Journal articles on the topic 'Egypt History Intervention'

The study of Ottoman Sufism has grown exponentially in recent years, but has tended to focus more on the Balkan or Anatolian contexts than those of the Arab provinces, leaving broad gaps in our understanding of the religious history of the Arab provinces after the sixteenth century. Rachida Chih’s study of the history of Sufism in Ottoman Egypt is, for this reason alone, a welcome intervention in the historiography of early modern Ottoman society and culture. However, it is also a critical intervention into a historiography that has often portrayed the Ottoman era as a period of religious sclerosis and decline for Egypt and the Maghreb. To replace this outdated trope, she uncovers a transformational shift in Egyptian Sufism that should be recognized as one of the most consequential since the foundation of its earliest Sufi movements in the medieval period of the twelfth and thirteenth century.

Drawing on documents and memoirs in Russian and Arabic, this article tells the unknown story of Soviet-Egyptian cooperation in the early phases of the Yemeni Civil War, a war that broke out while much of the world's attention was focused on the Cuban missile crisis and the war between India and Pakistan. Egypt's fateful decision to intervene in the conflict was dependent on substantial Soviet backing, which strengthened the relationship between the USSR and Gamal Abdel Nasser's government in Egypt. In response to a plea from Nasser, Nikita Khrushchev authorized the military transport branch of the Soviet Air Force to embark on a clandestine airlift operation ferrying Egyptian troops into Yemen to shore up the new government there.

Abstract The decision of Gladstone’s government to invade and occupy Egypt in 1882 remains one of the most contentious in late nineteenth-century British political and imperial history. This article examines the decision-making process in June and July 1882, revisiting Robinson and Gallagher’s influential study in the light of more recent historiographical research and previously unused sources. It looks at who made the critical decisions, what their preoccupations were, and how they were able to get Cabinet approval. Hartington and Northbrook were the two key figures, who co-operated to overturn Gladstone’s and Granville’s policy in June 1882. Yet their co-operation was momentary and they found themselves on different sides of the argument over the participation of Indian forces and international support. Although they shared a sense of Egypt’s importance to British imperial security, they each had a distinctive approach, so that the decision to occupy cannot be reduced to a conflict between Whig pragmatists and Radical idealists. The article also shows how the Alexandria riot on 11 June altered the context of decision-making by shifting the mood in the parliamentary Liberal party towards intervention. Parliament, not the press, was the crucial site of ‘public opinion’ in the Egyptian crisis in June and July 1882.

AbstractIn arid and semi-arid regions runoff-fed agriculture has been common for millennia. Recent geographical and archaeological investigations in the north-eastern part of ancient Marmarica (north-western Egypt) revealed a dense network of water harvesting systems associated with settlements and production sites dating back to Ptolemaic times. The environmental conditions and the ancient water management strategies are characterised by minimal intervention but maximised effect and optimised utilisation of the scarce water (100–150 mm seasonal discharge) and soil resources of the region.

Sustainable design is believed to stand on the opposite side of heritage conservation. This view is supported by the fact that sustainable design requires invasive measures to implement new technologies and treatments that challenge the principle of minimum intervention in heritage conservation. Another point of view sees heritage conservation as an already act of sustainable development that protects and preserves social and cultural resources such as heritage buildings and their intangible values. On the other hand, research and practice have proven that heritage buildings can be the subjects of sustainable design projects that achieve outstanding measures of sustainability and energy efficiency while not compromising the authenticity of the heritage value of the building. This sustainable conservation reaches its peak in adaptive-reuse projects of heritage buildings as reusing the building guarantees its ongoing maintenance and promotes its social, cultural and economic values to society, while giving it the ability to withstand modern users’ comfort and energy efficiency standards. This research presents a case study of the adaptive-reuse project of Villa Antoniadis in Alexandria; a heritage building built in the mid-nineteenth century and in the process of a major adaptive-reuse project. The history and significance of the building will be studied as well as the conservation values of the current project, then some proposals for interventions that could achieve more energy efficiency for the project while conserving the building are discussed. The research included a simulation of the building, using building energy modelling software for the current adaptive-reuse project as a base case, and the hypothetical application of different proposed sustainable interventions such as thermal insulation, double glazing, shading, lighting control, natural ventilation, and photovoltaic energy generation, where the energy savings potentials for each proposed intervention were studied. The simulation proved a possible reduction of 36.5% in the cooling, heating and lighting energy consumption as well as generated 74.7% of the energy required for cooling, heating and lighting from renewable energy sources.

What is the origin of the Middle Eastern state? Although social scientists have traditionally emphasized the role of the European colonial experience, especially the British and French mandates following World War I, the late Ottoman era from the Edict of Gülhane in 1839 that inaugurated the Tanzimat reforms until World War I represents a period at least as critical to understanding origins of the state in the region. Certain Ottoman provinces known as Eyalet-i Mümtaze or exceptional/special provinces developed under the aegis of the Ottoman Empire that acquired many statelike attributes without becoming independent polities. Moreover, the nature of the Ottoman Imperial center changed to become more similar to that of a territorially delimited state as opposed to the classic multifaceted polity that had been the earlier norm. These developments resulted in a blurring of lines that had traditionally defined state and empire during the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire. To illustrate this change, economic, administrative, and political examples are presented from Egypt and Turkey. This comparative analysis will identify ways the evolution of the two states was similar as well as critical differences such as the extent of foreign intervention and the role played by representative assemblies. The formation of imperial states within the empire as well as the transformation of the empire to become more statelike resulted in strong state institutions in places such as Egypt and Turkey that long preceded the main European colonial intervention in the region after World War I.

Outside of hagiography, the evidence for female anchorites in early Christian Egypt remains scarce. House ascetics in cities survive for us in documentary and other sources, but women monks in non-coenobitic, nonurban environments are more difficult to locate, to the point at which some scholars have begun to question their very existence. This essay seeks to change the parameters of the scholarly debate over the nature of non-coenobitic female monastic experience. It examines hagiography, monastic rules and letters, and documentary papyri to reassess the state of the field and to produce a fuller portrait of anchoritic and semi-anchoritic female asceticism. Non-coenobitic women's monasticism existed, and it crossed boundaries of geography and social status, as well as the traditional categories of lavra, eremitic, coenobitic, and house asceticism. This interdisciplinary approach provides insights not only into women ascetics’ physical locations but also into their class, education, and levels of autonomy. An intervention into the historiography of women's asceticism in late antique Egypt, this study ultimately questions the advisability of using traditional categorizations of “anchoritic,” “lavra,” and “coenobitic” to classify female monasticism, because they obscure the particularities and diversity of female ascetic history.

Many couples experience postpartum period of decreasing sexual satisfaction. Postpartum sexual dysfunction is a very common and relevant clinical problem, with significant adverse effects on women's health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of sexual nursing care for the postpartum period on sexual dysfunction and life satisfaction among Egyptian women. A quasi-experimental design was used to study 219 women selected using a purposive sample. The study was conducted in out-patients maternity clinic at Zagazig university hospitals, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, between the periods from February 2019 to February 2020. Data was collected using three tools. The first: Structured interview questionnaire that consist from three parts, part one: socio demographic characteristics , part two obstetric history and part three sexual history, the second: Female Sexual dysfunction index (FSDI), and the third: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).Four session about sexual education was done. The Results showed an improvement in sexuality and life satisfaction after application of sexual nursing care for the postpartum period including kegel’s exercise, positioning and distractions techniques post intervention compared to pre intervention. The study concluded that sexual nursing intervention for postpartum period improve sexual functioning and create enjoyable intercourse and there was high positive correlation between sexuality and life satisfaction after implementation of the sexual nursing care intervention. The study recommended to provide counselling /training program about sexual nursing care intervention during postpartum period for nurses working in different health care settings.

Abstract 8 Background: Schistosoma haematobium has an extensive history in Egypt, with certain regions of the country reporting infection rates as high as 70%. This parasite has also been linked to bladder cancer since the beginning of the 20th century. However, little was done to elucidate a causal linkage between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer prior to the 1940s. This paper examines the reasons for this lack of attention, and the conditions that eventually stimulated research in Egypt on the connection between the two diseases. Methods: Through a review of secondary sources, interpretation of primary sources, and archival research at the Rockefeller Foundation, I have been able to trace and analyze the relationship between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer in Egypt. Results: Much of the research spearheaded by imperial powers during the colonial era focused on maintaining the short-term health of agricultural workers crucial to the colonial economy. As a long-term sequelae of infection, bladder cancer did not immediately impede the efficiency of this labor force. Thus, while research into schistosomiasis infection boomed throughout the colonial period, inquiry into its relationship to bladder cancer was stifled until power transitioned to Egyptians themselves and reforms took hold that brought Egyptian scientists to the forefront. Conclusion: Renewed interest in the link between schistosomiasis and bladder cancers from the 1940s followed an important shift in the political structures that governed scientific research in Egypt and led to the ascendancy of Egyptian scientists and physicians. This shift changed research agendas. As public health and medical practitioners work globally to advance health systems, lessons learned from Egypt's early experiences in schistosomiasis control and bladder cancer intervention are a reminder of the importance of including local scientific communities and internal organizations in the process of producing medical knowledge and public health infrastructures. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Afkera Daniel No relationship to disclose Ami Bhatt Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property: I have a patent pending focused on therapeutic, diagnostic and interventional approaches to targeting of Bradyrhizobium enterica, a novel bacterium I and colleagues discovered that appears to be associated with a complication of stem cell transplantation.

Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the outcome of the ellipse technique in 10 Egyptian patients in contrast with state-of-the-art practice cited in the medical literature.Methods: A prospective comparative study was carried out on 10 consecutive patients with grade III (Simon’s classification) gynecomastia presenting to the outpatient clinic at Menoufia university hospital, Menoufia, Egypt during the period during from June 2015 to march 2018. History taking, local examination, radiological examination and laboratories investigation were done.Results: Mean age of patients was 29.3 years. The BMI of the patients ranged from 32.3 kg/m2 to 37 kg/m2 with a mean BMI of 34.82 kg/m2. All patients showed good wound healing when dressings were removed at the 10-day interval. The scars showed maturation at around 10 to 12 months. None of the patients had a major complication such as infection, hematoma, seroma, or nipple-areola complex necrosis. There were no early postoperative complications apart from moderate bruising in 3 patients. Late complications included slowly resolving hypoesthesia in two patients. This was a transient complication that resolved completely. No patient required revision surgery.Conclusions: The technique allows precise control of the final shape and contour of the corrected chest wall with proper positioning of the nipple-areola complex without a residual deformity. It has been shown to yield consistent and reproducible results in this subset of patients in an easy, quick and safe manner. The technique is also easily learned and taught. The resultant scarring is positioned along the lines of least skin tension and is quite inconspicuous and well hidden in patients with excess chest wall hair.

Background: Malnutrition is involved in half of the deaths of under-five children as in many developing countries. In Egypt, malnutrition remains an important issue as 5.5% of under-five children are underweight, 8.4% are wasted and 21.4% are stunted. The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence and risk factors of malnutrition among sick under five children seeking medical advice at Tamiya District health care facilities in Fayoum.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 400 under five children at Tamiya district in Fayoum. It was carried out over a period of 5 months from June to October 2014. All patients were subjected to the following: History taking, anthropometric measurements including weight and length/height.Results: Our study shows that 23.2%, 18.5% and 19.3% of children were underweight, stunted and wasted, respectively. Stunting was more common in females than males. Also, our results reveal that risk factors of malnutrition were 70.6% parasitic infestation and 15.7% for gastroenteritis with statistically significant high prevalence of positive parasitic, helminthic infestation, and gastroenteritis with p-value <0.05 among wasted, stunted, and underweighted children.Conclusions: Prevalence of malnutrition was high among under five sick children. These findings indicate the need for implementing hospital and community-based intervention nutritional program.

Parallax Error is a found photographic image collection scavenged from well-known art history publications in bookstores in Cairo between 2012 and 2014. What makes the series distinct are the forms and styles of censorship used on the original images ahead of sale and public distribution. The altered images involve some of the leading figures in the canon of Western photographic history and these respected photo works enter into a process of state censorship. This entails hand-painting each photograph, in each book edition, in order to obscure the full erotic effect of the object of desire, i.e. parts of the human body. The position of photography within Egypt and much of the Arab world is a contested one shaped by the visual formations of Orientalism created by the impact of European colonial empires in the region. This archival project examines the intersection of visual cultures embedded behind the series of photographic images that have been transformed through acts of censorship in Egypt. This frames how these doctored photographic images impose particular meanings on the original photographs and the potential merits, if any, of iconoclastic intervention. Parallax Error examines the political and aesthetic status of the image object in the transformation from the original photograph to censored image. The ink and paint marks on the surface of the photograph create a tension between the censorship act and its impact on the original. These hybrid images provide a political basis to rethink visual culture encounters in our interconnected and increasingly globalised contemporary image world. Keywords: aesthetics, censorship, iconoclasm, images, representation

Background and objective: Rubella or German measles is infectious disease that affects both child and adult, but when associated with pregnancy, especially in first trimester, fetus can be exposed to various problems as abortion, multiple birth defects, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). This study aimed to assess awareness of pregnant women about rubella and to identify the impact of an educational program about rubella for pregnant women attending antenatal outpatient clinic in Women’s Health Hospital, Assiut University, Egypt.Methods: Quasi-experimental research design was carried out included 300 pregnant women in their first trimester. Direct interview using a semi-structured questionnaire which involved two parts: part (1) included personal data, family, and medical history, and part (2) involved questions directed to pregnant women to assess their knowledge about rubella. An educational program was applied on women as an intervention by session meeting classes. The data of knowledge were collected after the intervention then analyzed.Results: More than one third (38%) of the studied pregnant women were 25-30 years. The mean score of knowledge regarding rubella among pregnant women was 5.83 ± 2.48 in the pretest which improved significantly in the posttest to 20.07 ± 1.86.Conclusions and recommendations: The results revealed lack of awareness regarding rubella among studied women which increased after the application of the educational program. It is important to increase the availability of antenatal care services and provide adequate counseling for women before pregnancy about Rubella infection.

ABSTRACT Delving into an ephemeral 1940s Cairene magazine and conducting oral history, this essay focalizes an unrecorded Egyptian–Indian moment wedged between the two countries' anti-imperial cooperation in the 1920s and 1930s, and their postindependence solidarity most visible in the 1955 Bandung Conference. The textual material is in the nature of a representation of India, suffused with identification; the oral history yields a virtually unknown Egyptian–Indian solidarity among student networks. Far from claiming to cover any and all engagements with things Indian in 1940s Egypt, the essay argues that the supranationalism of the specific Egyptian dialogue with India tackled here, while squarely anti-imperial, acquires more pronounced socialist internationalist hues due to a much-invigorated stage in the Egyptian left. Recouping that moment enables us to form a more nuanced picture of the later, postindependence internationalism, attuning us to various precursor orientations that fed into it, if in unremarked ways. Dwelling on these instances of 1940s internationalism resists the tendency to subsume the later Third Worldist internationalisms under the shadow of the Cold War, notwithstanding their imbrication within it. And yet this intervention is non-teleological: the conclusion considers the implications—the continuities as much as the discontinuities—of the 1940s moment for the succeeding Afro-Asian Third Worldism.

The coal heavers of Port Sa'id hold a distinctive place in Middle Eastern labor historiography as the first indigenous group of Egyptian workers to go on strike for higher wages (in 1882 and later). Existing accounts understand these protests in a somewhat objectivist and materialist way as the more or less inevitable outcome of the penetration of an otherwise rather passive Middle East by capitalist relations of production. This article revisits the protests of the coal heavers of Port Sa'id in the light of a rare glimpse of two documents authored by the coal heavers themselves. These documents show that coal heavers' protests were arguably linked to state-making, and were not simply the automatic product of capitalist development. The arrival of “guild” elections, intervention on taxation, regulative change, and reforming discourse operated in part to constitute worker grievance in Port Sa'id by providing a language in which to appeal, a “progressive” code against which to measure unjust contractors and employers, and a newly interventionist referee before which to make claims. Grievance formation was defined and constituted not just within economically defined “relations of production,” but also within a broader context of state-making and reform in late nineteenth-century Egypt.

Weighing technology was invented around 3000 BCE between Mesopotamia and Egypt and became widely adopted in Western Eurasia within ∼2,000 y. For the first time in history, merchants could rely on an objective frame of reference to quantify economic value. The subsequent emergence of different weight systems goes hand in hand with the formation of a continental market. However, we still do not know how the technological transmission happened and why different weight systems emerged along the way. Here, we show that the diffusion of weighing technology can be explained as the result of merchants’ interaction and the emergence of primary weight systems as the outcome of the random propagation of error constrained by market self-regulation. We found that the statistical errors of early units between Mesopotamia and Europe overlap significantly. Our experiment with replica weights gives error figures that are consistent with the archaeological sample. We used these figures to develop a model simulating the formation of primary weight systems based on the random propagation of error over time from a single original unit. The simulation is consistent with the observed distribution of weight units. We demonstrate that the creation of the earliest weight systems is not consistent with a substantial intervention of political authorities. Our results urge a revaluation of the role of individual commercial initiatives in the formation of the first integrated market in Western Eurasia.

The use and abuse of rights-based approaches to furthering gender justice has been the subject of much debate and contestation in feminist scholarship. This paper engages with the feminist anti-imperialist critique of rights discourses, particularly when used as a theoretical lens to understand or evaluate women’s rights movements, or gender related campaigns for justice in non-democratic settings. The paper argues that anti-imperialist critique is caught up in a binary of universalism versus cultural relativism, a form of a meta-narrative that disregards the personal narratives of struggle and the fragments of history that are absolutely necessary for a holistic understanding of historical moments. Secondly, it argues that the anti-imperialist critics disregard insights gained from Edward Said’s important intervention on ‘Traveling Theory’, and how ‘travel’ to another context enables a new process whereby the theory or concept is assimilated and new meanings emerge. The paper engages with these issues by focusing on the issue of violence against women in Arab and/or Muslim societies, examining the struggle of women rights activists in Egypt to campaign and raise awareness. Ultimately the paper ends with a plea to historicise and stay focused on the global/local variations in power relations, requiring a constant reappraisal of the critical lens and tools for understanding and making sense of the world. By doing this it will help to avoid the pitfalls of interpretive frameworks becoming normative dogma.

Introduction: Anticholinesterase pesticides are widely used in agriculture and domestic settings throughout the world, and they are responsible for great morbidity and mortality. In Egypt and other developing countries, there is a pressing need for new affordable antidotes to treat anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of moderate doses of clonidine in the management of adult patients with acute anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning. Methodology: This study was an open-label, phase II pilot clinical trial. Sixty patients with acute anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning gave consent to participate in the study. They were divided into 2 equal groups, with 30 patients in each group. Group I received clonidine plus the routine treatment, while group II received only the routine treatment. Patients were subjected to full history taking, and their vital and clinical data were recorded. Serum cholinesterase levels and routine laboratory investigations were measured. The different outcomes of the patients were assessed. Results: The baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. Thirteen (43.3%) patients developed significant hypotension during clonidine treatment. The clinical outcomes (including mortality, need for assisted ventilation, length of hospital stay, and total doses of atropine) showed no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: The use of clonidine in acute anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning may be associated with a high incidence of hypotension requiring intervention. The clinical outcomes may not significantly improve in clonidine-treated patients.

The last three messianic claimants to appear in the Jewish diaspora appeared in Yemen in the 19th century. At this time and place the mutual influences of Jews and Muslims were notable both in messianic movements and in literary expression. Muslim society in Yemen was aware of the messianic tension among the Jews, and individual Muslims even took part in each of the known messianic movements. Conversely—and this is the subject of this article—Jewish society, at least on the popular level, was receptive to Muslim apocalyptic ideas and beliefs and integrated them into Jewish apocalyptic anticipations.The belief in messianism and the sharing of ideas on redemption or of the golden age in the eschatological era (i.e., at the End of Time) have long been maintained by the Jews. Some of the concepts that served as paradigms for later messianic speculations were derived from the Bible. For instance, the concept of rescue—the rescue by God of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt—became the example of God's intervention to help his people and mirrored the rescue at the End of Days. Likewise, the Davidic kingdom was believed to be the fulfillment of an ancient covenant between God and the Israelites—and, therefore, the Davidic kingdom became in the history of Jewish messianism the paradigm for how the future kingdom would be, how the covenant would be fulfilled. Also, the term “messiah” (mashiah)—i.e., the anointed one—was originally the official title for the Davidic kings and the early root for the later messiah; hence, it would be a Davidic descendant who would lead the Jews into the messianic age.

COVID-19 vaccines are crucial to control the pandemic and avoid COVID-19 severe infections. The rapid evolution of COVID-19 variants such as B.1.1.529 is alarming, especially with the gradual decrease in serum antibody levels in vaccinated individuals. Middle Eastern countries were less likely to accept the initial doses of vaccines. This study was directed to determine COVID-19 vaccine booster acceptance and its associated factors in the general population in the MENA region to attain public herd immunity. We conducted an online survey in five countries (Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan) in November and December 2021. The questionnaire included self-reported information about the vaccine type, side effects, fear level, and several demographic factors. Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA was used to associate the fear level with the type of COVID-19 vaccine. Logistic regression was performed to confirm the results and reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. The final analysis included 3041 fully vaccinated participants. Overall, 60.2% of the respondents reported willingness to receive the COVID-19 booster dose, while 20.4% were hesitant. Safety uncertainties and opinions that the booster dose is not necessary were the primary reasons for refusing the booster dose. The willingness to receive the booster dose was in a triangular relationship with the side effects of first and second doses and the fear (p < 0.0001). Females, individuals with normal body mass index, history of COVID-19 infection, and influenza-unvaccinated individuals were significantly associated with declining the booster dose. Higher fear levels were observed in females, rural citizens, and chronic and immunosuppressed patients. Our results suggest that vaccine hesitancy and fear in several highlighted groups continue to be challenges for healthcare providers, necessitating public health intervention, prioritizing the need for targeted awareness campaigns, and facilitating the spread of evidence-based scientific communication.

Background: hepatitis C is an inflammatory liver disease caused by the hepatitis C infection (HCV), and without treatment, almost 50% will progress to liver cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of primary liver cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Aim of the study: the objective of this study was to evaluate the serum level of vitronectin (VTN) compared to AFP and determine their role as diagnostic and prognostic markers of HCV-related liver diseases. Subject and Methods: this study involved 52 HCV patients from which 26 patients were cirrhotic, and 26 patients had HCC (on top of hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis) plus 10 healthy people as a control group. It was carried out in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt. All individuals in this study were subjected to physical examination, full history taking, liver function tests, assessment of serum levels of Vitronectin (VTN) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) before and after the intervention within three months. Results: serum level of vitronectin increased significantly in cirrhosis patients and HCC patients than controls (p = 0.0041), (p < 0.001), respectively, and in HCC than cirrhosis patients (p < 0.001). Significant positive correlations were observed between levels of serum VTN and AFP in all HCV patients as well as cirrhotic patients (p < 0.001, p = 0.011, respectively). On the contrary, VTN and AFP didn’t show a significant correlation in HCC patients’ group. Moreover, the median serum level of VTN decreased significantly after treatment in patients with HCC (p < 0.001). At cut-off 38.5 ng/mL for AFP it shows sensitivity 80.8%, specificity 76.9% to differentiate HCC from cirrhosis cases. While VTN shows 84.6% sensitivity, 96.2% specificity at cut-off 26.5 μg/mL. Regarding clinicopathological characteristics and VTN levels, half of patients were stage B, 63.9% had tumor size >3 cm, 84.6% had more than one focal lesion. Conclusions: these results may allow one to speculate a potential role of Vitronectin in diagnosis and prognosis of HCC on top of cirrhosis related to HCV infection in addition to AFP and US and CT.

Religious extremism is one of the major problems for Indonesia in the post-Soeharto era. The freedom that Indonesian people enjoyed after years of dictatorship by Soeharto also became a fertile ground for the idea of religious intolerances. Many effort are done by NGO’s, government, and also religious institution to promote the moderate view to counter this intolerances. But with the rise of social media, Habieb Rizieq Menjawab (HRM) Facebook Fan page—with more than 70 thousand followers, making it one of the most followed for religious affiliated figure— which is a parody of one of the famous hardline religious organization with the same name, stands out, because it is arguably the first of its kind in Indonesian social media landscape (Lakshmi, 2012) With around 69 million active users in 2014 (Purnell, 2014), making it the fourth largest country with Facebook user in the world, it’s hard to not look the important role this social media can play in Indonesia society. HRM becomes a unique and novel way for Indonesians to promote moderation and to counter the intolerances view. Satire itself has a long a history as tools to voice a counter view. Goodall, H., Cheong, P., Fleischer, K., & Corman, S., (2012) show that this kind of communication has been used, for example, since the pre-Islamic Arab through Second World War. Most recent examples can be seen in the Middle East. Countries such Egypt and Syria, which have been known for their use of literature, art, and humor as tools of political protest, seen a more flourished and fertile ground for a more mature comedic art forms, such as the ever-present political cartoon (Leila, 2012). This study will examine the usage of HRM Facebook Fan page, including status updates and image postings, seen with the perspective of critical theory of satire (Griffin, 1994) as a way to offer a counter-narrative, and an intervention to violent extremist narrative (Ashour, 2010) and Shetret (2011). The methodology to do it will be using the Rhetorical Analysis, with focus on Metaphorical Approach (Foss, 2009), This study hopes to examine how satire and social media can become a tool to fight the spread of religious intolerant ideas. It is also hoped that this study can serve as a base for further study on this topic. Keywords: Satire, Facebook, Rhetorical Analysis, Religious Intolerances, Counter Narrative

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem which should be adequately combated. This review summarizes two successful model programs to eradicate Hepatitis C in two countries; Egypt and Georgia. Egypt tops the list of nations affected by HCV, and Georgia is ranked among other countries with huge HCV burden. Currently, both countries are on their ambitious way to making history and completely eliminate Hepatitis C virus infections. The first comprehensive approach to reduce the burden of hepatitis C and associated diseases in Egypt was achievable with the formulation of the National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis (NCCVH) in 2006. Assisted by international and national stalk holders, Georgia started its nation- wide HCV fighting program in 2015. Elements of programs mostly addressed in both countries included simplifying and improving access to the package of diagnosis and care- providing effective, affordable or free of charge treatment- issuing, applying and regularly updating practice guidelines- improving surveillance, monitoring, and research focusing specifically on the risky groups- emphasizing infection control (IC) - encouraging patient and community engagement and increasing public and political commitment. Interventions are still going on to eradicate HCV infection in Egypt by 2030 and in Georgia by 2020. Lessons gained from this program can educate comparable activities in different nations and help control the worldwide epidemic of viral hepatitis.

The Bedouin tribes of Sinai have experienced a range of interventions in their way of life that have brought them into contention with different states and state agents. The self-identity of Bedouin tribes in Sinai has been drawn upon in struggles between Bedouin and governing authorities, which in recent history have included two empires and two nation-states. Even now, the Bedouin of Sinai exhibit minimal ties with the religious and political authorities of Egypt, a continuation of trends stretching back to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This article examines different facets of contemporary Sinai Bedouin life and explores the complexity of identity of the Sinai Bedouin through their traditional practices, including oral traditions that provide them with the counter-narratives by which they define themselves.

The promise of efficacious vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is fulfilled and vaccination campaigns have started worldwide. However, the fight against the pandemic is far from over. Here, we propose an age-structured compartmental model to study the interplay of disease transmission, vaccines rollout, and behavioural dynamics. We investigate, via in-silico simulations, individual and societal behavioural changes, possibly induced by the start of the vaccination campaigns, and manifested as a relaxation in the adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions. We explore different vaccination rollout speeds, prioritization strategies, vaccine efficacy, as well as multiple behavioural responses. We apply our model to six countries worldwide (Egypt, Peru, Serbia, Ukraine, Canada, and Italy), selected to sample diverse socio-demographic and socio-economic contexts. To isolate the effects of age-structures and contacts patterns from the particular pandemic history of each location, we first study the model considering the same hypothetical initial epidemic scenario in all countries. We then calibrate the model using real epidemiological and mobility data for the different countries. Our findings suggest that early relaxation of safe behaviours can jeopardize the benefits brought by the vaccine in the short term: a fast vaccine distribution and policies aimed at keeping high compliance of individual safe behaviours are key to mitigate disease resurgence.

Introduction: Menstrual disorders are the most frequent gynecological diagnoses among young girls.Aim: This study was conducted to investigate whether physical activity could reduce menstrual disorders among schoolgirls.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 970 schoolgirls in Southern Egypt were assessed, using a questionnaire, for their socio-demographic characteristics, gynecological history, physical activity, and menstruаl disorders during the previous 6 months. Results: The mean аge of schoolgirls was 15.5 ± 0.8 yeаrs, menarche аge 13.2 ± 1.2 years, menstrual cycle durаtion 28.8 ± 7.3 dаys, and 76.1% were circumcised. After аdjustment for the socio-demographic and gynecological variables, physical activity wаs shown to be not associated with all premenstrual symptoms аnd dysmenorrheа (р -value > 0.05).Conclusion: No substantial associаtions between physical activities and menstruаl/premenstrualal symptoms can be concluded.Recommendations: Future cohort and interventional studies are needed to explain whether the risk of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms can be reduced by physical activity.

Background: Infertility, although not а life-threatening illness, is а life crisis that leads to medical, psychological, social and ethical issues. Male infertility is а neglected area of research, particularly, in Upper Egypt. Most of the studies carried out on this issue, mainly, focused on the etiological factors associated with infertility. The vast majority of researcher studied infertility as а causative or result of psychological aspects but little study psychological aspects as reactive or effect of infertility. Aim: This study shed some light on the extent of psychological repercussions, which was negatively impacted on through the male infertility experience, in Northern Upper Egypt. Method: Α descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 50 infertile men in governmental hospitals in Fayoum, Egypt. Α structured questionnaire comprises 2 parts was used: (1) sociodemographic characteristics, participants’ lifestyle, and sexual behavior & infertility history, (2) Depression-Anxiety-Stress-Scаle-42 (DΑЅЅ 42). Results: The results of the present study portrayed that 42% of the studied subjects were having а sever level of depression. However, 36.0% had а moderate level of anxiety. Moreover, 46.0% of the subject had severe tension. To sum up, infertility hаs many implicаtions for the psychologicаl state of infertile men. Men’s psychosociаl status was influenced by the type and duration of infertility treatment. Conclusion: Concluding we will hаve to аdmit that Upper Egyptiаn men аppeаr to develop psychologicаl distress when fаcing infertility аnd thаt this is а construct overly influenced by sociodemogrаphic chаracteristics, lifestyle аnd sexual pаttern supported by our reseаrch results. Recommendations: Our findings reinforce the need for аndrologist, gynecologist, and infertility speciаlist аnd health cаre sectors аs well аs psychologicаl professionals to look for psychosociаl issues in men undergoing infertility treаtment. Further reseаrch is needed to understаnd the аssociation between psychosociаl issues аnd fertility outcomes, аs well аs effective psychosociаl interventions.

Objectives: The fear of using tramadol for pain control (tramadolophobia) by Egyptian patients with cancer is a frequent problem in our practice. This study was conducted to explore the prevalence of and the reasons behind tramadolophobia among Egyptian patients with cancer.Methods: A structured interview including open-ended and closed questions. The study included 178 adult patients with cancer from two cancer centers in Cairo and Sharkia, Egypt.Results: The source of information about tramadol was a non-healthcare-related source in 168 (94 percent) patients, mainly the media (50 percent). The believed uses of tramadol were abuse related in 94 (53 percent) patients, stimulant (physical, sexual, and to boost alertness) in 59 (33 percent), and analgesic in 55 (31 percent). Twenty-six (15 percent) patients gave history of tramadol use, largely (69 percent) as a stimulant. In case tramadol was prescribed for pain control, 90 (51 percent) patients refused to take it, 59 (33 percent) patients agreed to take it with concern about addiction, and only 29 (16 percent) patients agreed without concerns. Among those who refused taking tramadol for pain, the mentioned reason of refusal was addiction-related fears in 57 percent.Conclusions: The stigmatization and misconceptions about tramadol may have resulted in tramadolophobia among the majority of Egyptian patients with cancer. This further complicates the barriers to cancer pain control in Egypt. Being the only available World Health Organization step-II analgesic in Egypt, interventions to overcome tramadolophobia should be taken.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic disturbances that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The early identification of high-risk individuals is the key for halting these conditions. The world is facing a growing epidemic MetS although the magnitude in Egypt is unknown. Objectives: To describe MetS and its determinants among apparently healthy individuals residing in urban and rural communities in Egypt and to establish a model for MetS prediction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 270 adults from rural and urban districts in Alexandria, Egypt. Participants were clinically evaluated and interviewed for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and dietary habits. MetS was defined according to the harmonized criteria set by the AHA/NHLBI. The risk of ischemic heart diseases (IHDs), DM and fatty liver were assessed using validated risk prediction charts. A multiple risk model for predicting MetS was developed, and its performance was compared. Results: In total, 57.8% of the study population met the criteria for MetS and were at high risk for developing IHD, DM, and fatty liver. Silent CVD risk factors were identified in 20.4% of the participants. In our proposed multivariate logistic regression model, the predictors of MetS were obesity [OR (95% CI) = 16.3 (6.03-44.0)], morbid obesity [OR (95% CI) = 21.7 (5.3-88.0)], not working [OR (95% CI) = 2.05 (1.1-3.8)], and having a family history of chronic diseases [OR (95% CI) = 4.38 (2.23-8.61)]. Consumption of caffeine once per week protected against MetS by 27.8-fold. The derived prediction rule was accurate in predicting MetS, fatty liver, high risk of DM, and, to a lesser extent, a 10-year lifetime risk of IHD. Conclusion: Central obesity and sedentary lifestyles are accountable for the rising rates of MetS in our society. Interventions are needed to minimize the potential predisposition of the Egyptian population to cardiometabolic diseases.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy, with a survival rate of 80%. Major complications of leukemia include osteoporosis that requires both a clinically significant fracture history and low bone mineral density (BMD). The present study aims to assess BMD among acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients and survivors using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and serum insulin growth factor binding protein 3. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the Menoufia University, Egypt. Thirty patients with ALL and thirty survivors who were diagnosed with ALL but completely recovered were enrolled in this study. Sex and age matched normal controls while full history was taken. Patients and survivors were examined for anthropometric measurement. Laboratory including serum IGFBP3and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was done for all. It has been found out that patients and survivors showed a markedly lower BMD than normal population but no history of fracture was found in survivors. In this study, the prevalence of low BMD is 26/30 (86.6%) patients and 25/30 (83.3%) survivors. Also, there was a statistically significant decrease of DEXA scan measures in patients and survivors groups than the control group with a statistically significant decrease in both BMD and Z- score measures in patients and survivors groups than control group. Patients and long-term survivors of childhood ALL are at risk for morbidity associated with low BMD. They may benefit from interventions to optimize bone health as they age.

The primary objective of this study is to leverage the integration of surface mapping data derived from optical, radar, and historic topographical studies with archaeological sampling to identify ancient settlement areas in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt. This study employed the following methods: digitization of topographic maps, band indices techniques on optical data, the creation of a 3D model from SRTM data, and Sentinel-1 interferometric wide swath (IW) analysis. This type of study is particularly relevant to the search for evidence of otherwise hidden ancient settlements. Due to its geographical situation and the fertility of the Nile, Egypt witnessed the autochthonous development of predynastic and dynastic civilizations, as well as an extensive history of external influences due to Greek, Roman, Coptic, Islamic, and Colonial-era interventions. Excavation work at Buto (Tell el-Fara’in) in 2017–18, carried out by the Kafrelsheikh University (KFS) in cooperation with the Ministry of Antiquities, demonstrated that remote sensing data offers considerable promise as a tool for developing regional settlement studies and excavation strategies. This study integrates the mission work in Buto with the satellite imagery in and around the area of the excavation. The results of the initial Buto area research serve as a methodological model to expand the study area to the North Delta with the goal of detecting the extent of the ancient kingdoms of Buto and Sakha. The results of this research include the creation of a composite historical database using ancient references and early topographical maps (1722, 1941, 1950, and 1997), Optical Corona (1965), Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner System) (1973, 1978, and 1988), TM (Thematic Mapper) (2005) data, and Radar SRTM (2014) and Sentinel1 (2018 and 2019) data. The data in this study have been analyzed using the ArcMap, Envi, and SNAP software. The results from the current investigation highlight the rapid changes in the land use/land cover in the last century in which many ancient sites were lost due to agriculture and urban development. Three potential settlement areas have been identified with the Sentinel1 Radar data, and have been integrated with the early maps. These discoveries will help develop excavation strategies aimed at elucidating the ancient settlement dynamics and history of the region during the next phase of research.

Mastitis is a significant disease affecting dairy cattle farms in Egypt. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and major bacterial pathogens causing subclinical mastitis (SCM) in three bovine dairy herds, with a history of SCM, at three Governorates in North Upper Egypt. The antimicrobial resistance profiles and specific virulence-associated genes causing bovine SCM were investigated. One thousand sixty-quarter milk samples (QMS) were collected aseptically from 270 apparently healthy cows in three farms and examined. The total prevalence of SCM was 46% and 44.8% based on California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC), respectively. Bacteriological examination of CMT positive quarters revealed that the prevalence of bacterial isolation in subclinically mastitic quarters was 90.4% (26 and 64.3% had single and mixed isolates, respectively). The most frequent bacterial isolates were E. coli (49.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (44.9%), streptococci (44.1%) and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) (37.1%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates revealed a high degree of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobial compound in human and veterinary medicine. Implementation of PCR revealed the presence of mecA and blaZ genes in 60% and 46.7% of S. aureus isolates and in 26.7% and 53.3% of NAS, respectively. Meanwhile 73.3% of streptococci isolates harbored aph(3’)-IIIa gene conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and cfb gene. All E. coli isolates harbored tetA gene conferring resistance to tetracycline and sul1 gene conferring resistance to sulfonamides. The fimH and tsh genes were found in 80% and 60%, respectively. A significant association between the phenotypes and genotypes of AMR in different bacteria was recorded. The presence of a high prevalence of SCM in dairy animals impacts milk production and milk quality. The coexistence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is alarming, threatens human health and has a public health significance. Herd health improvement interventions are required to protect human health and society.

The article presents the Council of Chalcedon; its theological and historical context and its consequences. The author starts with the theological context of this Council. In that time the question of relation between humanity and divinity in Christ was discussed. Apollinarius of Laodicea taught that in the person of Christ there were two elements: the Logos and the body. The Logos replaced the soul. He propagated the formula mia physis tou theou logou sesarkomene. Others theologians were not agree with his opinion. Generally, there were two theological schools which worked on this matter: school of Alexandria and of Antioch. In the first one, the Christ was seen especially as God who became man. In the second one, He was seen as the man who was God’s Son. With other words, in Alexandria the starting point of reflection was the Divinity of Christ. In Antioch the starting of reflection was His humanity. The author mentioned Eutyches whose ideas on Christology produced a lot of trouble. In such a context, the Council of Chalcedon was organized (451). It was the proposal of Emperor Marcjan. The Council, after having condemned Eutyches and Dioskur of Alexandria because of their position on theological matter, proclaimed a new definition of the catholic faith. The base of this definition was the Letter of Pope Leo the Great Ad Flavianum. The most important point of this definition was the statement that Divinity and humanity meet in Christ, and both form one person. Such a declaration seems to be clear, but it did not satisfy Greek theologians. They did not want to accept the formula two natures (duo physeis) in one person, because in their opinion it signifies a separation between the Divinity and the humanity of Christ. They preferred to speak about mia physis tou Theou Logou sesarkomene. Surely, by the term physis they did not understand nature, but a being. While saying mia physis they did not mean one nature, but one being. In their conception, Jesus Christ was a Being in which met Divinity and humanity. Many theologians were suspicious of the term person (prosopon); they supposed that it had a modalistic meaning. The main opinion of Modalists is: there is only One God who appears sometimes as Father, sometimes as Son, sometime as Holy Spirit. There were also other reasons of contesting the definition of Chalcedon. It was known that that this definition was imposed by the Greek emperor, influenced by the Bishop of Rome (Pope). Many theologians, especially in monastic milieu, did not want to accept the intervention of the civil authorities in religious matter. They did not have a very good opinion about Latin theology. In the fifth century there were some anti-Hellenic tendencies in the eastern part of the Empire. Many Oriental theologians rejected the definition of Chalcedon because it was „a for­mula of Rom and Constantinople”. In such circumstances, a lot of Christians separated themselves from the Catholic Church, forming Monophysite Churches. Those who remained in unity with Rome and Constantinople, keeping the defini­tion of Chalcedon, were called Melchites. Another problem was the canon 28, which gave some privileges to the bishop see of Constantinople. Pope Leo the Great did not approve this canon. Anti-Hellenic tendencies were so strong that in the time of Islamic invasions the people of Palestine, Syria, and Egypt welcomed Arabic soldiers as liberators from Byzantine domination. It is to be said that Arabic authorities, after having taken power in a country, were friendly towards Monophysites and persecuted Melchites. So, the contestation of the definition of Chalcedon prepared the ground for the victory of Islam in the East. The article is ended by an observation of a French theologian Joseph Moingt: declaration that Divinity and humanity make union the person of Jesus Christ produced division not only in the Church, but also in the Roman Empire. This is one of great paradoxes in the history of Christianity.

Following a roundtable discussion at the University of Coimbra on the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Israel regarding the perspectives and activity of the organisation Breaking the Silence, the journal Estudos do Século XX [20th Century Studies], published periodically by the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of the University of Coimbra, deemed this interview worthy of inclusion. This first conversation aims therefore to allow the two ex-soldiers and directors of Breaking the Silence to respond to questions posed by four researches from Group 1 – History, Memory, and Public Policy, of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of the University of Coimbra. Unlike sections such as the “Thematic File”, ‘Interdisciplinary Dialogue” and “Critical Reviews”, which are aimed at publishing humanistic, artistic, scientific or technological texts, the “Interviews” section proposes to share civic-minded or memorialistic responses to questions regarding current but relevant issues in broader intellectual and social terms. Such is the intention, whether by bringing more civilian narratives into an academic journal, or simply noting correlations between humanistic, artistic, scientific or technological knowledge and civic intervention. This interview was documented, on the one hand, due to the ethical and geostrategic importance of the ongoing situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Israel; and, on the other hand, to highlight the main features and discursive strategy of Breaking the Silence. It is important to remember that this organisation is made up solely of Israeli citizens who have carried out mandatory military service in the Occupied Palestinian Territories; and that their discursive strategy prioritises characterising and contextualising/comparing specific situations in order to explain value judgements and suggestions for how to bring about drastic change. We value the existence of such an organisation within Israeli society that, in view of the grave problems in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, explicitly assumes the status of an association of ex-perpetrators. From this standpoint, Breaking the Silence defends: a) that Israeli soldiers describing in their own words what is really happening is one way of contributing to ending the ongoing systematic violation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territories; b) that victims and ex-perpetrators are entitled to support, should they so wish, in their efforts to overcome the effects of the mass violence that has occurred. Avner Gvaryahu and Avihai Stollar’s answers are especially poignant. Whether consciously or not, their respective intellectual rigour and ethical self-expectations seem to correlate somehow with the likes of Benedict de Spinosa and Hannah Arendt. The options set forth are also important owing to both the complexity and lengthy duration of the Israeli-Arab and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts, and from the contradictions experienced in Israel, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, and in neighbouring countries such as Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and Syria. Also considered were the verifiable connections with the overall mindset of the Cold War and the Post-Cold-War period, as well as phenomena such as the Jewish diaspora, anti-Judaism, anti-Semitism and the Holocaust. As researchers, we try above all to recreate and analyse, to contextualise and compare how communities handle and manage situations in which human rights are violated systematically, even when those responsible for such processes of mass violence are countries under liberal-democratic or democratic regimes. As citizens, we also recognise how important it is to highlight the individual (or small group) behaviour of those notable for their profound intellectual rigour and heightened self-expectations. As has sometimes happened in the past, we hope that, both now and in the future, the example set by the fairer minority will be followed by the majority; a majority composed of perpetrators and those who are indifferent to such events.

Epidemics of infectious diseases have always been well documented throughout the human history, particularly by ancient Egypt and Greece and for diseases like smallpox, leprosy, tuberculosis, meningococcal infections and diphtheria. Since the ancient times, the morbidity and mortality of these infectious diseases has profoundly shaped the politics, commerce, culture and social structure of different eras in epidemics. (1) With the beginning of 2020, world has encountered a new challenge, with the name of Covid-19. Commencing from Wuhan city of China, this disease spread like wildfire within a matter of next few months, with a rising death toll and serious consequences on the entire globe. The impact of COVID-19 on the population was no less than terror and shock. Since COVID-19 disease kept on spreading via aerosol and droplet infections, World Health Organization (WHO) declared emergency and along with other health agencies emphasized on respiratory hygiene i.e. covering the nose and mouth with a mask and using cough etiquettes in addition to standard precautionary measures. Social distancing was emphasized. Different rapid treatment guidelines were developed and practiced across the globe, with no definitive management guaranteeing the recovery cent per cent. Where a number of interventions were being tried and tested, attention was diverted towards vaccination since it had always been contemplated to be the integral in control of many infectious diseases.(2) Vaccination is envisaged as one of the most effective public health interventions for preventing and saving lives of from different infectious diseases and promoting good health. Hence scientists from all over the world got involved in rapid and expeditious development of vaccines against this novel disease.

Abstract Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is prevalent and add a burden on families in Egypt and Middle East due to lifelong diet restriction. Non-fava beans diet is the main food for most families in the region and parents and doctors consider it as a prohibited food whatever the genetic or clinical phenotype of G6PD. The effective management is avoiding a spectrum of food and drugs causing oxidative stress. No data is available about the hazards of consumption of non-fava beans diet. Aim: To investigate the effect of challenge of non-fava beans diet on occurrence of hemolysis in both common and rare mutations causing G6PD deficiency in Egyptian children as well as making a genotype-phenotype correlation. Patients and Methods: An interventional study registered in the Clinical Trials Government (NCT02498340) and included all G6PD deficient children who were regularly followed up in Pediatric Hematology Center, Ain Shams University over last decade from 2004-2014 who stopped eating non fava-bean diet since their diagnosis as G6PD deficient and willing to participate in the diet challenge. They were enrolled in a one year prospective study involved quantitative analyses for enzymatic activity, and molecular typing of G6PD enzyme using a polymerase chain reaction-amplification refractory mutation system (PCR-ARMS) technique. Patient's medical records were reviewed as history of blood transfusion and G6PD level at diagnosis. Initial phase was dietetic challenge with ingestion of non-fava beans taken in small amount (10-20 gm/day for 3 successive days) for children with haemoglobin level ≥ 11 gm/dl with daily clinical and laboratory monitoring by complete blood count, and markers of hemolysis as well as measurement of MDA level both basal and at study end. A drop of Hb of 1.0 gm/dl and / or appearance of hemoglobinuria is considered a significant hemolysis. Patients who did not met the definition of significant hemolysis were prospectively followed up for one year with follow up during their chronic exposure by CBC and hemolysis markers/ 3 months. Results: 108 G6PD deficient patients were enrolled; their ages ranged between 1-12 year, (mean of 3.1±1.2) with a male to female ratio of 8:1. Genotypes were; Mediterranean variant in 53%, Cairo in 13% and African mutations in 16%. Rare mutations as Chatham in 4%, Santmaria in 1% and Asahi in 1%; were described in Egypt for the first time. As regard the initial clinical presentation, 17 (15.7%), were asymptomatic; (6 had Mediterranean variant (2 silent polymorphism), 2 the Cairo variant, one the Chatham variant, one in the Asahi variant and in seven patients the molecular variant was not identified. History of blood transfusion was reported in79% in Mediterranean variant, 61.5% in Cairo variant , 56% in African variant, 50% in Chatham variant, and in none of the santmaria and Asahi variants. However no significant relation was detected between mutations and classes of G6PD deficiency(severity) and also with blood transfusion requirement among studied cases. Neonatal jaundice was observed in 56.4% of studied patients with the highest percentage in Mediterranean variant. Clinical diversity showed 83% symptomatic; 64% received blood transfusion, history of ingestion of fava beans was reported in 70% while 61 % had history of neonatal jaundice. The G6PD enzyme level was significantly lowered in Mediterranean and African mutation compared to other mutations (P< 0.01) but it was not correlated with disease clinical severity. No hemolysis was reported after dietetic challenge in all different genotypes (no hemoglobinuria and absence of markers of hemolysis). No drop of Hb over a one year period of chronic consumption of non-fava beans diet. Moreover no significant difference was found between baseline hemoglobin and MDA and their levels at the study end (p>0.05). Conclusion: Chronic ingestion of small amount of non-fava beans once weekly for one year was not associated with haemolysis or increase in oxidative stress in this cohort of G6PD deficient children in all variants. Improved family satisfaction with 92% of patients accepted to continue food challenge with a great satisfaction. Mediterranean mutation was the most common variant. Three rare non-Middle-East mutations were reported for first time; namely Santamaria, chatham and Asahi. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

“Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 212 NOTICIAS / NEWS (“transfer”, 2017) 1) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES: 1. 8th Asian Translation Traditions Conference: Conflicting Ideologies and Cultural Mediation – Hearing, Interpreting, Translating Global Voices SOAS, University of London, UK (5-7 July 2017) www.translationstudies.net/joomla3/index.php 2. 8th International Conference of the Iberian Association of Translation and Interpreting (AIETI8), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (8-10 March 2017) www.aieti8.com/es/presentation 3. MultiMeDialecTranslation 7 – Dialect translation in multimedia University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (17-20 May 2017) https://mmdtgroup.org 4. Texts and Contexts: The Phenomenon of Boundaries Vilnius University, Lithuania (27-28 April 2017) www.khf.vu.lt/aktualijos/skelbimai/220-renginiai/1853-texts-andcontexts- the-phenomenon-of-boundaries 5. 21st FIT World Congress: Disruption and Diversification Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators (AUSIT), Brisbane, Australia (3-5 August 2017) www.fit2017.org/call-for-papers 6. 6th International Conference on PSIT (PSIT6) - Beyond Limits in Public Service Interpreting and Translating: Community Interpreting & Translation University of Alcalá, Spain (6-8 March 2017) www.tisp2017.com “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 213 7. International Conference: What Grammar Should Be Taught to Translators-to-be? University of Mons, Belgium (9-10 March 2017) Contact: gudrun.vanderbauwhede@umons.ac.be; indra.noel@umons.ac.be; adrien.kefer@umons.ac.be 8. The Australia Institute of Interpreters and Translators (AUSIT) 2016 National Conference Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (18-19 November 2017) www.ausit.org/AUSIT/Events/National_Miniconference_2016_Call_ for_Papers.aspx 9. 1st Congrès Mondial de la Traductologie – La traductologie : une discipline autonome Société Française de Traductologie, Université de Paris Ouest- Nanterre-La Défense, France (10-14 April 2017) www.societe-francaise-traductologie.com/congr-s-mondial 10. Working Our Core: for a Strong(er) Translation and Interpreting Profession Institute of Translation & Interpreting, Mercure Holland House Hotel, Cardiff (19-20 May 2017) www.iti-conference.org.uk 11. International conference T&R5 – Écrire, traduire le voyage / Writing, translating travel Antwerp , Belgium (31 May - 1 June 2018) winibert.segers@kuleuven.be 12. Retranslation in Context III - An international conference on retranslation Ghent University, Belgium (7-8 February 2017) www.cliv.be/en/retranslationincontext3 “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 214 13. 11th International Conference on Translation and Interpreting: Justice and Minorized Languages under a Postmonolingual Order Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain (10-12 May 2017) http://blogs.uji.es/itic11 14. 31è Congrès international d’études francophones (CIÉF) : Session de Traductologie – La francophonie à l’épreuve de l’étranger du dedans Martinique, France (26 June – 2 July 2017) https://secure.cief.org/wp/?page_id=913 15. Complexity Thinking in Translation Studies: In Search of Methodologies KU Leuven, Belgium (1-2 June 2017) www.ufs.ac.za/humanities/unlistedpages/ complexity/complexity/home-page 16. 1st International Conference on Dis/Ability Communication (ICDC): Perspectives & Challenges in 21st Century Mumbai University, India (9-11 January 2017) www.icdc2016-universityofmumbai.org 17. Lost and Found in Transcultural and Interlinguistic Translation Université de Moncton, Canada (2-4 November 2017) gillian lane-mercier@mcgill.ca; michel.mallet@umoncton.ca; denise.merkle@umoncton.ca 18. Translation and Cultural Memory (Conference Panel) American Comparative Literature Association's 2017 Annual Meeting University of Utrecht, The Netherlands (6-9 July 2017) www.acla.org/translation-and-cultural-memory 19. Media for All 7 – A Place in Between Hamad bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar (23-25 October 2017) http://tii.qa/en/7th-media-all-international-conference “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 215 20. Justice and Minorized Languages in a Postmonolingual Order. XI International Conference on Translation and Interpreting Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (10-12 May 2017) monzo@uji.es http://blogs.uji.es/itic11/ 21. On the Unit(y) of Translation/Des unités de traduction à l'unité de la traduction Paris Diderot University, Université libre de Bruxelles and University of Geneva (7 July 2017 (Paris) / 21 October 2017 (Brussels) / 9 December 2017 (Geneva) www.eila.univ-paris-diderot.fr/recherche/conf/ciel/traductologieplein- champ/index?s[]=traductologie&s[]=plein&s[]=champ 22. The Translator Made Corporeal: Translation History and the Archive British Library Conference Centre, London, UK (8 May 2017) deborah.dawkin@bl.uk 23. V International Conference Translating Voices Translating Regions - Minority Languages, Risks, Disasters and Regional Crises Europe House and University College London, UK (13-15 December 2017) www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/translation-news-and-events/vtranslatingvoices 24. 8th Annual International Translation Conference - 21st Century Demands: Translators and Interpreters towards Human and Social Responsibilities Qatar National Convention Centre, Doha, Qatar (27-28 March 2017) http://tii.qa/en/8th-annual-international-translation-conference 25. Complexity Thinking in Translation Studies: In Search of Methodologies KU Leuven, Belgium (1-2 June 2017) www.ufs.ac.za/humanities/unlistedpages/ complexity/complexity/home-page “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 216 26. 15th International Pragmatics Conference (IPrA 2017) – Films in Translation – All is Lost: Pragmatics and Audiovisual Translation as Cross-cultural Mediation (Guillot, Desilla, Pavesi). Conference Panel. Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK (16-21 July 2017) http://ipra.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=*CONFERENCE2006&n=1296 2) CURSOS, SEMINARIOS, POSGRADOS / COURSES, SEMINARS, MA PROGRAMMES: 1. MA in Intercultural Communication in the Creative Industries University of Roehampton, London, UK www.roehampton.ac.uk/postgraduate-courses/Intercultural- Communication-in-the-Creative-Industries 2. Máster Universitario en Comunicación Intercultural, Interpretación y Traducción en los Servicios Públicos Universidad de Alcalá, Spain www3.uah.es/master-tisp-uah 3. Máster Universitario de Traducción Profesional Universidad de Granada, Spain http://masteres.ugr.es/traduccionprofesional/pages/master 4. Workshop: History of the Reception of Scientific Texts in Translation – Congrès mondial de traductologie Paris West University Nanterre-La Défense, France (10-14 April 2017) https://cmt.u-paris10.fr/submissions 5. MA programme: Traduzione audiovisiva, 2016-2017 University of Parma, Italy www.unipr.it/node/13980 “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 217 6. MA in the Politics of Translation Cairo University, Egypt http://edcu.edu.eg 7. Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies University of Geneva, Switzerland (Online course) www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance1 www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance2 8. MA programme: Investigación en Traducción e Interpretation, 2016-2017 Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain monzo@uji.es www.mastertraduccion.uji.es 9. MA programme: Traduzione Giuridica - Master di Secondo Livello University of Trieste, Italy Italy http://apps.units.it/Sitedirectory/InformazioniSpecificheCdS /Default.aspx?cdsid=10374&ordinamento=2012&sede=1&int=web &lingua=15 10. Process-oriented Methods in Translation Studies and L2 Writing Research University of Giessen, Germany (3-4 April 2017) www.uni-giessen.de/gal-research-school-2017 11. Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies (I): Foundations and Data Analysis (Distance Learning) www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance1 Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies (II): Specific Research and Scientific Communication Skills (Distance Learning) www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance2 University of Geneva, Switzerland “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 218 3) LIBROS / BOOKS: 1. Carl, Michael, Srinivas Bangalore and Moritz Schaeffer (eds) 2016. New Directions in Empirical Translation Process Research: Exploring the CRITT TPR-DB. Cham: Springer. http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-20358-4 2. Antoni Oliver. 2016. Herramientas tecnológicas para traductores. Barcelona: UOC. www.editorialuoc.com/herramientas-tecnologicas-para-traductores 3. Rica Peromingo, Juan Pedro. 2016. Aspectos lingüísticos y técnicos de la traducción audiovisual (TAV). Frakfurt am Main: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com?432055 4.Takeda, Kayoko and Jesús Baigorri-Jalón (eds). 2016. New Insights in the History of Interpreting. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.122/main 5. Esser, Andrea, Iain Robert Smith & Miguel Á. Bernal-Merino (eds). 2016. Media across Borders: Localising TV, Film and Video Games. London: Routledge. www.routledge.com/products/9781138809451 6. Del Pozo Triviño, M., C. Toledano Buendía, D. Casado-Neira and D. Fernandes del Pozo (eds) 2015. Construir puentes de comunicación en el ámbito de la violencia de género/ Building Communication Bridges in Gender Violence. Granada: Comares. http://cuautla.uvigo.es/sos-vics/entradas/veruno.php?id=216 7. Ramos Caro, Marina. 2016. La traducción de los sentidos: audiodescripción y emociones. Munich: Lincom Academic Publishers. http://lincom-shop.eu/epages/57709feb-b889-4707-b2cec666fc88085d. sf/de_DE/?ObjectPath=%2FShops%2F57709feb“ Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 219 b889-4707-b2cec666fc88085d% 2FProducts%2F%22ISBN+9783862886616%22 8. Horváth , Ildikó (ed.) 216. The Modern Translator and Interpreter. Budapest: Eötvös University Press. www.eltereader.hu/media/2016/04/HorvathTheModernTranslator. pdf 9. Ye, Xin. 2016. Educated Youth. Translated by Jing Han. Artarmon: Giramondo. www.giramondopublishing.com/forthcoming/educated-youth 10. Martín de León, Celia and Víctor González-Ruiz (eds). 2016. From the Lab to the Classroom and Back Again: Perspectives on Translation and Interpreting Training. Oxford: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com?431985 11. FITISPos International Journal, 2016 vol.3: A Retrospective View on Public Service Translation and Interpreting over the Last Decade as well as the Progress and Challenges that Lie Ahead www3.uah.es/fitispos_ij 12. Dore, Margherita (ed.) 2016. Achieving Consilience. Translation Theories and Practice. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. www.cambridgescholars.com/achieving-consilience 13. Antonini, Rachele & Chiara Bucaria (eds). 2016. Nonprofessional Interpreting and Translation in the Media. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detai lseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=82359&cid=5&concordeid=265483 14. Álvarez de Morales, Cristina & Catalina Jiménez (eds). 2016. Patrimonio cultural para todos. Investigación aplicada en traducción accesible. Granada: Tragacanto. www.tragacanto.es/?stropcion=catalogo&CATALOGO_ID=22 “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 220 15. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, special issue on Language Processing in Translation, Volume 52, Issue 2, Jun 2016. www.degruyter.com/view/j/psicl.2016.52.issue-2/issuefiles/ psicl.2016.52.issue-2.xml?rskey=z4L1sf&result=6 16. Translation and Conflict: Narratives of the Spanish Civil War and the Dictatorship Contact: alicia.castillovillanueva@dcu.ie; lucia.pintado@dcu.ie 17. Cerezo Merchán, Beatriz, Frederic Chaume, Ximo Granell, José Luis Martí Ferriol, Juan José Martínez Sierra, Anna Marzà y Gloria Torralba Miralles. 2016. La traducción para el doblaje. Mapa de convenciones. Castelló de la Plana: Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I. www.tenda.uji.es/pls/www/!GCPPA00.GCPPR0002?lg=CA&isbn=97 8-84-16356-00-3 18. Martínez Tejerina, Anjana. 2016. El doblaje de los juegos de palabras. Barcelona: Editorial UOC. www.editorialuoc.com/el-doblaje-de-los-juegos-de-palabras 19. Chica Núñez, Antonio Javier. 2016. La traducción de la imagen dinámica en contextos multimodales. Granada: Ediciones Tragacanto. www.tragacanto.es 20. Valero Garcés, Carmen (ed.) 2016. Public Service Interpreting and Translation (PSIT): Training, Testing and Accreditation. Alcalá: Universidad de Alcalá. www1.uah.es/publicaciones/novedades.asp 21. Rodríguez Muñoz, María Luisa and María Azahara Veroz González (Eds) 2016. Languages and Texts Translation and Interpreting in Cross Cultural Environments. Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba. www.uco.es/ucopress/index.php/es/catalogo/materias- 3/product/548-languages-and-texts-translation-and-interpreting“ Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 221 in-cross-cultural-environments 22. Mereu, Carla. 2016. The Politics of Dubbing. Film Censorship and State Intervention in the Translation of Foreign Cinema in Fascist Italy. Oxford: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/view/product/46916 23. Venuti, Lawrence (ed.) 2017. Teaching Translation: Programs, Courses, Pedagogies. New York: Routledge. www.routledge.com/Teaching-Translation-Programs-coursespedagogies/ VENUTI/p/book/9781138654617 24. Jankowska, Anna. 2015. Translating Audio Description Scripts. Translation as a New Strategy of Creating Audio Description. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/view/product/21517 25. Cadwell, Patrick and Sharon O'Brien. 2016. Language, culture, and translation in disaster ICT: an ecosystemic model of understanding. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0907676X. 2016.1142588 26. Baumgarten, Stefan and Chantal Gagnon (eds). 2016. Translating the European House - Discourse, Ideology and Politics (Selected Papers by Christina Schäffner). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. www.cambridgescholars.com/translating-the-european-house 27. Gambier, Yves and Luc van Doorslaer (eds) 2016. Border Crossings – Translation Studies and other disciplines. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. www.benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.126/main 28. Setton, Robin and Andrew Dawrant. 2016. Conference Interpreting – A Complete Course. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.120/main “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 222 29. Setton, Robin and Andrew Dawrant. 2016. Conference Interpreting – A Trainer’s Guide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.121/main 5) REVISTAS / JOURNALS: 1. Technology and Public Service Translation and Interpreting, Special Issue of Translation and Interpreting Studies 13(3) Contact: Nike Pokorn (nike.pokorn@ff.uni-lj.si) & Christopher Mellinger (cmellin2@kent.edu) www.atisa.org/tis-style-sheet 2. Translator Quality – Translation Quality: Empirical Approaches to Assessment and Evaluation, special issue of Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series (16/2017) Contact: Geoffrey S. Koby (gkoby@kent.edu); Isabel Lacruz (ilacruz@kent.edu) https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANSTTS/ announcement 3. Special Issue of the Journal of Internationalization and Localization on Video Game Localisation: Ludic Landscapes in the Digital Age of Translation Studies Contacts: Xiaochun Zhang (xiaochun.zhang@univie.ac.at) and Samuel Strong (samuel.strong.13@ucl.ac.uk) 4. mTm Translation Journal: Non-thematic issue, Vol. 8, 2017 www.mtmjournal.gr Contacts: Anastasia Parianou (parianou@gmail.com) and Panayotis Kelandrias (kelandrias@ionio.gr) “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 223 5. CLINA - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Translation, Interpreting and Intercultural Communication, Special Issue on Interpreting in International Organisations. Research, Training and Practice, 2017 (2) revistaclina@usal.es http://diarium.usal.es/revistaclina/home/call-for-papers 6. Technology and Public Service Translation and Interpreting, Special Issue of Translation and Interpreting Studies, 2018, 13(3) www.atisa.org/call-for-papers 7. Literatura: teoría, historia, crítica, special issue on Literature and Translation www.literaturathc.unal.edu.co 8. Tradumàtica: Journal of Translation Technologies Issue 14 (2016): Translation and mobile devices www.tradumatica.net/revista/cfp.pdf 9. Ticontre. Teoria Testo Traduzione. Special issue on Narrating the Self in Self-translation www.ticontre.org/files/selftranslation-it_en.pdf 10. Terminology, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication Thematic issue on Food and Terminology, 23(1), 2017 www.benjamins.com/series/term/call_for_papers_special_issue_23 -1.pdf 11. Cultus: the Journal of Intercultural Communication and Mediation. Thematic issue on Multilinguilism, Translation, ELF or What?, Vol. 10, 2017 www.cultusjournal.com/index.php/call-for-papers 12. Translation Spaces Special issue on No Hard Feelings? Exploring Translation as an Emotional Phenomenon “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 224 Contact: severine.hubscher-davidson@open.ac.uk 13. Revista electrónica de didáctica de la traducción y la interpretación (redit), Vol. 10 www.redit.uma.es/Proximo.php 14. Social Translation: New Roles, New Actors Special issue of Translation Studies 12(2) http://explore.tandfonline.com/cfp/ah/rtrs-si-cfp 15. Translation in the Creative Industries, special issue of The Journal of Specialised Translation 29, 2018 www.jostrans.org/Translation_creative_industries_Jostrans29.pdf 16. Translation and the Production of Knowledge(s), special issue of Alif 38, 2018 Contact: mona@monabaker.com,alifecl@aucegypt.edu, www.auceg ypt.edu/huss/eclt/alif/Pages/default.aspx 17. Revista de Llengua i Dret http://revistes.eapc.gencat.cat/index.php/rld/index 18. Call for proposals for thematic issues, Linguistica Antverpiensia New Series https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANSTTS/ announcement/view/8 19. Journal On Corpus-based Dialogue Interpreting Studies, special issue of The Interpreters’ Newsletter 22, 2017 www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/2119 20. Díaz Cintas, Jorge, Ilaria Parini and Irene Ranzato (eds) 2016. Ideological Manipulation in Audiovisual Translation, special issue of “Altre Modernità”. http://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/AMonline/issue/view/888/show Toc “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 225 21. PUNCTUM- International Journal of Semiotics, special issue on Semiotics of Translation, Translation in Semiotics. Volume 1, Issue 2 (2015) http://punctum.gr 22. The Interpreters' Newsletter, Special Issue on Dialogue Interpreting, 2015, Vol. 20 www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/11848 23. Gallego-Hernández, Daniel & Patricia Rodríguez-Inés (eds.) 2016. Corpus Use and Learning to Translate, almost 20 Years on. Special Issue of Cadernos de Tradução 36(1). https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/traducao/issue/view/2383/s howToc 24. 2015. Special Issue of IberoSlavica on Translation in Iberian- Slavonic Cultural Exchange and beyond. https://issuu.com/clepul/docs/iberoslavica_special_issue 26. The AALITRA Review: A Journal of Literary Translation, 2016 (11) www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/ojs/index.php/AALITRA/index 27. Transcultural: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 8.1 (2016): "Translation and Memory" https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/TC/issue/view/18 77/showToc 28. JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, issue 26 www.jostrans.org 29. L’Écran traduit, 5 http://ataa.fr/revue/archives/4518

Background: Endometriosis is a painful, chronic, and inflammatory disease that is characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside uterus that affects approximately 190 million women in world. Aim of the study to evaluate the effect of self-management interventions on the quality of life among women with endometriosis. Design: Quasi experimental design was used to achieve the aim of the study (pre- post test). Setting: The current study was conducted at the outpatient clinic for obstetrics and gynecology at El Mansoura Health Insurance Hospital, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Sample: A convenience sample composed of 40 women suffering from endometriosis was included in the study. Tools: four tools for data collection Tool I: A structured interviewing questionnaire included two parts (socio-demographic characteristics –obstetric and gynecological history) Tool II; Numerical rating scale (NRS), to measure the severity of pain symptoms associated with endometriosis. Tool III; Endometriosis Health Profile Questionnaire, to determine wellbeing quality of life of endometriosis female. Tool IV; Self-management interventions, include: (physical activity -sleep -exercise -mood-dietary choices-medication). Results: The majority of the studied women with endometriosis had severe pain at pre intervention in compares to one fifth of studied women post intervention.

EGYPTIAN BEER? EDUCATION FOR ETHNIC-RACIAL RELATIONS (ERER) IN TEACHER FORMATION IN CHEMISTRY. This work was carried out in a Higher Education Institution (IES), in the State of Goiás, in the Chemistry Degree course, aiming at the implementation of Law 10639/03. The context discussed herein is the chemical knowledge of African and diasporic matrices from Ancient Egypt in the development and production of beer. In order to subsidize teachers in initial formation with strategies in the classroom for an anti-racist education, taking into account the contribution of African people in the constitution of the country. It is an action research and its development happened through a Pedagogical Intervention (IP) with the theme: Ancient Egypt, Beer and Chemistry. The results were collected through audio recording and analyzed using the Conversation Analysis technique. Our results have shown that it is possible to talk about African history and culture, in a chemistry class in the initial chemistry teacher training course, making an epistemic shift in the curriculum, taking previously silenced knowledge to school, such as the history and culture of African peoples.

Background: Urinary incontinence affect women at any age in which deteriorate their quality of life. Pelvic training to control bladder function at regular time intervals has been demonstrated to be an effective method for treating incontinence. Aim: the study aimed to evaluate the effect of intervention program for women complaining from UI. Study design: A quasi-experimental design was used in this study. Setting: The study was conducted at five outpatient clinics of Aga central hospital, Dakahlia Government, Egypt. Sample: A purposive sample was used to select 354 women divided randomly into study group and control group each of them were 177. Tools: Two tools were used for data collection. 1st tool is a structural interviewing questionnaire: It contained four parts: Part I: Women socio-demographic characteristics. Part II: women’s history. Part III: Women’s knowledge regarding urinary incontinence and pelvic floor muscle exercises. Ⅳ: Women’s reported practice regarding pelvic floor muscle exercises. 2nd tool is Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI) standardized tool to assess urinary system efficiency.

AbstractThe purpose of study was to screen for health hazards related to sun exposure and to examine the effectiveness of a sun safety multicomponent intervention designed specifically for the Egyptian farmers. A multicomponent interventional study was conducted among 128 farmers from three villages in Zagazig district, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, from January to July 2022. It passed through three phases: phase 1: assessment of participants’ risk of skin cancer and vision screening; phase 2: filling a semi-structured questionnaire assessing sun exposure hazards and sun safety knowledge, behavior, and barriers; and phase 3: conducting multicomponent intervention composed of education session, providing sun safety supplies and reminders then evaluate the effect of this intervention after one month. Most of participants had moderate risk for skin cancer (69.0%), history of photokeratitis (77.3%), cataract (15.6%), and bad/very bad self-reported overall eyesight (43.0%). After intervention, there was a statistically significant improvement in the participants’ awareness regarding sun exposure-related hazards, all knowledge items about sun safety measures (p < 0.01) and some sun safety behaviors (p < 0.05) including wearing protective clothing, minimization of direct sunlight exposure, taking breaks, plentiful water intake, regular self-checking of skin, wearing wide brimmed hats, and job rotation. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant improvement in all sun protection barriers (p < 0.01) except sunscreen and sunglasses related barriers (p ˃ 0.05). The multicomponent intervention composed of education session, providing sun safety supplies and reminders was effective in increasing awareness of farmers with sun exposure hazards and improving their knowledge and behavior towards sun safety measures.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still defined as a disease state characterized by poorly reversible airflow limitation induced by cigarette smoke and/or other noxious particle and gases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intervention program for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on their knowledge and practices regarding compliance to self-care management. Research design: A Quasi-experimental research design was utilized to fulfill the aim of this study. Setting: This study was conducted at outpatient clinic of Menia Chest Hospital, Menia Governorate, Egypt. Sample: A purposeful sample of 115 COPD patients. Tool; one tool was used included six parts. (1 socio-demographic characteristics of COPD patients, (2 medical history of COPD patients (3 the effect of COPD on activity of daily living and health status of COPD patients (4 Patents’ knowledge about COPD, (5) adults 'compliance to self-care management and (6) adults reported practices regarding self-care management. Results: less than two third of the studied sample had unsatisfactory total knowledge of COPD, in pre intervention program, comparing to less than three quarter of them had satisfactory total knowledge regarding COPD in post intervention program.

Abstract The 1896 Berliner Gewerbeausstellung was a transformative moment for city and nation alike. The exhibition announced Berlin's pre-eminence as a scientific and industrial city and bolstered an emergent German national identity. Including displays of Egypt and Germany's formal colonies also revealed Germany's competence as a colonial power. By illustrating its skill in both aggressive conquest and subtle intervention, city and nation thought themselves capable of competing with European rivals at home and abroad. However, the two visions of colonialism, cloaked in the guise of mass entertainment, have rarely been brought into conversation with one another. This article seeks to discuss this colonial–Oriental dichotomy by focusing on tensions between education and entertainment in display techniques, particularities of racial difference in ethnographic display, the use of advertising, and the insertion of new technologies. Contributing to a deeper understanding of race, empire, and modernity in the German context, the Gewerbeausstellung offers a jumping off point for further comparison to other local, regional, and international exhibitions and an avenue to explore how notions of modernity factored into formal and informal imperial arrangements. Ultimately, it sheds light on how an exhibition helped to fashion a global, imperial city at the turn of the twentieth century.

Objective: In patients with acute coronary artery disease, the TIMI risk index (TRI), the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score, and the global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) risk score (GRS) have all been documented. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between no-reflow (NRF) and admission TRI, major cardiac events (MACE), and in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (P-PCI). Methods: Between March and December 2019, 100 consecutive patients diagnosed with STEMI and treated with PPCI at Tanta Main University Hospital in Tanta, Egypt, were included in the research population. Each patient consented following a thorough history taking, evaluation of coronary risk factors, clinical examination, and electrocardiogram analysis. Additionally, all instances were classified using the Killip method. The GRS, TRS, and TRI values were examined. Results: The GRS, TRS, and TRI scores were significantly associated with increased NRF, MACE, and hospital mortality in STEMI patients treated with P-PCI, suggesting that TRI is a straightforward indicator with fewer parameters that accurately reflects P-PCI success. Conclusion: TRI has been demonstrated to enhance the risk of in-hospital mortality and MACE. TRI uses straightforward and cost-effective ways to test patients who have experienced a STEMI. Additionally, a high TRI may assist in identifying high-risk individuals and developing suitable treatment solutions.

Background: Folic acid (FA) supplementation is an important intervention to avoid complications during pregnancy on the women and fetus. Aim of the study: To assess knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women regarding folic acid supplementation. Design: A descriptive design was used. Setting: The study was conducted at antenatal clinical at Badr University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Sample: A Convenience sample was utilized to recruit 120 pregnant women. Tools: Three tools for data collection were used. First tool: A structured interviewing questionnaire to assess demographic data, obstetric and menstrual history. Second tool: Pregnant women's knowledge regarding folic acid supplementation. Third tool: Pregnant women's attitudes regarding folic acid supplementation. Results: The current study showed about the majority of pregnant women having low level of knowledge regarding folic acid supplementation, while the half of pregnant women had negative attitudes regarding folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. Conclusion: the study pregnant women had unsatisfactory level of knowledge and negative attitudes regarding folic acid supplementation. Recommendation: Developing program to increase awareness regarding folic acid supplementation among pregnant women.

Abstract Background and Aims Hyperphosphatemia is frequently encountered in hemodialysis patients and is an important risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. It is usually difficult to be managed by phosphate binders and hemodialysis. This study was carried out to assess the effect of nutritional education (NE) on the control of serum phosphorus level in hemodialysis patients. Method An open label, single center randomized controlled trial was conducted in the nephrology department, New Mansoura General Hospital, Egypt. One hundred hemodialysis patients were randomized into two groups; intervention Group (IG) (n=50) subjected to NE program for 3 months and Control group (CG) (n=50) received the usual care. Nutritional education was applied for the intervention group, by a trained renal dietitian, in the form of educational sessions, booklets, procures, audio visual teaching aids and patient-tailored counselling. Nutritional evaluation was done for all patients using dietary history, 24 hour diet recall sheet and malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) in addition to assessment of anthropometrics measurements and routine laboratory tests before randomization and at the end of the study. Results Three months after randomization, body mass index, waist circumference and midarm muscle circumference (MAMC) were significantly lower among IG versus the CG (p=0.04, 0.04 and 0.004 respectively). MIS score was significantly lower among the IG compared to the CG (p=0.02). Regarding laboratory tests, serum phosphorus level and calcium X phosphorus product were significantly lower among IG compared to the CG at the end of the study (p&lt;0.001 and =0.04 respectively) with a percent change of serum phosphorus of -13.8 ± 21.41 after NE. The percentage of patients with hyperphosphatemia (&gt; 5.5 mg/dl) were significantly lower in the IG at the end of study (p=0.04). Other laboratory tests including serum albumin, hemoglobin level, iron status and urea reduction ratio did not show any significant difference between both groups. Conclusion NE applied to dialysis patients added to the control of hyperphosphaemia without exposing the patients to the risk of malnutrition, resulting from injudicious dietary restrictions.

Abstract Background For patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), early reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) or thrombolytic treatment is essential to prevent major adverse cardiac events. The aim of the study is to compare the current status of managing STEMI patients at **** with European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommendations. Prospective cohort of all patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) between March 2020 and February 2021 in Alexandria University hospitals. Reporting patterns, causes of delay, and reperfusion status for all STEMI patients were noted. MACE: (Mortality, Re-infarction, Stroke, or Heart failure) was reported and compared among different management strategies. Results The study was conducted over one year on 436 patients, 280 (64.2%) of them underwent PPCI, 32 (7.3%) received thrombolysis, and 124 (28.5%) had a conservative strategy. Patients’ mean age was 55.2 years, 72.2% were smokers and 80.9% were men. Family history was positive in 14.2% of patients, 33.5% had diabetes, 7.3% had renal impairment, and 41.5% had hypertension. The median pre-hospital waiting time was 360 min; the mean pre-hospital waiting time was 629.0 ± 796.7 min. The median Emergency Room waiting time was 48.24 ± 89.30 min. The median time from CCU admission to wire crossing was 40.0 min with a mean value 53.86 ± 49.0 min. The mean ischemia duration was 408 min, while the total ischemic time was 372 min. All patients who presented within 12 h received reperfusion therapy either a PPCI or thrombolysis at a rate of 71.5%, with 35.0% of those patients achieving prompt reperfusion in accordance with ESC guidelines. The PPCI group mortality rate was 2.9%, in comparison to 12.9% in the conservative group, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Overall in-hospital mortality was 5.5%, and total MACE was 27.3%. A statistically significant difference was observed between the three management groups as regards MACE rate, being 15%, 28.1%, and 54.8% in PPCI, thrombolysis, and conservative groups, respectively. Conclusions Despite financial and technical constraints, appropriate, timely reperfusion was near to achieving the ESC guidelines for the management of STEMI. The most common reperfusion strategy was PPCI, with an in-hospital death rate of less than 5% in the PPCI group. There was a concern about the increase in the total ischemia time due to some financial and technical constraints.

Abstract Background Lockdown conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic have affected the mental health of people, especially the youth. This study examined the effect of lockdown on mental health of Egypt, Ghana, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines and assessed the coping strategies in practice by youth. Results Philippines had the highest mean score in all three domains followed by Egypt, Pakistan, India, and then Ghana. There was a significant association of gender with stress, educational status with depression, and anxiety with stress. Students were associated with anxiety, and the history of close friends/family infected with COVID-19 was found to be associated with depression and stress scores. The most common coping strategy for the Philippines was self-destruction; for Pakistan was religion; and for Egypt, India, and Ghana was acceptance. Using linear regression model, the highest scores observed in all three domains were associated with avoidant coping. Conclusions The findings of the study confirm that COVID-19 lockdown has affected the mental health of young adults. In particular, the presence of negative coping strategies used by the youth tends to be an indicator of increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression and it should be considered when planning interventions within this population.

Background and rationale of the study: Although Sharps injuries are a preventable hazard faced by medical personnel in the operating room yet it continues to be one of the hidden problems among HCP. The potential consequence of such injuries includes transmission of blood-borne pathogens with detrimental effects. Despite the advances in technology and increased awareness of medical staff, annually around 600 thousand to one million workers are affected thus considered as one of the most serious threats facing health care workers specially surgeon.Methodology: a cross sectional study of Zagazig University Hospitals surgical departments. Using a sample composed of 287 surgeons randomly chosen from different surgical departments. A questionnaire assessed in addition to personal and professional characteristics, the history of sharp injuries, types of instrument causing the injury, their post exposure prophylaxis including reporting. The results: There were total 287 surgeons participated in this study. (47%) of the respondent surgeons had been exposed to at least one episode of sharp injury in the preceding 3 months and most of the exposures (68%) occurred in the operation room. The injury was mainly caused during suturing (83%). The commonest devices, accused in most of the injuries were suturing needle and scalpel (74 and 59%). The majority of the surgeons (62%) didn’t report the SI and it was largely explained by the majority of the sampled respondents (89%) were not aware of the reporting system existing in their hospital.Conclusions: The most common reason of underreporting in our study was the lack of awareness that all injuries must be reported.Recommendations: The observed high level of under reporting reflects the need for education on prevention. Our results can guide in planning an education program for the surgeons to increase awareness about dangers of sharp injuries and help improve the reporting strategy and other potential prevention interventions for of sharp injuries.