Academic literature on the topic 'Egypt – Officials and employees – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Egypt – Officials and employees – History"
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O’Neil, James L. "Places and Origin of the Officials of Ptolemaic Egypt." Historia 55, no. 1 (2006): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/historia-2006-0002.
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Foss, Clive. "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part I: Flavius Papas and Upper Egypt." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 72, no. 1 (February 2009): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x09000019.
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AbstractPapyri from Egypt constitute the largest body of contemporary documentary evidence for the reign of Muʿāwiya. Most notable among them are the 107 texts in the archive of Flavius Papas, a local official of Upper Egypt in the 670s. Most are in Greek and provide insight into the administration, society and economy of a provincial centre. Since many deal with taxes and requisitions, they illustrate the incessant demands of the Islamic regime in Fusṭāṭ and the way local officials dealt with them. In particular, the archive shows the importance of Egypt for providing the men, materials and supplies essential for the war fleet of the caliphate. A few other documents from Upper Egypt hint at the economic role of the Church. This is the first of two parts, the second dealing with Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria.
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Peregudov, Aleksandr V. "Financial Standing of Officials of the Special Gendarme Corps." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 377–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.204.
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The article focuses on the level of prosperity of the ranks of the Special Gendarme Corps and its trends during the post-reform and late imperial period. It carries out comparative analysis of several categories of gendarme employees and identifies disparities in their financial standing. There were more than a dozen basic and supplementary allowances, which were both permanent and temporary and were paid for by the Treasury. During the period under review, there was the growth in the monetary income of gendarmes, which enabled them to see themselves as being superior to people of other socio-professional categories such as senior and mid-ranking army officers and police officers. This thesis implicitly confirms that bribery was not widely spread among gendarmes. However, there was impoverishment among the gendarmerie personnel because they did not have any other source of income besides service-related earnings. This made them rather vulnerable, resulting in revitalization measures of social support of gendarme employees. A characteristic feature of material provision for gendarmes during the period under review was a widening gap between allowances for the officers and lower ranks. Gendarmes of lower ranks usually had big families and therefore were often in want for money. In other words, they had a lower standard of well-being. As a result, many of them being unable to support their families had to leave the Special Gendarme Corps and search for other livelihoods. Partially, they managed to improve their predicament by using alternative sources of income such as renting out, subsistence farming and service-related odd jobs. However, these sources were not widely available.
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Izosimov, Denis. "On the "ethno-classe dominante" in the First Persian Period Egypt." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080018634-4.
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The following article analyzes P. Briant’s concept of the “dominant ethno-class” in Egypt during the First Persian Domination (526 – 404 BC.). According to P. Briant, the main administrative positions were held by Persian officials, who constituted a closed and culturally isolated from the Egyptians group, while the Egyptian officials were only allowed into religious and financial spheres of administration. Though some ideas of P. Briant were developed by subsequent scholars, the basis of his concept was criticized, especially the thesis of cultural isolation of Persians in Egypt. The article presents a critical evaluation of the concept forwarded by P. Briant as applied to Acaemenid Egypt. Major difficulties with applying P. Briant’s to the Egyptian evidence are due to the insufficiency of historical sources and data on some aspects of social-administrative life in Egypt during the First Persian Domination. The author draws attention to the fact that some cases of Persian acculturation during this period in fact do not reflect the situation in the first decades of the Achaemenid rule in Egypt. Moreover, the definition of the “dominant ethno-class” does not allow including all Persians present in Egypt at the time into this specific strata. While analyzing the issue of the participation of Egyptian elite in Persian administration of Egypt, author points out that the conclusions of P. Briant and D. Agut-Labordère were made on the basis of data acquired from Demotic and Aramaic sources. However, the information from the hieroglyphic inscriptions of this period provides us with data that allows to speak about the inclusion of some of the Egyptian officials into the Persian «dominant ethno-class».
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Mak, Lanver. "More than Officers and Officials: Britons in Occupied Egypt, 1882–1922." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39, no. 1 (March 2011): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.543794.
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Warburg, Gabriel R. "Some Social and Economic Aspects of Turco-Egyptian Rule in the Sudan." Belleten 53, no. 207-208 (August 1, 1989): 769–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1989.769.
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Between 1821 and 1885 most of the area constituting the present Sudan came under Turko-Egyptian rule. The annexation of the Sudan to Egypt was undertaken in 1820-1 by Muhammad 'Ali, the Ottoman Wali of Egypt, and was completed under his grandson, the Khedive Isma'il, who extended this rule to the Great Lakes in the south and to Bahr al-Ghazal and Darfur in the west. In the history of the Sudan, this period became known as the (first) Turkiyya. The term Turkiyya is not really arbitrary since Egypt was itself an Ottoman province, ruled by an Ottoman (Albanian) dynasty. Moreover, most of the high officials and army officers serving in the Sudan were of Ottoman rather than Egyptian origin.
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Türker, Deni̇z. "“Angels of the Angels”: Abdüllatif Subhi Paşa’s Coins, Egypt, and History." Muqarnas Online 39, no. 1 (October 7, 2022): 193–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00391p09.
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Abstract This article revisits the bureaucratic career of Abdüllatif Subhi Paşa (d. 1886), the prominent Ottoman statesman and pioneering numismatist of the nineteenth century, whose much-overlooked early migratory life between Morea and Egypt shaped his contributions to the principal Tanzimat institutions. By weaving together fragmentary biographical accounts, institutional histories, and Subhi’s understudied academic work, the article also offers new historiographical approaches to nineteenth-century Ottoman antiquarianism, archaeology, and museology. The varied trajectories of Subhi’s itinerant professional life allow us to trace intellectual networks between Istanbul and Cairo, academic initiatives of a diverse cast of Ottoman high officials, changes in the scope of the translation movement, and the growing centrality of history and its writing in cultural undertakings.
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Mavropoulos, Nikolaos. "The First Italo-Ethiopian Clash over the Control of Eritrea and the Origins of Rome’s Imperialism." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2021.470105.
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In the wake of Italy’s unification, the country’s expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, toward the opposite shore of the Mediterranean. The barrage of developments that took place in this strategic area would shape the country’s future alliances and colonial policies. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove officials in Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic move of great importance for Europe’s evolution prior to World War I. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance of power, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain held Cyprus and Egypt, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy, and a series of diplomatic defeats led Roman officials to look to the Red Sea and to provoke war with the Ethiopian Empire.
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Mavropoulos, Nikolaos. "The First Italo-Ethiopian Clash over the Control of Eritrea and the Origins of Rome's Imperialism." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2020.470105.
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Abstract In the wake of Italy's unification, the country's expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, toward the opposite shore of the Mediterranean. The barrage of developments that took place in this strategic area would shape the country's future alliances and colonial policies. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove officials in Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic move of great importance for Europe's evolution prior to World War I. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance of power, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain held Cyprus and Egypt, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy, and a series of diplomatic defeats led Roman officials to look to the Red Sea and to provoke war with the Ethiopian Empire.
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Berkes, Lajos. "On Arabisation and Islamisation in Early Islamic Egypt. I. Prosopographic Notes on Muslim Officials." Chronique d'Egypte 93, no. 186 (July 2018): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.cde.5.117663.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Egypt – Officials and employees – History"
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Innes, Mary Joan. "In Egyptian service : the role of British officials in Egypt, 1911-1936." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:88cb6bf9-c7ff-4da7-9875-1ff2890b341d.
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In 1919 the number of British officials employed by the Egyptian Government reached a peak of over 1,600, a substantial figure in relation to a colonial administration like the Indian Civil Service. However, due to the anomalous nature of Britain's occupation of Egypt, the workings of British administration there were left deliberately ambiguous. Thus although we have an extensive knowledge of imperial policy with regard to Egypt, we have little understanding of how British rule there actually functioned, certainly nothing to compare with numerous local studies of the Raj or Colonial Service at work. By studying the British administrators of the Egyptian Government, this thesis casts new light on Britain's middle years in Egypt, which saw formal imperial control succeeded by informal hegemony. We begin by analysing the Anglo-Egyptian administrative structure as a product of its historical development. We examine how well this muted style of administrative control suited conditions in Egypt and Britain's requirements there, considering the fact that by 1919 the British officials had become a major source of nationalist grievance. This loss of reputation caused the Milner Mission to select the British administration as a principal scapegoat in its proposed concessions. Moreover, it was the belief of certain leading officials that Britain's responsibility for Egyptian administration was no longer viable which finally helped precipitate the 1922 declaration of independence. The Egyptian Government now took actual rather than nominal control of its foreign bureaucrats, yet even in 1936, over 500 British officials were still employed in finance, security, and in technical and educational capacities. The changing role of these officials within an evolving mechanism of British control illuminates one of the earliest experiences of transfer of power this century.
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Elder, Peter. "Charles Lydiard Aubrey Abbott : countryman or colonial governor?" Phd thesis, Northern Territory University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/272368.
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Chung, Kwok-cheong, and 鍾國昌. "A study of the exercise of judicial powers by Qing local governors." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26842993.
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龐琨. "西周金文所見「師某」名稱研究= A study of names in the form "Shi X" as seen in Western Zhou bronze Inscriptions." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/571.
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西周金文中稱呼為「師某」（「師某父」）的一類人，以前往往認為「師」是其官職。張亞初、劉雨的《西周金文官制考》一書將這些人與大師等放在一起，列為「師官類官」。前人在談及這一類人的時候，往往結合單篇的銘文對他們的身份進行確認，因此出現了「師」是「師氏」的簡稱或者「大師」的簡稱等看法。這些觀點由於取材範圍過窄，或者由於有結論先行的弊病，故而有失偏頗。西周金文中這些稱作「師某」的人是一類較為特殊的人群，他們的官職各不相同，許多人確實是武官，且有帶兵打仗的記錄，但也有一些人的職責與軍事無關或者不直接相關。西周時期的官制系統已較為成熟，不應出現一種官職名稱對應多種差別巨大的職責範疇的現象，因此「師某」的稱呼並非以官職冠於私名之上。職責差別之外，「師」的社會地位有高下的不同，並且上司和下屬、子輩和父輩祖輩可以同時稱為「師」，前者說明「師」不是一種尊稱，後者說明「師」不是一種世襲的爵位。在地緣方面，「師」大都集中在周人的兩個重要的活動中心----宗周和岐周。而在血緣方面，「師」表現出一定的家族性特征，在宗周和岐周也分別有一個由「師」組成的家族。「師」的家族具有著深厚的歷史傳承，是較為強大的地方勢力。總而言之，師是西周時期宗周地區對某些具有一定社會地位的有官職的貴族的稱呼，他們擁有一定的功業或者社會名望，同時也擁有強大的家族勢力。This dissertation takes issue with the interpretation that people in Western Zhou bronze inscriptions referred to by "Shi師X" (or "Shi師X fu父") had to have been officials because of these names, and argues against the view that these names were associated with or abbreviations of the offices called "Shi shi師氏" or "Da shi大師". Point in fact, people whose names were preceded by "Shi 師" had wide-ranging duties. They were military officers, secretaries, education officials, and even regents. The Western Zhou had a sophisticated official system, and it is unlikely that one position was set to administer such a multitude of tasks and duties. In addition, people of different classes and of different generations could be called "Shi 師", and a collation of all the data suggests that it was not an honorific appellation nor a hereditary title. Archaeological information from unearthed bronzes with inscriptions reveals that these people called "Shi師X" were centered mainly in Zong Zhou宗周 and Qi Zhou岐周, these two places being the political and religious centers of the Western Zhou rulers. I argue that "Shi" was a term used by nobles who possessed a certain amount of meritorious deeds or attained a certain social status.
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Dolgin, Anthony Shane. "The expanding role of the United States Senate in Supreme Court confirmation proceedings." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37201.pdf.
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Bean, Christopher B. "A Stranger Amongst Strangers: An Analysis of the Freedmen's Bureau Subassistant Commissioners in Texas, 1865-1868." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9122/.
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This dissertation is a study of the subassistant commissioners of the Freedmen's Bureau in Texas from late 1865 to late 1868. Its focus is two-fold. It first examines who these men were. Were they northern born or southern? Did they own slaves? Were these men rich, poor, or from the middle-class? Did they have military experience or were they civilians? How old was the average subassistant commissioner in Texas? This work will answer what man Freedmen's Bureau officials deemed qualified to transition the former slave from bondage to freedom. Secondly, in conjunction with these questions, this work will examine the day-to-day operations of the Bureau agents in Texas, chronicling those aspects endemic to all agents as well as those unique to certain subdistricts. The demand of being a Bureau agent was immense, requiring long hours in the office fielding questions and long hours in the saddle inspecting subdistricts. In essence, their work advising, protecting, and educating the freedmen was a never ending one. The records of the Freedmen's Bureau, both the records for headquarters and the subassistant commissioners, serve as the main sources, but numerous newspapers, Texas state official correspondences, and military records proved helpful. Immense amounts of information arrived at Bureau headquarters from field personnel. This work relies heavily on reports and letters in the Bureau agents' own words. This dissertation follows a chronological approach, following the various Bureau administrations in Texas. I believe this approach allows the reader to better glimpse events as they happened.
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Vandenbulcke, Anne. "Les Chambres des Comptes des Pays-Bas espagnols: histoire d'une institution et de son personnel au XVIIe siècle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212510.
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Dégez, Camille. "Une société carcérale : la prison de la Conciergerie (fin XVIe-milieu XVIIe siècles)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040156.
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La prison de la Conciergerie occupe une place particulière dans le paysage pénitentiaire parisien du XVIIe siècle. Elle accueille de nombreux prisonniers pour dette, les prisonniers jugés en première instance par l’une des juridictions siégeant dans Palais de la Cité, dont elle occupe les bâtiments, mais aussi et surtout les prisonniers en appel devant le parlement de Paris. A partir de l’analyse de parcours individuels de prisonniers et de personnels de la Conciergerie (les dynasties de concierges Regnoust et Dumont), reconstitués grâce aux archives criminelles et notariales, la thèse porte sur les relations sociales et les comportements au sein de la prison. Après une première partie consacrée à un état des lieux de la Conciergerie au début du XVIIe siècle, la deuxième partie met en avant les particularités de sa société carcérale : moins séparée du monde extérieur que les prisons actuelles, elle reproduit à petite échelle la société parisienne. Plutôt que sur une distinction rigoureuse entre hommes et femmes et entre catégories criminelles, son organisation est fondée sur la position sociale et la richesse. Les prisonniers régulent eux-mêmes leurs conflits, le plus souvent sans faire appel au personnel. Quant à l’univers socio-professionnel des gardiens, il ressemble beaucoup à celui des métiers parisiens par les relations à la fois solidaires et hiérarchisées entre le concierge et ses guichetiers et morgeurs. La troisième partie porte sur « l’aventure de l’évasion », révélatrice de l’importance du contexte social et culturel dans la décision, la préparation et l’exécution d’une telle entrepriseThe prison of the Conciergerie occupied a special place in the Paris prison landscape of the seventeenth century. It hosted many prisoners for debt, prisoners tried in first instance by one of the courts sitting in the Palais de Justice, which occupied the buildings, but also and above all the prisoners appealed to the parliament of Paris. From the analysis of individual pathways both of prisoners and staff of the Conciergerie (dynasties of chief jailers Regnoust and Dumont) and reconstituted from criminal and notarial archives, the thesis focuses on social relationships and behavior within the prison. After a first part dedicated to an overview of the Conciergerie in the early seventeenth century, the second part highlights the peculiarities of this prison society: less separated from the outside world that the current prison, it played small-scale Parisian society. Rather than on a rigorous distinction between men and women and between criminal groups, the organization was based on social status and wealth. Prisoners regulated their own conflicts, often without involving staff. As for the socio-professional world of guards, it resembled that of the Parisian business relations, involving both solidarity and hierarchy between the jailers. The third part focuses on "the adventure of escape", revealing the importance of social and cultural context in the decision, preparation and execution of such an undertaking
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Sinclair, Donna Lynn. "Caring for the Land, Serving People: Creating a Multicultural Forest Service in the Civil Rights Era." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2463.
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This qualitative study of representative bureaucracy examines the extension and limitations of liberal democratic rights by connecting environmental and social history with policy, individual decision making, gender, race, and class in American history. It documents major cultural shifts in a homogeneous patriarchal organization, constraints, advancement, and the historical agency of women and minorities. "Creating a Multicultural Forest Service" identifies a relationship between natural and human resources and tells a story of expanding and contracting civil liberties that shifted over time from women and people of color to include the differently-abled and LGBT communities. It includes oral history as a key to uncovering individual decision points, relational networks, organizational activism, and human/nature relations to shape meaningful explanations of historical institutional change. With gender and race as primary categories, this inquiry forms a history that is critical to understanding federal bureaucratic efforts to meet workforce diversity goals in natural resource organizations.
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"香港官學生社會背景研究(1862-1941)." 2004. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891845.
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顏傲儕."2004年7月".
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004.
參考文獻 (leaves 214-224).
附中英文摘要.
"2004 nian 7 yue".
Yan Aochai.
Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004.
Can kao wen xian (leaves 214-224).
Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.
Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.9-21
Chapter 第二章 --- 官學生制度出現與更迭 --- p.22-81
Chapter 第一節 --- 1862年前英國和香港公務員制度 --- p.23-34
Chapter 第二節 --- 官學生制度簡介：詮選形式 --- p.35-39
Chapter 第三節 --- 官學生制度簡介:培訓制度 --- p.40-49
Chapter 第四節 --- 官學生制度簡介：薪金 --- p.50-63
Chapter 第五節 --- 官學生制度簡介：晉升 --- p.64-75
Chapter 第六節 --- 官學生制度簡介：退休福利 --- p.76-78
Chapter 第七節 --- 小結 --- p.79-81
Chapter 第三章 --- 官學生社會背景槪要 --- p.87-157
Chapter 第一節 --- 出生年份、出生地點、家庭背景 --- p.88-98
Chapter 第二節 --- 教育 --- p.99-114
Chapter 第三節 --- 入職、培訓與晉升 --- p.115-135
Chapter 第四節 --- 社交活動與家庭生活 --- p.136-146
Chapter 第五節 --- 退休生活及死亡 --- p.147-149
Chapter 第六節 --- 小結 --- p.150-157
Chapter 第四章 --- 官學生對香港內政的影響 --- p.158-174
Chapter 第一節 --- 理民府官的職責簡介與其局限 --- p.159-161
Chapter 第二節 --- 官學生在理民府扮演的角色 --- p.162-172
Chapter 第三節 --- 小結：官學生在香港內政的角色 --- p.173-174
Chapter 第五章 --- 官學生對中英外交的影響 --- p.175-193
Chapter 第一節 --- 官學生影響中英外交事務的途徑 --- p.176-178
Chapter 第二節 --- 個案硏究一:辛亥革命後的香港與廣州政府 --- p.182-191
Chapter 第三節 --- 個案硏究二 ：省港大罷工〔1925 -1926年〕 --- p.192-201
Chapter 第四節 --- 小結：官學生在中英外交的角色 --- p.202-203
Chapter 第六章 --- 總結 --- p.204-208
參考書目 --- p.214-224
Books on the topic "Egypt – Officials and employees – History"
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Binder, Susanne. The Gold of Honour in New Kingdom Egypt. Oxford: Aris and Phillips, 2008.
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The Gold of Honour in New Kingdom Egypt. Oxford: Aris and Phillips, 2008.
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The Ptolemaic Basilikos Grammateus. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1995.
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Two treasurers of the late Middle Kingdom. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2001.
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al-Jaysh, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Ibn Nāẓir. Kitāb tathqīf al-taʻrīf bi-al-muṣṭalaḥ al-sharīf. [Cairo]: al-Maʻhad al-ʻIlmī al-Faransī lil-Āthār al-Sharqīyah bi-al-Qāhirah, 1987.
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ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥibb al-Dīn Muḥammad Ibn Nāzīr al-Jaysh. Kitāb tathqīf al-taʻrīf bi al-muṣṭalaḥ al-sharīf. Qāhirah: al-Maʻhad al-ʻIlmī al-Faransī lil-Āthār al-Sharīyyah bi-al-Qāhirah, 1987.
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Barakāt, ʻAmr Fūʼād Aḥmad. al- Waqf al-iḥṭiyāṭī: Dirāsah muqāranah. [Cairo: s.n.], 1985.
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McPherson, J. W. Bimbashi McPherson: A life in Egypt. London: British Broadcasting Corp., 1986.
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McPherson, J. W. The man who loved Egypt: Bimbashi McPherson. London: British Broadcasting Corp., 1985.
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Strudwick, Nigel. The administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The highest titles and their holders. London: KPI, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Egypt – Officials and employees – History"
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"What’s In A Title? Military And Civil Officials In The Egyptian 18th Dynasty Military Sphere." In Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature, 291–319. BRILL, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004194939.i-370.106.
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Langellotti, Micaela. "The Kronion Archive." In Village Life in Roman Egypt, 31–55. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835318.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the role, nature, and composition of the archive of Kronion, the head of the local notarial office, which provides the main evidence for this study. First, it analyses the various types of document belonging to the archive, that is contracts, registers, and accounts, and explains how these will be used to reconstruct the socio-economic history of Tebtunis. Second, it examines the administrative functioning of the record-office, the role of the notary and other employees, and reconstructs the role of the record-office in the local community and within the wider (regional and provincial) network.
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Lemaire, André. "West Semitic Epigraphy and the Judaean Diaspora during the Achaemenid Period: Babylonia, Egypt, Cyprus." In Levantine Epigraphy and History in the Achaemenid Period (539-322 BCE). British Academy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265895.003.0002.
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After the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar (587 BCE), most of the Judean elite (family of king Jehoiachin, civil and military servants, technicians) lived in Babylonia. New cuneiform tablets reveal that they mostly staid in Babylonian villages (al-Yāhūdu, Bît-Abīram, Našar); they were mainly holders of bow-fields but a few ones became dēkū officials. Some of these new documents present West Semitic labels and reveal that the deportees kept, at least for some time, their Hebrew culture even though they apparently used Aramaic and Neo-Babylonian deeds in their daily life. In Egypt, numerous Aramaic papyri and ostraca from Elephantine reveal that the Judean garrison staying there was strongly aramaicized even though they prayed and sacrificed in a Yaho temple and kept their Judean ethnicity. A few funerary stelae discovered in Ayios Georghiou at Larnaca-Kition (Cyprus) reveal the presence of Judean people there, apparently practicing mixed marriages.
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Bussmann, Richard. "Egypt’s Old Kingdom." In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, 459–530. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0008.
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This chapter outlines the diachronic development of and exchanges between central and local milieus in third millennium BC Egypt. The community at court witnessed a gradual rapprochement between kings and high-ranking officials during the Old Kingdom, beginning in the Fifth Dynasty. Increasing explication of kingship in visual discourse hints at conflicting views on the position of the king. Burial arrangements differed widely across provincial Egypt and at court, revealing a high degree of social diversity. Funerary culture revolved around the establishment of social relationships and social memory, whereas ideas about life in the netherworld were rarely expressed. The majority of preserved settlements in the Old Kingdom were planned by the state. Urbanism was weakly developed compared to other early complex states. The spiritual center of provincial towns was community shrines. Their material culture exhibits a mixture of central and local features, typical of “little traditions.” The shrines served as power bases for courtiers, sent out in the late Old Kingdom by the government to establish royal power permanently in the hinterland. The history of shrines and local elites differed across the country. In the long run, local temples emerged as the economic and ideological interface between provincial communities and the crown. Temples and towns coevolved toward the New Kingdom, at which time Egyptian society had a more urban outlook.
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Frank, Howard A. "Implementing ActiveStrategy in Miami-Dade County." In Handbook of Research on Strategies for Local E-Government Adoption and Implementation, 719–34. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-282-4.ch038.
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ActiveStrategy’s performance management application deploys the widely utilized Balanced Scorecard framework in a dashboard platform designed to align strategy and operational outcomes through all organizational levels. For nearly 5 years, Miami-Dade County has been deploying ActiveStrategy within the broader context of its results-oriented budgeting initiatives. While the county has a long history with output-oriented budgeting, this case study suggests that ActiveStrategy’s successful implementation requires significant time and effort as well as a change of organizational culture. Moreover, consistent with experience in the private sector, the county’s effort may have had relatively unclear expectations for implementation, and the “true cost” of rollout, including the time and labor of county employees, has not been calculated. While this does not diminish the value of implementation, it suggests that return on investment may be primarily intangible—ascertaining if county programs are consistent with the strategic aims of the citizens and elected officials.
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Baldwin, James E. "Conclusion: Ottoman Cairo’s legal system and grand narratives." In Islamic Law and Empire in Ottoman Cairo. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474403092.003.0008.
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The conclusion reflects on the implications of the book’s findings for longer-term narratives of Islamic legal history and Ottoman history. Drawing on recent studies of the medieval period and the nineteenth century, the chapter sketches a revised grand narrative of Islamic legal history in which political and military officials play a much more prominent role, and the modernizing reforms of the nineteenth century build on indigenous precedents as well as western influences. The conclusion also refines the prevailing model of decentralization in the historiography of the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Ottoman Empire. Although the imperial government often found itself unable to impose its will on powerful provincial elites, provincial subjects continued to demand the intervention of imperial institutions, in particular legal institutions, into their affairs. In many ways, Istanbul’s authority in Egypt was invited, rather than imposed.
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Radulović, Uroš. "ETIČKI KODEKS PONAŠANjA LOKALNIH SLUŽBENIKA." In XXI vek - vek usluga i uslužnog prava : Knj. 10, 295–305. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxiv-10.295r.
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The significance of this topic is that public servants perform public administration tasks as their primary occupation and as such represent a key and irreplaceable subject of public administration. Through their position and daily contacts with citizens, they are the focus of attention and criticism, whether in a positive or negative context. Their profession is everywhere in the world, and even in our region, of traditionally respectable character with many challenges and opportunities, viewed since time immemorial in Serbian history, of a very influential official status. This is why the code of conduct is of paramount importance for local government units. Adoption of a code of conduct is of the utmost importance for the development of good practice and the application of standards of conduct for local officials. Adopting European standards of professional and ethical behavior not only reduces the application of the normative method, but also the application of codes of conduct. Through the analysis of standards of ethical conduct, professionalism, responsibility, honor, quality of service, a comprehensive understanding of the ethics of local employees will be provided.
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Hussein, Ersin. "The Roman Annexation and Administration of Cyprus." In Revaluing Roman Cyprus, 23–56. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777786.003.0002.
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The events leading up to and surrounding the annexation of Cyprus from Ptolemaic Egypt by Rome and the administration of the island have been studied at length. For the sake of brevity, this chapter summarizes key details in light of recent scholarly interpretations of the events that occurred throughout this period of transition in the island’s history (from Ptolemaic to Roman, then back to Ptolemaic rule, before securely returning to Roman rule once and for all in 30 BC). Literary evidence has been crucial for understanding the organization and character of Roman administration of the island from 58 to 22 BC. After 22 BC, literary references of the identities and activities of Roman officials posted to the island are sparse, and from here on it is the material record that is most instructive. This chapter examines familiar, previously overlooked, and new material, to analyse further the nature of local interactions with Rome’s representatives. The available evidence for the proconsuls of Roman Cyprus significantly outweighs information for other officials; therefore, this study deals only with their representation and does not address records of their subordinates. The following features of the epigraphic, numismatic, and literary sources will be examined: where monuments were set up, by whom and why; the use of epithets; and in general, the use of epigraphic conventions and language. This chapter presents a revised list of proconsuls before closing with discussion of local levels of administration—notably the koinon Kuprion
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Boutros, Andrew. "Cuba." In From Baksheesh to Bribery, 145–61. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190232399.003.0006.
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Cuba has long been saddled with a culture of corruption. A lengthy history of colonialism and a state-controlled economy have produced a country with a weak economy, product shortages, low wages, and an understanding that taking a little for oneself is not only acceptable but, in many cases, necessary to get by. Scarcity and rationing of resources have led to an environment where obtaining goods and services requires grease payments, workers steal items from their employers to sell on the black market, and employees are often absent so that they can earn extra money from side jobs. At the same time, poorly paid bureaucrats, business managers, and even high-level government officials supplement their income through illicit use of their positions. The centralization of power, strict government control of the media, and lax compliance oversight have led to a lack of transparency and accountability. While high-level corruption on a large scale is less common in Cuba than other parts of Latin America, lower-level corruption is widespread. Over the years, the ruling Castro regime has taken a number of approaches to curbing corruption that have led to laws and institutions aimed at eliminating corrupt conduct, fraud, waste, abuse, and cronyism. However, there is little protection for whistle-blowers in Cuba. Accordingly, a vital tool in the effort to detect and prevent bribery, the misuse of government funds, fraud, and other types of corruption is largely missing.
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Abulafia, David. "The Greek and the unGreek, 1830–1920." In The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0044.
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An important feature of the Fifth Mediterranean was the discovery of the First Mediterranean, and the rediscovery of the Second. The Greek world came to encompass Bronze Age heroes riding the chariots described by Homer, and the Roman world was found to have deep roots among the little-known Etruscans. Thus, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries entirely new perspectives on the history of the Mediterranean were opened up. An early lead was given by the growth of interest in ancient Egypt, discussed in the previous chapter, though that was closely linked to traditional biblical studies as well. In the eighteenth century, the Grand Tour introduced well-heeled travellers from northern Europe to classical remains in Rome and Sicily, and Englishmen saw it as an attractive alternative to time spent at Oxford or Cambridge, where those who paid any attention to their studies were more likely to be immersed in ancient texts than in ancient objects. On the other hand, aesthetic appreciation of ancient works of art was renewed in the late eighteenth century, as the German art historian Winckelmann began to impart a love for the forms of Greek art, arguing that the Greeks dedicated themselves to the representation of beauty (as the Romans failed to do). His History of Art in Antiquity was published in German in 1764 and in French very soon afterwards, and was enormously influential. In the next few decades, discoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum, in which Nelson’s cuckolded host, Sir William Hamilton, was closely involved, and then in Etruria, further enlarged northern European interest in ancient art, providing interior designers with rich patterns, and collectors with vast amounts of loot – ‘Etruscan vases’, nearly all in reality Greek, were shipped out of Italy as the Etruscan tombs began to be opened up. In Greece, it was necessary to purchase the consent of Ottoman officials before excavating and exporting what was found; the most famous case, that of the Parthenon marbles at the start of the nineteenth century, was succeeded by other acquisitions for northern museums: the Pergamon altar was sent to Berlin, the facings of the Treasury of Atreus from Mycenae were sent to the British Museum, and so on.