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Journal articles on the topic 'Egyptian Old Kingdom'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Hamilton, Julia Clare Francis. "Hedgehogs and Hedgehog-Head Boats in Ancient Egyptian Religion in the Late 3rd Millennium BCE." Arts 11, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts11010031.

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Hedgehogs held a special place in ancient Egyptian life like many other desert- and marsh-dwelling animals. Their natural defensive qualities were admired by ancient Egyptians and their bodily parts, notably their hardened spines, were used as ingredients in medico-magical prescriptions. In tomb reliefs of the late 3rd Millennium BCE, hedgehogs are represented being carried alive by offering bearers or as background participants in desert hunting scenes. In later periods of Egyptian history, rattles, small unguent vessels, and scaraboid amulets were made in their shape, all of which are presumed to have had apotropaic purposes. A particular votive object of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE) is a palm-sized modelled boat with a prow in the shape of a hedgehog head, which has been discovered at sites throughout Egypt. A similar representation of this motif is the so-called ‘Henet’-boat (from the word ḥnt[j]) with a hedgehog head at the prow facing inwards, which is found in late Old Kingdom art. This article reassesses the role of hedgehogs as protective or apotropaic entities and their association with boats, considering how ancient Egyptians understood their ecology and their predation of snakes, scorpions, and similar stinging creatures. An updated list is provided of known representations of hedgehog-head boats, including petroglyphs and as yet unpublished examples from tombs at Giza and Saqqara. The meaning of the ancient Egyptian word ḥnt(j) is also rexamined in relation to the representation of riverine and marsh-water boats in Old Kingdom tombs.

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2

FISCHER, Henri G. "Titles and Epitets of the Egyptian Old Kingdom." Bibliotheca Orientalis 59, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bior.59.1.2015657.

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3

Belmonte, Juan Antonio. "On the Orientation of Old Kingdom Egyptian Pyramids." Journal for the History of Astronomy 32, no. 26 (February 2001): S1—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860103202601.

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4

Gautschy, Rita, Michael E. Habicht, Francesco M. Galassi, Daniela Rutica, Frank J. Rühli, and Rainer Hannig. "A New Astronomically Based Chronological Model for the Egyptian Old Kingdom." Journal of Egyptian History 10, no. 2 (November 17, 2017): 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340035.

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Abstract A recently discovered inscription on an ancient Egyptian ointment jar mentions the heliacal rising of Sirius. In the time of the early Pharaohs, this specific astronomical event marked the beginning of the Egyptian New Year and originally the annual return of the Nile flood, making it of great ritual importance. Since the Egyptian civil calendar of 365 days permanently shifted one day in four years in comparison to the stars due to the lack of intercalation, the connection of a date from the Egyptian civil calendar with the heliacal rising of Sothis is vitally important for the reconstruction of chronology. The new Sothis date from the Old Kingdom (3rd–6th Dynasties) in combination with other astronomical data and radiocarbon dating re-calibrates the chronology of ancient Egypt and consequently the dating of the Pyramids. A chronological model for Dynasties 3 to 6 constructed on the basis of calculated astronomical data and contemporaneously documented year dates of Pharaohs is presented.

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5

Wenke, Robert J. "Old kingdom community organization in the Western Egyptian Delta." Norwegian Archaeological Review 19, no. 1 (January 1986): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1986.9965427.

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6

Ambers, J. "Raman analysis of pigments from the Egyptian Old Kingdom." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 35, no. 89 (July 6, 2004): 768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1187.

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7

Lebedev, Maksim. "Non-Standard Old Kingdom Burials in the Context of Egyptian Ideas about the Afterlife." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2221931.

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The paper deals with the problem of identifying and analyzing non-standard (alternative, deviant, extraordinary, atypical) Egyptian burials of the Old Kingdom (27th—22nd centuries BCE). On the territory of the Nile Valley, non-standard features are usually recorded in orientation of the body of the deceased or its position, manipulations with the body (skeleton) parts, incompleteness of the body (skeleton), and other features that are not consistent with the common burial rite. The problems associated with the study of ancient Egyptian non-normative burial practices are considered in connection to manipulations with heads (skulls) reported from Egyptian necropolises. The author discusses the place of non-standard practices in the structure of Egyptian funerary activities as well as possible reasons for such deviations with relation to Egyptian ideas about the afterlife. Among the main problems associated with the study of non-standard burials, the lack of securely recorded archaeological contexts and the absence of paleopathological reports are discussed. Finally, the paper considers perspectives on the study of non-normative ancient Egyptian burials at the present stage of the development of Egyptology.

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8

Richards, Janet. "Spatial and Verbal rhetorics of power: Constructing late old kingdom history." Journal of Egyptian History 3, no. 2 (2010): 339–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187416610x541754.

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AbstractIn writing ancient Egyptian social and political history, we take for granted that we should privilege neither textual nor material cultural evidence; rather, we should weave narratives incorporating both strands in weights commensurate with the actual profile of available data in a specific time and place. The mosaic of data available from the later Old Kingdom provides an especially compelling rationale for adopting this multidimensional approach. Earlier accounts of this pivotal era in ancient Egyptian history have relied most heavily on textual evidence ‐ not least because for the first time there existed lengthy biographical inscriptions of government officials providing tantalizing detail on individual political careers and legitimizing verbal rhetoric regarding possible historical events. In this particular period, however, the amounts of such textual data are outweighed in sheer quantity by contemporary archaeological remains. I have previously argued that spatial patterning, both in the synchronic distribution of these remains and (perhaps more compellingly) in the shifts of these patterns over time, should play an equal or even more prominent role in writing a socio-political history of this particular period. A primary case study explored in this essay is the late Old Kingdom mortuary landscape at Abydos where new data has emerged strengthening the diachronic evidence for the manipulation of a spatial rhetoric of political ideology, providing further insight into ancient Egyptian elites’ responses to perceived or real crises in centralized control of the country. This phenomenon at Abydos was only one part of a broader program of materializing central authority throughout the Egyptian Nile Valley at a time when the verbal rhetoric of royal power was limited in voice, audience, and context.

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9

Popielska-Grzybowska, Joanna. "Picturing the Pharaoh Through Language – Remarks on the Linguistic Image of the Egyptian King in the Old Kingdom Religious Texts." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 18 (December 30, 2014): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.18.2014.18.09.

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The author of the paper aims at scrutinising the linguistic image of the Egyptian pharaoh in the so-called Pyramid Texts. Was the Egyptian ruler perceived as a human representative of the god on Earth or rather was he a or the god himself? Special emphasis will be put on names and epithets of the King when described or referred to in religious texts of the Old Kingdom. This study is planned as a part of a future research project on picturing the pharaoh through language in religious and royal texts from the beginning of the Old Kingdom till the end of the New Kingdom, and realised in cooperation with Dr. Andrzej Ćwiek and Jadwiga Iwaszczuk.Furthermore, the paper is also a presentation of use of ethnolinguistic methods in Egyptology. Using scholarly methods of the ‘linguistic worldview’ research project in which the present author participates, it is intended to study selected ancient Egyptian concepts. Although language analysis as well as widely understood and studied ‘life context’ of ancient religious notions let us only a textual and linguistic reconstruction of the world presented, concurrently, helps us understand better the Egyptian religious way of description and thinking.

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10

Ahmed, B. "OLD KINGDOM DOOR LINTEL OF ISI AT THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM." Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2020.98958.

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11

Bárta, Miroslav. "The Title "Priest of Heket" in the Egyptian Old Kingdom." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 58, no. 2 (April 1999): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468686.

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Bárta, Miroslav. "Location of the Old Kingdom Pyramids in Egypt." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15, no. 2 (October 2005): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774305000090.

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The principal factors influencing the location of the Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt are reconsidered. The decisive factors influencing their distribution over an area of c. eighty kilometres were essentially of economic, geomorphologic, socio-political and unavoidably also of religious nature. Primary importance is to be attributed to the existence of the Old Kingdom capital of Egypt, Memphis, which was a central place with regard to the Old Kingdom pyramid fields. Its economic potential and primacy in the largely redistribution-driven state economy sustained construction of the vast majority of the pyramid complexes in its vicinity. The location of the remaining number of the Old Kingdom pyramids, including many of the largest ever built, is explained using primarily archaeological evidence. It is claimed that the major factors influencing their location lie in the sphere of general trends governing ancient Egyptian society of the period.

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Lajs, Katarzyna. "Evolution of Ancient Egyptian Bifacial Flint Knives." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 23 (December 31, 2019): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.01.

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Bifacial knives are a significant category of artefacts known from ancient Egypt, drawing the attention of researchers since the beginnings of Egyptology. A popular type of knife with a well-defined handle was produced from the Early Dynastic onwards. Bifacial knives were crucial in many aspects of life. The knives from the site of Tell el-Murra, located in the North-Eastern part of the Nile Delta, are no exception. The chronology of the site dates back to the Predynastic period and lasts to the end of the Old Kingdom. There are two main groups identified amongst the bifacial knives: the first one dated to the Early Dynastic period and the second to the Old Kingdom. Both of them have some specific features which allow them to be assigned to their proper chronological phases.

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Díaz Hernández, Roberto A. "The Egyptian Temple as a Place to House Collections (from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period)." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 103, no. 1 (June 2017): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307513317714393.

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As did Greek and Roman temples, Egyptian temples preserved collections of valuable objects or nouophores, i.e. ‘bearers of meaning’ (I). Two main types of nouophores can be distinguished in Egyptian temples (II): statues displayed in the temple (III), and ritual objects of costly materials stored in special chambers (IV). An examination of these collections suggests that the Egyptian temple functioned as an institution to collect and preserve the cultural heritage of ancient Egypt (V).

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15

Fanous, Andrew A., and William T. Couldwell. "Transnasal excerebration surgery in ancient Egypt." Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 4 (April 2012): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.12.jns11417.

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Ancient Egyptians were pioneers in many fields, including medicine and surgery. Our modern knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and surgical techniques stems from discoveries and observations made by Egyptian physicians and embalmers. In the realm of neurosurgery, ancient Egyptians were the first to elucidate cerebral and cranial anatomy, the first to describe evidence for the role of the spinal cord in the transmission of information from the brain to the extremities, and the first to invent surgical techniques such as trepanning and stitching. In addition, the transnasal approach to skull base and intracranial structures was first devised by Egyptian embalmers to excerebrate the cranial vault during mummification. In this historical vignette, the authors examine paleoradiological and other evidence from ancient Egyptian skulls and mummies of all periods, from the Old Kingdom to Greco-Roman Egypt, to shed light on the development of transnasal surgery in this ancient civilization. The authors confirm earlier observations concerning the laterality of this technique, suggesting that ancient Egyptian excerebration techniques penetrated the skull base mostly on the left side. They also suggest that the original technique used to access the skull base in ancient Egypt was a transethmoidal one, which later evolved to follow a transsphenoidal route similar to the one used today to gain access to pituitary lesions.

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16

Kmošek, Jiří, Martin Odler, Marek Fikrle, and Yulia V. Kochergina. "Invisible connections. Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom Egyptian metalwork in the Egyptian Museum of Leipzig University." Journal of Archaeological Science 96 (August 2018): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2018.04.004.

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17

Gratien, Brigitte. "La Basse Nubie a L'Ancien Empire: Egyptiens Et Autochtones." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 81, no. 1 (December 1995): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751339508100110.

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Was Lower Nubia inhabited during the Old Kingdom? Since G. A. Reisner's hypothetical ‘B Group’ was discounted, the archaeological sources seem to have contradicted the Egyptian texts, which give the impression of an area which was populated, if not prosperous. Examination of recent finds, however, suggests the existence of a Nubian population between Aniba and the Second Cataract, and the greater part of the Nubian pottery discovered on the Old Kingdom site at Buhen may provide the most convincing evidence for this.

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18

Babcock, Jennifer Miyuki. "Curated Desertscapes in Ancient Egyptian Tombs and Investigating Iconographies of the Wild." Arts 11, no. 3 (May 26, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts11030059.

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Because of a long-standing bias toward examining human representation in Egyptian art, scholars have overlooked many details of how wild animals are rendered, at least until recently. Usually, the stylistic differences between animals and humans in ancient Egyptian art are emphasized to support the argument that animals and their environs encapsulate ancient Egyptian ideas of “chaos”, while humans and their cultivated world encapsulate “order”. A closer look at animal representations shows that the same artistic restraints were placed on both human and animal representation, such as with the use of the canon of proportions, strict register lines, and iconicity. This article examines predynastic and early dynastic material and surveys representations of desert animals from Egyptian tombs from the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom to demonstrate that their artistic treatment is still rule-bound and conforms to a sense of visual order. This paper challenges some of the scholarly interpretations, which assert that dichotomous ideas of chaos and order were represented stylistically and iconographically.

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19

Willems, Harco. "“Cylinder seals for the lower classes”." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 145, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2018-0017.

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Summary Egyptologists have paid much attention to inscribed administrative seals and their impressions. By contrast, the so-called figure seals, which render no or hardly any text, but instead use icons and signs inspired on hieroglyphs which however yield no coherent sense, have received far less attention. Usually this material is related to the lower strata of society. According to current interpretations, it is rooted in the Egyptian culture of the later Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period. The phenomenon would be a corollary of the decreasing prominence of central state authority in this era. Proceeding from a number of recent early Old Kingdom finds from al-Shaykh Saʽīd/Wādī Zabaydā, the present article argues that a) figure seals were continually in use from the late Predynastic until the late Old Kingdom and b) different from what is commonly assumed, stamp seals were in existence long before the late Old Kingdom. The article challenges the relationship between these object categories and developments specifically in late Old Kingdom Egypt.

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20

McCorquodale, Kim. "The Hoopoe and the Child in Old Kingdom Art." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 56, no. 1 (December 2020): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jarce.56.2020.a007.

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Hoopoes are highly distinctive birds in Egyptian art. They have been attributed with a special link to children, and it has been claimed that in the Old Kingdom, a naked child who holds a hoopoe is the eldest son and the heir of the deceased. However, a broader examination of all children of the tomb owner and a larger corpus do not support these assertions. Hoopoes are held by both male and female adults as well as both male and female children. They are held by eldest and younger sons in almost equal numbers and in the majority of cases, where a younger son holds a hoopoe, the eldest son is present in the same scene but does not hold a hoopoe. It appears that hoopoes are just attractive birds that are held by both adults and children in much the same way as geese, ducks, pigeons, golden orioles, and other small birds.

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21

Kozieradzka-Ogunmakin, Iwona. "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia in an Old Kingdom Egyptian skeleton: A case report." International Journal of Paleopathology 1, no. 3-4 (December 2011): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2011.10.002.

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22

Díaz Hernández, Roberto A. "The Man-impersonal sDm.n-ti/tw(=f) Form in Earlier Egyptian." Lingua Aegyptia - Journal of Egyptian Language Studies, no. 29 (2021): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37011/lingaeg.29.03.

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This paper aims to analyse the sDm.n-ti/tw(=f) form by means of the historical linguistic method. First of all, it will be argued on syntactic grounds that sDm.n-ti/tw(=f) is the Egyptian impersonal construction with an indefinite subject denoting a generic and defocused agent corresponding to the use of “one” in English, “on” in French, “man” in German, “uno/si” in Italian and “uno/se” in Spanish. The historical development of sDm.n-ti/tw(=f) in texts from the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2686–1650 B.C.) will then be studied and its use in Middle Kingdom textual genres will be examined under a synchronic perspective. Finally, new syntactic uses of sDm.n-ti/tw(=f) will be discussed.

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23

Eaton, Katherine. "Ancient Egyptian Concepts of Bodily Decay in the Old Kingdom Part 1, PT 684." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 145, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2018-0003.

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Summary Old Kingdom descriptions of bodily decay are surrounded by assertions of revivification and the maintenance of a proper offering ritual. Thus, the contexts of lines describing bodily decay are first examined, focusing on Pyramid Text (PT) Utterance 684. The problems of preventing the decay of the corpse, and curing conditions of the living body associated with decay were interrelated in ancient Egyptian thought. Already in the Old Kingdom, terminology surrounding wet, drippy decay (r ḏ w, fdt, ḥ wꜢ and ḥ wꜢꜢ.t) was clear and well developed; sometimes incorporated into the offering ritual through association with libations; and paralleled in medical literature. In contrast, terminology which appears to refer to dry decay (jmk, rpw) is rare, and does not have more general uses outside of mortuary literature.

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Kittler, Richard, and Stanislav Darula. "Applying Solar Geometry to Understand the Foundation Rituals of ‘Old Kingdom’ Egyptian Pyramids." Architectural Science Review 51, no. 4 (December 2008): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/asre.2008.5145.

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25

Strudwick, Nigel, and Dilwyn Jones. "An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 86 (2000): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3822324.

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26

ISHIDA, Hideto. "Reconstruction of an Ancient Egyptian Beer Dates Back to the Old Kingdom Era." JOURNAL OF THE BREWING SOCIETY OF JAPAN 98, no. 1 (2003): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6013/jbrewsocjapan1988.98.23.

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27

Wenke, Robert J., Paul E. Buck, Hany A. Hamroush, Michal Kobusiewicz, Karla Kroeper, and Richard W. Redding. "Kom el-Hisn: Excavation of an Old Kingdom Settlement in the Egyptian Delta." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 25 (1988): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40000868.

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28

Wier, Stuart Kirkland. "Insight from Geometry and Physics into the Construction of Egyptian Old Kingdom Pyramids." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6, no. 1 (April 1996): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001657.

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29

MATIĆ, UROŠ. "SCORCHED EARTH: VIOLENCE AND LANDSCAPE IN NEW KINGDOM EGYPTIAN REPRESENTATIONS OF WAR." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 28 (December 27, 2017): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2017.28.7-28.

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Death and destruction of peoples and lands are the reality of war. Since the Old Kingdom the destruction of enemy landscape is attested in Egyptian written sources and the number of attestations increases in the following periods, culminating in the New Kingdom. This is also the period when the first visual attestations of enemy landscape destruction appear. In this paper I will explore the actors, targets and acts concerning violence against enemy landscapes together with the use of landscape elements as metaphors for the violent treatments of enemies during the New Kingdom. The study shows that there are differences in representations of treatments of Syro-Palestinian and Nubian landscapes, which could be related to the reality of war itself, as monumental enemy fortresses did not exist in Upper Nubia, at least not on the same scale as in Syria-Palestine. This real difference went hand in hand with the ancient Egyptian construction of the Other as unsettled. Thus, urban landscapes of Syria-Palestine are objects of violence in the visual record where they are reduced to unsettled landscapes through destruction and desolation. It is also shown that this reality of war is additionally framed through Egyptian rules of decorum ascribing most of the destructions of landscape to the king and only some to the soldiers.

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30

Bojowald, Stefan. "The Egyptian Phonetic Change between "n" and "i"." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 8, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.8-2-2.

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This study deals with the Egyptian phonetic change between "n" and "i". The phenomenon has been known for half a century. Its first detailed investigation appeared in the grammar of Egyptian medical texts by Westendorf from the year 1962. In there, the phenomenon could be demonstrated in seven cases. The present contribution continues work on this topic, significantly increasing the number of examples. The material consists of writings of individual words on the one side and plays on words on the other. The period of the examples went from the Old Kingdom to the Graeco-Roman Period. In the course of the investigation, twenty two new examples could be collected. The phonetic change takes place from "n" to "i" and "i" to "n". Keywords: Egyptian philology, Egyptian phonology, phonetic change between "n" and "i"

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31

Retief, F. P., and L. Cilliers. "Egyptian medicine." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 23, no. 4 (September 23, 2004): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v23i4.202.

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Our understanding of ancient Egyptian medicine is seriously hampered by problems in the decipherment of the Egyptian writing, and the relative scarcity of medical writings from pharaonic times. No Egyptian medical equipment has survived. In this study the most recent understanding of medicine in pharaonic Egypt (3100-332 BC) is reviewed as it comes to the fore in inscriptions on walls and monuments, the writings of visiting historians, but mainly the contents of 10 so-called medical papyri written between circa 2500 BC and the 4th century BC. A clearly recognizable system of empirical medicine evolved from a background of magico-religious medicine during the Old Kingdom (2686-2181 BC) and flourished virtually unchanged for more than 2 millennia. Scientific empirical medicine co-existed with magical medicine during this time. The two entities influenced each other, and in the process Egypt produced mankind’s first scientific medical literature with a logical system of disease assessment and therapy, relatively free of magic. At the end of the pharaonic era a superior Greek medical system gradually became dominant, and when hieroglyphics were replaced by coptic Egyptian in the 5th century AD, the uniquely Egyptian contribution to medicine passed into oblivion, until early Egyptian writing was deciphered in the 19th and 20t centuries.

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Atwa, Dina M., Shimaa Ibrahim, Chiaramaria Stani, Giovanni Birarda, Nehal Ali, Emam Abdullah, Lisa Vaccari, et al. "Biodeterioration Assessment of a Unique Old Pharaonic Kingdom Wooden Statue Using Advanced Diagnostic Techniques." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 7020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147020.

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A recently discovered Egyptian wooden statue of King Djedefre was studied together with some surrounding burial soil samples for assessing the statue biodeterioration. The wooden morphological characterisation identified the hardwood Acacia nilotica as the wood type. X-ray diffraction, micro-FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with an X-ray spectrometer were used to evaluate the wood deterioration degree and the soil contribution in wood biodeterioration. Microbiological analyses (fluorescent in situ hybridisation and polymerase chain reaction) were also performed to detect the microbial attack on the statue. The prolonged interaction of the statue with the burial environment caused a strong wood decay due to biotic (fungi and bacteria) and abiotic factors (e.g., humidity fluctuations of the burial environment), which caused the severe cracking and collapsing of the wood structures. The analyses of the burial soil mineral composition were relevant for obtaining an overall picture of the statue deterioration. The results are useful for planning the right conservation procedures for this very particular and important wooden statue. Furthermore, analysis of the woody cell wall will help in the selection of appropriate consolidation and recovery treatments. Because the statue is a unique single piece of wood, and the morphological observations indicated that it is a bald woman in a sitting position, this statue will provide new and interesting knowledge of Egyptian culture.

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Volovich, Anna Yu. "ЛЯГУШКА В ЕГИПЕТСКИХ ВЕЛЬМОЖЕСКИХ ГРОБНИЦАХ ЭПОХИ ДРЕВНЕГО ЦАРСТВА: САКРАЛЬНЫЙ СИМВОЛ ИЛИ ТИПИЧНЫЙ ОБИТАТЕЛЬ НИЛЬСКИХ ТОПЕЙ?" Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-43-54.

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According to the worldview of the ancient Egyptians, tomb scenes present depictions of the world, inhabited by the deceased’s Ka (‘double’), and this world incorporates only important things for tomb’s owner. In this regard, interpretations of frogs’ images in several noble tombs of the Old Kingdom still present problems for the researchers. To address this problem, the author considers several interpretation options of the tombs scenes, depicting amphibians, trying to find out the nature of the animal images — whether they are symbolic or not. Included here are also some other representatives of the animal world, depicted alongside with the frog in the scenes in question; briefly outlined are the main characteristics of the frog’s cult in the Old Kingdom and earlier. As a result, the author comes to following conclusions. Firstly, regardless of the meaning — sacred or not — underlying the tomb scene, the very fact of presence of animals and fish that actually live in the Nile marsh is very important. Secondly, all the scenes cover aspects of the so-called ‘scenes of everyday life’. Thus, the main purpose of those scenes is to provide the owner of the tomb with abundant offerings. To do this, it is necessary to depict and record them as accurately as possible in the moment of their acquisition. Therefore, the habitat of all the animals, depicted in these scenes, was very important, while the fact of their sacralization was not. Finally, we can conclude that the frog in this case is depicted as a typical inhabitant of the Nile marsh. In addition, it can be assumed that during the period of the Old Kingdom it was revered not only as a sacral element or the symbol of the goddess Heqet, but also as an amphibian with a special habitat.

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Leary, Nicolle. "Fit for the Job: Proportion and the Portrayal of Cattle in Egyptian Old and Middle Kingdom Elite Tomb Imagery." Arts 10, no. 1 (February 7, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts10010013.

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Depictions of the natural world are an intrinsic feature of Egyptian visual culture, with the vast array of imagery documenting animals a testimony to the fundamental role they played. Despite the significance of animals in Egypt, an anthropocentric bias still exists in research on the methods used by practitioners during initial scene composition. To help bridge the divide, the author herein undertook an investigation to determine if proportional guides were in place when rendering animal figures in ancient Egyptian elite tomb imagery of the Old and Middle Kingdoms. A notable outcome of the proportional analysis was the identification of two distinct body-types for domestic cattle (Bos taurus taurus). The aim of the current paper is to further examine these proportional differences to explore if variations in physique (namely the distance between the chest floor and withers) were rendered by Egyptian practitioners to reflect the conditions in which they appeared by considering two overarching factors: (1) biological factors and (2) contextual factors. As such, the study will employ proportional analysis to challenge the prevailing perspective of a deregulated approach when illustrating fauna in elite tomb imagery, highlighting the significance of animals within ancient Egypt.

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Freed, R., and Yvonne Harpur. "Decoration in Egyptian Tombs of the Old Kingdom. Studies in Orientation and Scene Content." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 77 (1991): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3821981.

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Schulman, Alan R., and Yvonne Harpur. "Decoration in Egyptian Tombs of the Old Kingdom. Studies in Orientation and Scene Content." Journal of the American Oriental Society 110, no. 3 (July 1990): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603240.

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Foster, Karen Polinger, and Yvonne Harpur. "Decoration of Egyptian Tombs of the Old Kingdom: Studies in Orientation and Scene Content." Classical World 83, no. 2 (1989): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350566.

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Allam, S., and A. M. Roth. "Egyptian Phyles in the Old Kingdom: The Evolution of a System of Social Organization." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 36, no. 4 (1993): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3632289.

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Liritzis, I., C. Sideris, A. Vafiadou, and J. Mitsis. "Mineralogical, petrological and radioactivity aspects of some building material from Egyptian Old Kingdom monuments." Journal of Cultural Heritage 9, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2007.03.009.

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Kuraszkiewicz, Kamil O. "Architectural Innovations Influenced by Climatic Phenomena (4.2 Ka Event) in the Late Old Kingdom (Saqqara, Egypt)." Studia Quaternaria 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0003.

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AbstractThe work of the Polish-Egyptian Archaeological Mission at Saqqara revealed a cemetery of palace officials that was in use during the late Old Kingdom. The evidence found during the exploration of the tombs indicates that the tomb builders were aware of the problems resulting from torrential rains in last years of functioning of the cemetery and that architectural solutions have been invented against these problems. The discussed phenomena seem to be directly related to the 4.2 ka event.

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Kutscher, Silvia. "Multimodale graphische Kommunikation im pharaonischen Ägypten: Entwurf einer Analysemethode." Lingua Aegyptia - Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 28 (November 2020): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.37011/lingaeg.28.03.

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“Multimodal graphic communication in Ancient Egypt: A method for analysis”: This article presents a method to analyse Hieroglyphic-Egyptian artefacts based on the semiotic approach of multimodality. In a first step, the theoretical background of multimodality research is given and its methodological application to Hieroglyphic-Egyptian text-image-compositions is discussed. In a second step, the method is illustrated analysing a relief from an Old Kingdom mastaba in Giza – the will of Wep-em-nefert (G8882). In a third step, some graphic techniques for information structuring are compared to similar techniques that can be found in Franco-Belgian comics. In indenting semiotic methods of multimodality research with Egyptology, this article presents a new perspective for the investigation of Hieroglyphic-Egyptian artefacts, which opens new grounds for both research areas and for interdisciplinary dialog.

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Malykh, Svetlana. "Tens, Hundreds, Thousands: On the Question of the Rationality of the Ancient Egyptian Burial Rites and Funerary Cult." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2223345.

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The article is devoted to the significant phenomena in the evolution of material part of the ancient Egyptian burial rites and funerary cult of the Old Kingdom (3rd millennium BC) — using of model substitutes of objects in various rituals in the necropolises of the Memphis region. Analysis of historical sources shows that the Egyptians, at the dawn of their dynastic history, came to the need to reduce the material costs for the afterlife sphere with the increasing complexity of the burial rites and funerary cult. Their complication progressed in parallel with their transition from the category of real actions to the category of symbolical ones. The more things the deceased needed for a prosperous existence in the afterlife, the more often these things were replaced by their symbols, which were supposed to turn into real ones in the other world with the help of various magical rituals. In course of time, the complex burial rites and funerary cult of the Egyptian nobility simplified, but the rational idea that quantity can replace quality and contribute to well-being in the afterlife remained and was embodied, in particular, in the multiplication of various symbols of apotropaic amulets.

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Militarev, A. Yu. "Ancient Egyptian - Arabic contacts in lexicon: clue to Arabic Urheimat?" Orientalistica 3, no. 3 (October 3, 2020): 783–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-3-783-798.

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The present paper aims at demonstrating possibilities of the comparative and historical method in linguistics in reconstructing ethno-cultural prehistory of ancient peoples. Methodologically, it is based upon the analysis of 46 Ancient Egyptian-Arabic lexical parallels most of which are unattested in other Semitic and Afrasian languages, collected by the Hungarian specialist in Egyptian and Aftrasian languages G. Takacs and his predecessors. The author was the first to notice that some of 46 lexical parallels for semantic or phonetic reasons can hardly be considered to be randomly surviving cognates; neither can they be descarded as lookalikes. He suggests that they are direct lexical borrowings. This suggestion implies undiscovered contacts between Egypt and proto-Arabic speakers. According to the author's glottochronological dating, proto-Arabic separated from Central Semitic in early 3rd mill. BCE. These contacts started as early as the Old Kingdom and lasted through Middle to New Kingdoms. He concludes that the striking feature in this discovery is not only presumed Egyptian loans in Arabic but a small minority of very likely Arabisms in Egyptian language of all these periods. He argues that the most “robust” cases may testify to the Urheimat of proto-Arabic speakers located within reach of Egypt. The author is also inclined to identify the people of Midianites mentioned in both Hebrew and Arabic sources as Proto-Arabic speakers. However, as his competence is limited to comparative Afrasian linguistics and Semitic etymology, he leaves this arguable question to discuss archaeologists and historians.

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Alexandrova, Ekaterina V. "TO THE PROBLEM OF COMPARATIVE AND TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES OF EGYPTIAN RELIGION OF THE OLD KINGDOM." Studia Religiosa Rossica: Russian Journal of Religion, no. 4 (2019): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-4158-2019-4-11-34.

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Peterková Hlouchová, Marie. "Early Evidence for the Egyptian God Kheprer." Archiv orientální 89, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.89.1.1-34.

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Analysing early pieces of evidence for a phenomenon has always been a problematic task and it can be more difficult when dealing with a religious topic. Anachronistic approaches have often been projected in this kind of research, which brings inaccurate interpretations and findings. This paper concentrates on early testimonies for the ancient Egyptian god Kheprer, the deity of the morning sun and autogenesis. It discusses some previously suggested Predynastic, Early Dynastic, and Old Kingdom sources (such as finds of beetles in vessels, the so-called Libyan Palette, Giza writing board, figures of beetles, personal names and titles, Pyramid Texts) that can refer to the existence and belief in this deity. This study focuses mainly on the problematic issues in the interpretations of those finds, demonstrating thus that the only secure evidence for Kheprer comes from the Pyramid Texts.

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Zago, Silvia. "Classifying the Duat." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 145, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2018-0018.

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Summary The notion of Duat plays a major role in ancient Egyptian funerary beliefs. Yet, a single definition of this notion is impossible to achieve, as it underwent a process of evolution over thousands of years without ever designating just one unambiguous place at a time. In this context, an approach based on cognitive linguistics and on the significance of the determinatives accompanying the word Duat can be exploited to shed more light on this elusive concept. The focus will be here on the Pyramid Texts and the Coffin Texts as well as the intermediary phase of transmission of the funerary literature during the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom.

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Jucha, Mariusz, Grzegorz Bąk-Pryc, Natalia Małecka-Drozd, and Magdalena Kazimierczak. "Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey): preliminary report on research in 2016–2017." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 27, no. 1 (April 11, 2018): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1970.

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The paper deals with the results of excavation in 2016 and 2017 at the site of Tell el-Murra in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta. The investigation focused on Trench T5, where settlement remains dated mostly from the Early Dynastic period were explored in its northern part, and early Old Kingdom structures in the southern part. Settlement remains of Lower Egyptian culture were also excavated in Trench S3B. Continued research on the Early Dynastic cemetery in Trench S3 yielded eight more graves, both pit burials and chambered tombs. In one case, the body was placed additionally in a pottery coffin. The results contribute new data on Early Dynastic settlement architecture and burial customs, as well as the oldest habitation associated with Lower Egyptian culture.

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Dee, M. W., C. Bronk Ramsey, A. J. Shortland, T. F. G. Higham, and J. M. Rowland. "Reanalysis of the Chronological Discrepancies Obtained by the Old and Middle Kingdom Monuments Project." Radiocarbon 51, no. 3 (2009): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200034111.

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The most extensive chronometric study ever undertaken on Egyptian Dynastic sites was published in Radiocarbon by Bonani et al. (2001). It comprised 269 radiocarbon measurements on monuments ranging from the 1st–12th dynasties. However, many of the calibrated dates obtained were significantly offset from historical estimates. The greatest discrepancies occurred in the 4th Dynasty where, paradoxically, the dating program had been most rigorous. For this period, 158 measurements were made at 12 sites, with the majority of the dates being 200–300 yr older than expected. The 4th Dynasty results were especially significant as they included some of the most important monuments in Egypt. In this paper, the raw data from that study have been reanalyzed using the OxCal calibration program, making particular use of its new outlier detection functionality. This Bayesian approach has resulted in a new series of calibrations that show much closer agreement with conventional chronological records.

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Bardoňová, Martina. "Changing Concept of the Royal Grain Management in Egypt (2600-1650 BC)." Archiv orientální 89, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.89.1.35-61.

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The present study concerns a longue durée evolution of the ancient Egyptian Snw.ty from the time of its foundation during the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom (ca 2600–1650 BC). During this time, Snw.ty was the apex of the royal grain management as an important royal tool and intermediary between the producers and receivers of the grain. The objective of this study is to determine how Snw.ty was used during this time and how its operations transformed with respect to changing royal administration and policies. The analysis is based on observation of term’s use transformations which might be indicative of its changing sense, as found in written documents referring to both Snw.ty and related Snw.wt installations.

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Lacovara, Peter, Salima Ikram, Bob Brier, Margaret Leveque, and Renée Stein. "An Egyptian Mummy of the Late Old Kingdom in the Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 51, no. 1 (January 2015): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jarce.51.2015.a003.

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