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Journal articles on the topic 'EIA'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Nisselbaum, J. S., C. A. Smith, D. Schwartz, and M. K. Schwartz. "Comparison of Roche RIA, Roche EIA, Hybritech EIA, and Abbott EIA methods for measuring carcinoembryonic antigen." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.4.761.

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Abstract Using 600 clinical specimens, we compared the concordance of four methods for carcinoembryonic antigen: the Roche RIA (I); the Roche EIA (II); Hybritech EIA (III); and Abbott EIA (IV). EDTA-treated plasma was used for Methods I and II and serum for Methods III and IV. However, no significant difference was found between results for serum and plasma in Method II. The normal reference interval (in micrograms/L) was I (222 specimens), 1.94 +/- 1.54; II (57 specimens), 0.8 +/- 0.5; III (100 specimens), 2.94 +/- 2.47; and IV (614 specimens), less than 5.0. The precision of all four methods was acceptable. Concordance among all of the methods exceeded 90%.
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2

Maurici, James. "The EIA Issues." Judicial Review 1, no. 2 (June 1996): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10854681.1996.11426883.

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3

Kerber, Claudia Ehlers. "EIA in Brazil." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 16, no. 12 (December 1996): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(96)80016-5.

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4

Harashina, Sachihiko. "Eia in japan." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 18, no. 4 (July 1998): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-9255(98)00014-6.

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5

Carpenter, Richard A. "Keep eia focused." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 19, no. 2 (March 1999): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-9255(98)00044-4.

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6

Glasson, John, and Nemesio Neves B. Salvador. "EIA in Brazil." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 20, no. 2 (April 2000): 191–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-9255(99)00043-8.

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7

Barrett, B. F. D., and R. Therivel. "EIA in Japan." Land Use Policy 6, no. 3 (July 1989): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(89)90055-0.

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8

Side, Jonathan. "EEC adopts EIA." Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, no. 1 (January 1986): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(86)90796-4.

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9

CARBON, BARRY. "EIA—An Overview." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 2, no. 2 (January 1995): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.1995.10648317.

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10

Martin, James N. "Status of EIA." INSIGHT 1, no. 3 (September 1998): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/inst.19981342.

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11

El Gohary, Rasha. "International EIA Guidelines and the Nile Basin Countries EIA Experience." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 17 (June 30, 2016): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n17p482.

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The environmental impact assessment (EIA) was first required by the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act, which require environmental impact assessment of all major development projects to determine their potential for adverse effects on the environment. The environmental outlook for the Nile basin remains quite hazy. In the future there will be new environmental challenge stemming from population growth, increasing demands on agriculture, and climate change. This will put a huge burden on the environment. This research initiated to compare the international EIA guidelines in order to enhance the Nile Basin Countries experience to improve its practice in managing the environmental resources. This is due to the fact that Nile Basin Countries experiences face many challenges such as lack of capacity, data, proper guidelines, enforcement, and most importantly awareness of the environment protection sector or its effectiveness. Moreover; it requires reviewing and tools improvements to produce effective environmental management of development and engineering projects. Therefore, provision of detailed guidelines for EIA can help to improve the practice in the management of environmental resources. This paper reviews the EIA legislation in the Nile Basin Countries in comparison with international legislation and guidelines with emphasis on the EIA practice. The paper also intends to present selected international EIA guidelines in a comparative form and this is expected to raise awareness, professional experience of EIA issues, enhance EIA carrying capacity, and lead, ultimately, to improvements in available EIA legislations and guidelines and increase compatibility among them.
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Bojórquez-Tapia, Luis A., and Ofelia Garcı́a. "An approach for evaluating eias— deficiencies of eia in mexico." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 18, no. 3 (May 1998): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-9255(98)00008-0.

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13

HOKKANEN, PEKKA, and JORMA JANTUNEN. "A MULTI-VIEW EVALUATION OF THE FINNISH EIA SYSTEM: AN 18-YEAR SUCCESS STORY?" Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 14, no. 04 (December 2012): 1250024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433321250024x.

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This article reviews how the Finnish EIA legislation and procedures are performing in practice, and how the goals of the EIA Act are reached. The role of EIA in planning and decision-making, and the relationship between the EIA legislation and other pieces of legislation is also evaluated. Overall, the goals of the Finnish EIA legislation have been successfully reached: EIA has achieved a meaningful role as a preventive and participatory environmental management tool. In addition, stakeholders have understood the role of EIA and the scope of the current EIA legislation, which is under no pressure for major amendments. The EIA is applied to a rather small number of projects, but these are highly significant in terms of their environmental impact. Some areas requiring improvement identified, for example, the need to streamline and clarify the relationship between EIA procedure and zoning regulations as well as between EIA and the environmental permit system. The legislation for different sectors could be harmonised so that it would better take into account the broad information base created through EIA.
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14

Vivekanantham, A., A. Soni, and H. Thrower. "AB1599 EVALUATING HOW EFFECTIVELY PATIENTS WITH A NEW INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS ARE BEING TRIAGED INTO THE APPROPRIATE CLINIC AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN THE UK: A RETROSPECTIVE AUDIT." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (May 30, 2023): 2033.1–2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.1452.

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BackgroundEarly diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory arthritis (IA) is essential: BSR guidance states patients must be seen within three weeks and started on disease modifying anti-rheumatoid drugs (DMARDs) within six weeks.ObjectivesTo evaluate how effectively people referred with a new IA are being triaged, whether national standards are met and analyse variables which may influence triage of patients with new IA.MethodsA retrospective review was performed of all new patients seen in EIA-clinic and those with new EIA who had been seen in non-EIA clinics from 01/09/21-31/11/21. Data was collected on days’ wait from referral to assessment/ commencement of DMARD. We calculated the conversion rate (CR) (percentage of referrals triaged to EIA clinic that have EIA) and detection rate (DR) (percentage of new EIA patients that are seen in the EIA clinic). The standard for CR and DR was 50% and 95%, respectively. We then examined why some new EIA patients were not triaged to the EIA-clinic using information provided on the referral.ResultsOf the patients seen in the EIA-clinic 36/73 had a new diagnosis of an EIA, giving CR of 49%. Of the new diagnoses of EIA made during that time-period 36/53 were appropriately triaged to be seen in the EIA clinic, giving a DR 68%. Patients seen in the EIA clinic had an average of 5 weeks wait from referral to assessment/commencement of DMARD. In contrast, patients who had been seen in non-EIA clinics had an average of 10 weeks from referral to assessment/commencement of DMARD. A previous audit performed before COVID-19 (01/11/19- 01/01/20) showed a CR of 25% (115 patients seen in EIA-clinic, 29 new diagnoses) and a DR of 69% (29 new diagnoses, 20 seen in EIA-clinic). Of the 10 patients with new EIA who were inappropriately triaged to non-EIA clinics did not have pattern of joint involvement or ability to make a fist documented, in comparison to the 38 patients with a new EIA who were appropriately triaged to EIA-clinic.ConclusionPatients with EIA, seen in the EIA-clinic, do not meet guidance for review within three weeks but do meet the guidance for starting a DMARD within six weeks. Patients seen outside the EIA-clinic do not meet either of these standards. Only 68% of people with a new EIA are being triaged to be seen in the EIA clinics, highlighting the need to improve the triage process.Compared to the previous audit, the CR has improved whilst the DR has stayed steady. We have identified variables which appear to influence the triage process. Next steps include making some details from the referral compulsory, exploring using data collected from patients electronically to improve the CR/ DR rates, and artificial intelligence informed modelling.ReferencesN/A.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.
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15

Ho, Daniel Tang Kuok. "A Case Study Of The Environmental Impact Assessment Legislations In Sarawak, Malaysia." Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v6i2.273.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a planning tool used to identify, predict, evaluate and mitigate the environmental effects of development projects. In Sarawak, EIA is governed by the both the State and the Federal EIA Orders. This leads to ambivalence in determining the legislation under which a prescribed activity demanding an EIA falls. This case study aims to investigate the implications associated with the coexistence of both EIA Orders in the state of Sarawak from the viewpoints of practicing environmental consultants. The case study reviews the EIA legislations governing EIA practices in the State and includes a qualitative survey involving practicing EIA consultants to gather feedback on the implications associated with the EIA practices and recommendations to resolve the problems identified. The study shows that even though a prescribed activity is defined by the EIA legislations, different stages of the prescribed activity eventually become prescribed activities on their own, which demand fulfillment of different EIA legislation. Unclear demarcation of EIA jurisdiction and different requirements on the scope of an EIA particularly for earthworks also contribute to doubts among environmental consultants interviewed. Consultation, involvement and effective communication with environmental protection as priority are crucial to minimize any uncertainty resulted from co-implementation of both the EIA legislations. Future study can look into comparing perceptions on the effectiveness of the State and the Federal EIA legislations. The case study delves into a crucial issue related to EIA practices in Sarawak, Malaysia which has persisted without being formally addressed in any previous studies.
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Ho, Daniel Tang Kuok. "A Case Study Of The Environmental Impact Assessment Legislations In Sarawak, Malaysia." Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 7, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v7i1.273.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a planning tool used to identify, predict, evaluate and mitigate the environmental effects of development projects. In Sarawak, EIA is governed by the both the State and the Federal EIA Orders. This leads to ambivalence in determining the legislation under which a prescribed activity demanding an EIA falls. This case study aims to investigate the implications associated with the coexistence of both EIA Orders in the state of Sarawak from the viewpoints of practicing environmental consultants. The case study reviews the EIA legislations governing EIA practices in the State and includes a qualitative survey involving practicing EIA consultants to gather feedback on the implications associated with the EIA practices and recommendations to resolve the problems identified. The study shows that even though a prescribed activity is defined by the EIA legislations, different stages of the prescribed activity eventually become prescribed activities on their own, which demand fulfillment of different EIA legislation. Unclear demarcation of EIA jurisdiction and different requirements on the scope of an EIA particularly for earthworks also contribute to doubts among environmental consultants interviewed. Consultation, involvement and effective communication with environmental protection as priority are crucial to minimize any uncertainty resulted from co-implementation of both the EIA legislations. Future study can look into comparing perceptions on the effectiveness of the State and the Federal EIA legislations. The case study delves into a crucial issue related to EIA practices in Sarawak, Malaysia which has persisted without being formally addressed in any previous studies.
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17

Çolakkadıoğlu, Deniz. "An evaluation of EIA system performance in Turkey in the context of procedural effectiveness." Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law 13, no. 3 (November 17, 2021): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jppel-05-2021-0032.

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Purpose In Turkey, where the environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been applied since 1993, there have been numerous amendments in the legal and administrative process of the EIA. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of those amendments to the EIA process. Design/methodology/approach This paper evaluated EIA system performance in the context of procedural effectiveness in Turkey from the day implementation was begun. From its beginning to the present day, the positive and negative developments at the EIA process in Turkey caused by the amendments were evaluated and at which stages. Measures recommended increasing the effectiveness of each of the EIA systems were also identified. Findings As the EIA Directive first came into force in the USA in 1970, EIA procedures have been widely adopted throughout the world. Although it has been implemented for many years, expectations regarding the EIA process have still not been realized which has forced countries to conduct studies to increase the effectiveness of the EIA process. Turkey, like other countries that are implementing the EIA, acknowledges that the EIA is a significant impact assessment tool and continues its studies to implement this system effectively. In this respect, in Turkey, where the EIA has been applied since 1993, there have been numerous amendments in the legal and administrative process of the EIA. Originality/value The results obtained from this study were expected to facilitate the evaluation of the EIA process in Turkey and to guide other similar countries.
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18

LAWRENCE, DAVID P. "CHOICES FOR EIA PROCESS DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 03, no. 04 (December 2001): 437–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333201000856.

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The EIA process provides the framework for structuring EIA activities, events, documents and methods. An overview of examples of design and management choices available to EIA process participants is presented. The choices pertain to (1) general EIA process design and management; (2) EIA process inputs, outputs and linkages; and (3) EIA process adaptations. The available choices are more extensive than are generally recognised in EIA process characterisations. EIA process participants can select the mix of choices that best suit proposal characteristics, environmental conditions, contextual factors and their interests and priorities. An awareness of the available choices is a good first step. EIA quality and effectiveness analyses could, with appropriate adaptations and refinements, help distinguish among blends of choices that are recurrently more and less effective.
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19

Sharma, Ravi, and Jean Damascene Hategekimana. "Rwandan environmental impact assessment: practices and constraints." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 29, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-05-2016-0041.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the Rwandan Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practice and identify the possible constraints faced by EIA practitioners in Rwanda. The results presented here will help to highlight strengths and weakness of the Rwandan EIA practice. Design/methodology/approach The EIA practice was evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire survey for respondents including approved EIA experts in Rwanda, government agencies involved in EIA process and corporate which have received environmental clearance. The aspects of practices and challenges were evaluated and include the suitability of institutional arrangements, the scientific methodological bases of EIA, the conduct of EIA, the effectiveness of EIA with respect to influence decision making, overall results and EIA as a learning process. These aspects were rated on different scales by the respondents to identify where the Rwandan EIA practice stands now in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and constraints. Findings The institutional arrangements of EIA were judged to be good overall by the respondents with main strengths being seen in the policy and legal base, and the scope of application. Only the marginal weaknesses are seen in the monitoring. The scientific and empirical basis for assessment was judged to stand moderately strengthened during the last five years. The performance of key activities is more than satisfactory. A majority of Rwandan EIA stages are good and excellent to some extent. Originality/value This paper identifies some of the constraints and challenges faced by the Rwandan EIA practitioners. It will contribute to an understanding of EIA practice and robust practices across the globe.
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CHAN, L. "COMPARISON OF A MICROPLATE ANTI-HBs EIA KIT WITH AUSAB EIA." Lancet 328, no. 8509 (September 1986): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90260-6.

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21

Khan, Mehreen, Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhry, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Samia Saif, and Asim Mehmood. "Performance of EIA authority and effectiveness of EIA system in Pakistan." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 81 (March 2020): 106357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2019.106357.

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Al-Fatlawi, Suad, Mustafa Ibadi, Steve Goodhew, and Wei Pan. "An Evaluation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Process in Iraq." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 07 (November 30, 2022): 2089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170709.

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Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is becoming more prevalent. However, compared to many jurisdictions in developed countries, the Middle East countries, including Iraq, have been relatively late in introducing and developing their environmental impact assessment systems. The Iraqi Protection and Improvement of the Environment Law of 2009 improved the EIA procedure established in 1997. Nonetheless, the current technique has severe drawbacks. The purpose of this study is to assess Iraq's present EIA system. The evaluation was carried out using a simple conceptual model created to meet the goal. The performance of the EIA process in Iraq is evaluated, and a list of recommendations for further enhancing the Iraqi EIA system is developed by key interviews. The findings show that Iraq's current EIA system fulfills seven of the fourteen assessment criteria developed and applied for this study's evaluation, partially meets four, and fails to satisfy three. This study aims to strengthen Iraq's EIA process by making recommendations such as allocating adequate funds for the EIA process, particularly for the Iraqi government's monitoring of environmental regulations, and providing capacity building and EIA training to individuals involved in the EIA process. These recommendations might help to enhance the EIA process and make it more accessible to developing countries. The results provide a national basis for analyzing EIA and should help other developing countries create, evaluate, and review EIA.
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Li, Jun, Qing Li, and Jian Zhou. "Evaluation Indicator Architecture Development for Industrial Automation Systems Using ISO15704 Annex B: GERAM." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.466.

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Nowadays, the Evaluation Indicator Architecture (EIA) is needed to measure the development level of Industrial Automation Systems (IAS). This paper provides a method to develop EIA for IAS based on GERAM. Starting from the different views of GERAM, the hierarchy structure and the content of Generic EIA is built using the idea of Key Success Factors. Then Partial EIA and Particular EIA can be obtained though derivation from Generic EIA.
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Wegener, Henrik Caspar, and Dorte Lau Baggesen. "Comparison of Conventional Culture Methods and Two Commercial Enzyme Immunoassays for Detection of Salmonella in Porcine Fecal Samples and Cecal Contents." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9, no. 4 (October 1997): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879700900402.

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Two commercial enzyme immunoassays, designated EIA-1 and EIA-2, for the detection of salmonella in feces and cecal contents were compared to conventional culture methods. Out of 362 cecal content samples, 35 were positive by EIA-1 and 30 were positive by EIA-2 and conventional methods. Out of 189 fecal samples, 41 were positive by EIA-1, 30 were positive by EIA-2, and 24 were positive by conventional culture methods. The EIA-1 assay method detected more positive samples overall, although only comparison of the fecal samples was statistically significant. The results indicate that the EIA-1 method is rapid, requiring only 24 hours, and may be more sensitive than the EIA-2 assay and conventional culture techniques. Enzyme immunoassays for the detection of salmonella in fecal samples or cecal contents provide a reasonable alternative to conventional culture techniques.
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Rathi, Arjun Kumar A. "Integration of the Standalone ‘Risk Assessment’ Section in Project Level Environmental Impact Assessment Reports for Value Addition: An Indian Case Analysis." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 2296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032296.

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Both environmental impact assessment (EIA) and risk assessment (RA) instituted some 50 years ago are interdisciplinary and decision-support tools and have analogies in their procedural steps. Environmental risk assessment could be employed as such or as complementary to EIA for environmental management. This study aims to examine how RA is dealt with in the EIA reports of greenfield projects. The investigation reveals that RA is treated as a standalone exercise and too inadequately in EIA studies. There is a lack of well-defined criteria and methodologies for RA in different contexts, evaluation of prediction uncertainties, residual risks, assimilating RA in EIA, regulatory framework to strengthen RA integration in EIA, objective review of RA by the competent authority, and EIA follow-up. Unambiguous terms of reference are proposed for RA in EIA under the prevailing regulation for immediate implementation. The duration and cost of preparing and reviewing EIA reports integrated with RA would increase but there would be more value addition to the EIA studies. Comprehensive EIA regulation, RA-related scoping, and institutional capacity building could help promote such integration that is crucial for assessing industrial and other anthropogenic calamities at the project development stage.
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REN, XIN. "IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN CHINA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333213500099.

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The paper describes major developments of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in China since 2003 when its EIA law became effective, with emphasis on those aspects not sufficiently touched upon by most researchers so far. These range from threshold-based categorization, evolution in scoping, expansion and upgrading of a series of technical guidelines for EIA, addition of water and soil conservation plan to EIA, public consultation and social impact assessment to interaction with other major means of environmental management in China (i.e. total pollution load control, discharge permit and cleaner production). Based on a literature review, exchanges with EIA practitioners and the author's daily work on EIA, it is found that EIA in China has evolved into a fairly comprehensive and technically adequate system. The biggest problem lies in its poor enforcement and implementation, which is the focus of this paper. By examining each practical step in reviewing, enforcing and implementing EIA, the paper evaluates EIA's role in optimizing decision-making (e.g. by alternative analysis), EIA implementation and its supervision piloted in China, underlying technical, procedural and institutional issues and concerns, and the disconnect between project EIA and plan/regional EIA, both with regards to theory and practice. The main reasons for weak EIA enforcement and implementation are discussed, which include the political system and incentive mechanisms, institutional arrangements, and regulatory and methodological shortcomings. Based on the analysis, recommendations are made for improving enforcement and implementation of EIA in China.
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Espinoza Eche, José Jorge, and Cristian Carlos Alvarado Ríos. "Estándares de calidad ambiental, su forma de cumplimiento en los estudios de impacto ambiental aprobados por PRODUCE, entre los años 2016 - 2021." Revista del Instituto de investigación de la Facultad de minas, metalurgia y ciencias geográficas 26, no. 51 (June 2, 2023): e25259. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/iigeo.v26i51.25259.

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El artículo 31 de la Ley N.º 28611, establece que en los estudios de impacto ambiental (EIA) se debe concluir que no se incumple con los estándares de calidad ambiental (ECA). Asimismo, como los ECA tienen una expresión numérica, se esperaría que la forma objetiva de concluir que no se incumplen, sea también una expresión numérica, de lo contrario una conclusión en base a otras formas no relacionadas con el contraste del valor numérico, llevaría a una apreciación subjetiva. El propósito de esta investigación es determinar la forma predominante, mediante la cual se ha llegado a la conclusión de que no se incumplen con los ECA, en los EIA aprobados. Para tal fin, se desarrolló una secuencia lógica de cinco pasos para identificar los ECA aplicables, las emisiones o descargas, la concentración en el cuerpo receptor, el contraste con los ECA y la forma de su cumplimiento; lo que permitió poder calificar a dichas conclusiones como subjetiva u objetiva. En base a esta evaluación, se determinó que la forma de concluir que no se incumple con los ECA aplicables es del 40% objetiva y un 60% subjetiva, esta última forma de conclusión es la predominante.
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Riederer, Kathleen M., Patrick Lawson, Marilyn S. Held, Karen Petrylka, Laurence E. Briski, and Riad Khatib. "Diagnosis ofClostridium difficileassociated diarrhea: comparison of three rapid methods employing different markers for detection." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-011.

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Latex agglutination and the enzyme immunoassays Cytoclone (EIA-C) and VIDAS (EIA-V) were compared with a cytotoxicity assay for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. Among patients with discrepant results, the cytotoxicity assay and clinical assessment were used to evaluate the performance of the latex agglutination and EIA tests. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea was documented in 30/149 samples (20.1%) from 130 patients. All test results matched in 113 instances. Latex agglutination, EIA-C, and EIA-V yielded false positive results in 10, 4, and 7 samples and false negative results in 8, 9, and 14 samples, respectively. Latex agglutination demonstrated 87.8% efficiency compared with 91.3% for EIA-C and 85.7% for EIA-V and 3 min hands-on time compared with 4.5 min for EIA-V and 10 min for EIA-C. On the basis of these findings and given the fact that all rapid tests have their shortcomings, we believe that latex agglutination is the most practical method.Key words: Clostridium difficile, diarrhea, colitis.
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Bhatia, Rajiv, and Aaron Wernham. "Integrating human health into environmental impact assessment: an unrealized opportunity for environmental health and justice." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 14, no. 4 (August 2009): 1159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232009000400022.

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The National Environmental Policy Act and related state laws require many public agencies to analyze and disclose potentially significant environmental effects of agency actions, including effects on human health. In this paper we review the purpose and procedures of environmental impact assessment (EIA), existing regulatory requirements for health effects analysis, and potential barriers to and opportunities for improving integration of human health concerns within the EIA process. We use statutes, regulations, guidelines, court opinions, and empirical research on EIA along with recent case examples of integrated health impact assessment (HIA)/EIA at both the state and federal level. We extract lessons and recommendations for integrated HIA/EIA practice from both existing practices as well as case studies. The case studies demonstrate the adequacy, scope, and power of existing statutory requirements for health analysis within EIA. The following support the success of integrated HIA/EIA: a proponent recognizing EIA as an available regulatory strategy for public health; the openness of the agency conducting the EIA; involvement of public health institutions; and complementary objectives among community stakeholders and health practitioners. We recommend greater collaboration among institutions responsible for EIA, public health institutions, and affected stakeholders along with guidance, resources, and training for integrated HIA/EIA practice.
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Young, H., A. Moyes, L. Seagar, and A. McMillan. "Novel Recombinant-Antigen Enzyme Immunoassay for Serological Diagnosis of Syphilis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 4 (1998): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.4.913-917.1998.

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Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is an ideal method for screening large numbers of patients for syphilis. We evaluated a novel immune-capture EIA (ICE Syphilis; Murex Diagnostics) that uses three recombinantTreponema pallidum antigens (TpN15, TpN17, and TpN47) and compared the results with those obtained by the native T. pallidum antigen EIA (Captia SelectSyph-G; Centocor) that we currently use for the serodiagnosis of syphilis. Specificity was evaluated by screening 1,184 unselected serum specimens in parallel by the ICE Syphilis and SelectSyph-G assays, while sensitivity was tested with a panel of 101 serum specimens containing antitreponemal antibodies (treated and untreated) from patients with various stages of infection. The specificity of the ICE Syphilis EIA (99.8%) on screening was significantly higher (P < 0.02) than that of the SelectSyph-G EIA (99.2%). The sensitivity of the ICE Syphilis EIA was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that of the SelectSyph-G EIA on both initial (99 versus 91.4%) and repeat (100 versus 92.4%) testing. The ICE Syphilis EIA was also significantly more sensitive (P < 0.01) than the fluorescent treponemal antibody-abs (92.4%) but not the T. pallidum hemagglutination assay (97.1%). Sera containing antitreponemal antibodies gave a much higher antibody index (absorbance of test serum/kit cutoff) by the ICE Syphilis EIA than by the SelectSyph-G EIA. This combined with the overall high sensitivity makes the ICE Syphilis EIA an ideal test for excluding or detecting treponemal infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The ICE Syphilis EIA was positive with sera from all 15 HIV-infected patients in the study, whereas sera from 3 HIV-infected patients were negative by the SelectSyph-G EIA. We conclude that the high sensitivity and specificity of the ICE Syphilis EIA and its suitability for automation make it an ideal screening test.
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Mahmud, Abdul Rahman, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, and Zaini Sakawi. "Analysis on EIA Report In Terms of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Study for Housing Project." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 31, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2019-31(2)-23.

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Soil erosion and sedimentation control has become one of the challenges in the implementation of EIA projects especially for housing construction activities. Failure to implement adequate erosion control measures at the project site would affect the quality of river water. To ensure adequate control of soil erosion and sedimentation the EIA reports submitted should achieve minimum standards of impact assessment and control measures as well as good quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of the EIA report in terms of soil erosion and sedimentation aspect. The EIA review package has been prepared by referring to the guidance document on soil erosion and sedimentation. A total of 21 EIA reports for housing projects from 2013 to 2015 in Selangor have been analyzed. The results show that 18 of the EIA reports complied with 50% of the requirements that set in the guidelines, while the quality aspect of the EIA report shows that only 7 reports have achieved satisfactory level. This study identified there are three major weaknesses in the EIA report for housing projects. Firstly; the description of earth work planning are not thoroughly explained, secondly; the weaknesses in the descriptions of the project options and third; the weaknesses in the Land Disturbance Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures (LDP2M2) conceptual plan which is not plan in stages. The skills and expertise of EIA consultant and also EIA review officer is need to be improved. It is to ensure the quality of EIA report and the compliance to the EIA guidelines can be achieved. The EIA review packages which developed in this study could be used by the consultants to evaluate the adequacy of the EIA content as a self-assessment practice.
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Theiss, Angela M., Agnes Balla, Angie Ross, Denise Francis, and Christina Wojewoda. "Searching for a Potential Algorithm for Clostridium difficile Testing at a Tertiary Care Hospital: Does Toxin Enzyme Immunoassay Testing Help?" Journal of Clinical Microbiology 56, no. 7 (May 9, 2018): e00415-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00415-18.

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ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States. Methods for identifying the organism in stool include molecular platforms, enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for toxin, and culture. Controversy persists over whether molecular tests are too sensitive at identifying C. difficile, and there are questions about how additional laboratory information could inform clinical management and reduce over treatment. The aim of this study was to assess whether clinical factors are related to the toxin status of patients and whether information about toxin status could potentially inform clinical management of patients. A total of 201 PCR-positive C. difficile stool samples from adult patients at our institution underwent EIA toxin testing. Clinical and laboratory data were collected, and the percentage of PCR-positive/EIA-positive (PCR+/EIA+) patients and PCR+ and EIA-negative (PCR+/EIA−) patients was calculated. Of the 201 samples, 47% were EIA positive and 53% were EIA negative. Although PCR+/EIA+ patients were more likely to have had a prior C. difficile infection (P = 0.015), there was no statistical difference between the additional data collected that correlated with a positive EIA result. We were unable to show that patients with an EIA+ result had worse clinical parameters than those with EIA− results and concluded that establishing a testing algorithm that included both PCR and EIA testing would not change the clinical management of patients at our hospital.
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ZHU, TAN, JING WU, and I.-SHIN CHANG. "REQUIREMENTS FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN CHINA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 07, no. 01 (March 2005): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333205001906.

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The Environmental Impact Assessment Law (EIA Law) of the People's Republic of China was adopted on 28 October 2002. It is the most progressive legislation addressing environmental issues in China to be developed over the past decade. The new EIA Law explicitly states that environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required for both new construction projects and plans. The types of plans covered by the new EIA Law include: (1) integrated plans for land use and regional development, development of drainage areas and marine areas; (2) specific plans for industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, energy, water management, transportation, urban construction, tourism and the development of natural resources. EIA for construction projects has been implemented in China for more than 20 years. Through this new EIA Law, the legal status of EIA for construction projects has been elevated from administrative legislation to State Law. EIA for plans is a type of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) where the concept of SEA is for the first time being advocated by the State at this level. This paper emphasises the legal requirements of SEA set forth by this new EIA Law, such as major purposes, key elements and procedures of EIA for plans.
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ALEMAGI, DIEUDONNE, VENAN A. SONDO, and JÜRGEN ERTEL. "CONSTRAINTS TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PRACTICE: A CASE STUDY OF CAMEROON." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 09, no. 03 (September 2007): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333207002809.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practice in Cameroon has been plagued with many constraints especially from the infrastructure and EIA resource perspective. The present legal and procedural disposition vis-à-vis EIA in Cameroon is monumental and manifest some clarity of exposition with regards to the practical and fundamental steps for EIA practice in the country. However, a number of impediments still prevail that deter the full efficiency of this legislation. In search for explanations to this trend, this study was conducted to examine the current framework governing EIA in Cameroon implemented in February 2005. Content analysis and interviews with stakeholders in the EIA process were undertaken to identify key barriers associated with EIA practice in Cameroon. The paper maintains that inadequate baseline data, procedural flaws in scoping, exorbitant administrative fees, absence of an appeal procedure, unclear proviso, incompetent personnel and over centralisation of EIA powers are key barriers that appear to impede a healthy EIA practice in Cameroon. In conclusion, it is submitted that for a robust EIA practice to prevail in Cameroon, there is an urgent need for a great deal of focus on the recommendations prescribed within the context of the paper.
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Rhamy, Jennifer, Mark Beltz, Karla John, David Feria, Dan Waxman, and Robert Dracker. "Incidence of HCV and HIV NAT Positive in Cord Blood Donors." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.1900.1900.

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Abstract Introduction: Donors of cord blood (CBD) are screened similarly to whole blood donors (WBD). It has been reported that CBD have a higher incidence of both true positive and false positive disease markers tested by EIA[1]. This abstract compares the rate of positive results for viral RNA (NAT) in CBD vs. WBD in a large cohort of donors. Methods: NAT was performed using the Chiron Procleix MPX or discriminatory assays. EIA testing was performed using Abbott bead methodology following manufacturer’s instructions. Confirmatory results for EIA were performed with Chiron RIBA. Results from 12/17/04 to 6/30/05 were collated. Results EIA HIV EIA HCV NAT HIV/HCV HIV EIA POS(%) HCV EIA POS (%) HIV NAT POS HCV NAT POS WBD 74299 74299 74299 75(0.10) 107(0.14) 1 (0) 31(0.04) CBD 11996 12001 12007 50(0.42) 46(0.38) 0 13 (0.11) A higher percentage of CBD were positive for HIV and HCV EIA as previously reported1. HIV NAT positive donors were 0.00% for both populations. The ratio of HCV EIA positive to HCV NAT positive donors was 28.97% for WBD and 28.26% in CBD. The ratio of CBD HCV EIA positives to WBD HCV EIA positives is 2.71 and the ratio of WBD HCV NAT positives to WBD HCV NAT positives is 2.75. The ratio of HIV CBD EIA positives to HIV WBD EIA positives is 4.10, which is significantly higher (p=<0.01). Conclusions Both CBD and WBD have a low rate (0%) of HIV NAT positive donors, but CBD have a 4x higher rate of HIV EIA. This suggests a 4x higher donor loss to false positive antibody results. The CBD donors have a 2.7x higher rate for both EIA and NAT positive results, showing a higher rate of viremic donors in CBD. The similar ratios for EIA positive to NAT positive donors in the two populations suggest that the false positive rate is not elevated in CBD versus WBD. The higher incidence of HCV infection in CBD could be geographic or ethnic in origin. More study is needed to determine the reasons and further predict donor loss. The HIV EIA results are not predictive of actual infection in this population. A more aggressive logarithm for reentry than used for WBD may be merited.
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Zuccaro, Patricia, Andrea Son, Jennifer Conti, and Michelle Hecker. "2361. Evaluation of a 2-Step Testing Algorithm for Clostridioides difficile Infection." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2039.

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Abstract Background Clinical data describing use of a multistep algorithm for diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is limited. In June 2018 we implemented a 2-step testing algorithm in which PCR testing (Aries® assay) is performed for all specimens followed by EIA toxin testing (TOX A/B QUIK CHEK® assay) when PCR is positive. We sought to describe outcomes for patients with PCR+/EIA+ vs. PCR+/EIA− results. Outcomes evaluated included frequency of CDI treatment, retesting and retreatment within 3 months, and investigator determined categorization of C. difficile results by an investigator blinded to the EIA result. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed on a random sample of 85 unique patients with a PCR+ stool sample from July 2018 through December 2018. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from the medical record during the index encounter and for 3 months thereafter. Based on predetermined criteria, index encounter results were categorized as representing probable, possible, unlikely, or indeterminate cases of symptomatic CDI. Results For the 85 study patients, 42%, 27%, and 31% were tested in the inpatient, outpatient, and ED/urgent care settings. Twenty-seven patients (32%) were EIA+, all of whom received CDI treatment. Fifty-eight (68%) were EIA-, of which 79% received treatment. Of the 12 EIA- patient who did not receive treatment two had retesting within 3 months; one of whom subsequently tested EIA+ and was treated and the other tested PCR-. At least 1 C. difficile test was repeated within 3 months in 48% of EIA+ and 33% of EIA- patients. Based on repeat testing CDI treatment was prescribed for 12% of EIA+ subjects and for 11% of EIA- subjects. For the EIA+ patients, 70%, 19%, 7%, and 4% were classified as probable, possible, unlikely and indeterminate cases of symptomatic CDI when compared with 38%, 34%, 22%, and 5% for EIA- patients. Conclusion During the first 6 months of a 2-step testing algorithm, we found that patients with EIA- test results were frequently treated for CDI and that 72% of EIA- cases were classified as probably or possibly having symptomatic CDI. Further study is needed to determine whether patients with EIA- results categorized with probable or possible symptomatic CDI would improve without CDI treatment. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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KABIR, S. M. ZOBAIDUL, and SALIM MOMTAZ. "FIFTEEN YEARS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SYSTEM IN BANGLADESH: CURRENT PRACTICE, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433321350018x.

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The aim of this article is to review the current practice of EIA system in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, EIA has been practiced for more than fifteen years. However, there is a lack of scientific information about the current practice of EIA in Bangladesh. This article focused and reviewed three key areas of EIA system in Bangladesh: institutional arrangement, quality of EISs and implementation of mitigation measures. By using a set of good practice criteria, this article finds that still there are shortcomings in current EIA practice despite that fact that EIA practice in Bangladesh has been improving over the last fifteen years. This means Bangladesh could not harness the full benefit of EIA yet. This article suggest that in order to harness the full benefits of EIA, adequate implementation of mitigation measures is imperative while improving the capacity of proponents, regulatory agency and the quality of EIS.
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Domínguez, J. A., N. Galí, P. Pedroso, A. Fargas, E. Padilla, J. M. Manterola, and L. Matas. "Comparison of the Binax Legionella Urinary Antigen Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) with the Biotest Legionella Urin Antigen EIA for Detection of Legionella Antigen in both Concentrated and Nonconcentrated Urine Samples." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 9 (1998): 2718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.9.2718-2722.1998.

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We evaluated a newly commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (BiotestLegionella Urin Antigen EIA; Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany) for detection of antigens of all Legionella pneumophilaserogroups with a relatively wide spectrum of cross-reactivity as well as antigens of other Legionella spp. by comparing its sensitivity and specificity with those of an EIA for detection ofL. pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen (Legionella urinary antigen EIA; Binax, Portland, Maine). Both tests were performed with both concentrated and nonconcentrated urine samples. We also evaluated the capabilities of both EIAs to detect extracted soluble antigens of American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Legionella strains (L. pneumophila serogroups 1 to 14, L. bozemanii, and L. longbeachae). The sensitivity of the Biotest EIA was 66.66% in nonconcentrated urine and 86.66% in concentrated urine. The sensitivity of the Binax EIA was 63.76% and 88.88% in nonconcentrated and concentrated urine, respectively. The specificity was 100% in nonconcentrated and concentrated urine for both assays. The Binax EIA and Biotest EIA detected extracted soluble antigens of L. pneumophila serogroups 1 to 14 and L. bozemanii ATCC strains. The cross-reactions observed with the Binax EIA were probably due to common epitopes directly related to lipopolysaccharide. Further studies are required to determine the usefulness of the Binax EIA for detection of urinary antigens fromLegionella species and serogroups other than L. pneumophila serogroup 1. The Biotest EIA proved to be as rapid, sensitive, and specific as the Binax EIA for the diagnosis of legionellosis. Concentration of antigen present in urine increased the sensitivities of both techniques with no reduction in specificity.
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Dean, Deborah, Dennis Ferrero, and Michael McCarthy. "Comparison of Performance and Cost-Effectiveness of Direct Fluorescent-Antibody, Ligase Chain Reaction, and PCR Assays for Verification of Chlamydial Enzyme Immunoassay Results for Populations with a Low to Moderate Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 1 (1998): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.1.94-99.1998.

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Many laboratories use a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with verification testing to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatisinfections in an effort to contain costs. This study was designed to compare the performance and cost-effectiveness of direct fluorescent-antibody assay (DFA), commercial PCR, and ligase chain reaction (LCR) for the verification of EIA results. Cervical specimens were screened by EIA. DFA, PCR, and LCR were compared as verification tests for EIA-reactive specimens and negative greyzone (NGZ) specimens at 50% below the cutoff value. These samples were also tested by in-house PCR, which was used in the analysis of verification results. A total of 477 (7%) of 6,571 samples were reactive or within the NGZ. EIA results with verification by DFA testing (EIA/DFA results) agreed with 93% of the true results compared with 97% for EIA/PCR results for one set of 242 samples; there was 97% agreement with true results for EIA/DFA results versus 95% for EIA/LCR results for another set of 235 samples. Ten samples were false positive by LCR. Time and costs were equivalent for EIA with the DFA, PCR, or LCR as the verification test but were two- to threefold greater for PCR or LCR alone than for EIA with verification. Since it is important to balance cost containment with public health objectives, DFA, PCR, and LCR as EIA verification tests for cervical samples offer acceptable sensitivities and specificities at reasonable cost for low- to moderate-risk populations and therefore can be extended to a broader spectrum of at-risk populations.
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40

Ceylan, Hakan. "Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey." Open Chemistry 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0125.

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Abstract Since the 1970s, the environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been employed as an environmental management tool to minimize or prevent the potential environmental impacts caused. Its use in Turkey was mandated from February 7, 1993. An EIA, which is of particular concern to the mining sector, is implemented in many sectors. In this study, after providing brief information about the EIA regulation, an analysis has been done by determining the status of mining activities in EIA applications. In conclusion, mining has comprised 31% share of EIA-required activities since 1993, when EIA regulation took effect in Turkey. In addition, it was learned that 16% of the applications related to mining activities were unable to get an EIA permit and could not launch their operation.
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Pu, Xiao, Bi Zhe Wang, Yi Ting Chen, and Hong Guang Cheng. "Analysis of Multi-Stage and Dynamic Incomplete Information Game Model for EIA System in China." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1336.

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Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has gradually developed in China while several problems still exist in the ecological environment protection implementation as the obstacles. This paper summarized the regular EIA process of China and picked up the stakeholders basis of case analyzing. A multi-stage and dynamic incomplete information game model was established to investigate the interactions among government, enterprises and EIA organizations and explain strategy selection of EIA participants according to perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory and scenario analysis. Furthermore, a suggestion was proposed to improve effectiveness of EIA system in China after discussing the present demerit. Results showed that in a short term, government and enterprises tended to choose evading EIA for their private benefits. But in a long run, they would be willing to take EIA because environmental deterioration would seriously affect their economic benefits. Thus they had to pursuit social benefits firstly instead. The public played a silent role as a victim in EIA system of China currently, caused by present beneficial balance of government, enterprises and EIA organizations. Some countermeasures must be brought out to develop the public participation regulation in the management system in order to break that balance and improve the effectiveness of EIA.
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Arora, Meenakshi, and Umesh Kulshrestha. "Role of Quality Management System in Improving the Quality of EIA." Current World Environment 14, no. 2 (September 3, 2019): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.14.2.05.

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The quality of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) very much depends on the efficiency of the management system of the EIA consultant organizations. As per statutory requirements, EIA Consultant Organisations must have an accreditation for carrying out the EIA study in India from the National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) which is a nodal organization under the Quality Council of India (QCI) as per Gazette Notification dated March 3, 2016. The Quality Management System (QMS) is an integral part of the accreditation process, hence the study provides an analysis of the effectiveness of QMS for Accredited EIA Consultant Organisations (ACOs) in reality. The relationship between QMS and EIA reports is analysed from NABET database for various accredited consultant organizations across the country. The study revealed that the quality management system has a significant impact on the EIA reports. The major factors affecting EIA quality are lack of implementation of a quality system, inadequate knowledge of the system and lack of data interpretation. A regular review of QMS by NABET helps maintain the quality at every step of EIA. It suggests that there is a scope for developing a strategic framework to reach excellence in EIA reports through developing a strategic management system for the betterment of society and environment.
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EIA, Revista. "Páginas finales Revista EIA." Revista EIA 14, no. 27 (November 28, 2018): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24050/reia.v14i27.1273.

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EIA, Revista. "Páginas preliminares Revista EIA." Revista EIA 14, no. 27 (November 28, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24050/reia.v14i27.1274.

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EIA, Revista. "Páginas preliminares Revista EIA." Revista EIA 15, no. 30 (December 6, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24050/reia.v15i30.1276.

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EIA, Revista. "Páginas finales Revista EIA." Revista EIA 15, no. 30 (December 6, 2018): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24050/reia.v15i30.1277.

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EIA, Revista. "Páginas preliminares Revista EIA." Revista EIA 16, no. 31 (January 30, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24050/reia.v16i31.1286.

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EIA, Revista. "Páginas finales Revista EIA." Revista EIA 16, no. 31 (January 30, 2019): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24050/reia.v16i31.1287.

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EIA, Revista. "Páginas preliminares Revista EIA." Revista EIA 16, no. 32 (July 3, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24050/reia.v16i32.1333.

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EIA, Revista. "Páginas finales Revista EIA." Revista EIA 16, no. 32 (July 3, 2019): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24050/reia.v16i32.1334.

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