribution using the process followed by economists since v. Pareto's precursory work. It enables us to account for the evolution of distributions and to find out the inequality between and whitin the income distributions. This models were used as theoretic support fort the working out of c. Dagum's models in 1973 : a threeparameter model (type one) and four-parameter models (types two and three). These constructions count a theoretic basis leading to a series of economic and statistical properties. We have applied them tothe french salary distributions for the years 1982 and 1987. The adjustement of the models parameters (more appropriate in 1982 than in 1987) show the inequality in matter of distributions. To finish, the results reveal a decreasing inequality on national and regional salary scale
Amity, Jean-Jacques. "Termes de l'échange et interdépendance des conjonctures dans un modèle de déséquilibre." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX24003.
Full textDifferents economics events of the last years, explained by increasing internationalisation of production and high mobility of production factors and assets, encouraged to postulate for economic interdependence. Those economics events are raw material prices, rates of interest and rates of exchange instabilities as well as increasing and synchronous spread of stagflation since economic interdependence postulate is admitted, national conjuncture analyse and economic policy decisions have to take account external constraint. Enternal constraint means automatics ajustements and commercial parteners economic policy ater national economic impulse. A two countries disequilibrium model (manufactured goods producers industrial raw material producers) where intermediate commodities are flexible will be the framework of our analyse. Under certains conditions, economic policies (action on wages and rate of exchange and monetary transfert) can be favorable for employment on the world. Those conditions concerned the differential propensities to consume, the price elasticities to import raw material. . . And the internationale fixed prices equilibrium. In most cases, balances of trade are caracterised by a automatic ajustement mecanism that depends on real balance effects and flexibility of terms of trade. The most important result of our work is that negative differential propensities to consume (high industrial of contries propensities to consume) is a necessary and suffisant conditions of unicities and stabilities of temporaries equilibrium and "regulars states". * "regulars states means "etats reguliers"
Godbillon, Brigitte. "Modèle d'équilibre séquentiel avec prévision parfaite et horizon fini pour une économie avec monnaie et banque." Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX32019.
Full textThis thesis develops a sequence equilibrium model with perfect foresight and finite horizon for an economy with money and bank, composed of a finite number of agents. The agents live all the periods of the economy ; each agent receives, at the outset of the economy, an endowment of money, and at the beginning of the unique good available in the period. Only the bank can issue money. At each date, two competitive markets open successively. The first is the financial market where agents' lending and borrowing are centralized by the bank : agents' lending and borrowing plans depend on the discount rate. In the last period, all debts are settled. The bank manages the money stock through either open market policy or discount rate policy. The second market is the spot market where agents trade the consumption good available in the period with the money accumulated before the opening of the market ; these trades plans depend on the consumption good and money. The set of markets is incomplete and the money is the only asset which is traded in all markets. At the out set of the first period, the agents and the bank, assumed to have perfect foresight for all future prices, make their plans for all the duration of the economy : plans of consumptions and monetary holdings for the agents, plans of variations of the stock of money for the bank. Then, the equilibrium is a sequence of prices of consumption goods and money, of discount rates, of issues of money, of plans for which agents' and bank's supplies and demands are balanced on all the markets, at each period. The equilibrium reached depends of the monetary policy. The supplies and demands of agents result from a maximisation behavior of their utility function subject to a sequence of budget constraints (for the spot markets) and to a terminal solvability constraint (for the financial markets). The supplies and demands of the bank result from a passive behavior of adjusting to the need of finance in the economy. This model permits to obtain some results on the neutrality of money, on the efficiency and existence of non monetary or monetary sequence equilibria, depending to the monetary policy chosen by the bank
Jordan, Robert. "Essais sur la dynamique du déséquilibre." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX24004.
Full textThe objective of the theory of temporary equilibria with rationing to the determination of quantities when prices, wealth distribution and agents' expectations are given. Accordingly, it supplies a microeconomic foundation for macroeconomic analysis such that it is presented in is-lm tradition. However, quantities solutions that appear are not stationary as long as agents' endowments cannot remain unchanged when trade occurs, and as they are not necessarily satisfied with the transactions they realise. Prices being given, dynamic adjustment of stocks leads to steady states whose stability and comparative static properties are not always the same that those of temporary equilibria. In order to study prices adjustment in disequilibrium situations, it is necessary to exhibit an exact measure of the effective excess demand that appears in a fixed price equilibrium. From this point of view, the theory of effective demand under stochastic and manipulable rationing is better than that one can get from deterministic and non-manipulable rationing schemes. To every price vector, it associate a locally unique temporary equilibrium with a vector of effective excess demand that must go to zero when prices move according to this "law of supply and demand". This price adjustment may be associated with that concerning stocks into a "non tatonnement" process. However, non competitive price dynamics are not to be excluded since, when prices move slowly, agents can rationally hold non walrasian conjectures about their trading possibilities
Duverger, Corinne. "Théorie évolutionnaire et modèles métaphoriques : étude des liens entre l'économie et la biologie." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOE011.
Full textThis work is concerned by the links between economy and biology in order to understand why economists use biological theory of natural selection. In the first part, we have studied the nature and the function of metaphor and examined links between metaphor and economic models. We have not omitted the relations with the philosophical literature about the cognitive force and linguistic structure of metaphor. And so, we have explained why the gary Becker's model of altruism is perfectible. In the second part, we have studied the links between the theory of games and the evolutionary theory. And we have shown the evolutionary stable strategy can be used in economy and biology
Chateau, Jean. "Effets macro-économiques des politiques publiques incitatives." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010070.
Full textThis work presents some public policy rules in a mix-economy. Following analytic methods of optimal fiscal policy and costs-benefits theories it shows that these recommendations depend on the goals of the government and on the constraints of the whole economy. The chosen analytical framework is the intertemporal equilibrium model with some government. Public intervention is described by two features : a provision of a pure public good and some distorsives tax instruments. The evaluation of the public policy is based upon a social welfare function. The first part presents some optimal public policy rules in an intertemporal framework with heterogeneous households. The novelty of the work lays in the private profits, some additional constraints on the fiscal power and on the adoption of the primal approach for the reasoning. The second part deals with the "extension" of the previous results in a dynamic macro-economic framework. The main subjects studied are those of the fiscal equivalence,the conditions under which the capital incomes are taxed at the long-run range and the link between the public provision and its distorsive financing. The aim of the last part is to analyze the public debt in the previous context. We study the macroeconomic and welfare effects of some deficit policies when the ricardian equivalence fails to hold because public policy is distorsive. We conclude that the nature of the deficit policy and the parameters of the economy greatly matter in the determination of these effects
Mbih, Boniface. "Essai sur la manipulation des procédures de choix collectif." Caen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CAEN0509.
Full textOne important problem relating to preference aggregation is the possibility of strategic behaviour. The fundamental result obtained in the early seventies by Gibbard and Satterthwaite establishes that any non dictatorial collective choice procedure selecting a unique outcome is subject to individual manipulation. This result relies on the concept of nash equilibrium. In this work other equilibrium concepts are studied, e. G. The admissible-strategy equilibrium concept (which is more realistic in the context of noncooperative games) and a combination of the concepts of exact equilibrium and nash admissible equilibrium ; results similar to Gibbard-Satterthwaite's are obtained. Evaluation of the proportions of strategic voting opportunities is then explored, for a specific procedure, the plurality rule. For several concepts of equilibrium formulas allowing to obtain exact values with respect to the number of individuals in the society are provided. This is done both in the cases of noncooperative and cooperative games
Bernis, Guillaume. "Théorie mathématique des marchés financiers : équilibres sur des marchés de réassurance incomplets." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010052.
Full textBontemps, Christian. "Modèles de recherche d'emploi d'équilibre." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010045.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the study of equilibrium search models. It consists of three parts the first one is dedicated to a survey of this kind of literature whereas the next two ones expose the models we develop and which incorporate (and generalise) features of previously developed equili- brium search models. In particular, the models allow for on-the-job search. Two kinds of heterogeneity are studied: in the second chapter, we introduce firms' heterogeneity and in the third chapter, we introduce both workers' and firms' heterogeneity. For both cases the equilibrium of the economy is studied in details. When the distribution of firms' productivities is continuous, there is a one-to-one function between wage offered and productivity. An important part of the theoretical analysis concerns the derivation of qualitative features of the equilibrium wage distributions. In fact, the existing models have the drawback of generating a wage earning distribution rather different from the empirical one. Firms' heterogeneity is necessary for a good fit. Other qualitative results relate the shape of the tail of the productivity distribution to the shape ot the tail of the wage offer distributions. In addition to this, we allow for mandatory minimum wage in the models and we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the wage distributions to display a peak at the mandatory minimum wage. We develop a semi-parametric structural estimation method, based on an inversion from wages to productivities. This is applied to longitudinal data issued from the french labour survey enquête- emploi de l'INSEE)
Ranjan, Abhishek. "Économie financière en multi-période et non-arbitrage." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010070.
Full textSahin, Sebnem. "Politiques économiques pour un développement durable et émissions de G. E. S. En Turquie : recommandations du modèle d'équilibre général régional TURCO." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010004.
Full textLepelley, Dominique. "Contribution a l'analyse des procedures de decision collective." Caen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989CAEN0530.
Full textWe analyze and compare in this thesis some well-known collective decision procedures (including the plurality rule and the runoff voting system). Two types of criteria are used for evaluating these procedures. The first ones are based on the majority principle, whereas the second are manipulability criteria. The results we obtain show that the performances of the procedures under consideration are quite different. The widely used plurality rule appears to be inferior to most of the other systems
Beaubrun-Diant, Kevin Elie. "Rentabilité des actifs et fluctuations économiques." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100073.
Full textFodha, Mouez. "Une analyse des politiques fiscales de l'environnement par les modèles à générations imbriquées." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010028.
Full textThis thesis aims at assessing the consequences of fiscal policies partaking in environmental policies. This approach is original in that different generations responsible for intergenerational externalities are being taken into account. In a first chapter, we raise the question whether conciliations between private agents' span - limited by the life cycle hypothesis - and the environment long term span are possible. This temporal op, position is a source of iniquity since agents' selfish behaviour precludes any intergenerational obliga, tion contract. The second chapter characterizes the necessary conditions for the obtention of a double dividend, i. E. An improvement of non-environmental welfare when the revenue of the tax is recycled by a reduction in the rate of social contributions. We then show how to determine an optimal combination of envi, ronmental tax and social contribution which do not deteriorate current generations' welfare. The achievement of this second dividend, compatible with the first one - the improvement of the envi, ronmental quality - lays down specific conditions with regard to the economy capital intensity. This result emphasizes how important the choices of the specifications used to evaluate the double divi, dend hypothesis are. In the third chapter, the revenue of the tax is assigned to pollution abatement. We simultaneously consider a public abatement pollution sector financed by a tax, and private voluntary contributions to the abatement of pollution. We show that, under certain conditions, this tax may lead to a double divi, dend. In a last chapter, we build an overlapping generation general equilibrium model applied to eco, nomic policies of environmental protection. We distinguish two categories of households (skilled and unskilled workers) as well as two productive sectors (standard and green). Numerical results show that the assignment of the environmental tax revenues to pollution abatement is more apt to generate a double dividend situation
Annabi, Nabil. "Libéralisation commerciale en Tunisie : une analyse à l'aide de modèle d'équilibre général calculable dynamique." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010048.
Full textFadhlaoui, Kais. "Diversification internationale, intégration financière et effet de contagion : les bienfaits des marchés boursiers émergents." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0057.
Full textThis thesis tests the intégration-segmentation relationship between developed markets and emerging ones, and their implications on the gains of international diversification. Results show that the increase of market intégration has not significantly reduced the gains of international diversification. The gains are significantly important mainly for the emerging markets. However, it is necessary to consider shock transmissions between markets. Indeed, the developed market movements and particularly those of the American market are contagious. Shocks are transmitted quickly and significantly affect the developed and emerging markets. A crisis affecting emerging markets will not be transmitted significantly to international markets. Thèse crises are characterized by the development of a powerful contagion effect, which adversely influences the gains of International portfolio diversification
Kaabia, Olfa. "Les vecteurs de la contagion entre les marchés d’actifs des pays de l’OCDE : apports de l’analyse factorielle et des techniques bayesiennes." Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100097.
Full textTaking into account the consequences of the global economic and financial crisis, the objective of this thesis is to shed new light on the phenomenon of contagion. After recounting the debate on this issue, two major trends have been identified to be the two parts of the thesis: non-contingent contagion and contingent one. Thus, we have sought to model contagion effects in the OECD countries in four empirical studies. Each empirical application has been intended to address this issue in a specific point of view. Bayesian techniques and factor analysis have played a key role in our empirical extensions. First of all, we have shown that it is possible to achieve robust models in terms of prediction and structural analysis of propagation effects of a crisis. Thus, we have concluded that a consistent database is appropriate in the context of an international contagion study. Moreover, we have highlighted the need to account for the dynamics of transmission channels over time. And, the interpretation of these transmission channels of the effects of crisis is desirable in the context of policy decisions. In addition, we have provided a clear distinction between the concepts of contagion and interdependencies by explaining the links between financial markets in order to make appropriate decisions to mitigate the effects of propagation
Mihoub, Ouahiba. "Un Modèle calculable d'équilibre général appliqué à l'économie algérienne : l'analyse du système productif." Toulouse 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU10028.
Full textThe social accounting matrix (sam) is a convenient way of giving a comprehensive and consistent picture of an economy, it is used as data base for many models. A sam of 1979 is built for algerian economy, and used as base for the computable general equilibrium model of Algeria. In fact, within the framework of a fifty-sector macroeconomic model, comparative statics are carried out to assess alternative ways of macroeconomic adjustment. Investment policy, variation of factor quantities, manipulation of exchange rate. . . , are discussed. Their implications are that supply is less sensitive than the demand and prices
Kuhry, Yves. "Concurrence imparfaite et fluctuations de l'activité économique : aspects théoriques et empiriques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/KUHRY_Yves_2005.pdf.
Full textThis thesis seeks to show how taking into account the existence of market imperfections can contribute to the explanation of economic fluctuations. The first chapter consists in a survey of existing literature. Rather than a thorough description of the past literature, this chapter develops a single model, the structure of which is borrowed to Woodford (1986). In this framework, the most important results are obtained as special cases. The second chapter uses the same kind of modelization and examines the effects of introducing market imperfections. It is shown that the existence of imperfectly competitive markets is a plausible source of endogenous fluctuations through the variations of the number of firms and their relations to the profits opportunities. The dynamical analysis carried out in the model of the second chapter is a local one, meaning that it is restricted to the vicinity of steady states. Indeed, a global analysis can seldom be performed in an analytical way and generally necessitates numerical computations. The third chapter aims to develop a software that eases the global study of nonlinear dynamical systems, in particular those which can not be expressed in an explicit manner. At last, the final chapter provides a contribution to the empirical analysis of economic fluctuations. It aims to show, using US agregate data, that observed markups are countercyclical. This countercyclicality, which corresponds to a well-known theoretical fact, is indeed a necessary condition if one wishes to put forward market imperfections as an explanation of economic cycles. A spectral analysis is conducted that gives strong support the the countercyclicality of markups in the us economy and hence motivates further researches about the dynamical aspects of imperfect competition
Lapied, André. "Apprentissage et convergence vers l'équilibre de marché." Aix-Marseille 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX3A000.
Full textBerta, Nathalie. "Origines et fondements de la représentation du marché dans la théorie de l'équilibre général concurrentiel." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010075.
Full textKamber, Güneş. "Essais sur les dynamiques de l'inflation dans les modèles stochastiques d'équilibre général." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010036.
Full textLoyat, Jacques. "Le modèle d'équilibre général permet-il d'expliquer l'évolution économique ? : lecture de quelques travaux contemporains." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOE006.
Full textThe general equilibrium theory has oriented numerous contemporanous policies. It is therefore justified to understand what is the scope of this model and to ask whether it is able to account for economic evolution. The analysis covers the Arrow-Debreu model, the temporary equilibrium models and the models of growth. It deals with the improvements of the Walrassian model. Whatever the sophistications are, the general equilibrium model still remains a pure exchange model. Because of the lack of delays to adjust supply and demand and because of the absence of profits and entrepreneurs able to act under true uncertainty, the model cannot account for production. The endogenous growth introduce a revolution in the dynamic of the Walrassian model, with the representation of innovation and increasing returns, which logically calls for a new theoretical approach
Leloup, Benoît. "L'incertitude de deuxième ordre en économie : le compromis "exploration-exploitation"." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DENS0013.
Full textPignol, Claire. "Le statut des théories de la concurrence imparfaite : de l'amendement des hypothèses de concurrence parfaite à la représentation d'agents price-makers." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010033.
Full textRanj, Pour Reza. "La croissance économique et la convergence en Europe : le cas des 15 plus 10 pays formant aujourd'hui l'Union européenne." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE0013.
Full textThe expansion of the European Union (EU) to twenty five member states in 2004 was accompanied of an important economic impact: an increase in disparities between these countries, then achievement a real convergence is one of the key goals and requirements of EU policies. The objective of this thesis is to study the growth performances and the evaluation of real convergence between twenty five member states of EU. In this study, our reflections are centered over the testing of the β-convergence hypothesis, the nature and the speed of this convergence, however, the possibility of grouping certain countries in a club with similar economic characteristics and finally, studying the possibility of influencing on the growth of these economies by political macroeconomic variables. The familiar equation of β-convergence (extracted from endogenous and exogenous growth theories) is reformulated and estimated by using different estimation methods. Our empirical results confirm the existence of real convergence with a speed of 4. 5-7. 5 percent per year and a half-life of 9. 5-15. 5 years which seems very long. The growth rate is stimulated by a higher level of human capital, an improvement in the terms of trade, a lower level of inflation, better political and social conditions and a lower level of public expenditure. The test results support the finding of two “convergence clubs” between EU countries, but the weak dimension of the available data and the weak power of the tests in this condition, obliged us to be careful in making this conclusion concerning the clubs
Billot, Antoine. "Préférence imprécise et équilibres économiques : une analyse axiomatique." Dijon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988DIJOE005.
Full textBaron, Thomas. "Politique monétaire, monnaie et bulles sur les prix d'actifs." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010064.
Full textEzzili, Mohamed Chekib. "Essais sur les fonds alternatifs et la délégation de portefeuille en présence d'un différentiel d'information." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010004.
Full textSavard, Luc. "Analyse de la pauvreté et distribution de revenus dans le cadre de la modélisation en équilibre général calculable." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0092.
Full textOver the last ten years, economists have proposed macro-micro modelling approaches to analyse the impact of economic policy reforms on poverty and income distribution. In this thesis, we propose an alternative general equilibrium approach that builds on the integrated multi-households and sequential micro simulation models. The approach is both flexible and rich and explicitly takes into account the feedback effects generated at the micro household level. A comparative analysis with the representative household approach revealed the importance of endogenizing the income distribution. The introduction of a flexible form for consumption has generated strong effects on poverty and inequality indices. Finally the non linear labour supply has shown the flexibility of the approach. Hence, the approach offers a rich and flexible alternative to researchers interested by impact analysis of macroeconomic reforms on poor households
Ferjani, Ali. "Equilibre sectoriel, équilibre général : modélisation de l'impact de la libéralisation sur l'agriculture et l'économie tunisiennes." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON10014.
Full textSchinckus, Christophe. "La diversification théorique en finance de marché : vers de nouvelles perspectives de l'incertitude : étude de la contribution de la finance comportementale et l'éconophysique en matière de modélisation de l'évaluation des actifs financiers." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010072.
Full textPlacido, Laetitia. "From Ellsberg to Machina : Confronting decision models under ambiguity with experimental evidence." Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2009. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005622.
Full textHow do decision makers act and how should they act when confronted with uncertainty ? Economic behavior under uncertainty is often influenced by the informational structure of the decision context. Remarkably, the joint presence (juxtaposition or combination) of two sources of uncertainty - namely risk (known probability) and ambiguity (unknown probability of events) - gives rise to behaviors that depart from standard models of decision making, subjective expected utility and its extension to non-additive probability, Choquet expected utility ; the essential behavioral component beyond paradoxes of uncertainty is (non neutral) attitude toward ambiguity. The studies reported in this thesis empirically investigate the heterogeneity of ambiguity attitudes in the light of the variability of the features of uncertainty. They deal with two main sorts of cases : the case where a decision maker faces two separate sources of uncertainty (two-color Ellsberg paradox) ; the case where a decision maker faces mixed sources of uncertainty (Machina paradox)
Edjo, Ehouindo Marcellin Tiburce. "Analyse économétrique de la croissance, de la convergence et des changements structurels dans les pays de la zone FCFA : une approche par les séries temporelles." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOE001.
Full textThis dissertation analyses the economic growth of FCFA area countries in the sight of events that are incorporated in Real GDP and real per capita GDP. By reminding the economic situation which prevailed in the period 1980-1993, we made the assumption that each country have experimented a structural change in order to show that taking into account this change leads to interesting economics implications in terms of growth and convergence analysis. The results show that in some countries, shocks have transitory effects and the real per capita GDP is generated by mechanisms of exogenous growth model. It also show that the series do not behave in homogeneous manner between countries, this tends to show that shocks on the economy are not homogeneous not only in terms of level, but also in terms of effects and break point. The convergence reveals a reduction of the real per capita GDP dispersion and seems to show the economic weight of C. E. M. A. C area in the convergence process. When we take into account the structural change in the stochastic convergence analysis the result reveals that the null hypothesis of no convergence is more often rejected than when the structural change is ignored in the analysis. In summary, all of the results in this dissertation confirm that the detected structural changes are not neutral in the growth and the convergence process of the economies
Lega, Notari Elena. "Analyse de la dynamique du modèle néo-autrichien de croissance : études d'économies hors de l'équilibre." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE0045.
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