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Kimura, Yoshiyuki, and Maho Sumiyoshi. "Antitumor and antimetastatic actions of eicosapentaenoic acid ethylester and its by-products formed during accelerated stability testing." Cancer Science 96, no. 7 (July 2005): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00067.x.
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Pike, Katharine C., Philip C. Calder, Hazel M. Inskip, Sian M. Robinson, Graham C. Roberts, Cyrus Cooper, Keith M. Godfrey, and Jane S. A. Lucas. "Maternal Plasma Phosphatidylcholine Fatty Acids and Atopy and Wheeze in the Offspring at Age of 6 Years." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/474613.
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Variation in exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might influence the development of atopy, asthma, and wheeze. This study aimed to determine whether differences in PUFA concentrations in maternal plasma phosphatidylcholine are associated with the risk of childhood wheeze or atopy. For 865 term-born children, we measured phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition in maternal plasma collected at 34 weeks’ gestation. Wheezing was classified using questionnaires at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months and 6 years. At age of 6 years, the children underwent skin prick testing, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurement, and spirometry. Maternaln-6 fatty acids and the ratio ofn-3 ton-6 fatty acids were not associated with childhood wheeze. However, higher maternal eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and totaln-3 fatty acids were associated with reduced risk of non-atopic persistent/late wheeze (RR 0.57, 0.67 and 0.69, resp.P=0.01, 0.015, and 0.021, resp.). Maternal arachidonic acid was positively associated with FENO (P=0.024). A higher ratio of linoleic acid to its unsaturated metabolic products was associated with reduced risk of skin sensitisation (RR 0.82,P=0.013). These associations provide some support for the hypothesis that variation in exposure ton-6 andn-3 fatty acids during pregnancy influences the risk of childhood wheeze and atopy.
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Hallahan, Brian, Timothy Ryan, Joseph R. Hibbeln, Ivan T. Murray, Shauna Glynn, Christopher E. Ramsden, John Paul SanGiovanni, and John M. Davis. "Efficacy of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 3 (September 2016): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160242.
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BackgroundTrials evaluating efficacy of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in major depressive disorder report discrepant findings.AimsTo establish the reasons underlying inconsistent findings among randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of omega-3 HUFAs for depression and to assess implications for further trials.MethodA systematic bibliographic search of double-blind RCTs was conducted between January 1980 and July 2014 and an exploratory hypothesis-testing meta-analysis performed in 35 RCTs including 6665 participants receiving omega-3 HUFAs and 4373 participants receiving placebo.ResultsAmong participants with diagnosed depression, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-predominant formulations (>50% EPA) demonstrated clinical benefits compared with placebo (Hedge's G = 0.61, P<0.001) whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-predominant formulations (>50% DHA) did not. EPA failed to prevent depressive symptoms among populations not diagnosed for depression.ConclusionsFurther RCTs should be conducted on study populations with diagnosed or clinically significant depression of adequate duration using EPA-predominant omega-3 HUFA formulations.
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Suseno, Sugeng Heri, Agoes Mardiono Jacoeb, Hanani Putri Yocinta, and Kamini Kamini. "Quality of Comercial Import Fish Oil (Softgel) in Central Java." Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 21, no. 3 (December 28, 2018): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v21i3.24743.
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Fish oil is a source of omega-3s, specifically EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid). These fatty acids play an important role for human health. Commercial fish oil production is increasing, but most of the products do not meet IFOS standards. This is a challenge for producers to produce standardized fish oil. The aim of this research was to identify and determining quality of softgel commercial fish oil in Central Java areas based on International Fish Oil Standards (IFOS). The method used was the treatment of differences in the area of origin of commercial fish oil purchases followed by testing the peroxide value, anisidine value, and total oxidation, fatty acid profile, and analysis of free fatty acids. The results showed that the percentage of free fatty acids, peroxide values, anisidine values, and total oxidation values that met IFOS standards were 37 % (3 of 8 samples), 17 % (1 of 8 samples), 83 % (7 of 8 samples) and 50 % (4 out of 8 samples). The best fish oil that fulfil all IFOS parameters has been the sample fish oil E from Tegal. Fish oil D from Tegal has the highest content of omega-3, EPA, and DHA, with values<br />of 83.65%, 56.57%, and 26.74% respectively.
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Zhang, Alexis Ceecee, and Laura E. Downie. "Preliminary Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake in Eye Care Practice." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040817.
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Clinical recommendations relating to dietary omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFAs) should consider an individual’s baseline intake. The time, cost, and practicality constraints of current techniques for quantifying omega-3 levels limit the feasibility of applying these methods in some settings, such as eye care practice. This preliminary validation study, involving 40 adults, sought to assess the validity of a novel questionnaire, the Clinical Omega-3 Dietary Survey (CODS), for rapidly assessing long-chain omega-3 intake. Estimated dietary intakes of long-chain omega-3s from CODS correlated with the validated Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiology Studies (DQES), Version 3.2, (Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia) and quantitative assays from dried blood spot (DBS) testing. The ‘method of triads’ model was used to estimate a validity coefficient (ρ) for the relationship between the CODS and an estimated “true” intake of long-chain omega-3 EFAs. The CODS had high validity for estimating the ρ (95% Confidence Interval [CI]) for total long-chain omega-3 EFAs 0.77 (0.31–0.98), docosahexaenoic acid 0.86 (0.54–0.99) and docosapentaenoic acid 0.72 (0.14–0.97), and it had moderate validity for estimating eicosapentaenoic acid 0.57 (0.21–0.93). The total long-chain omega-3 EFAs estimated using the CODS correlated with the Omega-3 index (r = 0.37, p = 0.018) quantified using the DBS biomarker. The CODS is a novel tool that can be administered rapidly and easily, to estimate long-chain omega-3 sufficiency in clinical settings.
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Prieto, Cristina, and Jose M. Lagaron. "Nanodroplets of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched Algae Oil Encapsulated within Microparticles of Hydrocolloids by Emulsion Electrospraying Assisted by Pressurized Gas." Nanomaterials 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020270.
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Long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFAs), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important functional ingredients due to their well-documented health benefits, but highly susceptible to oxidation. One of the most promising approaches to preserve bioactives is their encapsulation within protective matrices. In this paper, an innovative high throughput encapsulation technique termed as emulsion electrospraying assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) was used to encapsulate at room temperature nanodroplets of algae oil into two food hydrocolloids, whey protein concentrate and maltodextrin. Spherical encapsulating particles with sizes around 5 µm were obtained, where the oil was homogeneously distributed in nanometric cavities with sizes below 300 nm. Peroxide values under 5 meq/kg, demonstrated that the oil did not suffer from oxidation during the encapsulation process carried out at room temperature. An accelerated stability assay against oxidation under strong UV light was performed to check the protective capacity of the different encapsulating materials. While particles made from whey protein concentrate showed good oxidative stability, particles made from maltodextrin were more susceptible to secondary oxidation, as determined by a methodology put forward in this study based on ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Further organoleptic testing performed with the encapsulates in a model food product, i.e., milk powder, suggested that the lowest organoleptic impact was seen for the encapsulates made from whey protein concentrate. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of the EAPG technology using whey protein concentrate as the encapsulating matrix, for the stabilization of sensitive bioactive compounds.
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Anzalone, Anthony, Aaron Carbuhn, Lauren Jones, Ally Gallop, Alex Smith, Palmer Johnson, Lisa Swearingen, et al. "The Omega-3 Index in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collegiate Football Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-387-18.
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Context The essential omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exhibit vital biological roles and are critical for cardiovascular and neurologic health. Compared with the general population, football athletes may be at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Further, those same athletes are also exposed to repetitive head impacts, which may lead to long-term neurologic deficits. Both diets high in ω-3 FAs and supplementation with ω-3 FAs have been reported to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and early evidence suggests a potential neuroprotective effect of supplementation. Objective To determine the (1) erythrocyte content of DHA and EPA, as measured by the Omega-3 Index, expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids, in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football athletes and (2) distribution across the Omega-3 Index risk zones established for cardiovascular disease: high risk, <4%; intermediate risk, 4% to 8%; and low risk, >8%. Design Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Multicenter trial. Patients or Other Participants Deidentified data including complete erythrocyte fatty acid profile from the 2017–2018 season, age at time of testing, height, weight, and ethnicity were collected from 404 athletes. Main Outcome Measure(s) Omega-3 Index. Results About 34% of athletes (n = 138) had an Omega-3 Index considered high risk (<4%), and 66% (n = 266) had a risk considered intermediate (4%–8%). None had a low-risk Omega-3 Index. Conclusions The Omega-3 Index is a simple, minimally invasive test of ω-3 FA status. Our data indicate that football athletes may be deficient in the ω-3 FAs DHA and EPA. The fact that no athlete had an Omega-3 Index associated with low risk suggests football athletes may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease in later life.
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Parker, John, Amanda Schellenberger, Amy Roe, Hellen Oketch-Rabah, and Angela Calderón. "Therapeutic Perspectives on Chia Seed and Its Oil: A Review." Planta Medica 84, no. 09/10 (March 13, 2018): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0586-4711.
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AbstractThe attraction of novel foods proceeds alongside epidemic cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and related risk factors. Dieticians have identified chia (Salvia hispanica) as a product with a catalog of potential health benefits relating to these detriments. Chia is currently consumed not only as seeds, but also as oil, which brings about similar effects. Chia seeds and chia seed oil are used mainly as a food commodity and the oil is also used popularly as a dietary ingredient used in various dietary supplements available in the U. S. market. Chia seed is rich in α-linolenic acid, the biological precursor to eicosapentaenoic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Because the body cannot synthesize α-linolenic acid, chia has a newfound and instrumental role in diet. However, the inconclusive nature of the scientific communityʼs understanding of its safety warrants further research and appropriate testing. The focus of this work is to summarize dietary health benefits of S. hispanica seed and oil to acknowledge concerns of adverse events from its ingestion, to assess current research in the field, and to highlight the importance of quality compendial standards to support safe use. To achieve this end, a large-scale literature search was partaken on the two well-known databases, PubMed and SciFinder. Hundreds of articles detailing such benefits as decreased blood glucose, decreased waist circumference and weight in overweight adults, and improvements in pruritic skin and endurance in distance runners have been recorded. These benefits must be considered within the appropriate circumstances.
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Tully, A. M., H. M. Roche, R. Doyle, C. Fallon, I. Bruce, B. Lawlor, D. Coakley, and M. J. Gibney. "Low serum cholesteryl ester-docosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease: a case–control study." British Journal of Nutrition 89, no. 4 (April 2003): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002804.
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Lown-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status may be associated with neuro-degenerative disorders, in particular Alzheimer's disease, which has been associated with poor dietary fish orn-3 PUFA intake, and low docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status. The present case–control study used an established biomarker ofn-3 PUFA intake (serum cholesteryl ester-fatty acid composition) to determinen-3 PUFA status in patients with Alzheimer's disease, who were free-living in the community. All cases fulfilled the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Detailed neuropsychological testing and neuroimaging established the diagnosis in all cases. The subjects (119 females and twenty-nine males) aged 76·5 (SD 6·6) YEARS HAD A CLINICAL DEMENTIA RATING (CDR) OF 1 (sd 0·62) and a mini mental state examination (MMSE) score of 19·5 (sd 4·8). The control subjects (thirty-six females and nine males) aged 70 (sd 6·0) years were not cognitively impaired (defined as MMSE score <24): they had a mean MMSE score of 28·9 (sd 1·1). Serum cholesteryl ester-eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA levels were significantly lower (P<0·05 andP<0·001 respectively) in all MMSE score quartiles of patients with Alzheimer's disease compared with control values. Serum cholesteryl ester-DHA levels were progressively reduced with severity of clinical dementia. DHA levels did not differ in patients with Alzheimer's disease across age quartiles: all were consistently lower than in control subjects. Step-wise multiple regression analysis showed that cholesteryl ester-DHA and total saturated fatty acid levels were the important determinants of MMSE score and CDR. It remains to be determined whether low DHA status in Alzheimer's disease is a casual factor in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Ramos-Campo, Domingo J., Vicente Ávila-Gandía, Fco Javier López-Román, José Miñarro, Carlos Contreras, Fulgencio Soto-Méndez, Joan C. Domingo Pedrol, and Antonio J. Luque-Rubia. "Supplementation of Re-Esterified Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Reduce Inflammatory and Muscle Damage Markers after Exercise in Endurance Athletes: A Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030719.
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This study aimed to analyse the effect of 10 weeks of a highly concentrated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic (EPA) supplementation (ratio 8:1) on strength deficit and inflammatory and muscle damage markers in athletes. Fifteen endurance athletes participated in the study. In a randomized, double-blinded cross-over controlled design, the athletes were supplemented with a re-esterified triglyceride containing 2.1 g/day of DHA + 240 mg/day of EPA or placebo for 10 weeks. After a 4-week wash out period, participants were supplemented with the opposite treatment. Before and after each supplementation period, participants performed one eccentric-induced muscle damage exercise training session (ECC). Before, post-exercise min and 24 and 48 h after exercise, muscle soreness, knee isokinetic strength and muscle damage and inflammatory markers were tested. No significant differences in strength deficit variables were found between the two conditions in any of the testing sessions. However, a significant effect was observed in IL1β (p = 0.011) and IL6 (p = 0.009), which showed significantly lower values after DHA consumption than after placebo ingestion. Moreover, a significant main effect was observed in CPK (p = 0.014) and LDH-5 (p = 0.05), in which significantly lower values were found after DHA + EPA consumption. In addition, there was a significant effect on muscle soreness (p = 0.049), lower values being obtained after DHA + EPA consumption. Ten weeks of re-esterified DHA + EPA promoted lower concentrations of inflammation and muscle damage markers and decreased muscle soreness but did not improve the strength deficit after an ECC in endurance athletes.
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Huyben, David, Simona Rimoldi, Chiara Ceccotti, Daniel Montero, Monica Betancor, Federica Iannini, and Genciana Terova. "Effect of dietary oil from Camelina sativa on the growth performance, fillet fatty acid profile and gut microbiome of gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata)." PeerJ 8 (December 9, 2020): e10430. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10430.
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Background In the last two decades, research has focused on testing cheaper and sustainable alternatives to fish oil (FO), such as vegetable oils (VO), in aquafeeds. However, FO cannot be entirely replaced by VOs due to their lack of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids. The oilseed plant, Camelina sativa, may have a higher potential to replace FO since it can contains up to 40% of the omega-3 precursors α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6). Methods A 90-day feeding trial was conducted with 600 gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) of 32.92 ± 0.31 g mean initial weight fed three diets that replaced 20%, 40% and 60% of FO with CO and a control diet of FO. Fish were distributed into triplicate tanks per diet and with 50 fish each in a flow-through open marine system. Growth performance and fatty acid profiles of the fillet were analysed. The Illumina MiSeq platform for sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and Mothur pipeline were used to identify bacteria in the faeces, gut mucosa and diets in addition to metagenomic analysis by PICRUSt. Results and Conclusions The feed conversion rate and specific growth rate were not affected by diet, although final weight was significantly lower for fish fed the 60% CO diet. Reduced final weight was attributed to lower levels of EPA and DHA in the CO ingredient. The lipid profile of fillets were similar between the dietary groups in regards to total saturated, monounsaturated, PUFA (n-3 and n-6), and the ratio of n-3/n-6. Levels of EPA and DHA in the fillet reflected the progressive replacement of FO by CO in the diet and the EPA was significantly lower in fish fed the 60% CO diet, while ALA was increased. Alpha and beta-diversities of gut bacteria in both the faeces and mucosa were not affected by any dietary treatment, although a few indicator bacteria, such as Corynebacterium and Rhodospirillales, were associated with the 60% CO diet. However, lower abundance of lactic acid bacteria, specifically Lactobacillus, in the gut of fish fed the 60% CO diet may indicate a potential negative effect on gut microbiota. PICRUSt analysis revealed similar predictive functions of bacteria in the faeces and mucosa, although a higher abundance of Corynebacterium in the mucosa of fish fed 60% CO diet increased the KEGG pathway of fatty acid synthesis and may act to compensate for the lack of fatty acids in the diet. In summary, this study demonstrated that up to 40% of FO can be replaced with CO without negative effects on growth performance, fillet composition and gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream.
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Rosario, Rodrigo, Reina Engle-Stone, Marjorie Haskell, Alex Brito, Karan Agrawal, Rob Fanter, John Newman, and Michael La Frano. "Reduced Plasma Lipid Mediators Are Directly Associated with Low Vitamin A Status in Women from Western Samar, Philippines." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa041_031.
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Abstract Objectives Vitamin A (VA) is an essential micronutrient that plays a key role in many biological processes, including growth, vision, immunity and reproduction. While evidence has been established to support these mechanisms, new studies suggest there may be more signaling compounds that are impacted by VA status. Lipid mediators, such as oxylipins and lysophospholipids, are signaling compounds that, in response to biological stimuli, exhibit regulatory effects on inflammation, immune function, vascular tone, and other systems. The objective was to investigate differences in lipid mediators associated with VA status. Methods In this cross-sectional study, blood samples from women in Western Samar, Philippines, were selected based on plasma retinol concentration indicating adequate (n = 5) or low (n = 5) VA status (retinol < 0.7 μmol/L). Retinol was measured using an Agilent 1200 HPLC-DAD. Oxylipin, endocannabinoid, bile acid, and lipidomics assays were analyzed on a Waters Acquity UPLC and detected using multiple reaction monitoring on a Sciex 4000 QTRAP. Data were adjusted for covariates related to the acute phase response, age, and BMI. Results Twenty-four lipid mediators were lower in the low VA status group (P < 0.05). These lipid mediators included the arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins’ lipoxin A4 and 6-trans-LTB4 formed via lipoxygenases (LOX), as well as the cyclooxygenase (COX) product PGD2. Several LOX and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) oxylipins produced from eicosapentaenoic acid and the acylethanolamides LEA and PEA were lower (P < 0.05) in individuals with low plasma retinol levels. Numerous phospholipids and sphingolipids were also lower (P < 0.05) with decreased VA status, including two lysophosphatidylcholines, three lysophosphatidylethanolamines, two phosphatidylcholines, and two sphingomyelins. Conclusions In this exploratory study, VA status was directly associated with lipid mediator concentrations. Future studies testing the biological impact of lipid mediator changes with varying levels of VA status are necessary. Funding Sources NIH U24 DK097154, USDA Intramural Project 2032–51,530-022–00D, NIH T32-GM008799, Cal Poly CAFES SURP.
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Bontjura, Sofriani D., Julius Pontoh, and Johnly A. Rorong. "KANDUNGAN LEMAK DAN KOMPOSISI ASAM LEMAK OMEGA-3 PADA IKAN KAKAP MERAH (Aphareus furca)." CHEMISTRY PROGRESS 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/cp.12.2.2019.27931.
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ABSTRAKIkan laut merupakan sumber makanan penghasil terbesar asam lemak omega-3. Senyawa ini telah banyak dibuktikan memberikan efek positif bagi kesehatan. Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui kadar lemak dan komposisi asam lemak omega-3 pada badan ikan kakap merah (Aphareus furca). Pengujian kadar lemak dilakukan menggunakan metode ekstraksi rendering. Ekstrak minyak ikan yang diperoleh ditransesterifikasi basa menggunakan metode derivatisasi dan diinjeksikan pada alat kromatografi gas. Bagian badan ikan kakap merah mengandung lemak sebesar 0,06%. Kandungan asam lemak omega-3 sebesar 26,8% yang terdiri dari asam linolenat 2,4%, eikosatrienoat 4,3%, eikosapentaenoat (EPA) 0,9% dan dokosaheksaenoat (DHA) 19,2%. ABSTRACTFishes are the biggest food source of omega-3 fatty acids. This compound has been proven to have many positive effects on health. Research has been conducted to determine the fat content and composition of omega-3 fatty acids in the body of red snapper (Aphareus furca). Fat content testing is done using the rendering extraction method. Fish oil extract that was obtained were transesterified base using the derivatization method and injected on a gas chromatography device. The red snapper's body contains 0.06% fat. The omega-3 fatty acid content is 26.8% consisting of 2.4% linolenic acid, 4.3% eicosatrienoic acid, 0.9% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 19.2% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
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Davidson, Michael H., Jan Oscarsson, Mats Kvarnström, Larrye Loss, and Torbjörn Lundström. "Abstract 17223: Compositional Lipoprotein Changes With Omega-3 Carboxylic Acids in Patients With Hypertriglyceridemia Paired With Low HDL-C: A Substudy From the ESPRIT Trial." Circulation 132, suppl_3 (November 10, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.132.suppl_3.17223.
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Introduction: STRENGTH (NCT02104817) is a 13,000-patient cardiovascular (CV) outcomes trial testing the hypothesis that high-CV-risk patients on statins with hypertriglyceridemia paired with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) will have a reduction in incidence of major adverse CV events with omega-3 carboxylic acids (OM3-CA) 4 g/day compared with corn oil control. At present, the triglyceride (TG)-lowering mechanisms by which OM3-CA therapy may reduce CV risk are uncertain. Methods: In the ESPRIT trial (NCT01408303), patients (n=277) on statins who had fasting TG ≥200 mg/dL and <500 mg/dL and HDL-C <40 mg/dL for men and <45 mg/dL for women (also STRENGTH inclusion criteria) received either OM3-CA 4 g/day or olive oil (OO) 4 g/day for 6 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was percentage change in non-HDL-C from baseline to 6 weeks. We evaluated the lipoprotein compositional changes associated with non-HDL-C reduction. Results: Least-squares mean difference in HDL2:HDL3 ratio increased by 12% (p=0.004), while apolipoprotein (Apo)B100, ApoB48 and PCSK9 were not significantly affected. The sum of the change in the highly atherogenic subfractions, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) + small LDL-C + remnant lipoprotein-C, was strongly correlated with TG reduction (0.732; p<0.001) and percentage change in plasma eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid + docosapentaenoic acid (–0.281; p<0.001). Conclusions: Compared with OO, OM3-CA 4 g/day significantly lowers non-HDL-C in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C by lowering VLDL-C, small LDL-C and remnant lipoprotein-C. Large LDL-C is raised without modifying ApoB100, ApoB48 or PCSK9 levels. STRENGTH will determine whether these lipoprotein compositional changes in this high-risk population will result in a CV benefit.
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Moran, C., A. Scotto di Palumbo, J. Bramham, A. Moran, B. Rooney, G. De Vito, and B. Egan. "EFFECTS OF A SIX-MONTH MULTI-INGREDIENT NUTRITION SUPPLEMENT INTERVENTION OF OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, VITAMIN D, RESVERATROL, AND WHEY PROTEIN ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS: A RANDOMISED, DOUBLE-BLIND, CONTROLLED TRIAL." Journal Of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 2018, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2018.11.
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Objectives: To investigate the impact of a six-month multi-ingredient nutrition supplement intervention (Smartfish®), containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin D, resveratrol, and whey protein, on cognitive function in Irish older adults. Design: Double-blind, randomised controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02001831). A quantitative, mixed-model design was employed in which the dependent variable (cognitive function) was analysed with a between-subjects factor of group (placebo, intervention) and within-subjects factor of testing occasion (baseline, three-months, six-months). Setting: Community-based intervention including assessments conducted at University College Dublin, Ireland. Participants: Thirty-seven community-dwelling older adults (68-83 years; mean (x̄)= 75.14 years; standard deviation (SD)= 3.64; 18 males) with normal cognitive function (>24 on the Mini Mental State Examination) were assigned to the placebo (n= 17) or intervention (n= 20) via a block randomisation procedure. Intervention: Daily consumption for six-months of a 200mL liquid juice intervention comprising 3000mg omega-3 PUFAs [1500mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 1500mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)], 10μg vitamin D3, 150mg resveratrol and 8g whey protein isolate. The placebo contained 200mL juice only. Measurements: A standardised cognitive assessment battery was conducted at baseline and follow-ups. Individual test scores were z-transformed to generate composite scores grouped into cognitive domains: executive function, memory, attention and sensorimotor speed. Motor imagery accuracy and subjective awareness of cognitive failures variables were computed from raw scores. Results: A hierarchical statistical approach was used to analyse the data; first, by examining overall cognitive function, then by domain, and then by individual test scores. Using mixed between-within subjects, analyses of variance (ANOVAs), no significant differences in overall cognitive function or composite cognitive domains were observed between groups over time. The only significant interaction was for Stroop Color-Word Time (p< 0.05). The intervention group demonstrated reduced task completion time at three- and six-month follow-ups, indicating enhanced performance. Conclusion: The present nutrition intervention encompassed a multi-ingredient approach targeted towards improving cognitive function, but overall had only a limited beneficial impact in the older adult sample investigated. Future investigations should seek to establish any potential clinical applications of such targeted interventions with longer durations of supplementation, or in populations with defined cognitive deficits.