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Journal articles on the topic 'EL2'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Banerjee, Antara A., Madhavi Dupakuntla, Bhakti R. Pathak, and Smita D. Mahale. "FSH receptor-specific residues L501 and I505 in extracellular loop 2 are essential for its function." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 54, no. 3 (June 2015): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-14-0275.

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The extracellular loop 2 (EL2) of FSH receptor (FSHR) plays a pivotal role in various events downstream of FSH stimulation. Because swapping the six FSHR-specific residues in EL2 (chimeric EL2M) with those from LH/choriogonadotropin receptor resulted in impaired internalization of FSH–FSHR complex and low FSH-induced cAMP production, six substitution mutants of EL2 were generated to ascertain the contribution of individual amino acids to the effects shown by chimeric EL2M. Results revealed that L501F mainly and I505V to a lesser extent contribute to the diminished receptor function in chimeric EL2M. HEK293 cells stably expressing WT and chimeric EL2M FSHR were generated to track the fate of the receptors post FSH induction. The chimeric EL2M FSHR stable clone showed weak internalization and cAMP response similar to transiently transfected cells. Furthermore, reduced FSH-induced ERK phosphorylation was also observed. The interaction of activated chimeric EL2M and L501F FSHR with β-arrestins was weak compared with WT FSHR, thus explaining the impaired internalization of chimeric EL2M and corroborating the indispensable role of EL2 in receptor function.

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Yokota, Katsuhiro, Hideto Kuchii, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Masanori Sakaguchi, Hiromichi Takano, and Yasunori Ando. "EL2, EL3, and EL6 defects in GaAs highly implanted with sulfur." Journal of Applied Physics 88, no. 9 (November 2000): 5017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1315331.

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3

Golvankar, Kapil, Mohammed Abdul Kader, Abhilash Abdul Latheef, Ahamed Babiker Mohammed Ali, Shahabe Saquib Abullais, and Mohammed Sibagathullah. "Comparison of Accuracy in Determining the Root Canal Working Length by Using Two Generations of Apex Locators – An In Vitro Study." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 19 (September 11, 2019): 3276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.696.

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AIM: The present in-vitro study aims to compare the accuracy of root canal working length determination between the third generation and fourth generation electronic apex locators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty extracted single-rooted single canal teeth were selected for the study, and a definite coronal plane was prepared. Actual working length (AL) was measured using a stereomicroscope under 8X magnification. Electronic working length measurements were recorded using Root ZX (EL1) and Elements Diagnostic Unit (EL2) apex locators. One-way ANOVA test was carried out to analyse the data among the experimental groups. RESULTS: The results of the one-way ANOVA test showed that difference in the working length determined by either apex locators (EL1 and EL2) and actual length determined under a stereomicroscope (AL) was statistically not significant. The independent ‘t’ test comparing between groups EL1 and AL; and EL2 and AL showed that working length determined by either of the apex locators (EL1 and EL2) and actual length determined under a stereomicroscope (AL) was statistically not significant. CONCLUSION: In this in vitro study, the Root ZX and Elements Diagnostic Unit apex locators are equally accurate for determination of working length when compared to actual working length.

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4

Shimizu, Yoshimi, Yoshitaka Shirasago, Takeru Suzuki, Tomoyuki Hata, Masuo Kondoh, Kentaro Hanada, Kiyohito Yagi, and Masayoshi Fukasawa. "Characterization of monoclonal antibodies recognizing each extracellular loop domain of occludin." Journal of Biochemistry 166, no. 4 (May 11, 2019): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvz037.

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Abstract The tight junction protein occludin (OCLN) is a four-pass transmembrane protein with two extracellular loops (ELs), and also functions as a co-receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Recently, we reported the establishment of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing each intact EL domain of OCLN that can strongly prevent HCV infection in vitro and in vivo, and these mAbs were applicable for flow cytometric (FCM) analysis, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the present study, we further examined the application of these anti-OCLN mAbs and characterized their binding properties. All four mAbs were available for immunoprecipitation. The three first EL (EL1)-recognizing mAbs were applicable for immunoblotting, but the second EL (EL2)-recognizing one was not. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we also determined residues of OCLN critical for recognition by each mAb. Our findings showed that the small loop between two cysteines of the EL2 domain is essential for the binding to one EL2-recognizing mAb and that the recognition regions by three EL1-recognizing mAbs overlap, but are not the same sites of EL1. To obtain a deeper understanding of OCLN biology and its potential as a therapeutic target, specific mAbs to detect or target OCLN in intact cells should be powerful tools for future studies.

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Uysal, Fatih, Fırat Hardalaç, Ozan Peker, Tolga Tolunay, and Nil Tokgöz. "Classification of Shoulder X-ray Images with Deep Learning Ensemble Models." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062723.

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Fractures occur in the shoulder area, which has a wider range of motion than other joints in the body, for various reasons. To diagnose these fractures, data gathered from X-radiation (X-ray), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) are used. This study aims to help physicians by classifying shoulder images taken from X-ray devices as fracture/non-fracture with artificial intelligence. For this purpose, the performances of 26 deep learning-based pre-trained models in the detection of shoulder fractures were evaluated on the musculoskeletal radiographs (MURA) dataset, and two ensemble learning models (EL1 and EL2) were developed. The pre-trained models used are ResNet, ResNeXt, DenseNet, VGG, Inception, MobileNet, and their spinal fully connected (Spinal FC) versions. In the EL1 and EL2 models developed using pre-trained models with the best performance, test accuracy was 0.8455, 0.8472, Cohen’s kappa was 0.6907, 0.6942 and the area that was related with fracture class under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was 0.8862, 0.8695. As a result of 28 different classifications in total, the highest test accuracy and Cohen’s kappa values were obtained in the EL2 model, and the highest AUC value was obtained in the EL1 model.

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6

Gelczuk, Łukasz, Maria Dąbrowska-Szata, Beata Ściana, Damian Pucicki, Damian Radziewicz, Krzysztof Kopalko, and Marek Tłaczała. "Characterization of deep-level defects in GaNAs/GaAs heterostructures grown by APMOVPE." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0126.

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AbstractConventional deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and high-resolution Laplace DLTS techniques were used to study electrical properties of deep-level defects in dilute GaNAs epitaxial layers grown by atmospheric-pressure metalorganic vapourphase epitaxy (APMOVPE) on the GaAs substrate. Three samples with nitrogen concentrations of 1.2 %, 1.6 % and 2.7 % were investigated. In DLTS and LDLTS spectra of the samples, four predominant electron traps were observed. On the basis of the obtained electrical parameters and previously published results, one of the traps was associated with N-related complex defects, while the other traps with common GaAs-like native defects and impurities, called EL6, EL3 and EL2.

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7

Simon, Ágnes, Csaba Magyar, László Héja, and Julianna Kardos. "Peptide Binding Sites of Connexin Proteins." Chemistry 2, no. 3 (July 14, 2020): 662–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2030042.

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Intercellular gap junction (GJ) contacts formed by the coupling of connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HCs) embedded into the plasma membranes of neighboring cells play significant role in the development, signaling and malfunctions of mammalian tissues. Understanding and targeting GJ functions, however, calls for finding valid Cx subtype-specific inhibitors. We conjecture the lack of information about binding interactions between the GJ interface forming extracellular EL1 and EL2 loops and peptide mimetics designed to specifically inhibit Cx43HC coupling to Cx43GJ. Here, we explore active spots at the GJ interface using known peptide inhibitors that mimic various segments of EL1 and EL2. Binding interactions of these peptide inhibitors and the non-peptide inhibitor quinine has been modelled in combination with the use of blind docking molecular mechanics (MM). The neuron-specific Cx36HC and astrocyte-specific Cx43HC subtypes were modelled with a template derived from the high-resolution structure of Cx26GJ. GJ-coupled and free Cx36HC and Cx43HC models were obtained by dissection of GJs (GJ-coupled) followed by 50 ns molecular dynamics (free). Molecular mechanics (MM) calculations were performed by the docking of inhibitors, explicitly the designed Cx43 EL1 or EL2 loop sequence mimetics (GAP26, P5 or P180–195, GAP27, Peptide5, respectively) and the Cx36 subtype-specific quinine into the model structures. In order to explore specific binding interactions between inhibitors and CxHC subtypes, MM/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) ΔGbind values for representative conformers of peptide mimetics and quinine were evaluated by mapping the binding surface of Cx36HC and Cx43HC for all inhibitors. Quinine specifically contacts Cx36 EL1 residues V54-C55-N56-T57-L58, P60 and N63. Blocking the vestibule by the side of Cx36HC entry, quinine explicitly interacts with the non-conserved V54, L58, N63 residues of Cx36 EL1. In addition, our work challenges the predicted specificity of peptide mimetics, showing that the docking site of peptides is unrelated to the location of the sequence they mimic. Binding features, such as unaffected EL2 residues and the lack of Cx43 subtype-specificity of peptide mimetics, suggest critical roles for peptide stringency and dimension, possibly pertaining to the Cx subtype-specificity of peptide inhibitors.

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8

Betti, Michele, Valentina Bonora, Luciano Galano, Eugenio Pellis, Grazia Tucci, and Andrea Vignoli. "An Integrated Geometric and Material Survey for the Conservation of Heritage Masonry Structures." Heritage 4, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 585–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4020035.

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This paper reports the knowledge process and the analyses performed to assess the seismic behavior of a heritage masonry building. The case study is a three-story masonry building that was the house of the Renaissance architect and painter Giorgio Vasari (the Vasari’s House museum). An interdisciplinary approach was adopted, following the Italian “Guidelines for the assessment and mitigation of the seismic risk of the cultural heritage”. This document proposes a methodology of investigation and analysis based on three evaluation levels (EL1, analysis at territorial level; EL2, local analysis and EL3, global analysis), according to an increasing level of knowledge on the building. A comprehensive knowledge process, composed by a 3D survey by Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and experimental in situ tests, allowed us to identify the basic structural geometry and to assess the value of mechanical parameters subsequently needed to perform a reliable structural assessment. The museum represents a typology of masonry building extremely diffused in the Italian territory, and the assessment of its seismic behavior was performed by investigating its global behavior through the EL1 and the EL3 analyses.

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9

He, Dao-Yao, Yoshiaki Yazaki, Yoko Nishizawa, Ryota Takai, Kosumi Yamada, Katsuhiro Sakano, Naoto Shibuya, and Eiichi Minami. "Gene Activation by Cytoplasmic Acidification in Suspension-Cultured Rice Cells in Response to the Potent Elicitor, N-Acetylchitoheptaose." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 12 (December 1998): 1167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.12.1167.

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N-Acetylchitoheptaose strongly induces a set of defense reactions in suspension-cultured rice cells including cytoplasmic acidification (K. Kuchitsu, Y. Yazaki, K. Sakano, and N. Shibuya, Plant Cell Physiol. 38:1012-1018, 1997) and the accumulation of mRNAs for two rapidly activated genes, EL2 and EL3 (E. Minami, K. Kuchitsu, D.-Y. He, H. Kouchi, N. Midoh, Y. Ohtsuki, and N. Shibuya, Plant Cell Physiol. 37:563-567, 1996), as well as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. Treatment of cells with propionic acid resulted in the accumulation of the mRNAs for EL2, EL3, and PAL in a manner similar to the accumulation induced by N-acetylchitoheptaose. Concomitantly, there was a rapid decrease in the cytoplasmic pH as detected with in vivo 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Interestingly, K-252a, a potent inhibitor of Ser/Thr protein kinases, strongly inhibited gene induction by N-acetylchitoheptaose, but showed much less inhibition of gene induction caused by propionic acid. Calyculin A, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, induced mRNA accumulations for EL2, EL3 and PAL, with concomitant acidification of the cytoplasm. On the other hand, chitinase and β-glucanase mRNA levels did not change after addition of propionic acid or calyculin A. Treatment of the cells with propionic acid did not induce the production of reactive oxygen species. These results strongly suggest that cytoplasmic acidification at the early stage of elicitor action could be a key step in the signal transduction events leading to the expression of elicitor-responsive genes. A hypothetical model of elicitor signal pathway is proposed based on these results.

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10

Egli, C. M., C. Springer, and G. H. Braus. "A complex unidirectional signal element mediates GCN4 mRNA 3' end formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 5 (May 1995): 2466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.5.2466.

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The yeast GCN4 3' element represents a class of polyadenylation sites which function unidirectionally and efficiently in test systems in vivo as well as in vitro. A complex signal element is required for polyadenylation activity with a minimal size of 116 nucleotides for the functional element. We subdivided this element into five regions (EL1 to EL5) of 16 to 26 nucleotides each. Each region was characterized by deletion analysis in an in vivo test system. Two TTTTTAT motifs are located in different regions (EL1 and EL4) upstream of the poly(A) site. The 3' end processing activity was significantly reduced when both motifs were mutated by site-directed mutagenesis and abolished when EL1 and EL4 were deleted. The major poly(A) site is located in EL5, 3 nucleotides downstream of the second TTTTTAT motif. Additional minor poly(A) sites are used in less than 10% of the mRNA 3' ends. Deletion of EL3 resulted in a changed pattern of mRNA 3' ends by increased usage of the minor poly(A) addition sites. The major poly(A) site in EL5 can be removed without loss of function when sequences upstream of EL1 are present. The tripartite TAG...TATGT...TTT sequence located downstream of EL5 is not required for function.

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11

Morrow, Richard A. "Theory of EL2 and EL5 formation in melt‐grown GaAs:Si." Journal of Applied Physics 78, no. 6 (September 15, 1995): 3843–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359900.

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12

LEWIS, H. C., O. WICHMANN, and E. DUIZER. "Transmission routes and risk factors for autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: a systematic review." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 2 (October 6, 2009): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990847.

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SUMMARYIncreasing numbers of non-travel-associated hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have been reported in Europe in recent years. Our objective was to review the evidence on risk factors and transmission routes of autochthonous HEV infection and hepatitis E in Europe in order to develop recommendations for future research, prevention and control. A systematic literature review was performed to identify all primary reports and studies published during 1998–2008 on hepatitis E in humans and animals in Europe by searching Pubmed, reference lists of major articles and international conference proceedings. Each of the 106 included studies was categorized into one of three evidence levels (EL) based on study design and diagnostic methodology. The evidence was generally weak (73 were assigned to EL1, two to both EL1 and EL2, and 30 to EL2), further compounded by the use of poorly validated serological assays in some studies. Only one case-control study was assigned to EL3. Persons with autochthonous hepatitis E infection were on average older than the general population and predominantly male. There was no evidence for one main transmission route of HEV infection or risk factor for hepatitis E. However, zoonotic transmission seemed likely and person-to-person transmission too inefficient to cause clinical disease. Multiple routes of transmission probably exist and should be further investigated through analytical studies and reliable diagnostic kits. Based on current evidence that points to zoonotic transmission from pigs, thorough cooking of all porcine products, prevention of cross-contamination in the kitchen and improved education for occupationally exposed people (e.g. pig farmers, veterinarians and sewage workers) may help prevent HEV infection. Although evidence for parenteral transmission is limited, it is recommended that a risk assessment is undertaken.

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GUTIÉRREZ-CLELLEN, VERA F., GABRIELA SIMON-CEREIJIDO, and CHRISTINE WAGNER. "Bilingual children with language impairment: A comparison with monolinguals and second language learners." Applied Psycholinguistics 29, no. 1 (January 2008): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716408080016.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to examine whether English finite morphology has the potential to differentiate children with and without language impairment (LI) from Spanish-speaking backgrounds and different levels of English proficiency in comparison to Hispanic English speakers and (b) to investigate the extent to which children who are bilingual exhibit differences in their grammatical performance because of cross-linguistic influence from their first language. Seventy-one children between the ages of 4 years, 5 months and 6 years, 5 months were distributed into the following five groups: English as a first language (EL1) speakers with typical language development (TLD), EL1 speakers with LI, Spanish–English bilinguals with TLD, Spanish–English bilinguals with LI, and English as a second language (EL2) learners with TLD were compared on regular verb finiteness and nominative subject use using spontaneous narrative samples. The EL1 children with LI had significantly lower verb accuracy rates than the EL1 controls with TLD. Verb finiteness marking was also a significant discriminator for the bilinguals with LI. There was no evidence of cross-linguistic influence, however. The analysis indicated no significant differences between EL1 and bilingual children on subject or verb use. The EL2 group only presented difficulties with finite verb use. The typological differences between English and Spanish for overt subject use did not seem to affect the performance of either typical or atypical bilingual learners. The findings underscore the need for addressing language dominance in future bilingual studies.

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Liboi, E., E. Pelosi, U. Testa, C. Peschle, and G. B. Rossi. "Proliferative response and oncogene expression induced by epidermal growth factor in EL2 rat fibroblasts." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 6 (June 1986): 2275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.6.2275.

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Extensive evidence supports a two-step model for the control of fibroblast growth, which includes first the action of a competence factor (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor) followed by the stimulus of a progression factor (e.g., epidermal growth factor [EGF]). We investigated whether this model may be applied to the euploid EL2 fibroblast line recently isolated from rat embryos (E. Liboi, M. Caruso, and C. Basilico, Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2925-2928, 1984). Our results clearly show that EGF alone leads EL2 cells to proliferate in serum-free conditions at a rate corresponding to 50 to 60% of that observed in the presence of 10% calf serum. It is of interest that, when resting EL2 cells were exposed to EGF, transcription of both c-myc and c-fos was markedly induced. Altogether, these observations suggest that, in contrast with the model of fibroblast growth mentioned above, EL2 cells require the presence of a single growth factor (EGF) for induction of DNA synthesis, and the expression of myc and fos proto-oncogenes may represent an obligatory step in the pathway of commitment of EL2 cells to proliferation. In addition, we showed that EGF may induce EL2 cells to acquire some properties of transformed cells, such as growth in agar and loss of contact inhibition. This suggests that the particular response to EGF of the EL2 line may be strictly connected with the expression of a transformed phenotype.

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Liboi, E., E. Pelosi, U. Testa, C. Peschle, and G. B. Rossi. "Proliferative response and oncogene expression induced by epidermal growth factor in EL2 rat fibroblasts." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 6 (June 1986): 2275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.6.2275-2278.1986.

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Extensive evidence supports a two-step model for the control of fibroblast growth, which includes first the action of a competence factor (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor) followed by the stimulus of a progression factor (e.g., epidermal growth factor [EGF]). We investigated whether this model may be applied to the euploid EL2 fibroblast line recently isolated from rat embryos (E. Liboi, M. Caruso, and C. Basilico, Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2925-2928, 1984). Our results clearly show that EGF alone leads EL2 cells to proliferate in serum-free conditions at a rate corresponding to 50 to 60% of that observed in the presence of 10% calf serum. It is of interest that, when resting EL2 cells were exposed to EGF, transcription of both c-myc and c-fos was markedly induced. Altogether, these observations suggest that, in contrast with the model of fibroblast growth mentioned above, EL2 cells require the presence of a single growth factor (EGF) for induction of DNA synthesis, and the expression of myc and fos proto-oncogenes may represent an obligatory step in the pathway of commitment of EL2 cells to proliferation. In addition, we showed that EGF may induce EL2 cells to acquire some properties of transformed cells, such as growth in agar and loss of contact inhibition. This suggests that the particular response to EGF of the EL2 line may be strictly connected with the expression of a transformed phenotype.

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16

Kaminska, M. "Optical properties of EL2." Revue de Physique Appliquée 23, no. 5 (1988): 793–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01988002305079300.

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17

Kaminska, M. "EL2 Defect in GaAs." Physica Scripta T19B (January 1, 1987): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1987/t19b/038.

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18

Ulrici, W. "Optical absorption of EL20 and EL2+ in semi-insulating GaAs: Cr." physica status solidi (b) 134, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221340229.

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19

TRAUTMAN, P., and J. M. BARANOWSKI. "STRUCTURE AND METASTABILITY OF THE EL2 DEFECT IN GaAs." International Journal of Modern Physics B 09, no. 11 (May 15, 1995): 1263–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979295000549.

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EL2, the dominant native deep donor in GaAs , is one of few observed intrinsic defects in III-V semiconducting compounds. It is particularly interesting because it can be transformed to an excited metastable state through illumination of the crystal at low temperature. This article reviews experimental data on EL2 with emphasis on the reliable results that allowed the determination of the microscopic structure of this puzzling defect. Theoretical results, which help to understand and systematize the experimental data, are recalled. This article provides a survey of the present understanding of the microscopic structure and the mechanism of metastability of EL2. Particular attention is given to a recent experiment, performed by the present authors, that determined the spatial symmetry of EL2 in the metastable state. In our opinion, the properties of EL2 are best understood in the framework of the model identifying the normal (ground) state of the defect with the isolated arsenic-antisite As Ga and the metastable state with the tightly bound gallium-vacancy-arsenic-interstitial VGaAsi defect pair of trigonal symmetry.

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20

Parajara, Magno Do Carmo, Wallace Luís de Lima, Arnaldo Henrique De Oliveira Carvalho, and Fábio Luiz de Oliveira. "DESENVOLVIMENTO VEGETATIVO DA YACON SOB DIFERENTES ESPAÇAMENTOS DE PLANTIO." Revista Univap 22, no. 40 (March 29, 2017): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.18066/revistaunivap.v22i40.1422.

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A Yacon, Smallanthus sonchifolius, tem apresentado inúmeros benefícios para a população, o que abre as expectativas sobre o seu cultivo como um produto a ser explorado. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo da yacon em diferentes espaçamentos de plantio. O experimento foi conduzido na localidade Córrego Água Potável, no município de Ibatiba, ES. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso e os tratamentos foram os diferentes espaçamentos. As parcelas foram montadas num esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas três espaçamentos entre linhas (EL), sendo EL1= 0,80 m; EL2= 1,0m e EL3= 1,20 metros, e as subparc elas três espaçamentos entre plantas (EP), sendo EP1= 0,40m; EP2= 0,50m e EP3= 0,60 m,com 4 repetições. Verificou-se que as maiores alturas de plantas e diâmetros de caule foram observadas com espaçamento de 0,50 e 0,60 m entre plantas, sendo 42,66 cm e 13,40 mm, respectivamente. As plantas apresentaram baixo desenvolvimento vegetativo, bem inferior à encontrada em outros trabalhos, provavelmente ocasionado pelo deficit hídrico.

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Kiliulis, R., and V. Kažukauskas. "Model of Charge Transfer Induced by EL2→EL2* Transformation in Semi-Insulating GaAs." physica status solidi (b) 180, no. 1 (November 1, 1993): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221800114.

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22

Kuszko, W., P. J. Walczak, P. Trautman, Maria Kaminska, and Jacek M. Baranowski. "Observation of New EL2 Related Properties in GaAs. Photodissociation Model of EL2 Metastability." Materials Science Forum 10-12 (January 1986): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.10-12.317.

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23

Morrow, Richard A. "Defect model of melt-grown GaAs." Journal of Materials Research 2, no. 5 (October 1987): 681–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1987.0681.

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A phenomenological model is developed to treat defect properties and defect chemistry in melt-grown GaAs. Defects are characterized by their charge and their stoichiometric signature (local deviation from stoichiometry); no specific atomic structure is assumed for them. Good fits to existing data are obtained for the room-temperature concentrations of the midgap donor (EL2), an unknown double acceptor, electrons, and holes as functions of melt composition. In obtaining these fits the role and importance of the (unknown) GaAs solidus is emphasized and it is demonstrated that many popular models of EL2 are consistent with the data analyzed. The model is extended to account for the observed decrease of EL2 concentration with increasing boron or silicon doping concentration, and here again attention is clearly focused on certain unknown information concerning the crystal formation process. Fundamental parameters in the model whose values are estimated through fits to the data include (1) the equilibrium constant in the defect reaction between EL2 and the double acceptor, (2) the equilibrium constant in the defect reaction between EL2, BAs and BGa, (3) the fractions of boron and silicon taken up on Ga sites during the crystal formation process, and (4) the proportionality factor between the melt composition and the crystal composition.

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ROESCH, ANNE DOROTHEE, and VASILIKI CHONDROGIANNI. "“Which mouse kissed the frog?” Effects of age of onset, length of exposure, and knowledge of case marking on the comprehension of wh-questions in German-speaking simultaneous and early sequential bilingual children." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 3 (February 29, 2016): 635–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000916000015.

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AbstractStudies examining age of onset (AoO) effects in childhood bilingualism have provided mixed results as to whether early sequential bilingual children (eL2) differ from simultaneous bilingual children (2L1) and L2 children on the acquisition of morphosyntax. Differences between the three groups have been attributed to other factors such as length of exposure (LoE), language abilities, and the phenomenon to be acquired. The present study investigates whether four- to five-year-old German-speaking eL2 children differ from 2L1 children on the acquisition of wh-questions, and whether these differences can be explained by AoO, LoE, and/or knowledge of case marking. The 2L1 children outperformed the eL2 children in terms of accuracy; however, both bilingual groups exhibited similar error patterns. This suggests that 2L1 and eL2 bilingual children are sensitive to the same morphosyntactic cues, when comprehending wh-questions. Finally, children's performance on the different types of wh-questions was explained by a combination of knowledge of case marking, LoE, and AoO.

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25

Ross, Lauren, Salomé Geertsema, Mia le Roux, and Marien Alet Graham. "The Use of Nonword Keywords in the Speech Assessment of English Second Language Learners." Communication Disorders Quarterly 42, no. 1 (July 7, 2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525740119857985.

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Use of nonwords is a potentially more appropriate method of assessment for English second language (EL2) learners. A mixed comparative design was used to compare the effects when using nonwords instead of picture-based stimuli to assess articulation of EL2 learners. Subaims were to compare results between two tests and age groups. In all, 16 Setswana L1 children assigned to two age cohorts were assessed using the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation–second edition (GFTA-2), and nonword list was created via a registered Speech Motor Learning website. Results of the two assessments differed significantly, indicating that lack of semantic information may yield different outcomes for articulation assessments of EL2 learners. Speech sound differences on the GFTA-2 were sounds not found in L1. This agrees with previous research indicating incorrect diagnosis due to speech and language differences. There was no significant difference between the two age cohorts. This research forms the basis for investigations into nonwords as a more accurate method for assessment of EL2 learners.

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26

Dąbrowski, Jaroslaw, and Matthias Scheffler. "The EL2 Defect in GaAs." Materials Science Forum 38-41 (January 1991): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.38-41.51.

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27

Fillard, J. P. "Infra-red imaging and EL2." Revue de Physique Appliquée 23, no. 5 (1988): 765–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01988002305076500.

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28

von Bardeleben, H. J., D. Stievenard, J. C. Bourgoin, and A. Huber. "Identification of EL2 in GaAs." Applied Physics Letters 47, no. 9 (November 1985): 970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.95947.

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29

Baraff, G. A. "EL2 in GaAs: Present Status." Acta Physica Polonica A 82, no. 4 (October 1992): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.82.599.

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30

Barbosa, A., C. Pizoni, G. B. Luz, M. N. Correa, V. R. Rabassa, F. A. B. Del Pino, F. P. Moraes, and C. F. Martins. "Relação entre escore de condição corporal e escore de locomoção em vacas leiteiras submetidas a manejo semiextensivo de alimentação." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, no. 4 (August 2018): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9978.

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RESUMO Métodos observacionais subjetivos, como escore de locomoção (EL) e escore de condição corporal (ECC), têm sido amplamente utilizados para avaliação populacional de diferentes graus de claudicação e estado nutricional em bovinos. Este estudo objetivou verificar a associação longitudinal entre o escore de condição corporal e o escore de locomoção em vacas da raça Holandesa submetidas a um regime alimentar semiextensivo. O período experimental compreendeu dois anos de observações, em uma propriedade localizada no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. O grupo experimental foi constituído por 900 vacas lactantes, que foram avaliadas trimestralmente por dinâmica ortopédica pelo EL e do estado metabólico pelo ECC. A coleta desses dados foi realizada por três veterinários treinados. A fim de se verificar a correlação entre variáveis, utilizou-se o programa SAS, por meio do método de correlação de Pearson, para determinar a associação entre as variáveis avaliadas (EL e ECC), com nível de significância de 5%. A distribuição dos diferentes escores de locomoção durante o período foi a seguinte: 57,2% dos animais tiveram o escore de locomoção 1, ou seja, estavam saudáveis em relação ao sistema locomotor. O restante dos animais que apresentou algum grau de dificuldade de locomoção distribuiu-se da seguinte forma, segundo a intensidade: 21,6% dos animais apresentaram EL2, 15,5% deles EL3, 3,5% deles EL4 e 2,2% deles EL5. Quanto ao resultado da correlação, observou-se associação negativa (r= -0,57) entre ECC e EL (P= 0,03), com ECC médio de 2,97±0,33 e EL de 1,35±0,24 durante o período experimental. Portanto, há uma correlação negativa entre o escore de condição corporal e o escore de locomoção em vacas da raça Holandesa submetidas ao regime alimentar semiextensivo.

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31

Bretagnon, T., A. Jean, P. Silvestre, S. Bourassa, R. Le Van Mao, B. A. Lombos, D. Cossement, C. Le Bel, and J. P. Dodelet. "Midgap electron traps in n-type GaAs epitaxial layers grown by the close-spaced vapor transport technique." Canadian Journal of Physics 69, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1991): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-066.

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The deep-level transient spectroscopy technique was applied to the study of deep electron traps existing in n-type GaAs epitaxial layers that were prepared by the close-spaced vapor transport technique using three kinds of sources (semi-insulator-undoped, Zn-doped and Si-doped GaAs). Two midgap electron traps labelled ELCS1 and EL2 were observed in all layers regardless of the kind of source used. In addition, the effect of the electric field on the emission rate of ELCS1 is discussed and its identification to ETX2 and EL12 is suggested.

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32

Kabiraj, D., and Subhasis Ghosh. "“EL2” revisited: Observation of metastable and stable energy levels of EL2 in semi-insulating GaAs." Applied Physics Letters 87, no. 25 (December 19, 2005): 252118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2150579.

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33

Григорьева, Н. Р., И. В. Штром, Р. В. Григорьев, И. П. Сошников, Р. Р. Резник, Ю. Б. Самсоненко, Н. В. Сибирев, and Г. Э. Цырлин. "Влияние центра EL2 на фотоотклик ансамбля радиальных нитевидных нанокристаллов GaAs/AlGaAs." Письма в журнал технической физики 45, no. 16 (2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.16.48155.17870.

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The role of EL2 defect in a formation of a photoresponse of an array of radial GaAs/AlGaAs nanowires (x=0.3) n-type grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a p-type silicon substrate was studied. A significant reduction in the recovery time of the photoresponse of nanowires was found in comparison with the bulk crystal during the transition of the EL2-center from the non-photoactive to the normal state.

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34

Baj, M., and P. Dreszer. "EL2 - Intracenter Absorption under Hydrostatic Pressure." Materials Science Forum 38-41 (January 1991): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.38-41.101.

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35

Stievenard, D., and H. J. von Bardeleben. "On the atomic configuration of EL2." Revue de Physique Appliquée 23, no. 5 (1988): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01988002305080300.

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36

Baraff, G. A., and M. Lannoo. "Modelling the electronic structure of EL2." Revue de Physique Appliquée 23, no. 5 (1988): 817–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01988002305081700.

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37

Bourgoin, J. C., and M. Lannoo. "A critical look at EL2 models." Revue de Physique Appliquée 23, no. 5 (1988): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01988002305086300.

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38

Morrow, Richard A. "Model of EL2 formation in GaAs." Journal of Applied Physics 70, no. 11 (December 1991): 6782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349853.

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39

Radi\'c, Nikola, Branko \vSanti\'c, and Uro\vs V. Desnica. "EL2 Defect Metastability-Related Transients Revisited." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 34, Part 1, No. 11 (November 15, 1995): 5922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.34.5922.

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40

Neffati, T., and J. C. Bourgoin. "Electron Capture on EL2 in GaAs." physica status solidi (b) 203, no. 2 (October 1997): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(199710)203:2<459::aid-pssb459>3.0.co;2-8.

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41

Ghazavi, Sayed Hossein. "Quasi ordering hypergroups in EL2 - hyperstructures." International Journal of Algebra 12, no. 5 (2018): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ija.2018.8726.

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42

Lannoo, M. "Theoretical treatments of DX and EL2." Semiconductor Science and Technology 6, no. 10B (October 1, 1991): B16—B22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/6/10b/003.

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43

Boddaert, X., X. Letartre, D. Stievenard, and J. C. Bourgoin. "Thermal stability of EL2 in GaAs." Materials Science and Engineering: B 3, no. 3 (August 1989): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(89)90017-2.

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44

Kiliulis, R., V. Rinkevičius, J. Storasta, and J. Vaitkus. "Influence of the EL2 → EL2* transition on photoconductivity and thermally stimulated processes in semi-insulating GaAs." Physica Status Solidi (a) 127, no. 2 (October 16, 1991): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211270216.

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45

Samitier, J., A. Herms, A. Cornet, J. R. Morante, and S. Gourrier. "Optical Assessment of the Interaction Between EL2 and EL6 Levels in Boron Implanted GaAs." Physica Scripta 35, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/35/4/021.

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46

Shen, Lifen, Susan Carter, and Lawrence Jun Zhang. "EL1 and EL2 doctoral students’ experience in writing the discussion section: A needs analysis." Journal of English for Academic Purposes 40 (July 2019): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2019.06.004.

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47

Cook, David, and Michael B. Devereux. "Sharing the Burden: Monetary and Fiscal Responses to a World Liquidity Trap." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 190–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.5.3.190.

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This paper analyzes optimal policy responses to a global liquidity trap. The key feature of this environment is that relative prices respond perversely. A fall in demand in one country causes an appreciation of its terms of trade, exacerbating the initial shock. At the zero bound, this country cannot counter this shock. Then it may be optimal for the partner country to raise interest rates. The partner may set a positive policy interest rate, even though its “natural interest rate” is below zero. An optimal policy response requires a mutual interaction between monetary and fiscal policy. (JEL E12, E32, E44, E52, E62, F44, G01)

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48

Fernández-Villaverde, Jesús, Pablo Guerrón-Quintana, Keith Kuester, and Juan Rubio-Ramírez. "Fiscal Volatility Shocks and Economic Activity." American Economic Review 105, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 3352–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121236.

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We study how unexpected changes in uncertainty about fiscal policy affect economic activity. First, we estimate tax and spending processes for the United States with time-varying volatility to uncover evidence of time-varying volatility. Second, we estimate a VAR for the US economy using the time-varying volatility found in the previous step. Third, we feed the tax and spending processes into an otherwise standard New Keynesian model. Both in the VAR and in the model, we find that unexpected changes in fiscal volatility shocks can have a sizable adverse effect on economic activity. An endogenous increase in markups is a key mechanism. (JEL E12, E23, E32, E52, E62)

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Blanco, Andrés. "Optimal Inflation Target in an Economy with Menu Costs and a Zero Lower Bound." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 13, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 108–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20180198.

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I study the optimal inflation target in a quantitative menu cost model with a zero lower bound on interest rates. I find that the optimal inflation target is 3.5 percent, which is higher than in models commonly used for monetary policy analysis. Key to this result is that inflation has a small effect on resource misallocation when the model features firm-level shocks, which are necessary to match the empirical distribution of price changes. A higher inflation target decreases price flexibility at the zero lower bound, and through this mechanism, it reduces the severity of recessions when the monetary authority is constrained. (JEL E12, E31, E32, E42, E52)

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Chafai, M., J. Jiménez, A. Alvárez, and J. Bonnafé. "Photocurrent study of the influence of photogenerated carriers on the EL2*‐EL2 transformation in semi‐insulating GaAs." Applied Physics Letters 60, no. 10 (March 9, 1992): 1253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107421.

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