Journal articles on the topic 'Egyptian Egypt'
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1
Islami, Islam. "Political history of modern Egypt." ILIRIA International Review 6, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v6i1.231.
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Under the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was granted some autonomy because as long as taxes were paid, the Ottomans were content to let the Egyptians administer them. Nevertheless, the 17th and 18th centuries were ones of economic decline for Egypt.In 1798, the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Egypt and defeated the Egyptians on land at the battle of the Pyramids, but he was utterly defeated at sea by the British navy, which made him abandon his army and leave Egypt. Subsequently, British and Ottoman forces defeated the French army and forced them to surrender.In particular after the last quarter of 19 century, in Egypt began colonizing activities by Western European countries, while the reaction to such events occurred within “the Egyptian national movement.”With its history of five thousand years, Egypt is considered as the first modern state of the Arab world. Ottoman military representative Mehmet Ali Pasha takes a special place through his contribution to this process. He is seen as a statesman who carried important reforms, which can be compared even with the ones of Tanzimat. He managed to build Egypt as an independent state from the Ottoman Empire, standing on its own power.Gamal Abdel Nasser was the one who established the Republic of Egypt and ended the monarchy rule in Egypt following the Egyptian revolution in 1952. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades, by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution.
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Fanous, Andrew A., and William T. Couldwell. "Transnasal excerebration surgery in ancient Egypt." Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 4 (April 2012): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.12.jns11417.
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Ancient Egyptians were pioneers in many fields, including medicine and surgery. Our modern knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and surgical techniques stems from discoveries and observations made by Egyptian physicians and embalmers. In the realm of neurosurgery, ancient Egyptians were the first to elucidate cerebral and cranial anatomy, the first to describe evidence for the role of the spinal cord in the transmission of information from the brain to the extremities, and the first to invent surgical techniques such as trepanning and stitching. In addition, the transnasal approach to skull base and intracranial structures was first devised by Egyptian embalmers to excerebrate the cranial vault during mummification. In this historical vignette, the authors examine paleoradiological and other evidence from ancient Egyptian skulls and mummies of all periods, from the Old Kingdom to Greco-Roman Egypt, to shed light on the development of transnasal surgery in this ancient civilization. The authors confirm earlier observations concerning the laterality of this technique, suggesting that ancient Egyptian excerebration techniques penetrated the skull base mostly on the left side. They also suggest that the original technique used to access the skull base in ancient Egypt was a transethmoidal one, which later evolved to follow a transsphenoidal route similar to the one used today to gain access to pituitary lesions.
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Al-Sheikh, Rua. "The 2011 Egyptian Revolution: Its effects on the Egyptian community in the UK in terms of political participation, media use, belonging, and Egyptian identity." for(e)dialogue 1, no. 1 (March 16, 2016): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/for(e)dialogue.v1i1.533.
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This research seeks to examine the role played by the Egyptian Diaspora living in the UK during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and the extent to which they participated in it. The aim is to detangle the factors impacting the UK Egyptian community in terms of identity and belonging, and discuss whether the 2011 uprising had increased their political involvement through mass media or not. The assumption that diasporic communities are politically apathetic is considered. Little research has been conducted in this area of Diaspora, and a qualitative approach has been used to explore this. Preliminary findings indicate that Egyptians in the UK are more involved in political activities with regard to Egypt since 2011 uprising. When the Egyptian revolution broke out, some Egyptians living in the UK engaged in the revolution by voicing their opinions over the Internet and social media, while others travelled to Egypt to participate in the uprising.
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Sahrasad, Herdi. "REFORMASI MESIR: BERKACA PADA INDONESIA?" Dialog 34, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47655/dialog.v34i2.158.
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Nowadays, Egypt is in the hand of military that leads Egypt to the democratic life. In the same time, it was reported by media masses that one of five Egyptians lived under poverty line, and the 12% inflation reduced Egyptians income dramatically and caused impediment to get education, basic need and health. After Mubarak, Egyptian reformation is far from over. Will Egypt reformation be in common with Indonesia? How should Egypt be governed post-Mubarak? How are political, economic and social circumstances of Egypt after Mubarak? This paper explores deeply those questions.
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Culang, Jeffrey. "“The Shari‘a must go”: Seduction, Moral Injury, and Religious Freedom in Egypt's Liberal Age." Comparative Studies in Society and History 60, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 446–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417518000117.
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AbstractSince the 2011 uprising in Egypt, the Egyptian state has increasingly used the charge of contempt of religion (izdira’ al-din) to regulate speech. This charge, though sometimes assumed to be a medieval holdover, is part of a modern genealogy of the politics of religious freedom. This article examines how religious freedom accumulated meaning in Egypt after World War I, when it became an international legal standard. Protestant missionaries in Egypt advocated religious freedom as the right to proselytize and the right of Egyptians to convert. For many Egyptians, by contrast, it came to mean the right to protect one's religion from perceived missionary attacks (ta‘n). Using British state archival records, missionary sources, and Egyptian parliamentary transcripts and periodicals, this article traces the formation of this paradox in public discourse and law. Drawing on theorizations of seduction and moral injury, I show how Egyptians articulated notions of religious freedom centered around feelings of moral injury and through a local ethical vernacular that, though embedded within the Islamic tradition, was broadly shared. The Egyptian state gradually incorporated these sensibilities into its expanding modern legal system as part of maintaining a majority-defined public order, transforming offense to religion from a moral issue into a punishable crime. Forged through a contingent process involving missionaries, local communities, and the Egyptian state under the shadow of colonial rule, religious freedom has exacerbated rather than resolved religious divides in Egypt, and has helped to define and delimit the country's political, moral, and religious imaginaries.
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Xekalaki, Georgia. "On Borders and Expansion: Egyptian Imperialism in the Levant during the Ramesside Period." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): 3938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040216.
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This paper aims to define the way Egyptians perceived the boundaries of their land and reassesses the impact of Egyptian colonialism during the Ramesside period (c. 1292–1069 BCE). During this era, expansive wars, diplomatic action and land administration/governance reforms led Egypt to control a large part of modern Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria. To refer to this period, historians often use the terms Egyptian “empire” and Egyptian “imperialism”, extending terminology coined in the 19th century to describe modern cases of political dominance to Late Bronze Age Egypt. Furthermore, traditional scholarship also presents Egypt’s borders in such a way that Egypt appears as a solid territory with fixed borders, despite evidence pointing to a different model of geographical division. Seeking to explore whether the use of modern terms on ancient Egypt may be an anachronism, this paper reviews the scholarship on (a) Egyptian records documenting conquests and (b) contextual archaeological evidence from the southern Near East itself. This review highlights differences between modern and ancient conceptions of land domination. Finally, Egyptian border-related terms are used in a strictly local symbolic cultural context but not in the one of international diplomacy. As for Egypt’s boundary, it was mostly formed as a buffer zone rather than a borderline.
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Fahmy, Ziad. "MEDIA-CAPITALISM: COLLOQUIAL MASS CULTURE AND NATIONALISM IN EGYPT, 1908–18." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809990547.
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In Egypt, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, older, fragmented, and more localized forms of identity were replaced with new, alternative concepts of community, which for the first time had the capacity to collectively encompass the majority of Egyptians. The activism of Mustafa Kamil (1874–1908) and the populist message of the Watani Party began the process of defining and popularizing urban Egyptian nationalism. After Kamil's premature death in 1908, there was more of an “urgent need,” as described by Zachary Lockman, for “tapping into and mobilizing new domestic constituencies in order to build a more broadly based independence movement.” This article argues that the eventual mobilization of the Egyptian urban masses, and their “incorporation into the Egyptian nation,” was due in large part to the materialization of a variety of mass media catering to a growing national audience. To be more specific, I will examine early Egyptian nationalism through the lens of previously neglected audiovisual colloquial Egyptian sources. This, I argue, is crucial to any attempt at capturing the voice of “ordinary” Egyptians. Finally, the article documents the role of early colloquial Egyptian mass culture as a vehicle and forum through which, among other things, “hidden transcripts” of resistance and critiques of colonial and elite authority took place.
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Fahmy, Ziad. "MEDIA-CAPITALISM: COLLOQUIAL MASS CULTURE AND NATIONALISM IN EGYPT, 1908–18." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 103a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809990833.
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In Egypt, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, older, fragmented, and more localized forms of identity were rapidly replaced with new alternative concepts of community, which for the first time had the capacity to collectively encompass the majority of Egyptians. This article is about the growth of Egyptian national identity from 1908 until 1918. It highlights the importance of previously neglected colloquial Egyptian sources—especially recorded music and vaudeville—in examining modern Egyptian history. Through the lens of colloquial mass culture, the study traces the development of collective Egyptian identity during the first quarter of the 20th century. This article also engages with some of the theories of nationalism and tests their applicability to Egypt. Finally, it introduces the concept of “media-capitalism” in an effort to expand the historical analysis of nationalism beyond print.
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Chekol, Yayew Genet. "Dynamics for Shifting the Ethio- Egyptian Hydro Political Relations." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i8.3492.
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The foremost intent of this study was to investigate the major dynamics that are reversing in Ethio-Egyptian hydro political relations. To attain this objective the researcher employed case study design, primary and secondary sources of data, and purposive sampling techniques. Despite the fact that perpetual national interests on Egyptian Nile water policy as national security issue, dynamics are revealing in the Nile basin which fosters to shift the relations of Ethiopia and Egypt hydro political relations on Nile water. Regarding with the findings of the study relative growing power of Ethiopia, Egyptians commitments on efficient utilization of water resource, Egyptian revolution, the signing of CFA by upper stream countries, the independence of South Sudan, the launching of GERD by Ethiopian, signing of DOPS by Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt on GERD are the new political dynamics in the Nile basin which geared to shift the relation of Ethiopia and Egypt.
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A. S. M. Hussein, Heba, and Nermeen A. S. Rady. "Study of Palatal Rugae Patterns and their Use in Sex and Ethnicity Identification in a Sample of Adult Egyptians and Malaysians." 99 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/thcv2791.
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Background: Palatal rugoscopy is the use of palatal rugae for identification of unknown persons. The majority of the population in Egypt consists of Egyptian people. However, some Malaysian people live in Alexandria city of Egypt for the purpose of education. So in case of mass disaster, there is a critical need for a reliable and easy method to differentiate between Malaysians and Egyptians. Aim: Study palatal rugae patterns in two diverse populations; Egyptians and Malaysians and its relation to sex and population difference. Subjects: Eighty students of Alexandria Faculty of Dentistry; forty Egyptians (20 females and 20 males) and forty Malaysians (20 males and 20 females). The age ranged 18-30 years. Results: Significant difference was noted between Malaysian males and females according to total number of rugae on both sides. Malaysians had significantly higher total rugae number on both sides than Egyptians. Curved shape was the predominant shape in the total sample. Significant difference was detected between Egyptians and Malaysians according to the predominant palatal rugae direction on both left and right sides. Egyptian females had significantly higher percentage of absent unification than Egyptian males. Linear regression models for sex and ethnicity identification were built up.
11
Fischer-Bovet, Christelle. "EGYPTIAN WARRIORS: THEMACHIMOIOF HERODOTUS AND THE PTOLEMAIC ARMY." Classical Quarterly 63, no. 1 (April 24, 2013): 209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000983881200064x.
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The role and status of the Egyptians in the army of Hellenistic Egypt (323–30b.c.) has been a debated question that goes back to the position within Late Period Egyptian society (664–332b.c.) of the Egyptian warriors described by Herodotus asmachimoi. Until a few decades ago, Ptolemaic military institutions were perceived as truly Greco-Macedonian and the presence of Egyptians in the army during the first century of Ptolemaic rule was contested. The Egyptians were thought of as being unfit to be good soldiers. Egyptians would have been hired only as late as 217b.c.to fight against the Seleucid king Antiochus III in Raphia. The Ptolemaic victory (in fact rather a status quo) was made possible thanks to the addition of twenty thousand Egyptians to reinforce the Greek army. For a long time the subsequent role of Egyptians in the Ptolemaic army in the second and first centuriesb.c.did not attract much attention. One usually assumed that they were ‘second-rate soldiers’ calledmachimoi. In recent decades, the scholarship on Ptolemaic Egypt, notably Demotic studies, reasserted the role of Egyptians in the Ptolemaic army from the late fourth century onwards.
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Adamo, D. T. "The African Joseph and his contribution to Africa and Ancient Israel (Gen. 41: 41-45)." Theologia Viatorum 40, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 32–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/tv.v40i2.8.
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The contentious Africanness of ancient Egypt/Egyptians is discussed at a great length since most Eurocentric biblical scholars erroneously believe that ancient Egypt/Egyptians belong to either Europe or Asia, despite the ancient Egyptian claim in their monuments (inscription of Hasheptsut) that they belong to Africa, precisely Punt. A close examination of Genesis 41:41-45 shows that the purpose of the elaborate ceremony/ritual is not only for Joseph’s promotion to the position of a vizier, but also mainly to make Joseph a full citizen of Egypt/Africa in order that he may be able to perform his duty as an Egyptian Deputy Governor. Unfortunately biblical scholars miss this fact. I have also emphasized that Joseph’s contribution to ancient Israel and Egypt/Africa is of great importance, despite the underestimation of these achievements of an African Joseph. This article aims to emphasize the fact that Joseph was made an African citizen and that he made great contribution to ancient Israel and Africa which is seldom recognized by many biblical scholars.
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Izosimov, Denis. "On the "ethno-classe dominante" in the First Persian Period Egypt." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080018634-4.
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The following article analyzes P. Briant’s concept of the “dominant ethno-class” in Egypt during the First Persian Domination (526 – 404 BC.). According to P. Briant, the main administrative positions were held by Persian officials, who constituted a closed and culturally isolated from the Egyptians group, while the Egyptian officials were only allowed into religious and financial spheres of administration. Though some ideas of P. Briant were developed by subsequent scholars, the basis of his concept was criticized, especially the thesis of cultural isolation of Persians in Egypt. The article presents a critical evaluation of the concept forwarded by P. Briant as applied to Acaemenid Egypt. Major difficulties with applying P. Briant’s to the Egyptian evidence are due to the insufficiency of historical sources and data on some aspects of social-administrative life in Egypt during the First Persian Domination. The author draws attention to the fact that some cases of Persian acculturation during this period in fact do not reflect the situation in the first decades of the Achaemenid rule in Egypt. Moreover, the definition of the “dominant ethno-class” does not allow including all Persians present in Egypt at the time into this specific strata. While analyzing the issue of the participation of Egyptian elite in Persian administration of Egypt, author points out that the conclusions of P. Briant and D. Agut-Labordère were made on the basis of data acquired from Demotic and Aramaic sources. However, the information from the hieroglyphic inscriptions of this period provides us with data that allows to speak about the inclusion of some of the Egyptian officials into the Persian «dominant ethno-class».
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El-Neklawy, Shaimaa Esmail, and Esther Möller. "Between Traditions of Aid and Political Ambitions: Endowments and Humanitarian Associations in Egypt, Late 19th-mid 20th Century." Endowment Studies 6, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2022): 192–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685968-06010007.
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Abstract The article investigates the emergence and transformation of humanitarian associations in Egypt from the late 19th to the mid-20th century. It argues that on the one hand these associations were new institutions echoing the foundation of new charitable organisations worldwide and in Egypt. The colonial domination of Egypt and its refusal by the Egyptians thereby played a prominent role. On the other hand, the humanitarian associations have to be seen in the continuity of long-established practices and discourses of charity, performed in particular by religious endowments (awqāf). Based on the example of the Egyptian Red Crescent, which is explored through a wide range of un explorer Egyptian, British and Swiss archives as well as a broad historiography in European and Arabic languages, this article emphasises the interconnections between international, regional, national and local institutions in Egypt in the field of philanthropy.
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Sayed, Ibrahim M., and Sayed F. Abdelwahab. "Is Hepatitis E Virus a Neglected or Emerging Pathogen in Egypt?" Pathogens 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111337.
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Though Egypt ranks among the top countries for viral hepatitis and death-related liver disease, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a neglected pathogen. Living in villages and rural communities with low sanitation, use of underground well water and contact with animals are the main risk factors for HEV infection. Domestic animals, especially ruminants and their edible products, are one source of infection. Contamination of water by either human or animal stools is the main route of infection. In addition, HEV either alone or in coinfection with other hepatotropic viruses has been recorded in Egyptian blood donors. HEV seropositivity among Egyptian villagers was 60–80%, especially in the first decade of life. Though HEV seropositivity is the highest among Egyptians, HEV infection is not routinely diagnosed in Egyptian hospitals. The initial manifestations of HEV among Egyptians is a subclinical infection, although progression to fulminant hepatic failure has been recorded. With the improvement in serological and molecular approaches and increasing research on HEV, it is becoming clear that HEV represents a threat for Egyptians and preventive measures should be considered to reduce the infection rate and possible complications
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Blomstedt, Patric. "Tracheostomy in ancient Egypt." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 8 (July 31, 2014): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114001327.
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AbstractIt has often been reported that the ancient Egyptians performed tracheostomies. An analysis of this claim demonstrates it to be founded on only two depictions from the Protodynastic period (thirty-first centurybc). These depictions are difficult to reconcile with tracheostomy from an anatomical point of view and can more easily be explained as human sacrifices. Considering that Egyptian surgery included only minor procedures even at its zenith during later dynastic periods, it is difficult to imagine that they would have developed such an advanced procedure at such an early date.
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Goncharov, E. Yu, and S. E. Malykh. "ISLAMIC COINS FROM EASTERN GIZA (EGYPT)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-57-62.
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The article focuses on the attribution of one gold and two copper coins discovered by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Giza. Coins come from mixed fillings of the burial shafts of the Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs of the second half of the 3rd millennium B.C. According to the archaeological context, the coins belong to the stages of the destruction of ancient burials that took place during the Middle Ages and Modern times. One of the coins is a Mamluk fals dating back to the first half of the 14th century A.D., the other two belong to the 1830s — the Ottoman period in Egypt, and are attributed as gold a buchuk hayriye and its copper imitation. Coins are rare for the ancient necropolis and are mainly limited to specimens of the 19th–20th centuries. In general, taking into account the numerous finds of other objects — fragments of ceramic, porcelain and glass utensils, metal ware, glass and copper decorations, we can talk about the dynamic nature of human activity in the ancient Egyptian cemetery in the 2nd millennium A.D. Egyptians and European travelers used the ancient rock-cut tombs as permanent habitats or temporary sites, leaving material traces of their stay.
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Rahman, Hend Mohamed Abdel. "EGYPTIAN REACTIONS TO THE DISCOVERY AND EXCAVATION OF TUTANKHAMUN’S TOMB, 1922-1930." Socialis Series in Social Science 4 (January 24, 2023): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/socv4.7595.
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The discovery and excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon in 1922-1930 sparked Egyptian interest in Egyptology and archaeology learning, as well as effective participation in excavation missions in Egypt. Egyptians have worked hard to expand their role in Egyptology education and to increase their participation in excavation missions. This article focuses on how Egyptians reacted to the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb between 1922 and 1930. It traces the impact of such discoveries on Egyptian officials and intellectuals, who worked tirelessly to raise public awareness of archaeological discoveries and encourage Egyptology education for Egyptian students both at home and abroad. A descriptive analytical methodology will be used in this paper. However, there was hardly an Egyptian Contribution to Clearing and conserving the Tutankhamun Collection whose discovery was as a chock motivated the Egyptians to improve their position in the world of Archaeology.
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Zaslavsky, Claudia. "The Influence of Ancient Egypt on Greek and Other Numeration Systems." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 9, no. 3 (November 2003): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.9.3.0174.
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You may have learned how the ancient Egyptians wrote numbers. For example, for the number 600, you would write a symbol for a scroll six times. Actually, ancient Egypt had two main systems of writing: hieroglyphic and hieratic. Hieroglyphics, dating back over 5,000 years, were used mainly for inscriptions on stone walls and monuments. Hieratic writing was a cursive script suitable for writing on papyrus, the Egyptian form of paper. Much of our knowledge of ancient Egyptian mathematics comes from a papyrus written by the scribe Ahmose around 1650 B.C.E. Although he wrote in hieratic script, recent historians transcribed this document and others into hieroglyphics, giving readers the impression that all Egyptian writing was in hieroglyphics, the system that you may have learned.
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Chiglintsev, E. A., N. A. Shadrina, and G. Yu Artyukh. "“Napoleonic Egyptology”: The Progression of Views Held by Europe about Egyptian Culture during the Early 19th Century." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 164, no. 3 (2022): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2022.3.161-171.
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This article discusses how the views about the heritage of Egyptian culture were shaped in the minds of the European participants of Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign. The origins of European Egyptology are considered. The extensive contribution of the Arab-Islamic culture of Egypt, which retained both the archaic traces of ancient Egypt and the traditions of Hellenistic and Christian Egypt, into this process is analyzed. The term “Napoleonic Egyptology” is introduced. We defined it as a system of authentic written and visual sources that had a major influence on the initial perception of the ancient Egyptian culture and became the basis of subsequent Egyptological studies carried out by special institutions and destined to help Europeans to have a better understanding of the value of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Of particular interest is how the cultural layers of Egyptian culture of that time either stood out or merged in the image of the East that was developed by the Europeans who took part in the Egyptian campaign. It is emphasized that scholars who accompanied Napoleon’s troops had no idea of any connection between the ancient (Egyptian) and modern (Islamic) components of the regional culture. This hypothesis is substantiated by the structure of the book “Description of Egypt” with its separate volumes devoted to Egyptian antiquities and the Islamic Egypt. In this work, the images of ancient Egypt and modern East are parallel. The idea largely underpinned the evolution of European studies of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
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MOHAMMAD, SALWA KAMAL, SOHAIR MOHAMMAD GAD ALLA, HAYAM EL-HAMOULY, REINHARD EHRMANN, and MOHAMED GEMAL EL-DEN NASSER. "Mantodea of Egypt." Zootaxa 3044, no. 1 (September 29, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3044.1.1.
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The Mantodea of Egypt were studied by examining and identifying specimens from four main Egyptian collections and some of those preserved in international museums, collecting specimens from various parts of the country between July 2007 and April 2010, and previous Egyptian records. We found 60 species belonging to 21 genera and 4 families. Eremiaphilidae included 31 species in 2 genera with one new record from Egypt, Eremiaphila gigas; Empusidae, 7 species in 4 genera; Mantidae, 18 species in 13 genera with one new species, Elaea solimani; and Tarachodidae, 3 species in 2 genera. We provide identification keys for Egyptian taxa, data on the material examined, the world distribution, synonyms and a description of the new species.
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Ibragimov, Ibragim Eminovich, and Andrey Aleksandrovich Kudelin. "Models of Egypt’s self-identifi cation in the interwar period (1919-1939)." RUDN Journal of World History 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2018-10-4-355-370.
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In the article, the authors consider the models of self-identification typical for the public thought of Egypt of the interwar period. In the fi rst half of XX century Egypt entered an important period of its history. As one of the fi rst formally independent Arab States, Egypt continued to struggle for full sovereignty from the United Kingdom while seeking to establish itself as a regional leader. In this regard, the leading thinkers of Egypt tried to determine the place of their country in the world and fi nd the most acceptable ideology for it, which could also rally other Arab, Muslim, Asian and African countries around Egypt. The article touched upon four concepts that were developed during the interwar period and infl uenced the further development of public thought in Egypt. Some thinkers have tried to develop a model of secular pan-Arabism based on the ideas of al-Kawakibi and al-Husri. For these authors, Egypt was an integral part of the Arab world and the core of its possible unifi cation. The second concept was related to pan-Islamism: developing the ideas of al-Afghani, the ideologues of this direction interpreted Egypt primarily as a Muslim country and part of the Dar al-Islam . For example, “Muslim Brotherhood” belonged to this group. The third concept is associated with the comprehension of the identity of Egypt through the idea of “pharaonism” and “ tamsir ” modern Egyptians declared heirs of the ancient Egyptian civilization. The fourth concept, conventionally named Eastern Idea or Easternism , was founded on the opposition of all the countries of the East to Western countries. Each of the areas of identity of Egypt - pan-Arab, pan-Islamic, Egyptian (“pharaonism”) and Easternism - made a contribution to the development of the identity of Egyptian society in the interwar period, and somehow infl uenced on the history of Egypt in the second half of the XX century.
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Hellyer, H. A. "Revolution in the Arab world: Egypt and its Challenges." Middle East Law and Governance 3, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2011): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633711x591477.
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Egypt is being watched closely from far beyond its borders, in both the Arab world and elsewhere, such as Europe. Th is country is at the heart of the Arab world, and its geo-strategic importance should not be underestimated. If Egypt is successful in transitioning to a stable postrevolutionary phase, there will be lessons for the entire region. If it fails, it will not only be Egyptians who feel the pain. A European scholar and policy analyst refl ects on his fi rst hand experience of the Egyptian revolution and the state of civil society in Egypt.
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El-Seedi, Hesham R., Aida A. Abd El-Wahed, Chao Zhao, Aamer Saeed, Xiaobo Zou, Zhiming Guo, Ahmed G. Hegazi, et al. "A Spotlight on the Egyptian Honeybee (Apis mellifera lamarckii)." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202749.
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Egypt has an ongoing long history with beekeeping, which started with the ancient Egyptians making various reliefs and inscriptions of beekeeping on their tombs and temples. The Egyptian honeybee (Apis mellifera lamarckii) is an authentic Egyptian honeybee subspecies utilized in apiculture. A. m. lamarckii is a distinct honeybee subspecies that has a particular body color, size, and high levels of hygienic behavior. Additionally, it has distinctive characteristics; including the presence of the half-queens, an excessive number of swarm cells, high adaptability to climatic conditions, good resistance to specific bee diseases, including the Varro disorder, and continuous breeding during the whole year despite low productivity, using very little propolis, and tending to abscond readily. This review discusses the history of beekeeping in Egypt and its current situation in addition to its morphology, genetic analysis, and distinctive characters, and the defensive behaviors of native A. m. lamarckii subspecies.
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Badawy, Tarek. "Egyptian Citizenship Legislation, Private International Law, and Their Impact on Individual Rights." Middle East Law and Governance 6, no. 3 (December 5, 2014): 272–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00603006.
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Under Egyptian law, citizenship plays a major role in defining the rights that a person may exercise. While Egyptians are generally free to work in any profession and own all types of property, foreign nationals are subject to restrictions, which vary depending on the rights they wish to exercise and their legal status in the country. Access to Egyptian citizenship is a discretionary process that is potentially discriminatory along ethnic, religious, and national lines. This article examines recent developments in legislation governing citizenship and individual rights in Egypt. It proceeds to outline areas in which non-Egyptians are subject to legal restrictions in accordance with applicable legislation, notably in the areas of residence, property ownership, adjudication, employment, and education. It finds that Egyptian law in effect creates a complex hierarchy of rights based primarily on citizenship status.
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Høigilt, Jacob. "EGYPTIAN COMICS AND THE CHALLENGE TO PATRIARCHAL AUTHORITARIANISM." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816001161.
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AbstractAdult comics are a new medium in the Arab world. This article is the first in-depth study of their emergence and role within Arab societies. Focused on Egypt, it shows how adult comics have boldly addressed political and social questions. Seeing them as part of a broader cultural efflorescence in Egypt, I argue that, against patriarchal authoritarianism, adult comics have expressed an alternative ideology of tolerance, civic rights and duties, individualism, creativity, and criticism of power. Specifically, they present a damning critique of Egypt's authoritarian order, as well as of the marginalization of women and broader gender dynamics in Egyptian society. Through frank humor, a playful style, and explicit graphics, they give voice to the concerns of young Egyptians. Connecting comics to other art forms such as music, graffiti, and political cartoons, I situate them within a critical cultural movement that came to the fore with the Egyptian uprising of 2011.
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Voytenko, Anton. "Egyptians and Byzantium. On the Question of Political Subjectivity in Late Antiquity." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 6 (December 2022): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.6.12.
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Introduction. The article focuses on the reasons for the lack of political subjectivity among the Egyptians in the Byzantine period (4th – first half of the 7th centuries). During this period, the population of Egypt did not demonstrate it at any level: social movements (uprisings) did not offer such agenda; studies on literature and rhetoric show that the Egyptians were under the influence of the Roman statehood (Eastern Roman Empire). The aims of the study are therefore concentrated around the consideration of the causes and terms of the loss of political subjectivity by the Egyptians, and the reasons for the increase of it among the Romans. An additional task was a comparative analysis of the political and religious systems of Ancient Rome and Ancient Egypt and the possible influence of religious features on the configuration of political systems. Methods. The main methods used in the study are factor analysis and the comparative method. Analysis. The ancient Egyptian political system was “introverted” and static in nature. The complete loss of political subjectivity by the Egyptians can be, however, attributed to the Roman period. In the Persian and Ptolemaic ones, its existence is preserved due to two main factors: the practices of the Persians and Ptolemies to present themselves as Egyptian pharaohs and the strong positions of the Egyptian priesthood, who could keep an ancient political subjectivity. Results. The Romans, who refused to continue Ptolemaic practices and took drastic measures to limit the economic independence of the Egyptian priesthood, managed to nullify its authentic political subjectivity. Thanks to an “extroverted” and transformative political model, supported by a “political theology” based on the “Roman myth”, the Roman state managed to maintain (or even strengthen) its subjectivity in the period of late Antiquity.
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Slifkin, Meredith. "Modern Women, Modern Egypt." Feminist Media Histories 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fmh.2017.3.1.5.
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This article places existing discourses on Egyptian cinema, revolution, and global feminism in conversation with theories of film melodrama. The text examines the tradition of Egyptian melodrama as a site for analogizing women's liberation with national modernization in the wake of the 1952 Revolution—an analogy facilitated by the careful manipulation of melodramatic vernaculars of emotionality, and the endurance of affective cultural memory. In this context melodrama functions as a specific critical tool for understanding how popular film culture then and now organizes people politically and affectively, on- and offscreen. The article further investigates the “method of contradictions” that seems necessary to think critically about comparative melodrama at three levels of discourse: melodrama in general; the Egyptian melodramatic tradition specifically; and within melodramatic scholarship that tends to resemble its object of study.
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Berger, Maurits. "Secularizing Interreligious Law in Egypt." Islamic Law and Society 12, no. 3 (2005): 394–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851905774608242.
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AbstractAmong the fifteen recognized Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities in contemporary Egypt, nine religious family laws are applicable. There is no civil or secular marriage: the creed of the individual Egyptian determines which family law is applicable. The question as to which law applies when the spouses are of different religions is answered by the so-called interreligious rules that determine which law prevails. According to Egyptian legal doctrine, these interreligious rules are based on Islamic law and, in particular, the prevailing opinion of Hanafi legal doctrine. In this article it will be shown that the legal reforms of 1955 have created substantial changes, not of, but within the framework of Egyptian interreligious law. These developments illustrate how Egyptian law formally adheres to the legacy of Islamic law, but allows for new albeit unobtrusive interpretations of Islamic law that are of a secular rather than religious nature.
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Depuydt, Leo. "Regnal Years and Civil Calendar in Achaemenid Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 81, no. 1 (December 1995): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751339508100116.
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This paper describes ancient Egyptian regnal and calendar dating in the Twenty-seventh Dynasty or First Persian Period, reviewing the evidence from Aramaic, cuneiform, Demotic Egyptian, Greek, and hieroglyphic Egyptian sources. A table listing the Egyptian regnal years of Persian kings is appended.
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Ulmer, Rivka. "The Egyptian Gods in Midrashic Texts." Harvard Theological Review 103, no. 2 (April 2010): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816010000544.
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The engagement with Egypt and the Egyptian gods that transpired in the Hebrew Bible continued into the texts produced by rabbinic Judaism. Rabbinic texts of late antiquity and the early medieval period frequently presented images of Egypt and its religion. One of the critical objectives of these portrayals of Egypt was to set boundaries of Jewish identity by presenting rabbinic Judaism in opposition to Egyptian culture. The Egyptian cultural icons in rabbinic texts also demonstrate that the rabbis were aware of cultures other than their own.1 The presence of Egyptian elements in midrash had previously been noted to a very limited extent by scholars of the Wissenschaft des Judentums (the science of Judaism), and it has not escaped the attention of more recent scholarship.
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Saad, Reem Lotfy Mahmoud. "Art and Cultural Identity." Academic Research Community publication 1, no. 1 (September 18, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v1i1.104.
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This paper analyzes aspects of Egyptian history, including unique qualities that influenced the Egyptian culture and gave it its identity that has developed throughout the years until today. It will also discuss Egyptian visual arts and its critical role throughout history, including how arts have appeared and developed over Egypt’s lifetime and influenced the Egyptian citizen. Furthermore, this research sheds light on the effects of every political change that took place in Egypt, and how that could be a mirror of the Egyptian civilization, its development and its decline while considering the role of visual arts throughout and after the revolution of 2011. Analyzing Egyptian culture, education, technology, internet and multimedia after the revolution can be imperative to understand the cultural identity and the role of visual arts in Egypt. Thus the mutual relationship between arts and the Egyptian cultural identity will be questioned, along with the way that they impact each other, and finally, how both of them could play a key role in developing Egypt after the 25th of January, 2011 revolution.
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Bammarny, Bawar. "The New Egyptian Constitution of 2012." Arab Law Quarterly 27, no. 3 (2013): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-12341260.
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Abstract Nearly 64% of eligible Egyptians had approved the new Egyptian constitution in a referendum. However, the new Egyptian constitution is very controversial. Some Egyptian politicians see this constitution as a major threat to democracy and call for a solution to reintroduce the Egyptian Constitution of 1971, although in the new constitution as opposed to the old constitution the way to absolutism and autocracy is blocked, mainly due to the limitation of power of the President. In particular the president is now elected for four years instead of six years and may be re-elected only once. The experience in Egypt and other Arab countries since their independence shows that the rulers never want to step down and wish to bequeath the Republics to their children. But there are several contentious issues in the new Egyptian constitution, in particular, about the role of religion.
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Moyer, Ian S. "Herodotus and an Egyptian mirage: the genealogies of the Theban priests." Journal of Hellenic Studies 122 (November 2002): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3246205.
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AbstractThis article re-evaluates the significance attributed to Hecataeus' encounter with the Theban priests described by Herodotus (2.143) by setting it against the evidence of Late Period Egyptian representations of the past. In the first part a critique is offered of various approaches Classicists have taken to this episode and its impact on Greek historiography. Classicists have generally imagined this as an encounter in which the young, dynamic and creative Greeks construct an image of the static, ossified and incredibly old culture of the Egyptians, a move which reveals deeper assumptions in the scholarly discourse on Greeks and ‘other’ cultures in the Mediterranean world. But the civilization that Herodotus confronted in his long excursus on Egypt was not an abstract, eternal Egypt. Rather, it was the Egypt of his own day, at a specific historical moment – a culture with a particular understanding of its own long history. The second part presents evidence of lengthy Late Period priestly genealogies, and more general archaizing tendencies. Remarkable examples survive of the sort of visual genealogy which would have impressed upon the travelling Greek historians the long continuum of the Egyptian past. These include statues with genealogical inscriptions and relief sculptures representing generations of priests succeeding to their fathers' office. These priestly evocations of a present firmly anchored in the Egyptian past are part of a wider pattern of cultivating links with the historical past in the Late Period of Egyptian history. Thus, it is not simply the marvel of a massive expanse of time which Herodotus encountered in Egypt, but a mediated cultural awareness of that time. The third part of the essay argues that Herodotus used this long human past presented by the Egyptian priests in order to criticize genealogical and mythical representations of the past and develop the notion of an historical past. On the basis of this example, the article concludes by urging a reconsideration of the scholarly paradigm for imagining the encounter between Greeks and ‘others’ in ethnographic discourse in order to recognize the agency of the Egyptian priests, and other non-Greek ‘informants’.
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Hussein, Amani, and Bassma Tarek Bakry. "The influence of Egyptian pound flotation on capital structure determinants for listed Egyptian companies." Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review 6, no. 4, special issue (2022): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv6i4sip1.
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In Egypt, an essential economic transformation program was started in prior years to enhance Egyptian economic progress and the liberalization of the Egyptian pound (EGP) exchange rate (International Monetary Fund [IMF], 2017). By the end of 2016, Egypt had an EGP flotation where significant changes took place in trading volumes, stock issuance, and interest rates (Central Bank of Egypt, 2018). One of the most vital decisions in any company is the capital structure decision. Therefore, this research strengthens the capital structure literature by investigating the influence of Egyptian pound flotation on capital structure determinants for the listed Egyptian companies during the period from 2014 to 2018, which is a research issue, not examined in Egypt before. A sample of 78 non-financial companies listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange (ESX) over 5 years is used; the research examines the influence of a company’s profitability, tangibility, size, growth, liquidity, non-debt tax shields, and flotation on capital structure. Adopting panel data methodology, the findings indicate that the company’s profitability, tangibility, size, and liquidity are significant determinants of the capital structure of Egyptian companies whereas growth, non-debt tax shields, and flotation are insignificant. A weak influence of EGP flotation on determinants of capital structure and the variations before and after flotation is in the significance level of the determinants
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Arshad. "Understanding the Praetorian Rule of Fatah al-Sisi in Egypt." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v2i2.3233.
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Gamal Abdel Nasser established the praetorian regime in 1952. Nasser ruled Egypt with the ‘party-state’ system to maintain the ‘social contract’ between the state and the Egyptians. The government thrived on the patrimonial relationship and de-politicization of the population. The ‘Egyptian upheaval’ in 2011 sought the protection of individuals’ rights, equality, and freedom against the military-led praetorian regime. A short-democratic experiment led to the arrival of Islamist majority rule in Egypt under the leadership of President Mohammed Morsi. The liberal-secular oppositions and the military removed President Morsi because Islamists failed to achieve the protesters’ aspirations. Egyptians supported the military’s rule that led to the election of General Abdel Fatah al-Sisi as President of Egypt. Fatah al-Sisi shifted the dynamics of government from ‘party-state’ to ‘ruler-arbiter’ praetorian rule that centralized the authority and power under his leadership through military domination to counter the Islamists and revolutionary aspirations. The research explains the causality behind the Egyptian military's intervention in politics, structuring of the praetorian regime in Egypt; the return of military praetorianism after the removal of President Hosni Mubarak; the rise of the Sisi as ‘ruler-arbiter’ and its implications on the democratization process. The paper’s method is explanatory to study the ‘structural’ (military) and ‘agential’ (Sisi’s rule) factors to determine the causes of establishing the praetorian ‘ruler-arbiter’ type Sisi’s regime. The approach to examine the ruler-arbiter phenomenon is the ‘actor-centric’ instead of the ‘mechanistic’ to understand the praetorian rule in Egypt. The research finds that the rise of the ‘ruler-arbiter’ regime under the leadership of the Sisi, caused by the military-established praetorian authority and President Sisi's choices and decisions, led to the failure of the democratization in Egypt.
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Goldberg, Ellis. "Peasants in Revolt — Egypt 1919." International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 2 (May 1992): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021565.
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From March until late April 1919 Egypt suffered one of the great peasant revolts of her history and of the 20th century.1Contemporaries viewed it as having international importance because it was the result of thirty years of European domination, and its resolution would be likely to affect all Western colonial empires.2For us, it marks the emergence of Egyptian liberalism and the construction of the modern state.3.The insurrection began when four leaders of the Egyptian national movement were arrested on 9 March 1919. They were then exiled to Malta for insisting that the Egyptian delegation (wafd) to the Versailles Conference be recognized, so that it could demand that Egypt be accepted as an independent national state.
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PHILLIPS, JACKE. "PUNT AND AKSUM: EGYPT AND THE HORN OF AFRICA." Journal of African History 38, no. 3 (November 1997): 423–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853797007068.
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The ancient Egyptians tended to consider both their immediate and more remote neighbours either as excellent sources of luxury trade items and slaves, at times of political power and strength, or as uncivilized forces threatening to destroy and overwhelm the Egyptian Nile Valley. This was true not only of cultures within Africa; those in the Aegean, the Levant, Cyprus and Mesopotamia also were viewed from one or the other perspective, occasionally both at the same time. All these, together with Nubia and Libya, have received much scholarly attention and, whilst we probably will never fully understand their ancient relationship to Egypt, we have a fairly good idea, ‘hearing’ the story from both sides when surviving evidence allows, what their attitudes towards each other were at various times in their history.This article deals with what is surely the least investigated aspect of ancient Egyptian relations with its neighbours, simply because we know comparatively little about the two major successive cultures concerned – Punt and Aksum – in the ancient world.
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Muedini, Fait, and Bryan Dettrey. "Public Support for Democratic Reform in post-Mubarak Egypt." Middle East Law and Governance 10, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-01001004.
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This article investigates support for democracy after the overthrow of Egypt’s long-time President Hosni Mubarak. It specifically examines concerns prompting the protests and support for several democratic reforms in Egyptian governance. The results suggest corruption slightly outweighed the lack of democracy as a primary concern of Egyptians over the last few years. Specific democratic reforms such as a fair judicial system and the ability to criticize government receive significant support. Less support is found for equal rights for women and considerably less support for civilian control of the military. The article concludes with a discussion of how little support for providing civilian control over the military may represent an obstacle to a democratic transition. Democratic consolidations are more likely to be successful if democracy is “the only game in town”. 1 The role of the military in the ouster of Mubarak and now Mursi suggests the military has significant influence on Egyptian governance, with little support for altering this institutional arrangement.
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Parrott, Douglas M. "Gnosticism and Egyptian Religion by." Novum Testamentum 29, no. 1 (1987): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853687x00191.
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AbstractDespite the fact that Egypt has provided the most abundant sources for the study of Gnosticism and the occasional mention of Egypt and things Egyptian in those sources, scholars have neglected Egyptian religion as a significant influence in the origin and development of Gnosticism. An examination of the early Nag Hammadi tractate Eugnostos makes it possible to see that it was significantly affected by Egyptian religious conceptions of the Urzeit. The evidence of the influence of Eugnostos upon subsequent gnostic systems suggests that it was at least one route by which Egyptian religion influenced Gnosticism at its core.
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Rowlandson, Jane, and Ryosuke Takahashi. "Brother-Sister Marriage and Inheritance Strategies in Greco-Roman Egypt." Journal of Roman Studies 99 (November 2009): 104–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/007543509789744963.
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Responding to recent discussions of brother-sister marriage in Roman Egypt, this article re-examines the Greek and Egyptian evidence for the practice, both papyrological and literary. Exploring possible antecedents in Egypt and Greece and the distinctive development of Egyptian inheritance practice, we argue that the brother-sister marriages involved real siblings, and that by the beginning of Roman rule such marriages were legitimised by a Ptolemaic law and the prevalent belief that they followed ancient Egyptian custom. But new circumstances introduced by Roman rule, particularly the increasing importance of private property ownership, encouraged the practice to become popular through much of northern Egypt. The explanation for brother-sister marriage in Egypt must be sought in the immediate local historical context, not that of the Eastern Mediterranean generally.
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Lang, Johannes K., and Herbert Kolenda. "First appearance and sense of the term “spinal column” in ancient Egypt." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 97, no. 1 (July 2002): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2002.97.1.0152.
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✓ In contemporary anatomical nomenclature terms have often been derived from an ancient perspective of the human body. The term “spinal column” was used in ancient Egypt, symbolized by the “djet column.” The authors discuss the first appearance of the term “spinal column,” taking the ancient Egyptian interaction between religion and daily life into consideration, and they describe the different segments of the spinal column known to the ancient Egyptians. Inspection of medical papyri provides insight into the knowledge held by ancient Egyptian physicians and embalmers. It is assumed that hieroglyphs were used to depict the different vertebral regions of the spinal column (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar). The knowledge was gleaned, in fact, in pursuit of religious goals. The djet might be an example of how anatomical knowledge can improve understanding of a symbol that was previously thought to have a primarily religious meaning. The authors maintain that modern medical knowledge is useful for making a more precise and anatomically correct interpretation of the presumed sense intended by the ancient Egyptians.
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Houlihan, Patrick F. "Some Remarks on Deer (Cervidae) in Ancient Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73, no. 1 (August 1987): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751338707300133.
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The evidence for deer (Cervidae) in ancient Egypt is reviewed briefly. The question of whether deer ever existed in the wild as an element of the Egyptian fauna, or were only known from rare exotic imports, cannot be conclusively answered yet. It is quite likely, however, based upon the records of the Egyptians themselves, that deer were native, whether naturally occurring or introduced. While the identification of the species depicted as the Persian Fallow Deer (Dama dama mesopotamica) is probably correct, the Barbary Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) remains a possibility.
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Farhah, Eva. "Struggle for Seeking Knowledge in A Foreign Country in Ahmed Shawqi's Syuhadā’ul-`Ilmi wal-Gharbah: A Semiotic Analysis." Jurnal Poetika 8, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v8i2.60169.
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This research aims to reveal the semiotic meaning contained in the poem entitled Syuhadā’ul-`Ilmi wal-Gharbah written by Ahmed Shawqi. Shawqi saw and observed the conditions of the Egyptian people at that time who were experiencing difficulties, sorrow, poverty, ignorance, and British colonialism. Therefore, the Egyptian government sent young people to western countries to study in the hope that after returning to Egypt, they could build their country and nation. In order to reveal the semiotic meaning contained in the poem entitled Syuhadā’ul-`Ilmi wal-Gharbah, the semiotic theory was used through methods of heuristic reading and hermeneutic reading or retroactive reading. Meanwhile, the reading technique was conducted by reading one by one or reading gradually from the heuristic reading to the hermeneutic reading or retroactive reading. The results of the research indicated that knowledge was one of the ways to solve the problems of poverty, ignorance, and resistance to British colonialism in Egypt. However, in reality, young Egyptians who were sent to western countries had accidents and killed them. Therefore, Shawqi emphasized that Egyptian youths remained patient and enthusiastic about seeking knowledge in a foreign country in order to build their state and nation in the future.
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EL-HAWAGRY, MAGDI S., and FRANCIS GILBERT. "Catalogue of the Syrphidae of Egypt (Diptera)." Zootaxa 4577, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4577.2.1.
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All known Egyptian taxa of the family Syrphidae (flower flies or hover flies) are systematically catalogued. A total number of 51 species belonging to 22 genera, 7 tribes and 2 subfamilies has been treated, including eight species that are listed as unconfirmed records from Egypt. Data for this study have been compiled from both available literature and specimens collected from different Egyptian localities by the authors or preserved in the main Egyptian insect collections. Old World synonymies, type localities, world distributions by biogeographic realm(s) and country, Egyptian localities and activity periods are provided. Remarks on habitat, habits and biology of particular species are provided as well. Two species, Melanostoma scalare (Fabricius) and Eristalis arbustorum (Linnaeus) are recorded for the first time from Egypt.
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Leboulanger, Philippe. "Mixed Courts of Egypt and International Arbitration." BCDR International Arbitration Review 3, Issue 1 (September 1, 2016): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bcdr2016003.
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Historically, Mixed Courts of Egypt, and recently international arbitration, have led to controversial debates as to their role in the Egyptian legal system. The Mixed Courts have been and are often still considered an infringement of Egyptian sovereignty because they were established during colonialism. However, the courts came into existence because Egypt needed a new, efficient legal system to end the consular courts, which were created under the Capitulations Treaties in the Ottoman Empire and caused unequal and sometimes biased treatment of Egyptian nationals. But beyond the geopolitical and historical context, the Mixed Courts have contributed to the development of the modern Egyptian legal system and Egyptian heritage in comparative law and international private law. Although the Mixed Courts and international arbitration proceedings are similar (e.g., different nationalities and legal backgrounds of judges and arbitrators, the possibility to apply different laws to the parties’ disputes), the historical and political context that resulted in the creation of the mechanisms is different. Thus, the claim that international arbitration would overstep Egyptian sovereignty is unfounded. On the contrary, Egypt’s desire to have a modern set of arbitration rules is shared with other States seeking participation in the economic globalization, and international arbitration has proved to be an appropriate mechanism for international trade dispute resolution.
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Hattab, Hala Wasef. "Assessing the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Egypt through a Gender Lens." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jepm.1174.
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Purpose: According to the Egyptian Start-up Ecosystem Report (ITIDA, 2021), Egypt has one of the foremost start-up ecosystems on Africa, both in terms of levels of start-up activity and inward investments. Yet the county lags in terms of women’s participation in founding start-ups. According to the latest Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report for Egypt, the entrepreneurial activity rate for women was 5.7%, while that of Egyptian men was 16.7%, despite women’s positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship.
Methodology: The current research has an exploratory nature and aims at analysing entrepreneurship ecosystem in Egypt through a gender lens to highlight the factors that are hindering Egyptian women from exploiting the different elements of the ecosystem. To achieve this, it adopts the exploratory research approach combining semi-structured interviews with ten women entrepreneurs chosen using expert sampling and an online survey distributed via Egyptian entrepreneurs’ online communities.
Findings: Analysis shows that Egyptian women entrepreneurs do not believe that the ecosystem discriminates against them, but there are some practices that are gender-insensitive which poses challenges to women hence impact their presence and activities within the ecosystem.
Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The results add to the literature of both entrepreneurship ecosystem and women entrepreneurship in Egypt and it provides practical implications to leverage Egyptian women participation in entrepreneurship.
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Caiazza, Rosa, and Tiziana Volpe. "Interaction despite of diversity: is it possible?" Journal of Management Development 34, no. 6 (June 8, 2015): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-10-2013-0131.
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Purpose – Italy is traditionally one of Egypt’s main trading partners, ranking first both as import and export partner. However, Italian firms face several cultural problems in Egypt. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of cross-cultural differences faced by Italian firms’ operating in Egypt. The investigation of cross-cultural differences is facilitated by the examination of interaction between Italian and Egyptian culture using Hofstede and GLOBE’s cultural attributes and dimensions. Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative analysis has been conducted through face to face interviews of individuals working for Italian firms operating in Egypt. These interviews were structured to specifically identify the impact of cultural differences on the interaction between Italian and Egyptian firms. Findings – The results show that Italy is one of the most important commercial partners of Egypt. However, cultural diversity results in Italian small and medium enterprises facing risks when operating in Egypt. Cultural distance is a problem for Italian firms investing in Egypt. Thus, interaction between Italian and Egyptian firms requires a common understanding of cultural diversity. Italian firms must develop an understanding of Egyptian culture if they are to avoid cultural clash. Egyptian policy-makers must adopt policies that open national culture to international interactions. Research limitations/implications – The paper is based on a sub-set of the cultural attributes identified in Hofstede and GLOBE’s study. The results presented in this paper may be complimented through a future quantitative analysis, evaluating the relationship between religious values and other cultural dimensions. Originality/value – This paper provides an insight into the interaction between Italian and Egyptian culture. It contributes to the extant literature by filling a gap in the existing literature on cross-cultural diversity and interaction between Europe and Middle East.
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Khater, Akram, and Jeffrey Culang. "EDITORIAL FOREWORD." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816001100.
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The articles in this issue explore the formation and consolidation of national political communities in the Middle East, as well as the atomization of those communities over the past half-decade. The opening section, “Labor and Economy,” brings together two scholars of modern Egypt. In “The Egyptian Labor Corps: Workers, Peasants, and the State in World War I,” Kyle J. Anderson focuses on Britain's mobilization of Egypt's human resources for the war effort. The British recruited workers and peasants from rural areas of Egypt to serve as laborers in the Egyptian Labor Corps (ELC), which Britain had formed to provide logistical support to its troops in various theaters of war, principally nearby Palestine. By reconstructing the wartime recruitment network through the colonial archive, Anderson considers the broad relationship between the central state extending out of Cairo and rural Egyptian society. Where many historians of modern Egypt have seen a hermetic bifurcation characterized by mutual antagonism, Anderson sees linkages and interdependence that undermine category boundaries. The ELC recruitment effort “bound ordinary Egyptians from all corners of the Nile Valley to one another, to their local administrative officials, and to wartime decision makers in Cairo, in London, and on the front lines of the war.” Seeing the relationship between power and resistance as dialectical and mutually constitutive, he shows how, in reaction to wartime mobilization efforts, “workers and peasants developed new ways of interacting with state officials,” while “the Anglo-Egyptian state changed its labor recruitment practices in response to recruits, their families, and their communities in the countryside.” Anderson's analysis of ELC recruitment concludes by providing important context for rural responses to the outbreak of revolt in 1919.
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Manduchi, Patrizia. "Students and Dissent in Egypt." Oriente Moderno 95, no. 1-2 (August 7, 2015): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340078.
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This essay aims to describe the Egyptian university movement from the birth of University in Egypt (1908) until the end of Nasser period (1970). A particular focus is provided on the political and social role that students’ opposition movements assumed during all the national events, both in the liberal-monarchic age and under the Nasser presidency. A special attention has been payed to the evolution of Islamic student organizations inside Egyptian universities. The ultimate goal is to stress, with an historical perspective, the relations between the history of universities and students movements as a part of the past and recent history of Egypt. The analysis of the history of thought, the progressive evolution of civil society, the complex articulation of political discourse, the authoritarian and repressive regimes, the censorship, is relevant to better understand the actual political Egyptian context.