Relevant bibliographies by topics / Egyptian Old Kingdom

Academic literature on the topic 'Egyptian Old Kingdom'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Egyptian Old Kingdom"

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Hamilton, Julia Clare Francis. "Hedgehogs and Hedgehog-Head Boats in Ancient Egyptian Religion in the Late 3rd Millennium BCE." Arts 11, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts11010031.

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Hedgehogs held a special place in ancient Egyptian life like many other desert- and marsh-dwelling animals. Their natural defensive qualities were admired by ancient Egyptians and their bodily parts, notably their hardened spines, were used as ingredients in medico-magical prescriptions. In tomb reliefs of the late 3rd Millennium BCE, hedgehogs are represented being carried alive by offering bearers or as background participants in desert hunting scenes. In later periods of Egyptian history, rattles, small unguent vessels, and scaraboid amulets were made in their shape, all of which are presumed to have had apotropaic purposes. A particular votive object of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE) is a palm-sized modelled boat with a prow in the shape of a hedgehog head, which has been discovered at sites throughout Egypt. A similar representation of this motif is the so-called ‘Henet’-boat (from the word ḥnt[j]) with a hedgehog head at the prow facing inwards, which is found in late Old Kingdom art. This article reassesses the role of hedgehogs as protective or apotropaic entities and their association with boats, considering how ancient Egyptians understood their ecology and their predation of snakes, scorpions, and similar stinging creatures. An updated list is provided of known representations of hedgehog-head boats, including petroglyphs and as yet unpublished examples from tombs at Giza and Saqqara. The meaning of the ancient Egyptian word ḥnt(j) is also rexamined in relation to the representation of riverine and marsh-water boats in Old Kingdom tombs.
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FISCHER, Henri G. "Titles and Epitets of the Egyptian Old Kingdom." Bibliotheca Orientalis 59, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bior.59.1.2015657.

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Belmonte, Juan Antonio. "On the Orientation of Old Kingdom Egyptian Pyramids." Journal for the History of Astronomy 32, no. 26 (February 2001): S1—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860103202601.

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Gautschy, Rita, Michael E. Habicht, Francesco M. Galassi, Daniela Rutica, Frank J. Rühli, and Rainer Hannig. "A New Astronomically Based Chronological Model for the Egyptian Old Kingdom." Journal of Egyptian History 10, no. 2 (November 17, 2017): 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340035.

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Abstract A recently discovered inscription on an ancient Egyptian ointment jar mentions the heliacal rising of Sirius. In the time of the early Pharaohs, this specific astronomical event marked the beginning of the Egyptian New Year and originally the annual return of the Nile flood, making it of great ritual importance. Since the Egyptian civil calendar of 365 days permanently shifted one day in four years in comparison to the stars due to the lack of intercalation, the connection of a date from the Egyptian civil calendar with the heliacal rising of Sothis is vitally important for the reconstruction of chronology. The new Sothis date from the Old Kingdom (3rd–6th Dynasties) in combination with other astronomical data and radiocarbon dating re-calibrates the chronology of ancient Egypt and consequently the dating of the Pyramids. A chronological model for Dynasties 3 to 6 constructed on the basis of calculated astronomical data and contemporaneously documented year dates of Pharaohs is presented.
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Wenke, Robert J. "Old kingdom community organization in the Western Egyptian Delta." Norwegian Archaeological Review 19, no. 1 (January 1986): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1986.9965427.

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Ambers, J. "Raman analysis of pigments from the Egyptian Old Kingdom." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 35, no. 89 (July 6, 2004): 768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1187.

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Lebedev, Maksim. "Non-Standard Old Kingdom Burials in the Context of Egyptian Ideas about the Afterlife." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2221931.

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The paper deals with the problem of identifying and analyzing non-standard (alternative, deviant, extraordinary, atypical) Egyptian burials of the Old Kingdom (27th—22nd centuries BCE). On the territory of the Nile Valley, non-standard features are usually recorded in orientation of the body of the deceased or its position, manipulations with the body (skeleton) parts, incompleteness of the body (skeleton), and other features that are not consistent with the common burial rite. The problems associated with the study of ancient Egyptian non-normative burial practices are considered in connection to manipulations with heads (skulls) reported from Egyptian necropolises. The author discusses the place of non-standard practices in the structure of Egyptian funerary activities as well as possible reasons for such deviations with relation to Egyptian ideas about the afterlife. Among the main problems associated with the study of non-standard burials, the lack of securely recorded archaeological contexts and the absence of paleopathological reports are discussed. Finally, the paper considers perspectives on the study of non-normative ancient Egyptian burials at the present stage of the development of Egyptology.
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Richards, Janet. "Spatial and Verbal rhetorics of power: Constructing late old kingdom history." Journal of Egyptian History 3, no. 2 (2010): 339–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187416610x541754.

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AbstractIn writing ancient Egyptian social and political history, we take for granted that we should privilege neither textual nor material cultural evidence; rather, we should weave narratives incorporating both strands in weights commensurate with the actual profile of available data in a specific time and place. The mosaic of data available from the later Old Kingdom provides an especially compelling rationale for adopting this multidimensional approach. Earlier accounts of this pivotal era in ancient Egyptian history have relied most heavily on textual evidence ‐ not least because for the first time there existed lengthy biographical inscriptions of government officials providing tantalizing detail on individual political careers and legitimizing verbal rhetoric regarding possible historical events. In this particular period, however, the amounts of such textual data are outweighed in sheer quantity by contemporary archaeological remains. I have previously argued that spatial patterning, both in the synchronic distribution of these remains and (perhaps more compellingly) in the shifts of these patterns over time, should play an equal or even more prominent role in writing a socio-political history of this particular period. A primary case study explored in this essay is the late Old Kingdom mortuary landscape at Abydos where new data has emerged strengthening the diachronic evidence for the manipulation of a spatial rhetoric of political ideology, providing further insight into ancient Egyptian elites’ responses to perceived or real crises in centralized control of the country. This phenomenon at Abydos was only one part of a broader program of materializing central authority throughout the Egyptian Nile Valley at a time when the verbal rhetoric of royal power was limited in voice, audience, and context.
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Popielska-Grzybowska, Joanna. "Picturing the Pharaoh Through Language – Remarks on the Linguistic Image of the Egyptian King in the Old Kingdom Religious Texts." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 18 (December 30, 2014): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.18.2014.18.09.

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The author of the paper aims at scrutinising the linguistic image of the Egyptian pharaoh in the so-called Pyramid Texts. Was the Egyptian ruler perceived as a human representative of the god on Earth or rather was he a or the god himself? Special emphasis will be put on names and epithets of the King when described or referred to in religious texts of the Old Kingdom. This study is planned as a part of a future research project on picturing the pharaoh through language in religious and royal texts from the beginning of the Old Kingdom till the end of the New Kingdom, and realised in cooperation with Dr. Andrzej Ćwiek and Jadwiga Iwaszczuk.Furthermore, the paper is also a presentation of use of ethnolinguistic methods in Egyptology. Using scholarly methods of the ‘linguistic worldview’ research project in which the present author participates, it is intended to study selected ancient Egyptian concepts. Although language analysis as well as widely understood and studied ‘life context’ of ancient religious notions let us only a textual and linguistic reconstruction of the world presented, concurrently, helps us understand better the Egyptian religious way of description and thinking.
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Ahmed, B. "OLD KINGDOM DOOR LINTEL OF ISI AT THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM." Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2020.98958.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Egyptian Old Kingdom"

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Werschkun, Cordula. "Resource procurement and management in Egyptian settlements of the Old Kingdom." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540038.

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The first chapter discusses why the topic and general approach of thesis was chosen. It outlines some of the problems involved in the study of the different resources as expressed in the archaeological record, addressing each resource individually. Finally, a model for the analysis of resource management is introduced. The Heit el-Ghurab settlement and various other settlement sites on the Giza Plateau are discussed. Each site is examined individually according to its project history, general features and activities concerning resource procurement and management, followed by a brief discussion. An overall discussion of the Giza sites concludes this chapter. The next three chapters discuss the settlements of Kom el-Hisn, Elephantine and Ayn Asil according to the outline developed for the chapter on the Giza Plateau. The final chapter summarises the various forms of resource procurement and management for the individual resources, before turning to discuss the economic character of the settlements studied and their interconnection. Finally, there follows a short discussion of the nature of the Old Kingdom economy on the basis of the results of the previous chapters, including a brief examination of earlier studies of the ancient Egyptian economic system
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Harvey, Julia Carol. "A typological study of Egyptian wooden statues of the Old Kingdom." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317754/.

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A corpus of 217 wooden statues dating from the Egyptian Old Kingdom is examined and discussed in detail. 127 statues have been dated to individual reigns within the Old Kingdom and are placed in chronological order (Catalogue A). They form the basis of a chronological feature list. Using the dating criteria from the feature list, and by drawing parallels with Catalogue A, a further 75 statues (Catalogue B) have been assigned to individual reigns within the Old Kingdom. New features from Catalogue B are then added to the chronological feature list. Catalogue C comprises statues which have no parallels in Catalogue A , but do sometimes have a parallel in Catalogue B, and which in the absence so far of evidence to the contrary, may be assigned to the Old Kingdom. Appendix I discusses the texts inscribed on 51 of the statues. These consist of the names and titles of the tomb owner. The texts are usually inscribed on the bases, but in two instances they are on the skirt, and once on the sceptre. The titles are examined in detail to see whether their date range is consistent with the dates suggested in the text. Unfortunately the inscriptions give no further dating assistance. The phrase im3hw hr is examined in detail and it emerges that its use changed over time. Appendix 2 is a discussion of the material of the statues, as far as this is known. Only 8 statues have been scientifically analysed, a further 4 have been identified visually, and another 2 have unconfirmed analyses. From this meagre information it emerges that indigenous woods were preferred to imported woods. The most popular indiginous woods are sycamore and acacia. Appendix 3 is a table of the dating features based on Catalogue A which, when applied to statues not in the corpus, can assist in assigning a date to them.
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Van, Pelt Willem Paul. "Pyramids, proteins, and pathogens : a cultural and scientific analysis of Egyptian Old Kingdom pyramid mortars." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708868.

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Bloxam, Elizabeth Gambier. "The organisation, transportation and logistics of hard stone quarrying in the Egyptian Old Kingdom : a comparative study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446697/.

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Widan el-Faras and Chephren's Quarry are two major hard stone quarries located outside the Nile Valley in the Western Desert of Egypt. Both quarries were exploited during the Old Kingdom exclusively for royal and elite purposes when hard stone consumption was at its peak during the 4th and 5th Dynasties. Basalt from Widan el-Faras was used for paving temple floors and Chephren Gneiss from Chephren's Quarry for royal statuary and vessels. The thesis presents a new approach to the interpretation of archaeological data from these quarries by using a comparative methodology that encompasses cross-cultural theoretical models of stone procurement. From such an approach significant insights can be made into the social context of these practises which have hitherto been poorly understood. From examination and interpretation of fresh quarry data collected from recent survey and excavation of Widan el-Faras and Chephren's Quarry, it is proposed that Old Kingdom quarry expeditions, outside the Nile Valley, were small-scale campaign-driven operations involving specialists, well-organised through kinship ties and mobilised for specific projects. Comparative analysis of ceramic evidence and stone tools has also highlighted connections between quarries across a diverse geographical range. Furthermore, a comparison of quarry inscriptions with settlement and ceramic data implies that the numbers of people involved in remote source quarry expeditions are fewer than the written sources suggest. Water-borne transport of stone and environmental conditions played an important part in the logistics of monumental stone acquisition from remote sources and cessation in exploitation may be linked to changes in these conditions and lower Nile floods by the 6th Dynasty. The discovery of ancient shallow groundwater wells providing water for domestic and production purposes and new concepts relating to methods of stone transport are presented. Changes in production and consumption of certain stones can also be measured against political, economic and ideological transformations over time.
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Tassie, G. J. "The social and ritual contextualisation of Ancient Egyptian hair and hairstyles from the Protodynastic to the end of the Old Kingdom." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18730/.

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Hair, the most malleable part of the human body, lends itself to the most varied forms of impermanent modifications. The resulting hairstyles convey social practices and norms, and may be regarded as part of the “representation of self” and an integral element in the maintenance and structuring of society. In this thesis, a systematic and quantative investigation has been undertaken of the structural relationships between variations in hairstyles and principal changes in social organisation in ancient Egypt from the Protodynastic to the end of the Old Kingdom (3,350-2,181 BC), a period that witnessed the rise, consolidation and eventually breakdown of centralised authority. The results reveal that hairstyles were linked to the identity of individuals and social groups, such as men, women, children and the elderly. Hairstyles were used as a means of displaying status. After experimentation with a broad spectrum of hairstyles during the Protodynastic and early Dynasty I, an institutionalised canon for hairstyles was established, coinciding with the creation of administrative institutions. These codified hairstyles continued to serve as the norms for identifying members of the administration or signs of authority. By the end of the Old Kingdom, the hairstyles of the elite had been adopted by the lower officials of the increased bureaucracy and provincial elites as representations of their newly acquired power and status. Although initially the majority of the men had their hair cut short, modifications of short hair and the adoption of mid- and shoulder-length hair became progressively common. The use of certain hairstyles was restricted to the higher social offices, with longer hair being emblematic of power and divinity. Women, by contrast, initially had long hair with greater variety occurring by Dynasty I and a more restricted array from Dynasty II onwards. However, long hair was predominant among women of all social statuses in all periods. Long hair may have thus been related to the perception of women as mothers (responsible for childbirth and nursing), and hence their perceived role as directly linked with procreation and fecundity. Although the adoption of the tripartite by high officials was related to this ‘generative’ aspect of feminine hairstyles, it was primarily in imitation of the God Osiris and his regenerative powers.
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Atanassova, Vessela. "Les prêtres Hmw-ntr du culte divin (de l’époque thinite à la fin de l’Ancien Empire)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040226.

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Les prêtres sont une partie indissociable de l’organisation et du fonctionnement de la société égyptienne. Parmi eux les prophètes avaient une grande importance dans le clergé égyptien. Leur étude nous permet non seulement une meilleure compréhension du sacerdoce égyptien, mais aussi une meilleure connaissance de la religion égyptienne. Concentrée sur l’époque thinite et l’Ancien Empire, notre recherche a fait l’examen exhaustif des titulaires des prêtrises divines afin de comprendre les mécanismes de l’obtention de celle-ci et les fonctions déléguées aux prophètes. L’examen de sources nous a parmi d’attester une relation entre fonction civile et prêtrise divine qui est étudiée en détail. Nous discuterons la chronologie des prêtrises, les divinités concernées et la nature de ses titulaires. Nous interrogeons sur l’obtention et la transmission de la prêtrise divine. Enfin, nous poserons la question sur les lieux d’exercice de la fonction sacerdotale, ainsi que sur ce que celle-ci devait être
The priests were an inseparable part of the organisation and functioning of the Egyptian society. Among them the prophets were one of the most important for the Egyptian clergy. The study of them allows us not only a better comprehension ofthe Egyptian priesthood but also a better knowledge of the Egyptian religion. Focused on the Early dynastic period and the Old Kingdom our research examinedthe holders of the divine priesthoods in order to understand the ways of having andobtaining it. The study of the sources allowed us to attest a relation between the civil service and the divine priesthood. We discussed the priesthood’s chronology, the mentioned gods and its holders. We question about its obtainment and transmission. At last, we focused on finding the place of exercise of the priesthood and its significance
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Carlsson, Petra. "Människan i Maassara." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-342000.

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An osteological study on human skeletal remains from Maassara in Egypt. The goal of the study was to get a good picture of the health of the individuals buried in the graves at Maassara. The study was combined of nine individuals. Two from the Early Dynastic period and six individuals from the Old Kingdom. All the adult individuals have some form of pathological change. Most pathological changes are in the spine. Most pathological changes were age-related. Some of the individuals were very poorly kept and the bones were very fragile.
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Bönnemark, Margit. "Binamn i det forntida Egypten : En undersökning av personnamn, särskilt rn nfr, under Gamla riket, Förstaintermediet och Mellersta riket samt under Senperioden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Egyptologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323482.

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In Ancient Egypt, names were very important, in this life and the next. Gods had a multitude of names, and kings were usually given five names, but also private individuals could have several names, given at birth or later. One of these names was called rn nfr (the good name), and it was especially prevalent during the Old Kingdom. The term rn nfr slowly disappeared during the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom, but reappeared during the Late Period.The characteristics of all occurrences that could be found of rn nfr from the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom were studied and compared to the occurrences of rn nfr in the Late Period. They were also compared to the first names of the individuals who wore these rn nfr.The results of this investigation show that there are great differences between the earlier periods and the Late Period, especially in that the names of gods and kings are often prevalent in the rather long rn nfr of the Late Period, possibly used for official and religious purposes. The rn nfr of earlier periods are often short names, which people were probably called, on an everyday basis. They sometimes constitute abbreviations of first names, with phonological changes taking place, in the majority of cases only consisting of three consonants without any apparent meaning, perhaps used from a very early age, and in a few cases taking on the characteristics of true nicknames.
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Furlong, Pierce James. "Aspects of ancient Near Eastern chronology (c. 1600-700 BC)." Melbourne, 2007. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2096.

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The chronology of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Near East is currently a topic of intense scholarly debate. The conventional/orthodox chronology for this period has been assembled over the past one-two centuries using information from King-lists, royal annals and administrative documents, primarily those from the Great Kingdoms of Egypt, Assyria and Babylonia. This major enterprise has resulted in what can best be described as an extremely complex but little understood jigsaw puzzle composed of a multiplicity of loosely connected data. I argue in my thesis that this conventional chronology is fundamentally wrong, and that Egyptian New Kingdom (Memphite) dates should be lowered by 200 years to match historical actuality. This chronological adjustment is achieved in two stages: first, the removal of precisely 85 years of absolute Assyrian chronology from between the reigns of Shalmaneser II and Ashur-dan II; and second, the downward displacement of Egyptian Memphite dates relative to LBA Assyrian chronology by a further 115 years. Moreover, I rely upon Kuhnian epistemology to structure this alternate chronology so as to make it methodologically superior to the conventional chronology in terms of historical accuracy, precision, consistency and testability.
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"Cataloguing images for life six feet under: a comparative study on old kingdom Egyptian and Han Chinese visual data." 2015. http://repository.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/en/item/cuhk-1291559.

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Huang, Tzu-hsuan.
Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 633-641).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 24, October, 2016).
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Books on the topic "Egyptian Old Kingdom"

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Ashraf, Senussi, ed. Old kingdom pottery from Giza. Cairo, Egypt: Supreme Council of Antiquities (S.C.A), 2008.

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Old and Middle Kingdom Theban tombs. London: Golden House Publications, 2009.

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Soliman, Rasha. Old and Middle Kingdom Theban tombs. London: Golden House Publications, 2009.

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A, McFarlane, and Australian Centre for Egyptology, eds. Akhmim in the Old Kingdom. Sydney: Australian Centre for Egyptology, 1992.

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Studies on Old Kingdom reliefs and sculpture in the Hermitage. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2005.

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Hope, Colin A. Akhmim in the Old Kingdom. Oxford: Aris and Phillips, 2006.

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Sophie, Willoughby-Winlaw, Alexakis Effy, Shafik S. (Sameh), and Hawass Zahi A, eds. Decorated burial chambers of the old kingdom. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities, 2010.

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The God Min to the end of the Old Kingdom. Sydney: Australian Centre for Egyptology, 1995.

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Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais (France), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), and Royal Ontario Museum, eds. When the pyramids were built: Egyptian art of the Old Kingdom. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

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John, Garstang. El Arábah: A cemetery of the Middle Kingdom; survey of the Old Kingdom Temenos; graffiti from the Temple of Sety. London, England: Histories & Mysteries of Man Ltd., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Egyptian Old Kingdom"

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Xia, Nai. "Old Kingdom." In Ancient Egyptian Beads, 89–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54868-0_17.

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"Egyptian Old Kingdom." In Why Did Ancient States Collapse?, 11–14. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zckxpr.8.

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"Part One. The Old Kingdom." In Ancient Egyptian Literature, 45–116. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520973619-006.

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Bárta, Miroslav. "Egypt’s Old Kingdom." In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, 316–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0006.

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This chapter explores the vivid, dynamic, and multifaceted political history of the Old Kingdom of Egypt (twenty-sixth to twenty-second centuries BC). It focuses in particular on the evolution of Egyptian society and the role of state offices and bureaucracy in defining social status. The chapter surveys the available sources and environmental constraints, including the cyclical Nile floods, before analyzing the competition for status that drove social and political change, with a particular focus on the construction of funerary monuments. The chapter pays equal attention to the royal family and the other elites of the Old Kingdom. The state’s development is contextualized in external factors such as the constantly changing environment.
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Callender, V. G. "The art of Egyptian hieroglyphs as seen by the Akhmim painters." In Old Kingdom, New Perspectives, 33–41. Oxbow Books, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dm4r.8.

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García, Juan Carlos Moreno. "The Social Context of Biographies (Old and Middle Kingdom)." In Ancient Egyptian Biographies, 251–68. Lockwood Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14gpjc8.13.

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Morenzo García, Juan Carlos. "The Social Context of Biographies (Old and Middle Kingdom)." In Ancient Egyptian Biographies, 251–68. Lockwood Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/2020280.ch09.

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"Old Kingdom Giza." In Invisible Connections: An Archaeometallurgical Analysis of the Bronze Age Metalwork from the Egyptian Museum of the University of Leipzig, 34–45. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1bjc3bj.11.

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Bussmann, Richard. "Egypt’s Old Kingdom." In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, 459–530. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0008.

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This chapter outlines the diachronic development of and exchanges between central and local milieus in third millennium BC Egypt. The community at court witnessed a gradual rapprochement between kings and high-ranking officials during the Old Kingdom, beginning in the Fifth Dynasty. Increasing explication of kingship in visual discourse hints at conflicting views on the position of the king. Burial arrangements differed widely across provincial Egypt and at court, revealing a high degree of social diversity. Funerary culture revolved around the establishment of social relationships and social memory, whereas ideas about life in the netherworld were rarely expressed. The majority of preserved settlements in the Old Kingdom were planned by the state. Urbanism was weakly developed compared to other early complex states. The spiritual center of provincial towns was community shrines. Their material culture exhibits a mixture of central and local features, typical of “little traditions.” The shrines served as power bases for courtiers, sent out in the late Old Kingdom by the government to establish royal power permanently in the hinterland. The history of shrines and local elites differed across the country. In the long run, local temples emerged as the economic and ideological interface between provincial communities and the crown. Temples and towns coevolved toward the New Kingdom, at which time Egyptian society had a more urban outlook.
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Verner, Miroslav. "The Old Kingdom Royal Palace (ˁḥ)." In Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Palaces, 149–56. Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvrzgw3b.13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Egyptian Old Kingdom"

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Durmanov, Volodymyr. "ENVIRONMENTAL REASONS FOR CHANGING THE SHAPE OF PHARAOHS� NECROPOLISES IN THE OLD EGYPTIAN KINGDOM." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/5.3/s21.027.

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Enoch, Jay M. "Remarkable lenses and eye units in statues from the Egyptian Old Kingdom (ca. 4500 years ago): properties, timeline, questions requiring resolution." In ICO XVIII 18th Congress of the International Commission for Optics, edited by Alexander J. Glass, Joseph W. Goodman, Milton Chang, Arthur H. Guenther, and Toshimitsu Asakura. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354722.

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Kulikov, F. I. "Some principles of the construction of visual space in Egyptian private tombs of the Old Kingdom (for example, the tombs of Senejemib / Inti and Senegemib / Mechs)." In Наука России: Цели и задачи. LJournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-04-2019-22.

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