Journal articles on the topic 'Egypt – Officials and employees – History'
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1
O’Neil, James L. "Places and Origin of the Officials of Ptolemaic Egypt." Historia 55, no. 1 (2006): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/historia-2006-0002.
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Foss, Clive. "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part I: Flavius Papas and Upper Egypt." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 72, no. 1 (February 2009): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x09000019.
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AbstractPapyri from Egypt constitute the largest body of contemporary documentary evidence for the reign of Muʿāwiya. Most notable among them are the 107 texts in the archive of Flavius Papas, a local official of Upper Egypt in the 670s. Most are in Greek and provide insight into the administration, society and economy of a provincial centre. Since many deal with taxes and requisitions, they illustrate the incessant demands of the Islamic regime in Fusṭāṭ and the way local officials dealt with them. In particular, the archive shows the importance of Egypt for providing the men, materials and supplies essential for the war fleet of the caliphate. A few other documents from Upper Egypt hint at the economic role of the Church. This is the first of two parts, the second dealing with Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria.
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Peregudov, Aleksandr V. "Financial Standing of Officials of the Special Gendarme Corps." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 377–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.204.
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The article focuses on the level of prosperity of the ranks of the Special Gendarme Corps and its trends during the post-reform and late imperial period. It carries out comparative analysis of several categories of gendarme employees and identifies disparities in their financial standing. There were more than a dozen basic and supplementary allowances, which were both permanent and temporary and were paid for by the Treasury. During the period under review, there was the growth in the monetary income of gendarmes, which enabled them to see themselves as being superior to people of other socio-professional categories such as senior and mid-ranking army officers and police officers. This thesis implicitly confirms that bribery was not widely spread among gendarmes. However, there was impoverishment among the gendarmerie personnel because they did not have any other source of income besides service-related earnings. This made them rather vulnerable, resulting in revitalization measures of social support of gendarme employees. A characteristic feature of material provision for gendarmes during the period under review was a widening gap between allowances for the officers and lower ranks. Gendarmes of lower ranks usually had big families and therefore were often in want for money. In other words, they had a lower standard of well-being. As a result, many of them being unable to support their families had to leave the Special Gendarme Corps and search for other livelihoods. Partially, they managed to improve their predicament by using alternative sources of income such as renting out, subsistence farming and service-related odd jobs. However, these sources were not widely available.
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Izosimov, Denis. "On the "ethno-classe dominante" in the First Persian Period Egypt." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080018634-4.
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The following article analyzes P. Briant’s concept of the “dominant ethno-class” in Egypt during the First Persian Domination (526 – 404 BC.). According to P. Briant, the main administrative positions were held by Persian officials, who constituted a closed and culturally isolated from the Egyptians group, while the Egyptian officials were only allowed into religious and financial spheres of administration. Though some ideas of P. Briant were developed by subsequent scholars, the basis of his concept was criticized, especially the thesis of cultural isolation of Persians in Egypt. The article presents a critical evaluation of the concept forwarded by P. Briant as applied to Acaemenid Egypt. Major difficulties with applying P. Briant’s to the Egyptian evidence are due to the insufficiency of historical sources and data on some aspects of social-administrative life in Egypt during the First Persian Domination. The author draws attention to the fact that some cases of Persian acculturation during this period in fact do not reflect the situation in the first decades of the Achaemenid rule in Egypt. Moreover, the definition of the “dominant ethno-class” does not allow including all Persians present in Egypt at the time into this specific strata. While analyzing the issue of the participation of Egyptian elite in Persian administration of Egypt, author points out that the conclusions of P. Briant and D. Agut-Labordère were made on the basis of data acquired from Demotic and Aramaic sources. However, the information from the hieroglyphic inscriptions of this period provides us with data that allows to speak about the inclusion of some of the Egyptian officials into the Persian «dominant ethno-class».
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Mak, Lanver. "More than Officers and Officials: Britons in Occupied Egypt, 1882–1922." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39, no. 1 (March 2011): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.543794.
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Warburg, Gabriel R. "Some Social and Economic Aspects of Turco-Egyptian Rule in the Sudan." Belleten 53, no. 207-208 (August 1, 1989): 769–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1989.769.
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Between 1821 and 1885 most of the area constituting the present Sudan came under Turko-Egyptian rule. The annexation of the Sudan to Egypt was undertaken in 1820-1 by Muhammad 'Ali, the Ottoman Wali of Egypt, and was completed under his grandson, the Khedive Isma'il, who extended this rule to the Great Lakes in the south and to Bahr al-Ghazal and Darfur in the west. In the history of the Sudan, this period became known as the (first) Turkiyya. The term Turkiyya is not really arbitrary since Egypt was itself an Ottoman province, ruled by an Ottoman (Albanian) dynasty. Moreover, most of the high officials and army officers serving in the Sudan were of Ottoman rather than Egyptian origin.
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Türker, Deni̇z. "“Angels of the Angels”: Abdüllatif Subhi Paşa’s Coins, Egypt, and History." Muqarnas Online 39, no. 1 (October 7, 2022): 193–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00391p09.
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Abstract This article revisits the bureaucratic career of Abdüllatif Subhi Paşa (d. 1886), the prominent Ottoman statesman and pioneering numismatist of the nineteenth century, whose much-overlooked early migratory life between Morea and Egypt shaped his contributions to the principal Tanzimat institutions. By weaving together fragmentary biographical accounts, institutional histories, and Subhi’s understudied academic work, the article also offers new historiographical approaches to nineteenth-century Ottoman antiquarianism, archaeology, and museology. The varied trajectories of Subhi’s itinerant professional life allow us to trace intellectual networks between Istanbul and Cairo, academic initiatives of a diverse cast of Ottoman high officials, changes in the scope of the translation movement, and the growing centrality of history and its writing in cultural undertakings.
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Mavropoulos, Nikolaos. "The First Italo-Ethiopian Clash over the Control of Eritrea and the Origins of Rome’s Imperialism." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2021.470105.
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In the wake of Italy’s unification, the country’s expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, toward the opposite shore of the Mediterranean. The barrage of developments that took place in this strategic area would shape the country’s future alliances and colonial policies. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove officials in Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic move of great importance for Europe’s evolution prior to World War I. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance of power, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain held Cyprus and Egypt, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy, and a series of diplomatic defeats led Roman officials to look to the Red Sea and to provoke war with the Ethiopian Empire.
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Mavropoulos, Nikolaos. "The First Italo-Ethiopian Clash over the Control of Eritrea and the Origins of Rome's Imperialism." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2020.470105.
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Abstract In the wake of Italy's unification, the country's expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, toward the opposite shore of the Mediterranean. The barrage of developments that took place in this strategic area would shape the country's future alliances and colonial policies. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove officials in Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic move of great importance for Europe's evolution prior to World War I. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance of power, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain held Cyprus and Egypt, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy, and a series of diplomatic defeats led Roman officials to look to the Red Sea and to provoke war with the Ethiopian Empire.
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Berkes, Lajos. "On Arabisation and Islamisation in Early Islamic Egypt. I. Prosopographic Notes on Muslim Officials." Chronique d'Egypte 93, no. 186 (July 2018): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.cde.5.117663.
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Gonis, Nikolaos. "Prosopographica III." Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 65, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/apf-2019-0018.
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Abstract A sequel to a series of notes on high-ranking persons in Late Antique Egypt, continued from APF 55 (2009) 90-95. Included are Fl. Dionysius alias Apollonius, briefly curator civitatis of Oxyrhynchus in 325; Heraclammon and other officials mentioned in a speech of Shenute; from Hermopolis, Hermogenes, acting curator civitatis, and Callinicus, vir clarissimus; an Oxyrhynchite comes called Iustus; the Arsinoite scholasticus and pagarch Fl. Paulus; and a late but ghost Flavius.
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OSBORN, EMILY LYNN. "‘CIRCLE OF IRON’: AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA." Journal of African History 44, no. 1 (March 2003): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853702008307.
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This article investigates the role of African colonial employees in the functioning of the colonial state in French West Africa. Case studies from the 1890s and early 1900s demonstrate that in the transition from conquest to occupation, low-level African colonial intermediaries continually shaped the localized meanings that colonialism acquired in practice. Well-placed African colonial intermediaries in the colonies of Guinée Française and Soudan Français often controlled the dissemination of information and knowledge in the interactions of French colonial officials with local elites and members of the general population. The contributions of these African employees to the daily operations of the French colonial state show that scholars have long overlooked a cadre of men who played a significant role in shaping colonial rule.
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Abul-Magd, Zeinab. "When Upper Egypt Spoke: Dramatized Rebellion." International Journal of Middle East Studies 53, no. 1 (February 2021): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743821000052.
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Every Ramadan, when Egyptian TV shows enjoy their prime season, at least one series about Upper Egypt is produced and millions of viewers across the country get hooked on it. Those popular dramas usually include a southern hero who is a good-hearted yet poor young man, and his reluctant turn to crime to stand up against corruption and oppression. With romantic depictions of dark and handsome outlaws, the protagonists of these shows always win the deep sympathy of their fans as they rebel against unfortunate conditions and resist local officials, rich elites, and/or corrupt police officers. One of the most iconic and memorable shows, which came out in 1992, was titled Dhiʾab al-Jabal (Wolves of the Mountain, Fig. 1). It narrated the story of Badri, a young man from Qena province, who faced police injustice and escaped to the mountains on the west bank of the Nile River to hide, and then joined a gang of bandits. The honest and kind mountain fugitives aided him until he proved his innocence, reunited with his lost sister, and married his sweetheart. For many viewers across the country, Badri and other lawless idols embody the only glimpse of resistance they experience in their repressed lives—albeit virtually on a TV screen.
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Morozan, Vladimir V. "The Staff of the St. Petersburg Office of the State Bank and Their Salaries." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 4 (2020): 1044–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.402.
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The article deals with the problems of staffing of the St. Petersburg office of the State Bank and their employees’ salaries. This topic has not been researched in the national and foreign historiography, which excluded the possibility of referencing previously published works. The article is based on the record keeping documents from the Russian State Historical Archive. St. Petersburg office of the State Bank was established in 1894, being a part of the Corporate Administration of the main credit institution of the country. It was one of the largest local branches of the bank that executed the largest credit operations in the country. For this reason, the staff of this office was the most numerous and the most compensated in terms of pay. At the end of 1896 it comprised 463 full-time employees, while 54 more candidates were on the wait list for possible vacancies. Meanwhile the remaining branches and offices of the bank together had a staff of slightly less than 700 people. In addition to full-time employees, there were in the capital branch of the State Bank numerous support staff, including information security workers, brochure makers, janitors, security guards, laundresses and others. Salaries of officials of this unit were the highest. Although formally the official payment in the bank was established by law and in general was the same for all employees of the bank in all its branches; the corporate office of this institution paid their employees more generously by means of bonuses.
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García, Juan Carlos Moreno. "Recent Developments in the Social and Economic History of Ancient Egypt." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 1, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 231–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2014-0002.
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AbstractRecent developments in Pharaonic social and economic history help provide a more balanced interpretation of ancient Egypt. Landscape research shows the succession of several micro-regions in the Nile Valley. The conditions prevailing in some of these regions show that cattle rearing played a crucial economic role, while mobile populations from Egypt and abroad could lead lifestyles alternative to cereal cultivation. Trade also appears as a largely underestimated activity, where markets, private merchants and agricultural “entrepreneurs” fuelled exchanges not only within Egyptian borders but also abroad. Their role was crucial in the transformation of agrarian produce into wealth while their activities were in many ways autonomous from any institution, including temples or the crown itself. Not surprisingly, the social structure appears less rigidly organized than previously thought. Elites and peasantry, for instance, actually encompassed very distinct social groups whose goals and interests were not always coincident. While the former included not only officials and high dignitaries but also local potentates and chiefs of villages, the latter encompassed a variety of conditions, from poor rural workers and forced labourers to wealthy cultivators and rich peasants. The local power of such sub-elites enabled them to head extensive patronage networks. Their cooperation with the royal administration was crucial for the stability of the monarchy, even if their appearance in official sources is rather elusive. Politics, the negotiation between factions and groups for power, between the core of the kingdom and the provinces, were common practice, quite far in fact from the supposedly autocratic power of pharaohs.
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Takenouchi, Keita. "Mortuary Consumption and the Social Function of Stone Vessels in Early Dynastic Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 107, no. 1-2 (June 2021): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03075133211050650.
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This study examines the social functions of stone vessels in Early Dynastic society through a comparison between tomb architecture and the assemblage of stone vessels. The results demonstrated that the more valuable vessels, consisting of special wares and greenish stone vessels, were mostly restricted to high-status tombs in the Memphite and Abydos regions. This hierarchical structure places the king’s and highest officials’ tombs at the top of the hierarchy. Rulers probably distributed stone vessels to elites as part of their political strategy under the administrative institution and system developed since IIIC2. Furthermore, there are formal sets of stone vessels in elite tombs at provincial sites that are close to the vessel assemblage of the ritual list inscribed on funerary slabs during IIID. This suggests that stone vessels were likely brought to provincial areas to promote the offering ritual to local elites in this period. Thus, stone vessels functioned as a political medium for vertical and horizontal integration.
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Belyi, Vladislav A., Lyudmila А. Vidiasova, and Andrei V. Chugunov. "Citizens E-participation in the modern metropolis: Area and specifics." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology 15, no. 2 (2022): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu12.2022.201.
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The paper explores the history of the development of the e-communication environment for interactions between the authorities and citizens in the electoral metropolis of St. Petersburg. The paper presents the results of a comprehensive exploratory study with two components. The first study was conducted in 2021 using the expert survey method, attended by 60 people from among employees of government and local governments, management companies, organizations in the housing and communal services sector, representatives of the scientific and educational community, and city activists. The second study, conducted by surveying 354 employees of 43 executive bodies of state power, reveals assessments and opinions of officials on the nature of the exercise of the right to a position owned by citizens, as well as increasing the level of development of society in the social a group of employees of the executive bodies of state power of St. Petersburg. The results of these empirical studies are interpreted in the context of data, obtained through surveys of the population and employees of St. Petersburg. The results of a survey of civil servants, as well as experience, confirmed the need to support the authorities in order to increase the influence of the population. In the authorities, interaction and information exchange between officials is quite clearly built, and representatives of this group positively assess the effects of using electronic formats of interaction with the population.
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Owen, Thomas C. "Chukchi Gold: American Enterprise and Russian Xenophobia in the Northeastern Siberia Company." Pacific Historical Review 77, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 49–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2008.77.1.49.
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During the gold rush in Nome, Alaska, neither Russians nor Americans found significant quantities of gold on the Chukchi Peninsula, across the Bering Strait from the Seward Peninsula. Despite its failure, the documents of the Northeastern Siberian Company (1902––1914) and the memoirs of its managers and employees illuminate important contrasts between the political and cultural perspectives of its founders in St. Petersburg and those of its agents in Seattle. The Russian criticisms of American managers of the company also place the Soviet government's antipathy to American capitalism in historical context. Despite many differences between the tsarist and Marxist-Leninist ideologies, the hostile stereotypes of Americans expressed by tsarist officials and Russian capitalists in St. Petersburg persisted into the Soviet and post-Soviet periods.
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Guotuan, Wang, Yang Jun, Xu Wei, and Shi Youkuan. "Impact of COVID-19 on world sport." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 5-1 (May 1, 2022): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi10.
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Restrictive measures in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic have led to changes in the usual life activities, including sports and physical activity. However, the pandemic also affected professional sports and all key stakeholders: athletes, coaches, instructors, administrative staff (employees of sports organizations), volunteers, officials involved in competitions (judges, members of delegations), enterprises, especially micro and small businesses (fitness clubs, gyms, retailers, event organizers, marketing agencies, sports product manufacturers). In the course of the study, the impact of COVID-19 on world sports was analyzed in the context of key dimensions of the sports industry: organization and conduct of competitions; social consequences; finance; personnel and functioning.
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Churkin, Mikhail K. "“Find Your Own and Feel Comfortable…”: Communicative Space of Russian Officials of the Resettlement Administration as a Factor of Professional Adaptation (Late 19th – Early 20th Century)." Vestnik NSU. Series: History, Philology 20, no. 8 (October 28, 2021): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-8-61-72.
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Based on the published memoirs of the employees of the Migration Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the article reconstructs the communicative space of the Russian bureaucracy, which was responsible for organizing population migrations to the eastern outskirts of the empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The research identifies the actors, conditions and channels of communicative actions of managers, who belong to the formed in the post-reform period generation and performed their duties under the influence of socio-cultural transformations of the second half of the 19th century. It has been proved that the main features of the identity of the new type of imperial bureaucracy were: breadth of views and a democratic style of behavior within a professional group, a sense of responsibility towards society and the state, a categorical rejection of radical political ideas and ways of their manifestation. The research demonstrates that the cultural and historical background of organizing the communicative space of resettlement officials was a qualitative rethinking of the tasks of the “resettlement case”, which became an important element of the colonial policy in the eastern parts of the country. The concernes of the authorities on the agrarian issue gave the resettlement movement a priority status in the domestic policy of Russia. In this aspect, the significance of the bureaucracy that was involved in solving problems related to the organization and regulation of the resettlement process has also changed. The article establishes that, in contrast to the bulk of Russian officials, the employees of the resettlement department were characterized by greater mobility and intensity of contacts with various class categories of the empire’s population, primarily with the peasantry. It was the communication with the peasantry that named the considered category of officials “resettelers”, which eventually determined their identity as specific, different from the identity of other groups of the Russian bureaucracy. Thus, within the space of official and informal interaction of resettlement
officials, the principles of paternalism and partnership underlied the communicative action, which contributed to the “soft” professional adaptation of young employees of the department, the collective adoption of conventions of mutual understanding, cooperation and maintenance of comfortable conditions for activity. All this, taken together, increased the efficiency of the work of the empire's representatives on the colonized territories, and raised the prestige of the Russian state in the Trans-Ural regions.
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Ospanova, Alma Asylhanovna. "Some aspects of the everyday life of officials in the Russian Empire in the beginning of XX century (based on the «Vestnik chinovnika»)." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20163213.
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This article explains the necessity of studying the historical experience of the management organization of the Russian Empire. The article contains an analysis of the situation of contemporary historiography, which feature lies in the fact that it is necessary to study not only the degree of effectiveness of the mechanisms of power, but also the factors influencing it. Among these factors occupies an important place daily serving officials, their way of life, material security, way of life. The history of everyday life - a new branch of historical knowledge, the subject of study which is the sphere of human commonness of multiple historical, cultural, political and event-and religious-confessional contexts. The focus of the study of the history of everyday life repeating, normal and usual, design style and way of life of the members of different social classes, including emotional reactions to events and behavior motives. One of the main sources of this study advocates periodical Vestnik chinovnika, which allows to understand the lifestyles of officials from the "inside." Analysis of this edition allows to draw conclusions about the limited salaries, lack of financial security, which is reflected in the number of employees malfeasance. The results can serve as a basis for further study of the factors influencing the efficiency of public administration and for the study of everyday regional officials.
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Jones, H. S. "Civil Rights for Civil Servants? The Ligue Des Droits De L'Homme and the Problem of Trade Unionism in the French Public Services, c. 1905–1914." Historical Journal 31, no. 4 (December 1988): 899–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00015569.
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The law of 21 March 1884, which legalized the formation of syndicats for the defence of ‘economic, industrial, commercial and agricultural interests’, was not intended to apply to civil servants. They were not thought to have such interests. There was, it is true, some dispute as to which categories of public employees were covered by this legal prohibition, and the Chamber of Deputies maintained in 1894 that the law applied to workers in industrial enterprises run by the state. But governments steadfastly refused to allow postal officials or schoolteachers, for instance, the right to form syndicats. They did not, however, contest their right to form associations under the law of 1 July 1901, and conflict became acute in the period after 1905 as these associations began to transform themselves into syndicats or to claim rights associated with the syndicat The postal strikes in Paris in 1909 and the rail strike of 1910 were particular causes célèbres
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Carminati, Lucia. "Alexandria, 1898: Nodes, Networks, and Scales in Nineteenth-Century Egypt and the Mediterranean." Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, no. 1 (January 2017): 127–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417516000554.
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AbstractIn October 1898, the Italian vice-consul in Alexandria charged a group of Italians with participating in an anarchist plot to attack German Emperor Wilhelm II during his planned tour through Egypt and Palestine. This collective arrest produced unexpected outcomes, left a trail of multi-lingual documents, and illuminated specific forms of late nineteenth-century Mediterranean migration. Anarchists were among those who frequently crossed borders and they were well aware of and connected to what was happening elsewhere: they sent letters, circulated manifestos, raised and transported money, and helped fugitive comrades. They maintained nodes of subversion and moved along circuits of solidarity. Similarly, diplomats of Europe, Cairo, Istanbul, and local consular officials operated across borders and cooperated to hunt anarchists down. By following people who were on the move on boats, in post offices, and in taverns, I make a methodological and historiographical argument. First, I examine the Mediterranean as a space of flows and show how theMaghreb/Mashreqdivide in Middle Eastern history has concealed webs and connections. Because anarchists and authorities acted on multiple fronts simultaneously, so must scholarship of this part of the world take account of several histories at once. Second, I look beyond the micro-macro binary to emphasize the interconnections and mutual implications of the micro, the macro, and everything in between. I highlight competing, intersecting, and even contradictory trajectories of some of these anarchist migrants’ belonging. As the affair of the bombs unfolded, all of these contradictions and scales of analysis became visible at once.
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Kosach, Grigory G. "Egyptian Communists and the Free Officer Regime in the Mid-1950s: Conflict and Confrontation." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640019503-1.
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The publication of the document Draft Tactics. For the Overthrow of the Military Dictatorship. For the Establishment of a National Democratic Government is preceded by an introductory article which examines the development path of the Egyptian communist movement. The focus is on a key moment in the history of the movement, namely the communist attempt to oppose the military regime of the Free Officers established in the country in 1952. Having failed to become their ally, the Egyptian supporters of the Marxist idea chose a course of open confrontation with the army officers. A typewritten copy of the Draft Tactics is held at the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI). This document is part of a larger dossier that includes minutes from the August 1955 meetings of the “unity committee” that resulted in the creation of the Unified Egyptian Communist Party. The documents were translated from Arabic by Soviet embassy officials in Cairo and, according to a note accompanying the dossier and signed by Soviet Foreign Minister A.A. Gromyko, were sent by Soviet Ambassador in Egypt D.S. Solod to the Soviet Foreign Ministry, from where they were forwarded to the CPSU Central Committee.
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Varanda, Jorge, and Todd Cleveland. "(Un)healthy Relationships: African Labourers, Profits and Health Services in Angola’s Colonial-Era Diamond Mines, 1917–75." Medical History 58, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2013.73.
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AbstractThe Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, or Diamang, mined for diamonds in colonial Angola from 1917 until independence in 1975. The enterprise’s Health Services Division (SSD) was responsible for supplying mine managers with an African labour force comprised of healthy, and therefore productive, employees. In practice, though, this otherwise ‘healthy’ system did not always work. While SSD personnel attempted to fulfil their charge by implementing a series of screening measures, production targets and a scarcely-populated regional labour pool regularly prompted senior officials to compel the SSD to clear recruits who were otherwise unfit for mine service. Drawing upon interviews with former SSD staff and African labourers, as well as company and colonial archival sources, this article focuses on the interplay over time between the SSD, the company’s production demands and these labourers.
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Fedorchenko, Oleh, and Olena Kaminskaya. "Forgotten officials: social and cultural characteristics of junior employees оf Odesa postal‑telegraphic districtаt at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, no. 1 (December 3, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210405.
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The aim: based on archival statistical materials, to create a socio-cultural portrait of lower employees of post and telegraph offices of Tavriya and Kherson provinces: class and group affiliation, educational level, age, religion, and dynamics of social-cultural portrait changes. Research methods: historic-genetic, historic-systemic, comparative. Main results: The dynamics of changes in the constituents of the socio-cultural characteristics of the lowest level employees of the Post department is analyzed. It is noted that, contrary to the government’s desire to form a generation of agents, the corps of the lowest level employees was formed, first of all, from peasants and burghers, who were attracted by the opportunity to get a rank and rise in the hierarchy of the Russian Empire. The educational level of the guards was increased at the expense of women, who, from 1916 were allowed to occupy positions of the lowest level employees. The educational indicators of postmen declined as the administration of post offices gave preference to physically fit people. Considering the religiosity of the society of the Russian Empire, most of the messengers were Orthodox. More than half of the messengers were married, which ensured a stable staff of lower-level employees. The practical significance lies in the creation of a systematic, factual basis for the reconstruction of the history of the Post office in Ukraine at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, in particular, the study of the ”human factor” of the Post department functioning. The originality of the research lies in the use of a wide range of unpublished archival sources and their comprehensive analysis. Scientific novelty: the main characteristics of the composition of the lower employees of the post and telegraph offices of Tavriya and Kherson provinces are comprehensively presented for the first time. Age, status, educational, family components and their changes are analyzed. Type of article: descriptive and analytical.
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Sabry, Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim, Hamdy Elwany, Islam El-Nakib, and Mohamed Ragheb. "The Effect of Supply Chain Practices on Perceived Organizational Performance." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 757–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i10.sh01.
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This research focuses on to identify the relationship between supply chain management practices (supplier relationship, supply chain complexity, information sharing, information quality, logistics and strategic location) with perceived organization performance through the mediating role of supply chain performance (supply chain integration, supply chain flexibility and supplier performance) in oil and gas companies in Egypt. Then the relationship between the three variables will be tested and examined. Literature and prior studies related to this field are reviewed to construct the research hypotheses, which state that there is a significant relationship between Supply Chain Management and Supply Chain Performance, there is a significant relationship between Supply Chain Performance and Perceived Organizational Performance, and there is a significant relationship between Supply Chain Management and Perceived Organizational Performance. These hypotheses will be tested throughout the research study. Primary data is collected from supply chain employees in 61 companies of the petroleum agency in Egypt using a quantitative approach (Questionnaire). The data collected is analyzed and then the results of the analysis and findings are demonstrated by the end of the research with some recommendations to Egyptian SMEs to enhance their Perceived Organizational Performance.
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Alipour, Vali, Hadi Eshaghi, Leila Rezaei, Amin Ghanbarnejad, Zahra Hosseini, Hamid Reza Ghaffari, and Somayyeh Dehghani. "Relationship between Exposure to Hookah Smoke and Lung Capacity of Hookah Cafe Employees." Tobacco and Health 1, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/thj.2022.20.
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Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exposure to hookah smoke on the respiratory capacity of employees working in hookah cafes in Bandar Abbas. Methods: A total of 75 employees of hookah cafes and 64 people in the control group were the target population. Participants without a history of smoking, diabetes, and hypertension were included in the study. First, the height and weight of subjects were measured and then a respiratory test was performed by an occupational medicine specialist. At the same time, a checklist was completed, which contained demographic characteristics, history of working in hookah cafes, pulmonary diseases, hypertension, smoking, exercising, and a second job. Results: The mean age of the case and control groups was found to be 31.41 and 30.73 years, respectively. The mean values of the indices in the case and the control groups were as follows: forced expiratory volume (FEV1): 84.4% and 89.9%, forced vital capacity (FVC): 91.5% and 91.1%, forced expiratory flow 25-75 (FEF25-75): 78.7% and 75.9%, and peak expiratory flow (PEF): 87.2% and 95.2%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between exposure to hookah smoke and the lung capacity of employees working in hookah cafes (P <0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study and in order to reduce passive exposure to hookah smoke and its negative consequences, officials should review and apply strict rules on hookah use and monitor and control the air quality inside hookah cafes.
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Watkins, James. "To Play or Not to Play: The 1942 College Football Discontinuance Controversy at Mississippi State College." Journal of Sport History 48, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.48.1.0033.
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Abstract This article examines the 1942 attempt by the trustees to discontinue the Athletics Department, especially the football program, at Mississippi State College. Sources include archival records of the correspondence between college officials, as well as student publications, newspapers, trustee board minutes, and state legislature records. The trustees expressed doubts that football could remain financially self-sustaining during World War II. The paper argues that Mississippi State’s president and Athletic Department employees convinced the trustees that college football should be played during 1942 since it could remain self-sustaining and would make positive contributions to the war effort. This debate in college sport history provides an example of how college administrators successfully retained institutional autonomy by justifying college sport through its educational value when faced with the ethical dilemma of whether to maintain athletics during World War II.
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FRAMPTON, MARTYN, and EHUD ROSEN. "READING THE RUNES? THE UNITED STATES AND THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AS SEEN THROUGH THE WIKILEAKS CABLES." Historical Journal 56, no. 3 (August 5, 2013): 827–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000150.
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ABSTRACTThe aftermath of Hosni Mubarak's forced abdication as president of Egypt in 2011 brought the culmination of a long-running debate over whether Western governments should engage with the Muslim Brotherhood. At the heart of that debate was the question of how to judge the Brothers: as ‘moderates’ with whom the US might do business, or as part of a movement ultimately hostile to American interests. As this article demonstrates, the idea of engaging in some form of dialogue with the Brotherhood is itself nothing new to United States diplomats. An examination of the Wikileaks cache of documents confirms that contacts of varying kinds have existed since the first half of the 1980s (with dialogue only abandoned for a brief period during the early years of the ‘war on terror’). Such contacts were a product of the normal, low-level political intelligence-gathering conducted by all American embassies; at no stage were they allowed to jeopardize America's key strategic alliance with the Mubarak regime. Nevertheless, the cables pertaining to the Muslim Brotherhood do reveal the limits of such diplomacy, with officials often struggling either to understand the character of the Brotherhood, or read the runes of its internal contours. In particular, the question of whether the Muslim Brothers should indeed be seen as ‘moderates ‘– and as suitable partners for the US – is shown to be one of enduring, but unresolved, concern. The history of this relationship thus serves as a crucial backdrop to contemporary debates and developments.
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Fryer, R. H. (Bob), and Stephen Williams. "Representing Women: The Introduction, Context, and Implications of Reserved Seats for Women in the National Union of Public Employees." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 42, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2021.42.4.
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This paper explores the impact of the decision by the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) in 1975 to revise its constitution to include elected reserved seats for women on its executive and other bodies. The analysis is situated within the context of women’s employment and trade-union representation in the UK at the time. Reserved seats for women were part of a wider restructuring of NUPE intended to extend democracy, incorporate the emergent system of shop stewards formally into its structure and government, provide for more effective representation and mobilization of different sections of members, and increase the accountability of full-time officials to lay members and their representatives. The initiative was successful; and although women’s participation in NUPE did increase, this was uneven. This was not entirely unexpected given the limited change initiated in just one haltingly democratizing trade union and the wider social and economic forces that constrain women.
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GIL, MOSHE. "Institutions and events of the eleventh century mirrored in Geniza letters (Part I)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 67, no. 2 (June 2004): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x04000114.
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This article is based on letters from the Geniza. The writers were merchants who dealt in imports and exports between Egypt and other countries of the Mediterranean basin. These merchants were part of the Jewish elite and maintained close ties with the Muslim authorities. They enjoyed considerable status with these authorities, who co-operated with the merchants, especially in the transport of goods; some of the high officials were, in fact, ship-owners. The administration of the time took a great interest in imports and exports, and would at times confiscate goods required by the army. The article reviews a series of citations from letters thus examining the relationship between the merchants and the authorities. The second part deals with the evidence of the droughts found in the merchants' letters; it is interesting to compare the details on droughts with the information in the Arabic sources. The third part discusses the information contained in the Geniza documents on the conquest of Jerusalem (638). This is followed by a discussion of two figures who are also known from Arabic sources: Manasseh b. Abraham Ibn al-Qazza¯z, and Barjawa¯n. The letters also reflect the restrictive measures against Jews and Christians in the days of Caliph al-Ha¯kim.
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MOROZOV, ALEXEY V., and NATALIA V. SHISHKINA. "THE HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL CARE FOR CUSTOMS OFFICIALS IN THE XIX–XX CENTURIES." Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine 14, no. 5 (October 2021): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20969/vskm.2021.14(5).117-123.
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Aim. The article considers materials that allow evaluating the way of establishment of medical service for customs authorities during the XIX–XX centuries. Material and methods. The study was conducted in a combination of the main methodological principles – historicism, objectivity, and comprehensiveness of the research. Materials stored in the funds of the Central Museum of the Federal Customs Service, electronic resources allowing access to the Full Collection of laws of the Russian Federation were considered. Results and discussion. Before the beginning of the 19th century there was virtually no medical care for customs officials. The key role in the establishment of medical service provision was played by the «Charter of frontier and port quarantines», which determined the presence of doctors or staff-medics in the staff of Quarantine Offices, who were supposed to provide free of charge assistance to quarantined and quarantine survivors. Later, the emphasis in providing medical care for customs officials shifted to hospitals and military hospitals. Most likely, it was due to the huge length of the Russian Empire borders, along which the customs houses, customs outposts and posts were located. The changes in socio-political system in 1917 had their effect on the processes occurring with the provision of medical services in the country and in the customs office. In the period after the Great Patriotic War, medical services to employees of the department began to be provided in the outpatient clinic created under the USSR Ministry of Foreign Trade, and since 1957 – in the outpatient clinics of the USSR State Committee on Foreign Economic Relations, as well as in the inpatient clinics which were part of the structure of the USSR Ministry of Health. Conclusion. In the Russian Empire, customs houses, customs outposts and posts were located on the border, designed to solve a complex of problems in the border areas. The study of the historical experience of their medical service allows us to make more rational managerial decisions at the level of the Federal Customs Service in the future.
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Lindekilde, Lasse. "SOFT REPRESSION AND MOBILIZATION: THE CASE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM OF DANISH MUSLIMS DURING THE CARTOONS CONTROVERSY." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 3 (July 15, 2010): 451–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000449.
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For several months after the September 2005 publication of twelve cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad in the Danish newspaperJyllands-Posten, the debate was largely confined to a Danish context. Early international protests of the cartoons were voiced by government officials in several countries, including Pakistan, Iran, and Egypt. However, until late December 2005, in what I will call phase one of the controversy, Danish Muslims fought a primarily domestic battle for some kind of recognition from the newspaper and the Danish government that the cartoons had hurt religious feelings. In October 2005 an ad hoc coalition of Danish Muslim organizations, with The Community of Islamic Faith (Det Islamiske Trossamfund) and its affiliated imams at the lead, tried to put pressure on the Danish government through ambassadors from Muslim countries posted in Denmark. The ambassadors' request for a meeting with the Danish prime minister was turned down, as were other attempts by Danish Muslims to raise claims with the government.
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Littmann, William. "Designing Obedience: The Architecture and Landscape of Welfare Capitalism, 1880–1930." International Labor and Working-Class History 53 (1998): 88–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900013685.
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When International Harvester executives announced their plans in 1904 to build a clubhouse for employees at the McCormick reaper works in Chicago, they hoped that the facility might lure workers away from the coarse pleasures enjoyed in the surrounding working-class neighborhoods. They believed the three-story building would serve as a symbol of good taste and proper behavior in a grim landscape of tenements, taverns, and smoking factories (Fig. 1). As one newspaper reporter noted in that year, “the hope and expectation of the stockholders and officials whose money is going into this building is that it will prove a magnet to draw the employes from saloons and other places of resort where waste of money and weariness of flesh are the penalties that add to loss of time.” McCormick executives saw the brick and limestone structure as more than recreation center: It was also a transformative machine, gathering men up from the streets and converting them into efficient and compliant workers.
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Zhang, Wenjuan, Dongping Cao, and Guangbin Wang. "The Construction Industry in China: Its Bidding System and Use of Performance Information." Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value 1, no. 1 (June 2, 2008): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37265/japiv.v1i1.119.
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This paper describes the rapid development of China’s construction industry and especially its bidding system. After summarily depicting the history, scope, employees and contractors in China’s construction industry, the paper identifies that even after nearly thirty years’ development, the sector is still harassed by the problems of low productivity, unskilled employees, unsophisticated technologies, inadequate legal framework and flawed mechanism. This paper also points out that the status quo of performance information in China’s construction industry still leaves much to be desired, and that in order to merge into the global market, China has made much effort to introduce the competitive bidding mechanism and the method of evaluated lowest bidding price to the industry. Via picturing the course of using the method of evaluated lowest bidding price in China’s construction industry, the paper also characters why and how the performance information is used in the sector. At the end of the paper, it is pointed out that although some certain district has made some efforts to use performance information, most Chinese scholars and government officials are still convinced that the method of evaluated lowest bidding price does accord with the market-oriented trend and should certainly be widely adopted in the future.
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Zahler, Reuben. "Complaining Like a Liberal: Redefining Law, Justice, and Official Misconduct in Venezuela, 1790-1850." Americas 65, no. 3 (January 2009): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.0.0069.
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One night in April 1822, a slave snuck into Caracas' main plaza, and under cover of darkness, threw the feces of his entire household into the public well. A month later, a local magistrate appeared at the store of José Castellano and Manuel Gonzalez with a contingent of soldiers and arrested them for having ordered their slave to commit this heinous crime. From their jail cell, the two men asserted their innocence and insisted that the magistrate had behaved unacceptably: “Because we have never had any previous warning, because we have not previously been called to appear in court and also because there is no proof … [the magistrate] cannot have been authorised to commit the public insult that he has shamelessly and scandalously put upon our persons.” Their defense relied not only on questions of evidence but also on attacks against the magistrate's civility; they claimed that his actions had transgressed both proper legal and social behavior. This combination of legislative and non-legislative concerns was typical for complaints against officials from the colonial period, and we see it persist directly after independence. In the coming years, however, the formal responsibilities of government employees would change, as would the paradigm for complaints against them.
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Kazarin, Victor N. "The History of the Aginsk Steppe Duma in the Documents from the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatiya (1839-1904) Has Been Published." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2020): 950–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-3-950-959.
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The review of an anthology on the history of the Aginsk Steppe Duma published by drs. B.V. Bazarov, B.T. Zhalsanova, L.V.Kuras notes that hundreds the new archival documents offer a holistic view on the governmental politics concerning one of large ingenious peoples of East Russia. The composers have identified and presented documents reflecting various aspects of local self-government of the Aginsk Duma created on the basis of M.M. Speransky’s Statute on the Inorodtsy of 1822. The review contains a brief characteristic of the archival documents corpus systematized in volumes and argues their information value. The documents contain data on the officials of the Duma, personnel structure in dynamics from its foundation to its termination. The edition offers an array of documents on tax policy pertaining to indigenous population, public censures, correspondence on administrative and land disputes at the turn of the 19th century. Authors-composers have published family lists of the Aginsk buryats. The review underscores the information value of the commentary included in all volumes of the edition, the nominal indexes numbering hundreds of surnames. The illustrative component of this three-volume edition is also emphasized: there are rare photos of officials of the Aginsk department, meetings of tsesarevitch Nikolai Aleksandrovich in Transbaikalia in 1892, deputy of the State Duma, descendants of families from the Transbaikal steppes in the Soviet period. The review emphasizes the importance of such edition for studying governmental policies concerning ingenious peoples, balance of government and local self- government, social and economic and cultural development of East regions in the Imperial period. Materials of the three-volume edition open numerous unpublished documents to researchers. The review notes its value for historians, local historians, archivists, museums employees, and those researching their family tree.
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Vaculínová, Marta. "From the Life of the National Museum Library in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 62, no. 3-4 (2017): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amnpsc-2017-0034.
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The aim of the paper is to show the situation of the National Museum Library (NML) in the period of 1939–1945 based on archival documents. Central changes made by the Nazis affected people as well as their work in the NML. It was not possible to continue as before – some employees had been arrested or executed by the Gestapo. Nevertheless, the number of the NML staff increased as a result of the transfer of officials from the closed Ministry of War and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Two employees of German nationality joined the NML based on the new rules concerning the relations between Czechs and Germans in public services. The operation of the library came under the supervision of Professor Carl Wehmer, who planned a cataloguing reform, was in charge of the book collections and ensured their later evacuation. The plans for a new NML exhibition were cancelled and replaced by propagandistic exhibitions imported from Germany, such as Deutsche Größe. The Nazi ideologists planned to return the National Museum and its library to the original idea of the land museum. Also Emil Franzel, a former leading member of the German Social Democracy in Czechoslovakia, a later member of the Sudeten German Party and in 1940–1941 an official in the NML, followed the idea of a land museum in his book History of the National Museum Library (Prague 1942), the first monograph on the history of the NML.
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Sidik, Hasbi. "Korupsi, Kolusi dan Nepotisme (KKN) dalam Perspektif Hadis." TASAMUH: Jurnal Studi Islam 11, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v11i2.169.
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Corruption is a social phenomenon has existed since the era of the history of Egyptian, Babylonian, Hebrew, Indian, Chinese, Greek, and Ancient Rome. Corruption on the surface appear as a problem. From start to tarap simple to the very modern. Various efforts have been made, law enforcement officials made various efforts to be able to cope. But along with the development of time corruption growing. Including Indonesia Corruption in our country and the day rather than getting lost, it became increasingly greater amounts and fantastic, with the number of players who more and more and congregation. Where did it from starting low-level employees to senior officials, civilian and military officials. This is an emergency that must be taken seriously. Because corruption is so diverse. If not immediately anticipated it will take effect very broad. Corruption occurs in almost all of developing countries including Indonesia besides Nigeria, Peru and the Philippines. A new issue currently developing is that corruption is related to the other organized crimes especially to the attempt of corruptors to hide their corruption-originated income through money laundering by using derivative transaction through an effective international transfer. Meanwhile, according to the data found by Asian Development Bank in Perceived Standard, it is stated that Indonesia belongs to the first place in cost competitiveness if compared to the other Asian countries. One of the ways which can be used by the Government of Indonesia is to confiscate the assets of the corruptors by claiming the assets obtained through a criminal act by means of what is called civil forfeiture in the countries practicing common law. Civil forfeiture was originally from England which was then developed in the United States which also practices the Principle of Common Law. This article describe about the corruption in the hadis maudu’, the classic are of Islam.
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Twells, Laurie, Michael Doyle, Deborah Gregory, Brendan Barrett, and Patrick Parfrey. "Acute care restructuring in Newfoundland and Labrador: the history and impact on expenditure." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 10, no. 2_suppl (October 2005): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135581905774424546.
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Objectives To document the history of regionalization and its effects on the Newfoundland and Labrador acute care health system, and to describe changes in acute care expenditure in the St John's region where hospital redesign, closure and aggregation occurred in relation to other regions not exposed to aggregation. Methods Interviews were conducted with senior health officials. Transcripts and other reports were reviewed. Financial data were abstracted from audited general ledger statements received from the Ministry of Health. Results Regionalization achieved its objectives of hospital aggregation in St John's. The average number of full-time equivalent employees increased slightly by 2% (5304–5416). In some regions, integration of services was delayed because of conflict and resistance to change. There was some disparity between the Provincial Government's objectives for cost control and the CEOs’ perceptions of economies of scale. Between 1995/96 and 2002/03, total expenditures for the St John's region and the other five regional hospitals increased by 46% and 54%, respectively; total personal income of the population and government revenues increased by only 18% and 16%, respectively. Conclusions Regionalization in Newfoundland and Labrador facilitated aggregation of hospitals, but did not control the number of front-line workers and, consequently, total acute care expenditure. Expenditure increased significantly between1995 and 2002, at a rate which exceeded the increase in government revenues. The government's ability to pay for acute care will not be achieved unless employee costs are controlled or provincial income increases.
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Faue, Elizabeth, and Josiah Rector. "The Precarious Work of Care." Labor 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-8643460.
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This article examines a series of Service Employees’ International Union (SEIU) campaigns for protection from needlestick injuries, led by women health-care workers, from the dawn of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1980s through battles over the 1992 OSHA standard on blood-borne pathogens and the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act of 2000. We argue that these campaigns developed in response to the growing physical precarity of women health-care workers in the era of “managed care,” caused by the intensification and flexibilization of health-care labor and the deregulation and underfunding of OSHA and the CDC. We show how women workers challenged employers, OSHA, and elected federal officials to address workplace health hazards, through unions like SEIU and women’s, gay rights, and public health organizations. More broadly, we argue that the occupational hazards of health-care workers are a crucial but underexplored facet of workplace studies and the history of women workers in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
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Shafer Raviv, Omri. "Studying an Occupied Society: Social Research, Modernization Theory and the Early Israeli Occupation, 1967–8." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 1 (August 21, 2018): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418785688.
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In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza Strip from Jordan and Egypt, and established a long-lasting military regime over their Palestinian population. In this article, recently declassified sources and published reports were used to demonstrate how the Israeli government initiated and funded academic research on Palestinian society to gain reliable, useful knowledge to inform its policies. The Israeli leadership was most specifically concerned with pacification of the occupied population, the Arab/Jewish demographic balance, and the status of the 1948 Palestinian refugees. By early 1968, the research team had produced a series of policy-oriented reports on Palestinian society, covering such subjects as employment, education, nationalism, migration, and general values. The team used surveys, questionnaires, and observations, with modernization theory providing the theoretical framework for analyzing their empirical findings and formulating policy recommendations. As the Israeli team had studied a population under military occupation, their recommendations differed from those reached by their US peers who studied traditional populations in the context of the Cold War. Israeli civil and military officials had great interest in this new knowledge, rendering social research an ongoing practice for the Israeli occupation regime in the years to come.
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Semenova, Natalia L., and Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy. "THE INSTITUTE OF MILITARY GOVERNORSHIP IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ORENBURG PROVINCE AT THE END OF THE 18TH — FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURIES." Ural Historical Journal 77, no. 4 (2022): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-157-167.
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At the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century, the Orenburg province was a vast frontier region in the southeast of the Russian Empire. The border position on the border with the Kazakh steppe, the presence of a defensive line on which irregular troops served, the motley ethno-confessional composition of the population were the differences between this territory and the “internal provinces”. The specifics of the Orenburg province led to the formation of a special regional administration. Its center was the institution of military governorship, which had the features of a special administration. The status of the military governor, as a “chief of the province”, was determined by the law of appointment; the possibility of direct appeal to the emperor; principles of selection for the position; powers for military border management, management of the Separate Orenburg Corps, management of the civilian part of the province. He had the right of administrative initiative, control and supervisory functions in relation to provincial institutions. The government showed interest in the stable functioning of the institute of military governorship. This was reflected in the expansion of the staff of the office, the adaptation of its structure to the functions performed, and the increase in the employees’ salaries. Officials on special assignments were among the most trusted persons of the military governor. They took a real part in the administration of the region. The regional model of governance of the Orenburg province at the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century solved the problems it faced. It ensured stability and unity of government in the vast border region.
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High, Steven. "Little Burgundy: The Interwoven Histories of Race, Residence, and Work in Twentieth-Century Montreal." Articles 46, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1059112ar.
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Until the 1950s, most black men in Montreal worked for the railway companies as sleeping car porters, dining car employees, and red caps. The city’s English-speaking black community took root in Little Burgundy because it was close to Windsor and Bonaventure train stations. The area between Saint-Henri and Griffintown, north of the Lachine Canal, in the city’s Southwest Borough, was once known by many names. “Little Burgundy” was invented in the 1960s by city officials to describe their urban renewal plans for the area. If employment mobility was foundational in making this community, it proved just as central in its unmaking in the 1960s and 1970s. The shift from trains to cars and trucks had a two-fold impact on Little Burgundy. First, employment levels collapsed with the decline of passenger train travel, leaving many black men unemployed. Then the state built a highway through the neighbourhood to facilitate the mobility of mainly white suburban workers and consumers making their way to the central city. Next, the neighbourhood was “renewed” on a massive scale. What followed were years of dislocation and crisis. Much of the black community was dispersed as a result. It was no coincidence. The radical restructuring of North American cities disproportionately affected racialized minorities and poor whites. What was different here was that the area’s reputation for being the birthplace of black Montreal emerged after the community had been largely dispersed by urban renewal.
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Xu, Tian Atlas. "Immigration Attorneys and Chinese Exclusion Law Enforcement: The Case of San Francisco, 1882–1930." Journal of American Ethnic History 41, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 50–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.41.1.0050.
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Abstract This article examines the historical correlations between Chinese exclusion law enforcement and the career patterns of immigration attorneys in San Francisco. Built on a rich historiography about Chinese exclusion and state formation in the United States, it views these attorneys as a unique interest group to make sense of their intermediary role between the administrative state and the transnational Chinese community. Drawing from both traditional sources and a collection recently made public by Stanford University, it looks at three groups of Euro-American lawyers who, for five decades, dominated the business of Chinese immigration legal services at the Golden Gate: lawyers from the private sector, former United States attorneys, and officials-turned-attorneys who emerged in the late 1910s. The article argues that these lawyers’ background and priorities closely corresponded and evolved with the decline of judicial review and the rise of the immigration authorities’ near-plenary power over the project of exclusion. The lawyers’ work provides fresh insights into the key paradox in the history of Chinese exclusion, that despite its constant search for efficiency, local enforcement of the exclusion laws often reduced the anti-Chinese policy to routinized, counterproductive procedures. It finds that many US attorneys and immigration inspectors who later chose to become attorneys for the Chinese had been diligent federal employees. Their shifting positions prove bureaucratic malice towards Chinese immigrants to be anything but monolithic and challenge historians’ established dichotomy between an anti-Chinese state and Chinese in America.
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Kim, Jaehyung, and Jinhyuk Im. "A Study on the Effects of Public Entrepreneurship on Work Performance: Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.11.44.11.825.
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The need for entrepreneurship of public servants is emphasized in order to improve performance in the public sector, as there are limitations in solving the issues that the public sector faces suddenly, such as COVID-19, only with existing regulations and manuals. Therefore, this study intends to suggest implications related to the performance creation of public sector workers by examining how public entrepreneurship affects work performance. For this purpose, empirical analysis was conducted using SPSS's Process Macro based on a survey of 4,330 public officials. As a result, it was confirmed that public entrepreneurship had a positive effect on work performance and organizational commitment, and organizational commitment also had a positive effect on work performance. In addition, it was found that organizational commitment had a mediating effect on the relationship between public entrepreneurship and work performance. Through this, it was possible to derive the implication that the entrepreneurship of employees should be strengthened in order to increase work performance and organizational commitment in the public domain.
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Karchaeva, T. G. "ORGANIZATION OF NOTARY BUSINESS IN SIBERIA BEFORE 1896: THE YENISEI PROVINCE." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-1-39-45.
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The current paper features organization and operation of notaries in Siberia before 1896. The data obtained have revealed that the Statute of Notaries reached Siberia some thirty years after it had been issued in Central Russia in 1866. The article contains information about the development of the history of Notarial Institute in the Yenisei province before and after the Siberian Notary Reform of 1896. It has been concluded that Siberia had regional peculiarities in its management in the pre-revolutionary period of Russian history. In the XVIII century notary functions were performed by clerks, bailiffs and "weeklings", after 1822 – by officials of city councils and police employees (e.g. the city of Turukhansk). The author notes that the rapid social and economic changes in Siberia predetermined the need for the development of the pre-reform notary as an independent legal institution. Archival materials reveal that the first notary began his work in Krasnoyarsk as late as in 1883, and he was not a state servant, the way it was in Central Russia, but was elected by the local municipal authorities; what is more, neither authorities nor society had any influence on his activities. It was concluded that the pre-1896 Siberian notaries had a number of regional features that played their role in the pre-revolutionary period of Russian history.
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Moitra, Stefan. "Winning or Losing?" (Post-)Industrial Memories. Oral History and Structural Change 31, no. 2-2018 (October 6, 2020): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/bios.v31i2.04.
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The history of the West German coal mining industry since the late 1950s can be seen as a story of industrial decline and at the same time as a success story for a corporatist politics of “social responsibility”. The mining trade union together with the state and the companies all participated in sustaining a mode of shrinkage that allowed to avoid sudden mass unemployment and keep up a slow fading of the industry over six decades. This process, however, was a matter of constant re-negotiation. Calling on the principle of social responsibility constituted a crucial element in the moral economy of industrial decline. Yet the state’s structural and financial support for the mining communities went along with changing work environments and increased pressures for the mine workers. This article juxtaposes the memories of shop stewards, trade union officials and other workers’ representatives who had to negotiate such terms of industrial change with the narratives of mine workers and employees subjected to these measures. It asks for the extent to which the narratives and interpretations of mine closure overlap or differ for these two memory collectives.
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Wilson, Mark R. "The Politics of Procurement: Military Origins of Bureaucratic Autonomy." Journal of Policy History 18, no. 1 (January 2006): 44–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2005.0032.
Full textAbstract:
No U.S. history textbook mentions Robert Allen, George H. Crosman, John H. Dickerson, Thomas Swords, or Stewart Van Vliet. Yet in certain respects they were five of the most important government officials in the nineteenth-century United States. Each was a high-ranking officer in the Quartermaster's Department, a bureau of the U.S. army entrusted with military procurement. During the Civil War, the supply depots in which they worked—in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati, and St. Louis—were indispensable adjuncts to the Union war effort. The magnitude of the procurement project was unprecedented: in four years, these five officers alone paid contractors and civilian employees $350 million. This sum amounted to nearly one-third of the total of over $1 billion that the Quartermaster's Department as a whole spent to equip the Union army. No other single project, in either government or business, involved the expenditure of such an enormous sum. In an age in which few Americans made $2 a day, $350 million was equivalent to the total wartime income of one hundred thousand households. Adjusted for inflation, this was roughly equal to the entire federal budget during the administration of President James Buchanan (1857–61).