Journal articles: 'EISPH'

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Morikawa, Daniel S., and Mitsuteru Asai. "Coupling total Lagrangian SPH–EISPH for fluid–structure interaction with large deformed hyperelastic solid bodies." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 381 (August 2021): 113832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2021.113832.

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Jones, James H. "EIPH research." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 14, no. 3 (1994): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81793-4.

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Lo Feudo, Chiara Maria, Luca Stucchi, Giovanni Stancari, Elena Alberti, Bianca Conturba, Enrica Zucca, and Francesco Ferrucci. "Associations between Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) and Fitness Parameters Measured by Incremental Treadmill Test in Standardbred Racehorses." Animals 12, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040449.

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Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a condition affecting up to 95% of racehorses, diagnosed by detecting blood in the trachea after exercise and/or the presence of hemosiderophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf). Although EIPH is commonly associated with poor performance, scientific evidence is scarce. The athletic capacity of racehorses can be quantified through some parameters obtained during an incremental treadmill test; in particular, the speed at a heart rate of 200 bpm (V200), and the speed (VLa4) and the heart rate (HRLa4) at which the blood lactate concentration reaches 4 mmol/L are considered good fitness indicators. The present retrospective study aims to evaluate whether EIPH could influence fitness parameters in poorly performing Standardbreds. For this purpose, data from 81 patients regarding their V200, VLa4, HRLa4, peak lactate, maximum speed, minimum pH, and maximum hematocrit were reviewed; EIPH scores were assigned based on tracheobronchoscopy and BALf cytology. The association between the fitness parameters and EIPH was evaluated through Spearman’s correlation analysis. No relationship between EIPH and V200, VLa4, and HRLa4 was observed. Interestingly, EIPH-positive horses showed higher hematocrit values (p = 0.0072, r = 0.47), suggesting the possible influence of the hemoconcentration on the increase of pulmonary capillary pressure as a part of the pathogenesis of EIPH.

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Giordano, Alessia, Cecilia Meazza, Marco Salvadori, and Saverio Paltrinieri. "Thromboelastometric Profiles of Horses Affected by Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhages." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/945789.

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Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) commonly occurs in race horses. Thromboelastometry (TEM) investigates the whole hemostatic process by evaluating the viscoelastic properties of the blood clot from its formation to fibrinolysis. The aim of this study was to assess whether horses with EIPH have abnormal thromboelastometric profiles. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, fibrinogen activity and fibrinolysis were investigated by TEM before and after the race in negative controls and in horses on which EIPH was confirmed by bronchoscopy. Compared with controls, horses with EIPH had an increased coagulability in both pre- and postrace samplings, especially for the intrinsic pathway and for the fibinrolytic activity. These results suggest that coagulation is preactivated in horses prone to develop EIPH, possibly due to recent or recurrent hemorrhage.

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Morales, Valerie, Solineel Glass, José De Angel, Bernando Vallejo, and Abner A. Rodríguez-Carías. "Incidence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses in Puerto Rico." Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 101, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v101i2.15792.

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Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a very common condition in racehorses and is characterized by an alteration of the respiratory system. Depending on the magnitude, EIPH causes bleeding in lung passages making breathing difficult. EIPH is evaluated by endoscopies on a scale from 0 to 5, with 0 corresponding to no hemorrhage and 5 to a severe condition. In Puerto Rico, the only preventive measure used is the administration of a diuretic 4 h before the race. A data set was analyzed to determine factors associated with the incidence of EIPH and the preventive effect of the diuretic. The data was supplied by Equus PR, Center of Veterinary Medicine, and the factors considered were month of the year, sex (male or mare), distance of the race in meters (C1: 400 to 1,200; C2: 1,300 to 1,400; C3: > 1600), and the use or not of a diuretic. The randomly selected data of 2,632 endoscopies of racehorses running or not that were utilized represented 20% of the total endoscopies recorded in 2014. Of this number 1,377 were from horses within 1 to 3 h after the race, representing 52% of the total. A Chi-square test analysis was performed to determine the frequency of EIPH regarding the factors of month, sex, distance of the race, and use of the diuretic. Of the 1,377 animals, 488 presented some degree of EIPH, equivalent to 35% of the total sample. The percentage of affected horses suffering EIPH severity levels from 1 to 5 was 52.8, 23.6, 13.5, 7.3 and 2.8, respectively. The frequency and severity of EIPH were similar (P = 0.435) during the 12 months of the year. Males and mares also had similar (P = 0.587) incidence. Horses running shorter races (C1 and C2) had a higher (P<0.02) incidence of EIPH than those running longer races (C3). The number of healthy horses, or those suffering from the condition, was similar (P = 0.375) regardless of diuretic use. In summary, 35% of the racehorses competing presented some level of EIPH; month of year and sex did not alter the incidence. Horses running shorter distances showed a higher incidence of the condition, and use of the diuretic was not effective as a preventive method for EIPH.

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De Mello Costa, Maria Fernanda, Juliana N. P. Pereira, and Garry A. Anderson. "Efficacy Of First Time Furosemide Use In Thoroughbred Racehorses In Brazil." Revista de Saúde 9, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 02–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.21727/rs.v9i1.1290.

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Racehorses are commonly affected by a condition known as Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH) which consists of rupture of alveolar membranes and extravasation of blood into the airways. EIPH is considered to negatively affect racehorse performance and there is no current treatment. In order to reduce the amount of bleeding the diuretic furosemide has been used prior to exercise and competition in some racing jurisdictions. Efficacy of furosemide in reducing EIPH is documented in this research through endoscopic observation of the airways of horses positive for EIPH in two consecutive races.

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Kindig, Casey A., Paul McDonough, Gus Fenton, David C. Poole, and Howard H. Erickson. "Efficacy of nasal strip and furosemide in mitigating EIPH in Thoroughbred horses." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 1396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.3.1396.

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The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of an equine nasal strip (NS), furosemide (Fur), and a combination of both (NS + Fur) on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) at speeds corresponding to near-maximal effort. Five Thoroughbreds (526 ± 25 kg) were run on a flat treadmill from 7 to 14 m/s in 1 m · s−1 · min−1 increments every 2 wk (treatment order randomized) under control (Con), Fur (1 mg/kg iv 4 h prior), NS, or NS + Fur conditions. During each run, pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and esophageal (Pes) pressures were measured. Severity of EIPH was quantified via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 30 min postrun. Furosemide (Fur and NS + Fur trials) reduced peak Ppa ∼7 mmHg compared with Con ( P < 0.05) whereas NS had no effect ( P > 0.05). Maximal Pes swings were not different among groups ( P > 0.05). NS significantly diminished EIPH compared with the Con trial [Con, 55.0 ± 36.2; NS, 30.8 ± 21.8 × 106 red blood cells (RBC)/ml BAL fluid; P < 0.05]. Fur reduced EIPH to a greater extent than NS (5.2 ± 3.0 × 106 RBC/ml BAL; P < 0.05 vs. Con and NS) with no additional benefit from NS + Fur (8.5 ± 4.2 × 106 RBC/ml BAL; P > 0.05 vs. Fur, P < 0.05 vs. Con and NS). In conclusion, although both modalities (NS and Fur) were successful in mitigating EIPH, neither abolished EIPH fully as evaluated via BAL. Fur was more effective than NS in constraining the severity of EIPH. The simultaneous use of both interventions appears to offer no further gain with respect to reducing EIPH.

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Pires, N. Rebouças, S. Miranda, M. F. M. Costa, M. T. Ramos, C. Bernardes, N. X. Alencar, and D. A. B. Lessa. "Effect of intrabronchial platelet rich plasma on the exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage endoscopic score in thoroughbred racehorses using furosemide: a preliminary study." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 3 (May 2021): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12212.

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ABSTRACT The high prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in athletic horses constitutes to be a challenge to the racing industry and a source of major concern to animal welfare. Both experimental and clinical evidence indicate that the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a promising effector of repair in a variety of pulmonary conditions. The present study evaluated the effect of intrabronchial instillation of PRP on EIPH endoscopic scores from 37 Thoroughbred racehorses. Inclusion criteria were for animals to be EIPH-positive in, at least, two consecutive post-exercise endoscopic exams and to receive 250mg of furosemide IV four hours before racing. Animals were randomly assigned into 3 groups: placebo, control, and PRP instillation. All 37 Thoroughbred racehorses included had EIPH endoscopic scores pre- and post- treatment compared by statistical analysis. The bleeding score from the group receiving PRP was significantly lower than in the control and placebo groups. No adverse effects were observed in any animal during or after the experiment. It was possible to conclude that the intrabronchial instillation of autologous PRP was effective in reducing EIPH scores in racehorses receiving furosemide and that this bioproduct can be considered as a promising coadjuvant in controlling EIPH in athletic horses.

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Epp, TS, P. McDonough, DJ Padilla, JH Cox, DC Poole, and HH Erickson. "The effect of herbal supplementation on the severity of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2, no. 1 (February 2005): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecp200438.

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AbstractExercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a serious condition that affects the health and possibly the performance of all racehorses. However, only two treatments, furosemide and the Flair™ equine nasal strip, both of which reduce capillary transmural pressure, have been successful in reducing EIPH. Alternatively, transient impairment of platelet function and coagulation during exercise has been considered an additional contributor to EIPH. Consequently, herbal formulations designed to enhance platelet function, and hence coagulation, are hypothesized to reduce EIPH. To investigate the validity of this hypothesis, five Thoroughbred horses completed three maximal incremental exercise tests on a 10% inclined treadmill in a randomized cross-over design experiment. Treatments included twice daily oral administration (for 3 days) of a placebo (PL; cornstarch) and two herbal formulas, Yunnan Paiyao (YP) or Single Immortal (SI). Blood samples for coagulation profiles, complete blood counts and biochemistry profiles were collected before each exercise test. During each test, pulmonary arterial pressure, oxygen uptake, arterial blood gases, plasma lactate and time-to-fatigue were measured. Severity of EIPH was quantified via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 30–60 min post-exercise. The herbal formulations were not effective in decreasing EIPH (×106 red blood cells ml−1 BAL fluid: PL, 27.1±11.6; YP, 33.2±23.4; SI, 35.3±15.4, P>0.05) or in changing any of the other variables measured with the exception of time-to-fatigue, which was slightly but significantly prolonged by Single Immortal compared with placebo and Yunnan Paiyao (PL, 670±9.6 s; YP, 665±5.5 s; SI, 685±7.9 s, P<0.05). Thus, these results do not support the use of these herbal formulations in the prevention of EIPH.

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Bittencourt, Marina Nolli, and Divane de Vargas. "Construção e validação da Escala de Identificação de Sintomas Psicopatológicos em Escolares (EISPE)." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 66, no. 2 (June 2017): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000152.

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RESUMO Objetivo Construir e validar a Escala de Identificação de Sintomas Psicopatológicos em Escolares (EISPE). Métodos Trata-se de um estudo metodológico, realizado seguindo-se procedimentos teóricos: painel de juízes e estudo-piloto; experimentais, por meio de coleta com 201 crianças de seis a 12 anos; e estatísticos, com validação de construto testada por meio do Modelo Rasch e alfa de Cronbach. Resultados Na análise do painel de juízes quanto a clareza e representatividade, cinco itens foram excluídos e, após o teste-piloto, um item foi excluído, chegando a uma versão preliminar da EISPE de 23 itens, avaliando seis aspectos. O Modelo Rasch apresentou a EISPE como unidimensional, com a maior parte dos itens ajustados ao modelo, exceto quatro deles que apresentaram valores de correlação item-total abaixo de 0,2, e outros dois que apresentaram funcionamento diferencial conforme o sexo das crianças: A confiabilidade dos itens foi 0,97, e o valor do alfa de Cronbach, de 0,67. Conclusão A versão preliminar da EISPE apresentou qualidades psicométricas satisfatórias, o que sugere que esta é confiável para identificar sintomas psicopatológicos relacionados a ansiedade, humor, condutas sociais, atenção/atividade motora, padrões alimentares e uso/abuso de substâncias psicoativas em crianças com idades entre seis e 12 anos.

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Fan, Fan, Xiangfeng Zeng, Shunjun Wei, Hao Zhang, Dianhua Tang, Jun Shi, and Xiaoling Zhang. "Efficient Instance Segmentation Paradigm for Interpreting SAR and Optical Images." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030531.

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Instance segmentation in remote sensing images is challenging due to the object-level discrimination and pixel-level segmentation for the objects. In remote sensing applications, instance segmentation adopts the instance-aware mask, rather than horizontal bounding box and oriented bounding box in object detection, or category-aware mask in semantic segmentation, to interpret the objects with the boundaries. Despite these distinct advantages, versatile instance segmentation methods are still to be discovered for remote sensing images. In this paper, an efficient instance segmentation paradigm (EISP) for interpreting the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical images is proposed. EISP mainly consists of the Swin Transformer to construct the hierarchical features of SAR and optical images, the context information flow (CIF) for interweaving the semantic features from the bounding box branch to mask branch, and the confluent loss function for refining the predicted masks. Experimental conclusions can be drawn on the PSeg-SSDD (Polygon Segmentation—SAR Ship Detection Dataset) and NWPU VHR-10 instance segmentation dataset (optical dataset): (1) Swin-L, CIF, and confluent loss function in EISP acts on the whole instance segmentation utility; (2) EISP* exceeds vanilla mask R-CNN 4.2% AP value on PSeg-SSDD and 11.2% AP on NWPU VHR-10 instance segmentation dataset; (3) The poorly segmented masks, false alarms, missing segmentations, and aliasing masks can be avoided to a great extent for EISP* in segmenting the SAR and optical images; (4) EISP* achieves the highest instance segmentation AP value compared to the state-of-the-art instance segmentation methods.

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Williams, Kurt J., N. Edward Robinson, Heather DeFeijter-Rupp, Melissa Millerick-May, Alice Stack, Joseph Hauptman, and Frederik J. Derksen. "Distribution of venous remodeling in exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage of horses follows reported blood flow distribution in the equine lung." Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01170.2012.

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Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), which has been reported in humans and a variety of domestic animals following strenuous exercise, is most often documented in racehorses. Remodeling of pulmonary veins (VR) in equine EIPH was recently described, suggesting that it contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease. The cause of VR is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the development of VR follows pulmonary blood flow distribution, preferentially occurring in the caudodorsal lung region. Furthermore, we hypothesized that VR underpins development of the other lesions of EIPH pathology. The lungs of 10 EIPH-affected horses and 8 controls were randomly sampled for histopathology (2,520 samples) and blindly scored for presence and severity of VR, hemosiderin (H), and interstitial fibrosis (IF). Mean sample score (MSS), mean lesion score, and percent samples with lesions were determined in four dorsal and three ventral lung regions, and the frequency, spatial distribution, and severity of lesions were determined. MSS for VR and H were significantly greater dorsally than ventrally ( P < 0.001) and also decreased significantly in the caudocranial direction ( P < 0.001). IF decreased only in the caudocranial direction. The percent samples with lesions followed the same distribution as MSS. VR often was accompanied by H; IF never occurred without VR and H. Similarity of the distribution of EIPH lesions and the reported fractal distribution of pulmonary blood flow suggests that VR develops in regions of high blood flow. Further experiments are necessary to determine whether VR is central to the pathogenesis of EIPH.

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Kindig, Casey A., Paul McDonough, Melissa R. Finley, Brad J. Behnke, Troy E. Richardson, David J. Marlin, Howard H. Erickson, and David C. Poole. "NO inhalation reduces pulmonary arterial pressure but not hemorrhage in maximally exercising horses." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 2674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2674.

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In horses, the exercise-induced elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) is thought to play a deterministic role in exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), and thus treatment designed to lower Ppa might reasonably be expected to reduce EIPH. Five Thoroughbred horses were run on a treadmill to volitional fatigue (incremental step test) under nitric oxide (NO; inhaled 80 ppm) and control (N2, same flow rate as per NO run) conditions (2 wk between trials; order randomized) to test the hypothesis that NO inhalation would reduce maximal Ppa but that this reduction may not necessarily reduce EIPH. Before each investigation, a microtipped pressure transducer was placed in the pulmonary artery 8 cm past the pulmonic valve to monitor Ppa. EIPH severity was assessed via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 30 min postrun. Exercise time did not differ between the two trials ( P > 0.05). NO administration resulted in a small but consistent and significant reduction in peak Ppa (N2, 102.3 ± 4.4; NO, 98.6 ± 4.3 mmHg, P < 0.05). In the face of lowered Ppa, EIPH severity was significantly higher in the NO trial (N2, 22.4 ± 6.8; NO, 42.6 ± 15.4 × 106 red blood cells/ml BAL fluid, P < 0.05). These findings support the notion that extremely high Ppa may reflect, in part, an arteriolar vasoconstriction that serves to protect the capillary bed from the extraordinarily high Ppa evoked during maximal exercise in the Thoroughbred horse. Furthermore, these data suggest that exogenous NO treatment during exercise in horses may not only be poor prophylaxis but may actually exacerbate the severity of EIPH.

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Manohar, Murli, and Thomas E. Goetz. "Pulmonary vascular pressures of exercising Thoroughbred horses with and without endoscopic evidence of EIPH." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 1589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.4.1589.

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Manohar, Murli, and Thomas E. Goetz. Pulmonary vascular pressures of exercising Thoroughbred horses with and without endoscopic evidence of EIPH. J. Appl. Physiol.81(4): 1589–1593, 1996.—Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a common occurrence in racehorses. The objective of this study was to compare pulmonary vascular pressures of healthy Thoroughbred horses with and without postexertion endoscopically detectable fresh blood in the trachea. The nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea (down to the carina) of horses were examined weekly with an endoscope 55–60 min postexertion, and the diagnosis of EIPH was confirmed by the presence of fresh blood in the trachea. Measurements of heart rate and right atrial, pulmonary arterial, and pulmonary arterial wedge pressures were made during quiet rest and during treadmill exercise performed at 14.5 m/s on a 5% uphill grade. This workload elicited maximal heart rate of the horses. Mean pulmonary capillary pressure was estimated to be halfway between the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and the mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure. These data from 7 healthy sound exercise-trained horses that were positive on 12 consecutive occasions (at 1-wk intervals) for the postexercise presence of fresh blood in the trachea were compared with those in 8 healthy horses that were consistently negative for the evidence of fresh blood in the trachea on postexercise endoscopic examination over 12–16 wk. The heart rate and the right heart and/or pulmonary vascular pressures in the two groups of horses were similar at rest. Exercise was attended by a large significant ( P < 0.05) increase in these pressures and heart rate in both groups. However, statistically significant differences between endoscopically EIPH-positive and endoscopically EIPH-negative horses for heart rate and right atrial and pulmonary vascular pressures were not found during exercise. Thus these data revealed that the magnitude of exercise-induced right atrial as well as pulmonary arterial, capillary, and venous hypertension in endoscopically EIPH-positive horses that are otherwise healthy is quite similar to that in endoscopically EIPH-negative horses during comparable exertion.

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De Mello Costa, M. F., F. A. Ronchi, J. Yoonsuh, A. Ivanow, J. V. Braga, M. T. Ramos, D. E. Casarini, and R. F. Slocombe. "ACE activity post-race is influenced by furosemide administration." Comparative Exercise Physiology 14, no. 2 (June 6, 2018): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep170032.

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Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) affecting racehorses continues to raise questions regarding animal welfare and to-date no effective treatment has been identified. The mode of action of furosemide on EIPH, the only medication for the condition accepted in some racing jurisdictions, has not been completely elucidated. This research investigated the interaction between furosemide on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) as a potential pathway for future investigation of EIPH treatment options in a prospective case-control analytical study. ACE is a potent vasoconstrictor and substances reducing its activity could potentially contribute to decreasing blood pressure and EIPH. Horses racing on 8 official race days at Gávea Racetrack, Brazil had respiratory endoscopy data and blood samples collected after the race and were grouped into furosemide medicated and non-furosemide medicated horses. ACE measurement was conducted using fluorescence in a previously validated method. Environmental, race and haematological data were also recorded. A multiple regression model was used to analyse the data collected, with further analysis including Fisher’s exact test and Pearson’s chi-squared test with Yates’ continuity correction; a Welch two sample t-test and a simple linear regression model. 73 horses were included in the study. ACE activity between horses not medicated and medicated with furosemide was significantly different. Pre-race furosemide significantly influenced ACE activity post-race, while distance raced, temperature, humidity, and haematocrit did not. Horses medicated with pre-race furosemide still demonstrated some degree of bleeding after the race and were at higher risk of presenting EIPH than non-medicated horses. Horses medicated with furosemide have lower circulating ACE activity which might indicate a protective effect of furosemide. Furosemide might reduce EIPH severity after a single bout of exercise, but it does not abolish or reduce its occurrence.

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Blott, Cunningham, Malkowski, Brown, and Rauch. "A Mechanogenetic Model of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage in the Thoroughbred Horse." Genes 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10110880.

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Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) occurs in horses performing high-intensity athletic activity. The application of physics principles to derive a ‘physical model’, which is coherent with existing physiology and cell biology data, shows that critical parameters for capillary rupture are cell–cell adhesion and cell stiffness (cytoskeleton organisation). Specifically, length of fracture in the capillary is a ratio between the energy involved in cell–cell adhesion and the stiffness of cells suggesting that if the adhesion diminishes and/or that the stiffness of cells increases EIPH is more likely to occur. To identify genes associated with relevant cellular or physiological phenotypes, the physical model was used in a post-genome-wide association study (GWAS) to define gene sets associated with the model parameters. The primary study was a GWAS of EIPH where the phenotype was based on weekly tracheal wash samples collected over a two-year period from 72 horses in a flat race training yard. The EIPH phenotype was determined from cytological analysis of the tracheal wash samples, by scoring for the presence of red blood cells and haemosiderophages. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip and analysed using linear regression in PLINK. Genes within significant genome regions were selected for sets based on their GeneOntology biological process, and analysed using fastBAT. The gene set analysis showed that genes associated with cell stiffness (cytoskeleton organisation) and blood flow have the most significant impact on EIPH risk.

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Khattab, Elina, Nikolaos Velidakis, Evaggelia Gkougkoudi, and Nikolaos P. E. Kadoglou. "Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension: A Valid Entity or Another Factor of Confusion?" Life 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010128.

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Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension EIPH has been defined as an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) during exercise in otherwise normal values at rest. EIPH reflects heart and/or lung dysfunction and may precede the development of manifest pulmonary hypertension (PH) in a proportion of patients. It is also associated with decreased life expectancy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or left ventricle (LV) valvular diseases. Diastolic dysfunction exacerbated during exercise relates to increased LV filling pressure and left atrial pressure (LAP). In this context backward, transmitted pressure alone or accompanied with backward blood flow promotes EIPH. The gold standard of EIPH assessment remains the right heart catheterization during exercise, which is an accurate but invasive method. Alternatively, non-invasive diagnostic modalities include exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Both diagnostic tests are performed under gradually increasing physical stress using treadmill and ergo-cycling protocols. Escalating workload during the exercise is analogous to the physiological response to real exercise. The results of the latter techniques show good correlation with invasive measurements, but they suffer from lack of validation and cut-off value determination. Although it is not officially recommended, there are accumulated data supporting the importance of EIPH diagnosis in the assessment of other mild/subclinical or probably fatal diseases in patients with latent PH or heart failure or LV valvular disease, respectively. Nevertheless, larger, prospective studies are required to ensure its role in clinical practice.

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Lo Feudo, Chiara, Luca Stucchi, Elena Alberti, Giovanni Stancari, Bianca Conturba, Enrica Zucca, and Francesco Ferrucci. "The Role of Thoracic Ultrasonography and Airway Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Equine Asthma and Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8110276.

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Mild-moderate (MEA), severe (SEA) equine asthma and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) are common respiratory disorders in horses. The present retrospective study aims to evaluate the role of ultrasonography and endoscopy in the diagnosis of these conditions. Three hundred and three horses were included and divided into SEA, MEA and MEA + EIPH groups, on the basis of history, clinical examination and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) cytology; scores were assigned to lung ultrasonography, pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH), tracheal mucus (TM) and tracheal bifurcation edema (TB). These scores were compared between groups, and their associations with age, BALf cytology, tracheal wash microbiology and between endoscopic and ultrasonographic scores were statistically analyzed. Ultrasonographic scores were higher in the SEA and MEA + EIPH groups and associated with increased BALf neutrophils and hemosiderophages. The PLH score was higher in younger horses affected by MEA and EIPH and associated with increased eosinophils and hemosiderophages. TM and TB scores were greater in older horses affected by SEA, associated with increased neutrophils and inversely correlated with hemosiderophages. Moreover, TM grade was negatively correlated with mast cells. Thoracic ultrasonography and airway endoscopy can provide useful information about the inflammatory status of upper and lower airways in the horse.

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Green, Rachel. "From bone cysts to EIPH." Equine Veterinary Education 7, no. 4 (August 1995): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.1995.tb01218.x.

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Erickson, Howard H., Joseph C. O'Dea, John Pascoe, N. Edward Robinson, and Corrine R. Sweeney. "Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 15, no. 11 (November 1995): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81813-7.

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King, Christine. "EIPH: Rational approach to therapy." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 15, no. 1 (January 1995): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(07)80562-4.

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Satoh, Taijyu, Longfei Wang, Cristina Espinosa-Diez, Bing Wang, Scott A. Hahn, Kentaro Noda, Elizabeth R. Rochon, et al. "Metabolic Syndrome Mediates ROS-miR-193b-NFYA–Dependent Downregulation of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase and Contributes to Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction." Circulation 144, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): 615–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.121.053889.

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Background: Many patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction have metabolic syndrome and develop exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH). Increases in pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction portend a poor prognosis; this phenotype is referred to as combined precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (CpcPH). Therapeutic trials for EIPH and CpcPH have been disappointing, suggesting the need for strategies that target upstream mechanisms of disease. This work reports novel rat EIPH models and mechanisms of pulmonary vascular dysfunction centered around the transcriptional repression of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) enzyme in pulmonary artery (PA) smooth muscle cells. Methods: We used obese ZSF-1 leptin-receptor knockout rats (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction model), obese ZSF-1 rats treated with SU5416 to stimulate resting pulmonary hypertension (obese+sugen, CpcPH model), and lean ZSF-1 rats (controls). Right and left ventricular hemodynamics were evaluated using implanted catheters during treadmill exercise. PA function was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging and myography. Overexpression of nuclear factor Y α subunit (NFYA), a transcriptional enhancer of sGC β1 subunit (sGCβ1), was performed by PA delivery of adeno-associated virus 6. Treatment groups received the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in drinking water. PA smooth muscle cells from rats and humans were cultured with palmitic acid, glucose, and insulin to induce metabolic stress. Results: Obese rats showed normal resting right ventricular systolic pressures, which significantly increased during exercise, modeling EIPH. Obese+sugen rats showed anatomic PA remodeling and developed elevated right ventricular systolic pressure at rest, which was exacerbated with exercise, modeling CpcPH. Myography and magnetic resonance imaging during dobutamine challenge revealed PA functional impairment of both obese groups. PAs of obese rats produced reactive oxygen species and decreased sGCβ1 expression. Mechanistically, cultured PA smooth muscle cells from obese rats and humans with diabetes or treated with palmitic acid, glucose, and insulin showed increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which enhanced miR-193b–dependent RNA degradation of nuclear factor Y α subunit (NFYA), resulting in decreased sGCβ1-cGMP signaling. Forced NYFA expression by adeno-associated virus 6 delivery increased sGCβ1 levels and improved exercise pulmonary hypertension in obese+sugen rats. Treatment of obese+sugen rats with empagliflozin improved metabolic syndrome, reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and miR-193b levels, restored NFYA/sGC activity, and prevented EIPH. Conclusions: In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and CpcPH models, metabolic syndrome contributes to pulmonary vascular dysfunction and EIPH through enhanced reactive oxygen species and miR-193b expression, which downregulates NFYA-dependent sGCβ1 expression. Adeno-associated virus–mediated NFYA overexpression and SGLT2 inhibition restore NFYA-sGCβ1-cGMP signaling and ameliorate EIPH.

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Warlick, L. M., C. M. Lopez, R. H. Sides, and W. M. Bayly. "Racetrack exercise vs treadmill exercise with respect to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH): implications for studies of putative treatments of EIPH." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 5 (December 10, 2019): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190057.

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Multiple treadmill-based studies using low numbers of horses have evaluated potential prophylactic treatments for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) and found no effect. However, the relevance of these findings to racing is unclear. Because severity of EIPH incurred on treadmills has not been compared to that following high-speed racetrack exercise in the same horses, we retrospectively performed this comparison using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid red cell numbers (BALFRBC) due to the relative insensitivity of tracheobronchoscopy. Six race-fit Thoroughbreds with recent tracheobronchoscopic EIPH scores ≥2 were exercised to fatigue on a treadmill at 115% V̇O2max (5% incline, 12.3-14.2 m/s), and maximally on a racetrack over 800 m and 1,100 m with average speeds ranging from 16.4-16.7 and 15.5-16.6 m/s, respectively. Run order varied but was not randomised. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed blindly using Bivona tubes 45-60 mins post-exercise. BALFRBC were determined using a haemocytometer. Data were expressed as median and interquartile range, and analysed using RM ANOVA with significance set at P<0.05. BALFRBC were greater after both racetrack runs than after treadmill exercise (P<0.05; treadmill: 10,305/μl (3,871-26,079); 800m: 25,000/μl (17,175-73,400); 1,100m: 19,500/μl (8,962-800,600). Treadmill exercise resulted in lower numbers and a narrower range in BALFRBC than racetrack exercise. Thus, when a small number of horses is used to study EIPH treatments on a treadmill, a lower BALFRBC would be anticipated following the baseline run than with a similar study using racetrack exercise, and might reduce the likelihood of demonstrating significant treatment effects. Results of this retrospective study raise concern regarding the advisability of extrapolating conclusions regarding efficacy of EIPH treatments from treadmill studies to racetrack scenarios.

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Socolovski Biava, Janaína, Roberto Calderon Gonçalves, Alexander Welker Biondo, and José Ederaldo Queiroz Telles. "ESCORE TOTAL DE HEMOSSIDERÓFAGOS (THS) NA HEMORRAGIA PULMONAR INDUZIDA POR EXERCÍCIO (EIPH) EM CAVALOS QUARTO DE MILHA." Revista Acadêmica: Ciência Animal 6, no. 3 (July 15, 2008): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v6i3.10580.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a Hemorragia Pulmonar Induzida por Exercício (EIPH)em cavalos da raça Quarto de Milha com o uso do Escore Total de Hemossiderófagos (THS), queavalia a quantidade de hemossiderina em macrófagos alveolares no lavado broncoalveolar (BAL). Foramutilizados 20 animais da raça Quarto de Milha, sem prévio histórico clínico de EIPH, em rotinas detreinamentos e competições, provenientes de Curitiba e região metropolitana. A endoscopia e a colheitade BAL foram realizadas três dias após a participação nas competições. Lâminas foram preparadascom citocentrífuga e coloração especial do Azul da Prússia, sendo posteriormente avaliadas quanto àcelularidade, preservação e coloração das células, e contagem do THS. Ao exame endoscópico, nenhumdos animais apresentou sangue nas vias aéreas respiratórias. Tanto a endoscopia como o lavadobroncoalveolar foram de fácil realização, sem necessidade de sedação. Uma pequena variação naintensidade da coloração das lâminas foi observada, exigindo uma prévia experiência do examinador.Em conclusão, como diversos animais apresentaram THS elevado, este teste pode ser mais sensível quea endoscopia no diagnóstico e avaliação de EIPH em cavalos Quarto de Milha.

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Goetz, Thomas E., Murli Manohar, Aslam S. Hassan, and Gordon J. Baker. "Nasal strips do not affect pulmonary gas exchange, anaerobic metabolism, or EIPH in exercising Thoroughbreds." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 2378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2378.

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The present study was carried out to examine whether nasal strip application would improve the exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnia, diminish anaerobic metabolism, and modify the incidence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in horses. Two sets of experiments, control and nasal strip experiments, were carried out on seven healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses in random order, 7 days apart. Simultaneous measurements of core temperature, arterial and mixed venous blood gases/pH, and blood lactate and ammonia concentrations were made at rest, during submaximal and near-maximal exercise, and during recovery. In both treatments, whereas submaximal exercise caused hyperventilation, near-maximal exercise induced significant arterial hypoxemia, desaturation of Hb, hypercapnia, and acidosis. However, O2 content increased significantly with exercise in both treatments, while the mixed venous blood O2 content decreased as O2 extraction increased. In both treatments, plasma ammonia and blood lactate concentrations increased significantly with exercise. Statistically significant differences between the control and the nasal strip experiments could not be discerned, however. Also, all horses experienced EIPH in both treatments. Thus our data indicated that application of an external nasal dilator strip neither improved the exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnia nor diminished anaerobic metabolism or the incidence of EIPH in Thoroughbred horses performing strenuous exercise.

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Keen, John. "Clinical Forum - Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH)." Companion Animal 12, no. 2 (March 2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3862.2007.tb00125.x.

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PASCOE, JOHN R., and JAMES H. JONES. "EIPH: the case for capillary stress failure." Equine Veterinary Journal 26, no. 6 (November 1994): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04043.x.

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Jones, William E. "What do we know today about EIPH?" Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23, no. 6 (June 2003): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jevs.2003.80.

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Tan, Orkun, Ahmed Fadiel, Aimee Chang, Necdet Demir, Rachel Jeffrey, Tamas Horvath, Luis-Miguel Garcia-Segura, and Frederick Naftolin. "Estrogens Regulate Posttranslational Modification of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule during the Estrogen-Induced Gonadotropin Surge." Endocrinology 150, no. 6 (March 12, 2009): 2783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-0927.

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Estrogen-induced synaptic plasticity (EISP) in the periventricular area (PVA) of the hypothalamus is necessary for the preovulatory gonadotropin surge. Because in situ enzymatic desialization of hypothalamic polysialylated (PSA) neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) blocked EISP, we examined the presence and amount of NCAM isotopes, PSA-NCAM, and sialylation enzymes in microdissected mouse hypothalamus tissues from proestrous afternoon [peak of estrogens and nadir of arcuate nucleus (AN) synapses] and metestrous morning (nadir of estrogens and highest AN synapses). Immunohistochemistry confirmed immunoreactive (ir) PSA-NCAM staining in the perineural spaces of the PVA. The extent of staining was cycle dependent, with more dense and complete profiles of individual neurons limned by the ir-PSA-NCAM staining on proestrus and less on metestrus. Western blots showed that high levels of ir-PSA-NCAM on proestrus are accompanied by diminished ir-NCAM-140 and -180 but not ir-NCAM-120 and the reverse on metestrus (P < 0.05). To evaluate the increase of sialylated NCAM at the expense of desialylated protein, expression of the responsible polysialyltransferase enzymes polysialyltransferase (ST8Sia IV) and sialyltransferase (ST8Sia II) mRNA levels were measured using RT-PCR. Both polysialyltransferase and sialyltransferase mRNA are more abundant on proestrus than metestrus (P < 0.05), indicating that these enzymes are regulated by estrogens. These results support estrogen-regulated formation and extrusion of hydrophilic PSA-NCAM into perineural spaces in the PVA as part of the mechanism of EISP.

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Poole, D. C., and W. L. Sexton. "Howard H. Erickson: contributions to equine exercise physiology and veterinary medicine." Comparative Exercise Physiology 12, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep160001.

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For over four and a half decades Howard Erickson has been at the forefront of scientific discovery. As a veterinary cardiovascular specialist with the United States Air Force he made fundamental progress to developing a working artificial heart. Subsequently as a retired US Air Force Colonel and Professor at Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Erickson detected the immensely high pulmonary vascular pressures in the horse during exercise. These observations were essential to resolving the mechanistic bases for exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia and pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) that afflict all racehorses. Subsequently, Erickson pioneered the scientific proof-of-concept of the equine Nasal Strip™ which reduces lung damage and epistaxis, and constitutes the only effective non-pharmaceutical treatment for EIPH available today. We owe much of our understanding of equine cardiorespiratory physiology to this remarkable scientist.

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Kim, Do-Hyeong. "Design and Implementation of Enterprise Information Security Portal(EISP) System for Financial Companies." Jouranl of Information and Security 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33778/kcsa.2021.21.1.101.

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BIRKS, E. K., K. M. SHULER, L. R. SOMA, B. B. MARTIN, L. MARCONATO, F. PIERO, D. C. TELEIS, D. SCHAR, A. E. HESSINGER, and C. E. UBOH. "EIPH: postrace endoscopic evaluation of Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds." Equine Veterinary Journal 34, S34 (June 10, 2010): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05451.x.

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Leadon, Des P. "Re-examining EIPH in racing: Stopping the Lasix?" Veterinary Journal 202, no. 2 (November 2014): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.001.

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Obokata, Masaru, Garvan C. Kane, Hidemi Sorimachi, Yogesh N. V. Reddy, Thomas P. Olson, Alexander C. Egbe, Vojtech Melenovsky, and Barry A. Borlaug. "Noninvasive evaluation of pulmonary artery pressure during exercise: the importance of right atrial hypertension." European Respiratory Journal 55, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 1901617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01617-2019.

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IntroductionIdentification of elevated pulmonary artery pressures during exercise has important diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. Stress echocardiography is frequently used to estimate pulmonary artery pressures during exercise testing, but data supporting this practice are limited. This study examined the accuracy of Doppler echocardiography for the estimation of pulmonary artery pressures at rest and during exercise.MethodsSimultaneous cardiac catheterisation-echocardiographic studies were performed at rest and during exercise in 97 subjects with dyspnoea. Echocardiography-estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (ePASP) was calculated from the right ventricular (RV) to right atrial (RA) pressure gradient and estimated RA pressure (eRAP), and then compared with directly measured PASP and RAP.ResultsEstimated PASP was obtainable in 57% of subjects at rest, but feasibility decreased to 15–16% during exercise, due mainly to an inability to obtain eRAP during stress. Estimated PASP correlated well with direct PASP at rest (r=0.76, p<0.0001; bias −1 mmHg) and during exercise (r=0.76, p=0.001; bias +3 mmHg). When assuming eRAP of 10 mmHg, ePASP correlated with direct PASP (r=0.70, p<0.0001), but substantially underestimated true values (bias +9 mmHg), with the greatest underestimation among patients with severe exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH). Estimation of eRAP during exercise from resting eRAP improved discrimination of patients with or without EIPH (area under the curve 0.81), with minimal bias (5 mmHg), but wide limits of agreement (−14–25 mmHg).ConclusionsThe RV–RA pressure gradient can be estimated with reasonable accuracy during exercise when measurable. However, RA hypertension frequently develops in patients with EIPH, and the inability to noninvasively account for this leads to substantial underestimation of exercise pulmonary artery pressures.

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West, J. B., O. Mathieu-Costello, J. H. Jones, E. K. Birks, R. B. Logemann, J. R. Pascoe, and W. S. Tyler. "Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in racehorses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 1097–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.3.1097.

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Bleeding into the lungs in thoroughbreds is extremely common; there is evidence that it occurs in essentially all horses in training. However, the mechanism is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is caused by stress failure of pulmonary capillaries. Three thoroughbreds with known EIPH were galloped on a treadmill, and after the horses were killed with intravenous barbiturate the lungs were removed, inflated, and fixed for electron microscopy. Ultrastructural studies showed evidence of stress failure of pulmonary capillaries, including disruptions of the capillary endothelial and alveolar epithelial layers, extensive collections of red blood cells in the alveolar wall interstitium, proteinaceous fluid and red blood cells in the alveolar spaces, interstitial edema, and fluid-filled protrusions of the endothelium into the capillary lumen. The appearances were consistent with the ultrastructural changes we have previously described in rabbit lungs at high capillary transmural pressures. Actual breaks in the endothelium and epithelium were rather difficult to find, and they were frequently associated with platelets and leukocytes that appeared to be plugging the breaks. The paucity of breaks was ascribed to their reversibility when the pressure was lowered and to the fact that 60–70 min elapsed between the gallop and the beginning of lung fixation. Capillary wall stress was calculated from pulmonary vascular pressures measured in a companion study (Jones et al. FASEB J. 6: A2020, 1992) and from measurements of the thickness of the blood-gas barrier and the radius of curvature of the capillaries. The value was as high as 8 x 10(5) dyn/cm2 (8 x 10(4) N/m2), which exceeds the breaking stress of most soft tissues. We conclude that stress failure of pulmonary capillaries is the mechanism of EIPH.

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Hinchcliff, K. W. "Counting red cells - is it the answer to EIPH?" Equine Veterinary Journal 32, no. 5 (January 5, 2010): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/042516400777591084.

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STEVENSON, A. J., M. P. WEBER, R. TRUDEL, R. LEAVITT, D. WOODARD, F. TODI, M. MENDONCA, V. ROBILLO, L. YOUNG, and S. KACEW. "Monitoring furosemide in racehorses participating in an EIPH program." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17, no. 3 (June 1994): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00229.x.

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HARKINS, J. D., and T. TOBIN. "Racing horses, nitroglycerin and exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH)." Equine Veterinary Journal 27, no. 4 (July 1995): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03069.x.

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Kindig, Casey A., David C. Poole, Paul McDonough, and Howard H. Erickson. "Nasal Strips and EIPH in the Exercising Thoroughbred Racehorse." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 1908–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1908.

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Manohar, Murli, Thomas E. Goetz, and Aslam S. Hassan. "Effect of prior high-intensity exercise on exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in Thoroughbred horses." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 2371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2371.

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Strenuously exercising horses exhibit arterial hypoxemia and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), the latter resulting from stress failure of pulmonary capillaries. The present study was carried out to examine whether the structural changes in the blood-gas barrier caused by a prior bout of high-intensity short-term exercise capable of inducing EIPH would affect the arterial hypoxemia induced during a successive bout of exercise performed at the same workload. Two sets of experiments, double- and single-exercise-bout experiments, were carried out on seven healthy, sound Thoroughbred horses. Experiments were carried out in random order, 7 days apart. In the double-exercise experiments, horses performed two successive bouts (each lasting 120 s) of galloping at 14 m/s on a 3.5% uphill grade, separated by an interval of 6 min. Exertion at this workload induced arterial hypoxemia within 30 s of the onset of galloping as well as desaturation of Hb, a progressive rise in arterial Pco 2, and acidosis as exercise duration increased from 30 to 120 s. In the single-exercise-bout experiments, blood-gas/pH data resembled those from the first run of the double-exercise experiments, and all horses experienced EIPH. Thus, in the double-exercise experiments, before the horses performed the second bout of galloping at 14 m/s on a 3.5% uphill grade, stress failure of pulmonary capillaries had occurred. Although arterial hypoxemia developed during the second run, arterial Po 2 values were significantly ( P < 0.01) higher than in the first run. Thus prior exercise not only failed to accentuate the severity of arterial hypoxemia, it actually diminished the magnitude of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia. The decreased severity of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in the second run was due to an associated increase in alveolar Po 2, as arterial Pco 2 was significantly lower than in the first run. Thus our data do not support a role for structural changes in the blood-gas barrier related to the stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in causing the exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in horses.

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POOLE, D. C., T. S. EPP, and H. H. ERICKSON. "Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH): mechanistic bases and therapeutic interventions." Equine Veterinary Journal 39, no. 4 (July 2007): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/042516407x204078.

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Zhou, Xiaohong, Dong Guo, Yuren Jiang, Da-min Gong, Xiong-jie Zhao, and Li-yun Zhou. "A novel AIEE and EISPT fluorescent probe for selective detection of cysteine." Tetrahedron Letters 58, no. 33 (August 2017): 3214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.06.084.

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Doukky, Rami, Won Y. Lee, Mahindhar Ravilla, Omar B. Lateef, Victor Pelaez, Audrey French, and Rajive Tandon. "A Novel Expression of Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients: A Pilot Study." Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2012): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874192401206010044.

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Background: Patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk for multiple pulmonary complications including pulmonary hypertension. Exercise induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH) has been previously described in patients with scleroderma, sickle cell disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, yet has not been associated with the HIV population. Methods: A prospective case-control study design was implemented. Four HIV patients with unexplained dyspnea and four healthy controls underwent symptom-limited stationary bicycle exercise. Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography was used to measure tricuspid regurgitation velocity which was used to calculate the right ventricular to right atrial pressure (RV-RA) gradient at rest and at peak exercise using the simplified Bernoulli’s equation. Change in RV-RA gradient between rest and peak exercise was calculated and considered to represent change in pulmonary arterial systolic pressure. Results: The mean age was 41.25 years (±8.7) for patients and 33.5 years (±6.0) for controls. The mean CD4 count of patients was 191.5 cells/μL (±136.2). Patients had a significantly higher increase in RV-RA gradient as compared to controls (180.2% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.03). Discussion: This pilot study suggests that it is feasible to use recumbent bicycle and transthoracic Doppler echocardiography for the evaluation of EIPH among HIV patients with dyspnea of unknown etiology. The study is too small to draw any broad conclusion. Further evaluation of this concept with a larger study is warranted.

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Robinson, N. E. "Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH): could Leonardo have got it right?" Equine Veterinary Journal 19, no. 5 (September 1987): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02620.x.

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BUCHHOLZ, B. M., A. MURDOCK, W. M. BAYLY, and R. H. SIDES. "Effects of intravenous aminocaproic acid on exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH)." Equine Veterinary Journal 42 (November 2010): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00247.x.

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Thevennin, Mathieu, Michel Paindavoine, Laurent Letellier, Renaud Schmit, and Barthelemy Heyrman. "The eISP low-power and tiny silicon footprint programmable video architecture." Journal of Real-Time Image Processing 6, no. 1 (June 17, 2010): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11554-010-0163-8.

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Kanazawa, Yu. "Do not (Just) Think, But (Also) Feel!: Empirical Corroboration of Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis on Foreign Language Lexical Retention." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211032153.

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Emotion plays important roles in learning, memory, and other cognitive processes; it does so not only in the form of macro-level emotion (e.g., salient affective states and self-reportable motivational currents) but also in the form of micro-level emotion (e.g., subtle feelings and linguistic attributes that are usually processed subconsciously without special attention). According to the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis (EIPH), processing that draws attention to emotional aspects (EmInvProc+) is postulated as a deeper version of semantic processing which has cognitive advantage to facilitate linguistic processing and retention more than non-emotional semantic processing (EmInvProc−). This study empirically investigated whether the EIPH can be experimentally corroborated for learners of a distant foreign language (viz., Japanese learners of English). In the experiment, participants processed visually presented English words that were either positively or negatively valenced under different conditions, followed by the test session in which they engaged in memory tests. Two processing modes were compared (EmInvProc+ vs. EmInvProc−). The dependent variables were correct recall frequency, correct recognition frequency, and correct recognition reaction time. It was revealed that EmInvProc+ was more cognitively facilitatory in making stronger foreign language lexical memory traces than EmInvProc− for all the measures employed in the experiment, regarding both accuracy (correct response frequency) and fluency (correct response reaction time). Therefore, it is implied that EmInvProc+ can be regarded as a sui generis deeper level of processing that is qualitatively distinguishable from mere semantic processing, supporting the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis.

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Kindig, C. A., P. McDonough, C. Ramsel, H. H. Erickson, and D. C. Poole. "EXERCISE-INDUCED PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE (EIPH) AND PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE IN EXERCISING HORSES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-01932.

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Crnjanski, Tatjana, Dusanka Krajnovic, Ivana Tadic, Svetlana Stojkov, and Mirko Savic. "An Ethical Issue Scale for Community Pharmacy Setting (EISP): Development and Validation." Science and Engineering Ethics 22, no. 2 (January 11, 2015): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9587-z.

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Ramsel, C., C. A. Kindig, P. McDonough, M. R. Finley, H. H. Erickson, and D. C. Poole. "INCLINED RUNNING INCREASES SEVERITY OF EXERCISE-INDUCED PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE (EIPH) IN THE HORSE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00330.

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Journal articles on the topic 'EISPH'

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