Relevant bibliographies by topics / EIMD

Academic literature on the topic 'EIMD'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "EIMD"

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Rahaman, Md Mohibur, Mohammad Khairul Islam, Kazi Ashrafuzzaman, and Mohammad Sanaullah Chowdhury. "Performance Evaluation of Different Backoff Algorithms in IEEE 802.15.4 using Double Sensing." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v5.i2.pp376-382.

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<p>The IEEE 802.15.4 is the standard for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area network (LR-WPAN). It is widely used in many application areas. The standard uses Slotted CSMA/CA mechanism in its contention access period (CAP) for the beacon enabled mode. The protocol has two modes - single sensing (SS) and double sensing (DS). The protocol also adopts a binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm. In this paper, we explore the saturation throughput, delay and energy consumption of this standard with double sensing (DS) using the existing BEB algorithm. We also investigate three other backoff schemes - exponential increase exponential decrease (EIED), exponential increase linear decrease (EILD) and exponential increase multiplicative decrease (EIMD). From simulation results, it is found that the EIED, EILD, EIMD perform better than the BEB for higher loads. It shows that the EIED, EILD, EIMD have better throughput and lower delay than the BEB. The EIED outperforms the other schemes in terms of throughput, delay and energy for the higher loads.</p>
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Presti, Nicole, Enoch Huang, J. Luke Pryor, and David Hostler. "Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on exercise-induced muscle damage." Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 49, no. 3 (May 6, 2022): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22462/05.06.2022.5.

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Purpose: To perform a literature review on hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy as a treatment forexercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Methods: PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for articles related to HBO2 therapy as a treatment for exercise-induced muscle damage. Inclusion criteria included HBO2 therapy as the primary intervention to treat EIMD. Articles used in this review ranged from 1995-2021. Conclusion: Current literature on the effectiveness of HBO2 therapy to treat EIMD is mixed. Early and frequent treatments seem to be important factors when it comes to the success of HBO2 therapy. Additional research is needed to determine if HBO2 therapy has potential to treat more severe forms of EIMD and the role HBO2 therapy has on inflammation and satellite cell function after EIMD.
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Davies, Rosemary C., Roger G. Eston, Jonathan Fulford, Ann V. Rowlands, and Andrew M. Jones. "Muscle damage alters the metabolic response to dynamic exercise in humans: a31P-MRS study." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 3 (September 2011): 782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01021.2010.

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We used31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy to test the hypothesis that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) alters the muscle metabolic response to dynamic exercise, and that this contributes to the observed reduction in exercise tolerance following EIMD in humans. Ten healthy, physically active men performed incremental knee extensor exercise inside the bore of a whole body 1.5-T superconducting magnet before (pre) and 48 h after (post) performing 100 squats with a load corresponding to 70% of body mass. There were significant changes in all markers of muscle damage [perceived muscle soreness, creatine kinase activity (434% increase at 24 h), and isokinetic peak torque (16% decrease at 24 h)] following eccentric exercise. Muscle phosphocreatine concentration ([PCr]) and pH values during incremental exercise were not different pre- and post-EIMD ( P > 0.05). However, resting inorganic phosphate concentration ([Pi]; pre: 4.7 ± 0.8; post: 6.7 ± 1.7 mM; P < 0.01) and, consequently, [Pi]/[PCr] values (pre: 0.12 ± 0.02; post: 0.18 ± 0.05; P < 0.01) were significantly elevated following EIMD. These mean differences were maintained during incremental exercise ( P < 0.05). Time to exhaustion was significantly reduced following EIMD (519 ± 56 and 459 ± 63 s, pre- and post-EIMD, respectively, P < 0.001). End-exercise pH (pre: 6.75 ± 0.04; post: 6.83 ± 0.04; P < 0.05) and [PCr] (pre: 7.2 ± 1.7; post: 14.5 ± 2.1 mM; P < 0.01) were higher, but end-exercise [Pi] was not significantly different (pre: 19.7 ± 1.9; post: 21.1 ± 2.6 mM, P > 0.05) following EIMD. The results indicate that alterations in phosphate metabolism, specifically the elevated [Pi] at rest and throughout exercise, may contribute to the reduced exercise tolerance observed following EIMD.
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Clifford, Tom. "Nutritional and Pharmacological Interventions to Expedite Recovery Following Muscle-Damaging Exercise in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of the Literature." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 27, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 914–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2018-0351.

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Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) manifests as muscle soreness, inflammation, and reductions in force generating capacity that can last for several days after exercise. The ability to recover and repair damaged tissues following EIMD is impaired with age, with older adults (≥50 years old) experiencing a slower rate of recovery than their younger counterparts do for the equivalent exercise bout. This narrative review discusses the literature examining the effect of nutritional or pharmacological supplements taken to counter the potentially debilitating effects of EIMD in older adults. Studies have assessed the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamin C and/or E, or higher protein diets on recovery in older adults. Each intervention showed some promise for attenuating EIMD, but, overall, there is a paucity of available data in this population, and more studies are required to determine the influence of nutrition or pharmacological interventions on EIMD in older adults.
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Kondrashova, E. A., N. I. Belostotsky, A. G. Strachuk, E. V. Baulo, and A. I. Parfenov. "Successful Diagnosтic and Treatment of Enteropathy with Impaired Membrane Digestion by FODMAP-diet and Rebamipid." Effective Pharmacotherapy 18, no. 14 (April 30, 2022): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33978/2307-3586-2022-18-14-66-69.

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A decrease in the activity of disaccharidases in the duodenal mucosa made it possible to establish in patient K. enteropathy with impaired membrane digestion (EIMD). An increase in the activity of disaccharidases in the distal ileum during EIMD is a verification of the formation of a compensatory reaction according to the type of proximodistal gradients. Treatment with the cytoprotector rebamipide for 12 weeks increases the enzymatic activity of the small intestine in EIMD.
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Chen, Hou-Yu, Yung-Chih Chen, Kang Tung, Hsiao-Han Chao, and Ho-Seng Wang. "Effects of caffeine and sex on muscle performance and delayed-onset muscle soreness after exercise-induced muscle damage: a double-blind randomized trial." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01108.2018.

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The present study aims to investigate effects of caffeine ingestion and sex difference on muscle performance, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and various biomarkers under exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Twenty (10 male and 10 female) healthy elite college athletes were recruited. Participants ingested either caffeine (6 mg/kg) or a placebo in a randomized, double-blind, and counterbalanced fashion at 24 and 48 h following EIMD. Muscle performance, DOMS, and blood samples were taken an hour before and an hour after supplementation. Caffeine ingestion restored impaired maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC: 10.2%; MVICpost: 7.2%, both P < 0.05) during EIMD across both sexes. Following caffeine ingestion during MVIC, while affected by EIMD, an interaction was found in DOMS and serum K+ (both P < 0.05), with males showing greater attenuation (21.5 and 16.9%, respectively) compared with females (4.6 and 1.3%, respectively). DOMS demonstrated an inverse correlation with MVIC after caffeine ingestion both overall and among male athletes ( r = −0.34 and −0.54, respectively; P < 0.05) but not among female athletes ( r = −0.11; P > 0.05) under EIMD. In addition, caffeine ingestion increased postexercise serum glucose and lactate concentrations across both sexes (both P < 0.05). This is the first study to show that male athletes, compared with female athletes, experience a greater reduction in DOMS during enhanced MVIC when caffeine was consumed, suggesting men might receive greater ergogenic effects from caffeine when affected by EIMD. Furthermore, caffeine ingestion was able to restore impaired muscle power among elite collegiate athletes across both sexes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) reduces anaerobic/aerobic performance and increases delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) during exercise. We show that acute caffeine supplementation at a dosage of 6 mg/kg seems to facilitate recovery of anaerobic muscle power and attenuate DOMS after EIMD across both sexes. Furthermore, male athletes, compared with female athletes, when caffeine was prescribed, experience a greater reduction in DOMS with better restoration of impaired maximal voluntary isometric contractions. This suggests that male athletes might benefit from the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine supplementation after the onset of EIMD.
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Lapointe, Benoît M., Jérôme Frenette, and Claude H. Côté. "Lengthening contraction-induced inflammation is linked to secondary damage but devoid of neutrophil invasion." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 1995–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00803.2001.

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Inflammation triggered by exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) has been postulated to influence the extent of tissue destruction. We tested the hypotheses that 1) repressing inflammation decreases secondary damage production and 2) EIMD leads to a sequential appearance of inflammatory cells in which neutrophil accumulation precedes macrophage invasion. Rat ankle dorsiflexor muscles were submitted to in situ lengthening contractions. Measurement of in vitro contractile properties, inflammatory cell concentrations, and histological staining were performed postprotocol. Rats were treated with diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID group) to repress inflammation or with the vehicle solution (EIMD group). Muscles from the NSAID group had smaller force deficits on days 2 and 3 postexercise. This effect was associated with significantly smaller increases in the concentration of muscle macrophage ED1+ and ED2+. Surprisingly, neutrophils did not accumulate post-EIMD. These results suggest that inflammation-induced ED1+ macrophage accumulation is responsible for the secondary damage observed 2–3 days post-EIMD. We further conclude that an increase in ED1+ macrophage concentration can occur in absence of previous neutrophil invasion.
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Chalchat, Emeric, Anne-Fleur Gaston, Keyne Charlot, Luis Peñailillo, Omar Valdés, Pierre-Emmanuel Tardo-Dino, Kazunori Nosaka, Vincent Martin, Sebastian Garcia-Vicencio, and Julien Siracusa. "Appropriateness of indirect markers of muscle damage following lower limbs eccentric-biased exercises: A systematic review with meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 14, 2022): e0271233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271233.

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Purpose The aim of this review was to (1) characterize the time-course of markers of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) based on the level of maximal voluntary contraction torque loss at 24-48h post-exercise (MVCloss24-48h), (2) identify factors (e.g., exercise and population characteristics) affecting the level of MVCloss24-48h, and (3) evaluate the appropriateness of EIMD markers as indicators of MVCloss24-48h. Methods Magnitude of change of each EIMD markers was normalized using the standardized mean differences method to compare the results from different studies. Time-course of EIMD markers were characterized according to three levels of MVCloss24-48h based on a clustering analysis of the 141 studies included. Association between MVCloss24-48h levels and participant´s characteristics or exercise type/modalities were assessed. Meta-regressions were performed to investigate the associations between MVCloss24-48h and EIMD markers changes at <6h, 24h, 48h, 72h and >96h after exercise. Results Time-course of EIMD markers recovery differs between levels of MVCloss24-48h. Training status and exercise type/modality were associated with MVCloss24-48h level (p<0.05). MVCloss24-48h was correlated to changes in myoglobin concentration (<6h), jump height (24h) and range of motion (48h) (p<0.001). Conclusion As the exercise could differently affect markers as function of the EIMD severity (i.e., MVCloss24-48h levels), different markers should be used as function of the timing of measurement. Mb concentration should be used during the first hours after the exercise (<6h), whereas jump height (24h) and range of motion (48h) could be used as surrogate for maximal voluntary contraction later. Moreover, training status and exercise type/modality could influence the magnitude of MVCloss24-48h.
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Cockburn, Emma, Philip R. Hayes, Duncan N. French, Emma Stevenson, and Alan St Clair Gibson. "Acute milk-based protein–CHO supplementation attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 4 (August 2008): 775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-057.

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Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) leads to the degradation of protein structures within the muscle. This may subsequently lead to decrements in muscle performance and increases in intramuscular enzymes and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Milk, which provides protein and carbohydrate (CHO), may lead to the attenuation of protein degradation and (or) an increase in protein synthesis that would limit the consequential effects of EIMD. This study examined the effects of acute milk and milk-based protein–CHO (CHO-P) supplementation on attenuating EIMD. Four independent groups of 6 healthy males consumed water (CON), CHO sports drink, milk-based CHO-P or milk (M), post EIMD. DOMS, isokinetic muscle performance, creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin (Mb) were assessed immediately before and 24 and 48 h after EIMD. DOMS was not significantly different (p > 0.05) between groups at any time point. Peak torque (dominant) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) 48 h after CHO-P compared with CHO and CON, and M compared with CHO. Total work of the set (dominant) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) 48 h after CHO-P and M compared with CHO and CON. CK was significantly lower (p < 0.05) 48 h after CHO-P and M compared with CHO. Mb was significantly lower (p < 0.05) 48 h after CHO-P compared with CHO. At 48 h post-EIMD, milk and milk-based protein–CHO supplementation resulted in the attenuation of decreases in isokinetic muscle performance and increases in CK and Mb.
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Dabbs, Nicole, and Harish Chander. "The Effects of Exercise Induced Muscle Damage on Knee Joint Torque and Balance Performance." Sports 6, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6030101.

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The purpose of this investigation is to determine the effects of exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) on balance and knee joint torque. Thirteen males and females volunteered to participate in the study. Following a familiarization session, baseline measures were obtained for isometric torque measured during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for knee flexors and extensors, and ankle dorsi-flexors and plantar-flexors. Additionally, balance performance was tested in double leg (DL), and right single leg (RSL) static and dynamic unstable stability was measured. Participants then performed the muscle damage protocol of front loaded Bulgarian split squats. All measurements were re-assessed for torque and balance immediately and up to 72 h afterwards. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze differences between baseline and all time-points for torque and balance measures. There was a significant time effect for knee extensors MVIC torque, where baseline measures are greater than post EIMD, 24 h and 48 h post EIMD. There was no significant time effect for all balance conditions. These results provide evidence of EIMD following high intensity eccentric exercises with significant reductions in knee extensor torque up to at least 48 h and show that balance was not compromised following EIMD.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "EIMD"

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FARR, Trevor. "EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA ON EXERCISE INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGE." Edith Cowan University. Computing, Health And Science: School Of Exercise, Biomedical & Health Science, 2007. http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2007.0017.html.

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The present study investigated the hypothesis that maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) peak torque, VJ, muscle tenderness, and plasma creatine activity would be significantly less for the condition that subjects were exposed to hypoxic (H) condition for 4 hours after eccentric exercise compared with the normoxic (N) condition.
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Farr, Trevor M. "Effects of hypoxia on exercise induced muscle damage." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/30.

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The present study investigated the hypothesis that maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) peak torque, VJ, muscle tenderness, and plasma creatine activity would be significantly less for the condition that subjects were exposed to hypoxic (H) condition for 4 hours after eccentric exercise compared with the normoxic (N) condition.
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Delport, Chris J. "Grape-seed extract (oligomeric proanthocyanidin) or N-acetylcysteine antioxidant supplementation several days before and after an acute bout of plyometric exercise." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79846.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis aims to determine whether supplementation with a grape-seed derived antioxidant, oligomeric proanthocyanidin (PCO) or the glutathione precursor, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may prove beneficial as treatment for exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) in athletes. In this double-blind cohort study, 21 healthy, uninjured male rugby-players in mid-season training phase, aged between 18 and 25 years were randomly divided into three treatment groups. Participants received 210 mg PCO, NAC or placebo treatment for 9 consecutive days. The study comprised a 6-day wash-out period (protocol days: -12 to -7), followed by a 6-day supplement loading period (protocol days: -6 to -1) a plyometric exercise intervention (protocol day 0) and continued supplementation for 2 days (protocol days: 1 to 2). The exercise intervention comprised 15 sets of 10 near maximal, vertical plyometric squat jumps. Blood samples and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) scores were collected on protocol days: -6, 0, 1 and 2. Assessments included serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) concentrations over time as well as a differential circulating leukocyte count (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils). Data analysis of CK activity revealed no significant differences between groups. However, PCO treatment prevented a significant peak in the CK response at 24 h (as seen in the placebo and NAC groups) when compared to baseline, pre and post readings (p<0.05). NAC supplementation significantly improved serum ORAC after the exercise intervention. By 48 h, serum ORAC had improved significantly from readings taken immediately post exercise (p<0.05) only in the NAC group. For all groups, absolute neutrophil counts peaked at 6 h post exercise from baseline or pre readings (p<0.05). In both NAC and placebo treated groups, neutrophil counts had decreased significantly in circulation by 24 h post exercise from the 6 h time-point (p<0.05). However, neutrophil counts only reached significantly lower levels by 48 h post exercise (p<0.05) in the group supplemented with PCO. The monocyte count also peaked significantly at 6 h post exercise when compared with other time-points before and after the exercise intervention (p<0.05) in all treatment groups. Neither antioxidant treatment significantly altered the responses of other leukocyte sub-populations, MDA or sVCAM-1 concentrations where main effects of plyometric exercise was evident. Although not statistically significant, a trend toward diminished sVCAM-1 expression with either antioxidant supplementation was apparent. These findings suggest that PCO supplementation (210mg/d) which includes a 7 day loading period may diminish plyometric EIMD by limiting (but not completely inhibiting) the neutrophil response. Secondary muscle damage may be prevented by partially blunting neutrophil infiltration, rather than only quenching free radicals released during the neutrophil oxidative burst. Furthermore, the finding that NAC supplementation improves serum ORAC only after exercise may provide added benefit when administered in combination with PCO.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierde tesis is daarop gerig om vas te stel of aanvulling met ‘n druifsaadekstrak (DSE) gederiveerde antioksidant: pro-antosianiedoliese oligomeer (PSO), of die glutathione voorloopermolekule, N-asetielsistien (NAS) voordelig beskou kan word as behandeling vir atlete onderhewig aan spierskade veroorsaak deur oefening. Gedurende hierdie dubbelblinde kohort studie is 21 gesonde, manlike rugbyspelers sonder beserings tussen die ouderdom van 18 en 25 jaar in middel-seison fase ewekansig in drie behandelingsgroepe verdeel. Deelneemers het elk 210 mg PSO, NAS of placebo-aanvulling geneem vir nege agtereenvolgende dae. Die studie het bestaan uit ‘n 6-dag uitwasperiode (protokoldae: -12 tot -7), as ook ‘n 6-dag aanvullings periode (protokoldae: -6 tot -1), gevolg deur ‘n pliometriese oefeningsintervensie (protokol dag 0) en verdere aanvulling tot en met 2 dae na die oefening (protokol dae: 1 tot 2). Die oefeningsintervensie het 15 stelle van 10 naastenby maksimale, vertikale pliometriese hurkspronge behels. Bloedmonsters en vertraagde aanvang spierseerheid (VAS) tellings is op protokoldae: -6, 0, 1 en 2 geneem. Analiese het serum kreatien kinase (KK) aktiwiteit, suurstof radikaal absorpsie kapasiteit (SRAK), Malondialdahied (MDA) en oplospare vaskulêresel adhesie molekule-1 (oVAM-1) konsentrasie bepalings asook ‘n differentiële sirkulerende leukosiet seltelling ingesluit. KK aktiewiteit het geen merkwaardige verskil tussen groepe getoon nie. PSO aanvulling het wel gelei tot die voorkoming van ‘n merkwaardige piek in die KK response soos in die placebo en NAC behandelde groepe bevind is by die 24 h tydspunt in vergelyking met basislyn-, voor- en na-oefeningslesings (p<0.05). NAS het ‘n merkwaardige verbetering in serum SRAK getoon, maar eers teen 48 h na oefening. Slegs die NAS behandelde groep het op hierdie tydspunt ‘n betekenisvolle verbetering in SRAK getoon in vergelyking met lesings direk na oefening (p<0.05). Vir alle groepe is ‘n betekenisvolle toename in absolute neutrophiltellings waargeneem 6 h na oefening in vergelyking met basislyn- en vooroefeningslesings (p<0.05). Beide NAS en placebo-behandelde groepe het ‘n betekenisvolle afname in neutrophiltellings teen 24 h na oefening getoon in vergelyking met die 6 h tydspunt (p<0.05) maar met die PSO-behandelde groep word hierde afname eers teen 48 h waargeneem (p<0.05). Monosiettellings het in alle groepe 6 h na oefening ‘n betekinsvolle piek getoon (p<0.05). Waar slegs die hoofeffek van die pliometriese oefening betekenisvol was, het nie een van die twee antioksidant aanvullings ‘n merkwaardige verandering aan die respons van ander leukosiet sub-populasies, MDA of oVAM-1 konsentrasies getoon nie. Al kon statistiese beduidenheid nie bewys word nie, wil dit blyk dat ‘n verminderde oVAM-1 uitdrukking onstaan het in die geval van beide antioksidant-behandelde groepe. Tesame stel hierdie bevindinge voor dat PSO toediening (210mg/d) insluitende ‘n 7-dag aanvullingsperiode die vermoë verleen om die neutrophielrespons gedeeltelik te onderdruk (sonder om dit heeltemal te inhibeer) en sodoende spierskade verminder. Dus word verdere spierskade moontlik verlaag deur die voorkoming van neutrophil weefsel infiltrasie eerder as verwydering van reaktiewe spesies wat vrygestel word tydens oefening. Die bevinding dat NAS aanvulling serum SRAK eers na oefening merkwaardig verbeter, kan as voordelig beskou word, veral wanneer toegedien in samewerking met PSO om verdere spierskade te voorkom en herstelling vinniger te bewerkstellig.
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Barbosa, Wesley Pereira. "Estratégias nutricionais para minimizar o dano muscular induzido pelo exercício de força." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100139/tde-27042018-212606/.

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Após a realização de uma sessão de treinamento (ST) é comum a ocorrência do fenômeno denominado dano muscular induzido pelo exercício (DMIE), que se caracteriza por prejuizos a estrutura da fibra muscular, com ruptura de alguns sarcômeros, desordem miofibrilar e alargamento das linhas Z. Ainda em consequência ao DMIE, surgem alguns sintomas que são utilizados como marcadores indiretos: dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT), redução na produção de força, aumento de enzimas e proteínas na corrente sanguínea e inchaço. O presente estudo examinou os efeitos da suplementação nutricional a fim de minimizar os efeitos deletérios do DMIE em 3 experimentos. No 1° estudo, 36 indivíduos inexperientes em treinamento de força (TF) foram suplementados com: placebo (PLA, n=12, 50mg·kg-1 de carboidrato); leucina (LEU) baixa dose (LBD, n=12, 50mg·kg-1 de LEU + 50mg·kg-1 de carboidrato) e LEU alta dose (LAD, n=12, 250mg·kg-1 de LEU + 50mg·kg-1 de carboidrato) por 6 dias antecedentes a sessão de treinamento (ST), e nos 3 dias seguintes. Foi observada redução significante, p<0.05, na dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT) do peitoral por palpação, e alongamento nos momentos 48h, e 72h após a ST no grupo LBD comparado ao PLA. A redução no teste de 1 repetição máxima (1RM) apresentou significância no grupo PLA em todos momentos após ST. O aumento na atividade da creatina quinase (CK) foi significante no grupo PLA comparado ao LAD em 24h, 48h e 72h após a ST, enquanto o aumento da concentração de mioglobina (Mb) foi significante no grupo PLA comparado ao grupo LBD e LAD em 24h, 48h e 72h após a ST. O 2° estudo contou com a participação de 28 indivíduos com até 6 meses de experiência em TF. Os sujeitos foram suplementados com 3g de β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato (HM) por 14 dias (H14, n=07); 7 dias (H07, n=07) e placebo por 14 dias (P14) ou 7 dias (P07, n=07) antecedentes a ST, e nos 3 dias seguintes. O aumento da DMIT por palpação e alongamento foi significante no grupo P14 comparado ao H14 em 24h (apenas alongamento), 48h e 72h após ST, ainda no momento 72h o grupo P07 era superior ao H07. A redução no teste de 1RM ocorreu nos 4 grupos imediatamente após, foi mantida em 24h após a ST nos grupos H14, H07 e P07, sem diferenças entre os grupos. O aumento na concentração de Mb foi significante no grupo P14 comparado ao grupo H14. No 3° estudo, 24 indivíduos experientes em TF foram suplementados com 7g de arginina (ARG, n=12) ou placebo (PLA, n=12, 7g carboidrato) 30 minutos pré-ST. O grupo PLA apresentou aumento significante na DMIT por palpação em 24h comparado ao grupo ARG. A redução no teste de 1RM alcançou significância apenas em 24h após a ST no grupo PLA, mas sem diferença entre os grupos. Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir que a suplementação nutricional implementada atenuou o comportamento de alguns marcadores indiretos DMIE, com maior efeito para a DMIT e parametros bioquímicos
After performing a training session (TS) is common the occurrence of the phenomenon called muscle damage induced by exercise (DMIE), which is characterized by damage to muscle fiber structure, breaking some sarcomeres, myofibrillar disorder and extension lines Z. As a consequence of DMIE, there are some symptoms that are measured as indirect markers: delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), reduction in strength production, increase of enzymes and proteins in the bloodstream, and swelling. The effect of nutritional interventions to minimize deleterious responses associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) were investigated in 3 experiments. In study 1, 36 inexperienced subjects in resistance training (RT) were supplemented for 6 days prior to the training session (TS), and in the following 3 days with: placebo (PLA, n=12, 50mg·kg-1 of carbohydrate); leucine (LEU) low dose (LLD, n=12, 250mg·kg-1 LEU + 50mg·kg-1 + carbohydrate) and LEU high dose (LHD, n=12, 250mg·kg-1 LEU + 50mg·kg-1 + carbohydrate). There was a significant reduction (p <0.05) in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), of the chest by palpation and stretching at 48h, after TS in the LLD group compared to PLA. A significant reduction in the one repetition maximum (1RM) test was observed in the PLA group at all times after TS. The increase in creatine kinase (CK) activity was significant in the PLA group compared to the LHD in 24h, 48h and 72h after TS, while the increase in myoglobin concentration (Mb) was significant in the PLA group compared to the LLD and LHD group in 24h, 48h, and 72h after TS. In study 2, 28 subjects with up to 6 months of RT experience were supplemented with 3g of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMβ) for 14 days (H14, n=7); for 7 days (H07, n=7), and placebo for 14 days (P14, n=7) or 7 days (P07, n=7) antecedent to ST, and in the next 3 days. The increase in DOMS by palpation and stretching was significant in the P14 group compared to H14 in 24h (stretching only), 48h and 72h after TS, yet at 72h the P07 group was higher than H07. The reduction in the 1RM test occurred in the 4 groups immediately after and maintained within 24h after TS in groups H14, H07 and P07, and there was no difference between groups. The increase in Mb concentration was significant in the P14 group compared to the H14 group. In study 3, 24 resistance-trained subjects were supplemented with 7g of arginine (ARG, n=12) or placebo (PLA, n=12, 7g of carbohydrate) 30 minutes pre- TS. The PLA group presented a significant increase in DOMS by palpation in 24h compared to the ARG group, and a significant reduction in the 1RM test only in 24h after ST in the PLA group, but without a significant difference between groups. The results of the present study suggest that the responses of indirect markers associated with EIMD were attenuated by nutritional interventions, with greater effect for DOMS and biochemical parameters
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Hodel, Thomas P. "Der politische Eid in der Schweiz : unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Bundes /." Zürich : Schulthess, Polygraphischer Verl, 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/272133302.pdf.

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Kilčiauskaitė, Marija. "ODINIAI MIESTO DVIRAČIŲ AKSESUARŲ KOMPLEKTAI „EIME PASIVAŽINĖTI“." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130619_164214-17059.

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Bakalauro darbą sudaro teorinis aprašas ir kūrybinė dalis: du aksesuarų komplektai vyriškam ir moteriškam dviračiams, projektinė dalis bei verslo planas.
Teoriniame darbe pateikama susisteminta medžiaga nuo pirmojo dviračio eskizo, vystymosi raidos, aksesuarų klasifikacijos iki šiuolaikinių dizainerių darbų. Miesto dviračių odinių aksesuarų kolekcija „Eime pasivažinėti“ simbolizuoja patogią kelionę šia transporto priemone ir ragina mus visus naudotis dviračiais. Aksesuarai skirti jaunam, veržliam šių dienų žmogui, kuris nori kuo labiau palengvinti savo keliones į darbą ar susitikimus su draugais. Krepšiai yra lengvai nusegami nuo dviračio ir papildomų rankenėlių pagalba gali būti nešiojami kaip kasdieninės rankinės. Į odinius krepšius telpa nešiojamasis kompiuteris, dokumentai, o į smulkesniuosius – mobilūs, piniginės ir kt.
Bachelor thesis is divided into 2 parts: theoretical and practical. The latter consists of 2 accessories sets for male and female bicycles, project part and a business plan. Systematized material from first bicycle sketch, later progress, accessories classification to nowadays-designers works is given in the theoretical part. Leather accessories collection for city bicycles “Let’s go for a ride” symbolizes a comfortable trip and encourages all of us to use this mean of transportation. The accessories are for impetuous nowadays people who want to make their trip to work or gatherings with friends easier. Bags are easily detachable and with the help of extra straps can be worn as ordinary bags. Bigger bags will fit a laptop, files in whereas smaller ones are suitable for mobiles phones or wallets.
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Cárdenas, Piñero Andrea. "EIM Talca: Estación Intermodal Talca." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/143506.

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Wetzel, Andreas. "Eid und Gelöbnis im demokratischen, weltanschaulich neutralen Staat /." Berlin : Wiss. Verl. Berlin, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/333327993.pdf.

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Hunt, Mariah Christina. "Yamada Eimi and the Value of Trash." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6339.

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This paper addresses the collusion with and contradiction to patriarchal power structures of race and femininity in Yamada Eimi's Bedtime Eyes and Trash. In moments of Bedtime Eyes, particularly the final novella "Jesse," and Trash, Yamada contradicts her irresponsible portrayals of Japanese female and black male identity often found in her fiction. This paper will discuss ideological shifts in Yamada's narratives through a textual analysis of Bedtime Eyes and Trash, arguing that through changes in narrative that affect character development, "Jesse" and Trash begin to deconstruct some of the detrimental power structures that shape much Yamada's fictional works.
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Machuca, Lizana Jaime Andrés. "EIM LD : estación de intercambio modal Los Domínicos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100102.

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Books on the topic "EIMD"

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Puidokas, Aleksandras. Eime grybauti. Vilnius: Gamta, 2002.

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ANGELOPOULOS, Manolis. Ellinas eime. Greece: EMI, 1988.

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Rijk, Peter de (P.T.H.), ed. Bitter eind. Uithoorn: Karakter Uitgevers, 2012.

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Marianne, Gossije, ed. Het lange eind. Breda: De Geus, 2008.

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Gilani, Fawzia. Ismatni eid. Chennai: Tulika Publishers, 2007.

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Enebor, Attard, ed. Samira's Eid. London: Mantra Lingua, 2009.

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Aktar, Nasreen. Samira's Eid. London: Mantra, 2000.

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Gilani, Fawzia. Ismater eid. Chennai: Tulika Publishers, 2007.

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ill, Roy Proiti, ed. Ismatin eid. Chennai: Tulika Publishers, 2007.

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Gilani, Fawzia. Ismat's Eid. Chennai: Tulika Publishers, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "EIMD"

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Yang, Eunho, Seong-il Ham, Seongho Cho, Chong-kwon Kim, and Pillwoo Lee. "EIMD: A New Congestion Control for Fast Long-Distance Networks." In Information Networking. Advances in Data Communications and Wireless Networks, 379–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11919568_38.

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Fradenburg, Aranye. "Afterword: Eisd O Eisd." In The Anglo-Scottish Border and the Shaping of Identity, 1300–1600, 211–23. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137108913_13.

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Ophüls-Kashima, Reinold. "Yamada Eimi." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_21263-1.

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Rahman, A. F. M. Obaidur, and Golam Dastagir. "Eid/’Īd." In Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism, 217–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_2058.

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Fiori, Antonia. "Der Eid." In Konfliktlösung in der Frühen Neuzeit, 181–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56102-7_16.

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Royer, Denis. "Evaluation of EIdM Investments." In Enterprise Identity Management, 57–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35040-5_4.

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Prodi, Paolo. "Der Eid in der europäischen Verfassungsgeschichte Zur Einführung." In Glaube und Eid, edited by Paolo Prodi, VII—XXIX. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486594225-001.

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Becker, Hans-Jürgen. "Pacta conventa (Wahlkapitulationen) in den weltlichen und geistlichen Staaten Europas." In Glaube und Eid, edited by Paolo Prodi, 1–10. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486594225-003.

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Schaab, Meinrad. "Eide und andere Treuegelöbnisse in Territorien und Gemeinden Südwestdeutschlands zwischen Spätmittelalter und Dreißigjährigem Krieg." In Glaube und Eid, edited by Paolo Prodi, 11–30. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486594225-004.

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Black, Antony. "Der verborgene Ursprung der Theorie des Gesellschaftsvertrages Die in der Entwicklung befindliche Sprache des Contractus und der Societas." In Glaube und Eid, edited by Paolo Prodi, 31–48. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486594225-005.

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Conference papers on the topic "EIMD"

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Avdelidis, N. P., V. Kappatos, G. Georgoulas, P. Karvelis, C. K. Deli, P. Theodorakeas, G. Giakas, A. Tsiokanos, M. Koui, and A. Z. Jamurtas. "Detection and characterization of exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) via thermography and image processing." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Norbert G. Meyendorf. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2261278.

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Taguchi, Katsuyuki, George S. K. Fung, Qiulin Tang, and Jochen Cammin. "Hybrid EID algorithm for PCD/EID-CT systems." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Robert M. Nishikawa and Bruce R. Whiting. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2008040.

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Yasuda, Kimihiko, Keisuke Kamiya, and Rentaro Kato. "Vibration Suppression by an Elastic Impact Damper." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48428.

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This paper concerns a new type of impact damper, an elastic impact damper (EID), which is made of an elastic impacting body and a container. First, damping effect of an EID is examined experimentally. Then, based on the observed motion of the impacting body, a mathematical model for the EID is derived. The validity of the model is confirmed by comparing the responses predicted by the model with those observed in the experiment. Based on the model, mechanism of the damping effect of the EID is examined. Finally, effects of the parameters of the EID is studied, and hints for designing an effective EID is presented.
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Almeida, Antonio L. de, and João B. L. Martins. "DFT study of Anti Sars-Cov-2 EIDD-1931 and EIDD-2801 molecular structures." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol2020187.

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Scientists around the world are joining efforts in the study of the current SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Covid-19 disease. As a result, several compounds have been studied for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, among them there are N4-hydroxycytidine prodrug (NHC; EIDD-1931), and EIDD-2801, that have shown antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. We have studied the structural and electronic properties of these molecules using B3LYP functional and aug-cc-pVDZ basis set.
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Bhuiyan, Rashed Hossain, MD Mazharul Islam, and Haiying Huang. "Wireless Excitation and Electrical Impedance Matching of Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-8210.

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Wireless ultrasound inspections using Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors (PWAS) are attractive for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). However, the impedance mismatch between the PWAS and the wireless transponder reduces the wirelessly transmitted signal strength. Electrical Impedance Matching (EIM) circuit can be introduced to maximize the power transmission between the PWAS and the wireless transponder. This paper discusses the wireless excitation of ultrasound as well as the design, simulation, and characterization of the EIM networks for PWAS. To maximize power transmission, a two port EIM network was developed using a computerized smith chart. The equivalent circuit of the PWAS and the EIM network were then combined to establish the equivalent circuit of the matched transducer. Computer simulations were carried out to evaluate the gain, the bandwidth, and the sensitivity of the EIM networks. Two-port EIM networks were implemented for both the actuator and the sensor in an ultrasound pitch-catch inspection system. The performance of the pitch-catch systems with and without the EIM networks was compared. Detailed analysis, simulation, hardware implementation, and measurement results are presented.
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Jones, Keith, Mariantonietta Morga, Nadeeshani Wanigarathna, Federica Pascale, and Larisa Yarovaya. "Cost-benefit analysis of liquefaction mitigation strategies." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0447.

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<p>This paper presents a cost-benefit model as part of the options appraisal process to evaluate alternative ground mitigation interventions to reduce vulnerability and/or improve resilience of built assets to earthquake induced liquefaction disaster (EILD) events. The paper presents a review of alternative approaches to cost-benefit analysis and develops forward looking (risk based) and backward looking (impact based) cost-benefit models that can be used by practitioners and policy makers to improve community resilience through better contingency and disaster management planning. The paper customises the models against EILD scenarios and identifies the cost and benefit attributes that need to be assessed if the models are to be effectively integrated into a resilience assessment and improvement framework for improved community resilience to EILD events.</p>
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Svensson, Daniel, Johan Malmström, Peter Pikosz, and Johan Malmqvist. "A Framework for Modelling and Analysis of Engineering Information Management Systems." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/eim-9006.

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Abstract This paper presents a framework for modelling and analysing complex Engineering Information Management systems (EIM systems1). Using the framework, a “holistic” model of an EIM system is constructed by four basic interrelated aspect models, respectively describing the process, the information, the role and the computer systems aspects of the EIM system. The framework further provides several methods for analysing the aspect models and the relationships between the models. The paper shows one example of such an EIM system model and discusses results from case studies in which the framework has been applied.
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Williamsson, David, and Ulf Sellgren. "Architecting a Modular Battery Electric Truck." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22009.

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Abstract Product architecting involves conceptual system design, module identification (clustering) and product layout design. In this paper, we propose a new extended version of the previously introduced Integrated Modularization Methodology (IMM) that integrates technical complexity and business strategic concerns into product architecture clustering. The extended IMM (eIMM) adds physical interference and implementation dependent behavior into architecture clustering. The proposed method is logically verified by an industrial case, where the architecture of a presently developed battery electric truck is used as a test bench for studying if and how the product architecture DSM and eIMM approaches may enable us to identify module candidates that are reasonable trade-offs between technical complexity, business strategies and physical interferences. The case study indicates that the eIMM is able to propose a modular product architecture with reasonable module candidates from a technical complexity point of view, and without conflicting business strategies or intra-modular physical interferences.
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van Paassen, M. M. (René), Joost Ellerbroek, Jan Comans, Clark Borst, and Max Mulder. "Ecological Interface Design for Aircraft Guidance and Conflict Avoidance." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82977.

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Changes in Air Traffic Management, exemplified by the NextGen and SESAR projects, intend to achieve ATM systems with a higher capacity and also higher efficiency, through more direct routing. At the same time, air traffic safety should continue to increase. An important step in this process can be the partial or full transfer of responsibility for separation to the flight deck, using Airborne Separation Assurance Systems (ASAS). This paper discusses the development of interfaces for ASAS operations using Ecological Interface Design. Rather than focusing on the development and testing of the displays themselves, it addresses the parallels and differences between EID in the process control domain (from which EID originated) and EID in the air traffic domain.
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Anders, Erik, Matthias Voigt, Franziska Lehmann, and Margarita Mezzetti. "Electric Impulse Drilling: The Future of Drilling Technology Begins Now." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61105.

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The Electric Impulse Drilling (EID) uses high voltage impulses to destroy the rock. Without any mechanical interaction between a bit and the rock, it works with almost no wear. Because of that, there is a big potential for reducing roundtrips and non-productive time. In a current R&D project, an EID system is built up and will be tested in a shallow well. A very difficult task during the development is the adjustment of the process to high-pressure conditions.
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Reports on the topic "EIMD"

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Mcnaughton, Michael, David Patrick Fuehne, Jeffrey Jay Whicker, Nita Patel, Jessica Mcdonnel Gillis, and Aysha Reede McClory. Naturally Occurring Radionuclides for EIM and Intellus. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1172221.

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Thoden van Velzen, E. U., and I. W. Smeding. Potentie voor de recycling van aluminiumverpakkingen eind 2020 : Studie naar de mogelijkheden voor de recycling van aluminiumverpakkingen en verwante consumentenartikelen in Nederland eind 2020. Wageningen: Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/525699.

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Iannone, L., D. Lewis, D. Meyer, and V. Fuller. Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) Endpoint Identifier (EID) Block. RFC Editor, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7954.

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Kayaoglu, Barin. Third time, no charm: Eid proves unlucky for Istanbul Pride. Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26598/auis_ug_is_2017_06_26.

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Perkins, Courtney A. Groups in EIM/Intellus New Mexico: Definitions and Naming Conventions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1060906.

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Lear, E. NERD: A Not-so-novel Endpoint ID (EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC) Database. RFC Editor, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6837.

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Iannone, L., R. Jorgensen, D. Conrad, and G. Huston. Management Guidelines for the Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) Endpoint Identifier (EID) Block. RFC Editor, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7955.

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Veselka, T. D., L. A. Poch, and A. Botterud. Review of the WECC EDT phase 2 EIM benefits analysis and results report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1038412.

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Slater, Anne-Michelle. Passport to the oceans of the future: delivering marine energy with science linked to policy. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23980.

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In February 2021, a group from MASTS, Environmental Interactions of Marine Renewables (EIMR) and Marine Scotland began exploring options for a joint event on marine energy science and policy development. The original concept was to bridge the gap between events that each group would normally arrange ‘in person’ and the virtual world in which we were all currently existing. Encouraged by the online support and experience available from MASTS, a steering group decided to arrange a workshop. In order to straddle our interests, the starting point was the capacity of the North Sea to deliver renewable energy. We wanted to include emerging science and the timing of the review of Scotland’s National Marine Plan provided an excellent context. We sought to deliver a wide range of content but encourage participant conversation. We aimed for a range of speakers delivering 7-minute recorded talks. Talks included findings from funded research, ongoing projects, and some emerging thinking across the science policy interface for marine planning. Marine energy was interpreted in the widest of senses, but the main focus was on offshore wind in UK waters, with particular detail about Scotland.
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Rosser, Katy, Iulia Gherman, Erica Kintz, Paul Cook, and Anthony WIlson. Assessment of the risk to consumers as a result of disruption to the cold chain during direct supply of Qurbani meat and offal. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.nuc910.

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Abstract:
Qurbani is a religious practice that takes place during Eid al-Adha. Consumers practicing Qurbani typically wish to collect meat and red offal within a short time after slaughter, which means these products cannot complete normal chilling processes before leaving the slaughterhouse. This could permit greater growth of pathogens and has the potential to increase the risk of consumer illness. The FSA is working with industry and stakeholder groups to ensure that the risk to consumers under these conditions remains at an acceptable level. To help inform these discussions, the FSA commissioned this assessment to understand the difference in risk from allowing meat and offal to be provided to consumers without the normal chilling process. The microbiological team at the FSA have analysed scientific literature, expert opinion and business and consumer survey data to assess the effect of disrupting the cold chain on pathogens in Qurbani meat. The pathogens that were chosen for inclusion in this assessment are non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. Their growth characteristics and prevalence in beef, lamb and goat meat and offal are discussed. The assessment concluded that given the reported variation in the process, there were two important scenarios with distinct outcomes. In the typical scenario, which is the most likely outcome based on the collected data, there is no significant difference in risk to consumer health compared to normal chilling processes, and the risk level was established as Very Low (“very rare but cannot be excluded”). In a reasonably foreseeable worst-case scenario, Salmonella spp. and STEC levels may increase, presenting an increased risk to the consumer. This risk level was established as Low (“rare but does occur”). We also identified several areas where more evidence would be helpful, and as a result identified a High level of uncertainty in our conclusion.
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