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1
Huzain, Muh. "PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM TERHADAP DUNIA BARAT." Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.41.
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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the West could not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then the rise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century. This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
2
Huzain, Muh. "Pengaruh Peradaban Islam Terhadap Dunia Barat." TASAMUH: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v10i2.77.
Full textAbstract:
The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the Westcould not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then therise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century.This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
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Butel, Paul, and François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.
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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.
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Kadir, Hatib Abdul. "History of the Moluccan's Cloves as a Global Commodity." Kawalu: Journal of Local Culture 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/kawalu.v5i1.1871.
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the history of spice trade in Moluccas. Using two main approaches of firstly, Braudel, I intend to examine the histoty of spice trade in Moluccas in the 16th century in relation with the changing of the structure of economy that affected the social and political relations of the Moluccans. Secondly, applying Wallerstein approaches, I find out that trading activities from the 16th century until today have created a wide gap between post-colonial Moluccas and the Europeans. To conclude, I argue that economic activities have always been accompanied by forcing political power, such as monopoly and military power. Consequently, they have
created unequal relations between the state and society
5
Ryzhenkova, Tamara A. "The Ottoman-Mamluk War of 1516–1517 as Described by the Egyptian Historian Ibn Zunbul." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 4 (2021): 569–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.407.
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The author of this article focuses on the 16th century work “The End of the Temporary Dynasty and the Rise to Power of the Ottoman Dynasty” by the Egyptian historian Ibn Zunbul Al-Rammal (“History” by Ibn Zunbul) and the events of the Ottoman-Mamluk war of 1516–1517 described in it. This book is the author’s most significant work. It is written in an artistic style and recounts the defeat of the penultimate Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri in the war with the Ottoman ruler Selim I and the subsequent occupation of Syria and Egypt by the Ottomans. In the work, Ibn Zunbul takes the greatest interest in two topics. First, he examines the causes of the conflict, which broke out between Selim I and Qansuh al-Ghuri and led to the collapse of the Mamluk empire. Second, Ibn Zunbul pose the question why the Mamluks lost the war against the Ottomans. Despite his undisguised admiration for the fighting qualities of the Mamluks as knights, their combat tactics and courage, he is forced to admit that they could not resist the firearms of the Ottomans, which they had been actively using for many decades. Ibn Zunbul’s “History” is one of three works in Arabic written by contemporaries that detail the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. The author attempts to define the significance of Ibn Zunbul’s work as a source in the history of Egypt in the first half of the 16th century.
6
Pfeifer, Helen. "ENCOUNTER AFTER THE CONQUEST: SCHOLARLY GATHERINGS IN 16TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN DAMASCUS." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 2 (April 27, 2015): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000021.
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AbstractThis article examines the extensive intellectual and social exchange that resulted from the Ottoman imperial incorporation of Arab lands in the 16th century. In the years immediately after the 1516–17 conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate that brought Egypt, Greater Syria, and the Hijaz under Ottoman rule, Turkish-speaking Ottomans from the central lands (Rumis) found that their political power was not matched by religious and cultural prestige. As the case of Damascus shows, scholarly gatherings calledmajālis(sing.majlis) were key spaces where this initial asymmetry was both acutely felt and gradually overcome. As arenas for discussion among scholars on the move, literary salons facilitated the circulation of books and ideas and the establishment of a shared intellectual tradition. As occasions where stories were told and history was made, they supported the formation of a common past. In informal gatherings and in the biographical dictionaries that described them, Rumis and Arabs came together to forge an empire-wide learned culture as binding as any political or administrative ingredient of the Ottoman imperial glue.
7
Žiemelis, Darius. "The socio-economic history of Lithuania from the 16th to the 19th century (until 1861) from the perspective of economic development concepts." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2013): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v5i2_4.
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The article is devoted to the presentation of the economic conceptions of the most influential non-Marxist (Karl Bücher, Max Weber) and neo-Marxists (Witold Kula, Immanuel Wallerstein) disclosing their analytical value in the investigations of the typologization of Lithuania‘s social economic history in the 16th-19th centuries (up to 1861). It is established that K. Bücher’s and M. Weber’s conceptions of economic development are best suited to analyze the qualitative changes in the organization of the economic life of the most developed countries in Western Europe (primarily – England) rather than the socio-economic reality of the less developed countries. For the research of the latter better suited are the Marxist (W. Kula‘s model of the feudal economy) and the neo-Marxist (I. Wallerstein’s capitalist world-system conception) concepts analyzing the economic development of less developed countries. The typological diagnosis of Lithuania‘s social economic history in the 16th-19th centuries (up to 1861) is presented.
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Islahi, Abdul Azim. "Economic and Financial Crises in Fifteenth - Century Egypt : Lessons from the History." Islamic Economic Studies 21, no. 2 (November 2013): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0001559.
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Ilyin, Ilya. "National Consciousness as a Factor of the Socio-Economic Development of Russia in the 17th — 19th Centuries." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016038-0.
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Capitalist relations in Russia emerged and developed in the 17th — 19th centuries. These relations were superimposed on the specific features of the public consensus that was achieved in 16th century and predetermined the particularities of the national socio-economic model. The origins of this model goes back to the religious and ethical discourse of the 15th century, as well as to the understanding of the foundations and nature of Russian statehood of the 15th — 16th centuries. All these features led to the formation of certain attributes of national consciousness and had a significant impact on the nature of socio-economic institutions. The humanistic values of the Russian Middle Ages had arisen out of Orthodoxy. The collective humanism of the state and its religious and ethical mission gave a minor role to the development of individualistic principles, which, on the contrary, were of great significance in Western Europe. This article shows a set of historical and spiritual factors that have played an important role in the formation of specific national consciousness characteristics. The authors make an attempt to analyze the influence of such factors on the nature of the national socio-economic model and its development in Russia in the 16th — 19th centuries. The article proposes an original concept according to which, in the course of the historical development of Russia, the most important economic categories (property, wealth, labor, capital, economic activity) obtained not only an economic, but also a kind of ethical interpretation, that is, they can be considered both as economic concepts and as cultural and moral phenomena. The methods of identifying historical and spiritual dominant factors that influenced the formation of the Russian socio-economic model give new opportunities to study national peculiarities. These methods allow clarifying the historical and cultural institutional potential for creating an effective economic policy in Russia and other countries.
10
Pfeiffer-Taş, Şule, and Nikolaus Schindel. "The Beçin Coin Hoard and Ottoman Monetary History in the Late 16th/Early 17th Century." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56, no. 4-5 (2013): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341336.
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Abstract It is generally accepted that debasement greatly contributed to the economic and consequently also social problems of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th/early 17th century. The numismatic data derived from the Beçin coin hoard, closing under sultan Ahmed (1603-1617) greatly challenges this view. Metal analysis has shown that only the overall weights of the coins were reduced; the fineness of silver remained unchanged at least until the 1610s.
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Özbaran, Salih. "A Review of Portuguese and Turkish Sources for the Ottomans in Arabia and the Indian Ocean in the 16th Century." Belleten 49, no. 193 (April 1, 1985): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1985.65.
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In the beginning of the sixteenth century the Indian Ocean witnessed the course of events which greatly effected the economies of the Mediterranean as well as the Ottoman and Arab countries. The Portuguese reached the Western India at the end of the fifteenth century and established themselves at various strategic points around the Indian Ocean, seeking to dominate and shift the flow of trade which had been running through the Red Sea and the Gulf to the Mediterranean world for many centuries. On the other hand, the Ottomans became a sea power as well as the land after the conquest of Constantinople; and conquered Egypt in 1517 taking control of the Red Sea. Towards the middle of the sixteenth century, in the time of Suleyman the Magnificent, they took Baghdad and made a direct contact with the Gulf, thus establishing themselves at various important points around the Arabian Peninsula. So became the two empires, Catolic Portuguese and Sunni Ottoman, vis-a-vis, in the waters of the Indian Ocean, drawing themselves far from their capitals.
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Cuno, Kenneth M. "Joint Family Households and Rural Notables in 19th-Century Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 4 (November 1995): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800062516.
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During the past thirty years, the study of the family in European history has developed with a strong comparative emphasis. In contrast, the study of the family in Middle East history has hardly begun, even though the family is assumed to have had a major role in “the structuring of economic, political, and social relations,” as Judith Tucker has noted. This article takes up the theme of the family in the economic, political, and social context of 19th-century rural Egypt. Its purpose is, first of all, to explicate the prevailing joint household formation system in relation to the system of landholding, drawing upon fatwas and supporting evidence. Second, it argues that rural notable families in particular had a tendency to form large joint households and that this was related to the reproduction and enhancement of their economic and political status. Specifically, the maintenance of a joint household appears to have been a way of avoiding the fragmentation of land through inheritance. After the middle of the 19th century, when it appeared that the coherence and durability of the joint family household were threatened, the notables sought to strengthen it through legislation. Their involvement in the law reform process contradicts the progressive, linear model of social and legal change that is often applied in 19th-century Egyptian history.
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Bria, Gianfranco, and Maurizio Busca. "Islamic Practices, Traditions and Beliefs in Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean in the Early 16th Century: Georgius Gemnicensis’ Ephemeris." Oriente Moderno 100, no. 3 (April 23, 2021): 378–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340234.
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Abstract This article reports several excerpts of Georgius Gemnicensis’ Ephemeris, a travel journal in which the author recounted his experiences in Mamluk Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean, and provided a number of details about customs, beliefs and Islamic practices in such territories at the beginning of the 16th century. Despite the fact that it does not outline a complete landscape, the Ephemeris provides many useful reports about Muslim daily practices (rituals, festivals, beliefs) and culture, in which mystical Islam played an undeniable role, intertwining with other religious traditions and various exogenous and endogenous narratives.
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Žiemelis, Darius. "The problem of the application of the term second serfdom in the history of Central Eastern Europe: the case of Lithuanian economy in the 16th-19th (until 1861)." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 7, no. 1 (August 15, 2015): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v7i1_6.
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In the 16th-19th centuries (until 1861) the term second serfdom is not applied in the investigations of the economic organization of Lithuania. However, the theory of the neo-Marxist capitalist world system (CWS) of the most famous and influential American comparative historical sociology representative I. Wallerstein offers to look at the phenomenon of the second serfdom from a global perspective emphasizing external causes and to consider it a manifestation of peripheral capitalism in Central Eastern Europe. In his fundamental work The Modern World System, the Polish and Lithuanian social economic order in the 16th-18th centuries is treated as the periphery of the CWS at that time. The goal of this article is using the access of modern comparative historical sociology to answer the question of whether the term second serfdom is applicable (and if so, when) to describe the economic organization of Lithuania in 1557–1861. The article states that in view of the economic development of Lithuania in 1557–1861 considering an essential component of the CWS theory – the concept of peripheral capitalism, the features of the second serfdom are most distinctly seen in Lithuania not in the 16th-18th centuries (as I. Wallerstein stated), but in the second half of the 18th century – 1861.
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Kisielienė, Dalia, Ieva Masiulienė, Linas Daugnora, Miglė Stančikaitė, Jonas Mažeika, Giedrė Vaikutienė, and Rimantas Petrošius. "History of the Environment and Population of the Old Town of Klaipėda, Western Lithuania: Multidisciplinary Approach to the Last Millennium." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 1003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047639.
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Progressive stages in the development of the Old Town region of the city of Klaipėda (in German, Memel) were ascertained by analyzing archaeological and historical data combined with an analysis of pollen, diatom, plant macrofossil, and osteological findings as cross-referenced with radiocarbon measurements. The port city of Klaipėda, located on the eastern part of the Baltic Sea, was an important political, economic, and religious center during the last millennium. In addition to its environmental history, the character of human activity and urbanization of the area during the 16th–17th centuries AD were examined. The chronology of these records is based on archaeological, historical, and 14C data. The results obtained indicate the predominance of a wet boggy environment and the presence of a pond in the investigated territory of Klaipėda during the late 15th and early 16th centuries AD. The formation of a new Danė River channel created an island town, resulting in a defensible residual area for the town inhabitants. An ongoing deposition of a cultural layer began in the mid-16th century AD. Rich zooarchaeological data found in this layer provided new details on human diet and exposed a predominance of domestic animals, especially cattle. Due to intensive amelioration of this area, layers of sandy and clayey deposits were formed during the second half of the 16th century AD. A significant presence of cultivars, ruderals, and weeds were recorded, indicating substantial human activity and increasing urbanization of the landscape. According to the paleobotanical, archaeological, and historical data, the culmination of this process took place at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries AD, when residential areas were established.
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Dmitrieva, Zoia, Marina Rumynskaia, and Tatiana Sazonova. "Belozersk Monasteries in Crisis Years (1570s – 1610s)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (November 2021): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.5.6.
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Introduction. The article examines the situation of the monasteries of the Belozersk region in the last quarter of the 16th century – the first decade of the 17th century: regional manifestation of crisis phenomena, the reasons for their occurrence, the degree of influence of individual factors (epidemic, famine, foreign invasion). Methods and materials. The topic is disclosed using the methods of historical research (analysis, synthesis, external and internal criticism of documents). The source base was made up of acts and monastic business books, including inventory of property. Analysis. In the last quarter of the 16th century – the first decade of the 17th century the Russian state was going through a deep crisis, which was observed in all aspects of the life of Russian society: political, dynastic, economic and social; it was intensified by the great famine of 1601–1603. During these years monasteries remained centers of economic stability, providing the brethren, servants, ministers and beggars with the necessary products and household items. In the years of famine, grain from the monastic granaries was “loaned” to the peasants for consumption and sowing. The devastation of the monastic economy and the physical destruction of the population began in the Time of Troubles. As a result, the authors came to the following conclusions: the crisis of the last quarter of the 16th century and the Great Famine of the early 17th century did not lead to degradation and disruption of the traditional way of life in the region; the destruction of Belozersk monasteries begins in 1612 and continues until 1618; only the Kirillov Monastery, headed by Abbot Matthew, was able to organize the defense and protect the fortress, preserving the Cyril’s heritage from the Polish-Cossack plunder.
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Todd, David. "Beneath Sovereignty: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Internationalism in Nineteenth-Century Egypt." Law and History Review 36, no. 1 (February 2018): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000530.
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The rise of extraterritoriality in the nineteenth-century has been described as a transitional phase that laid the ground for the construction of territorial sovereignty. Yet in Egypt, where a particularly extensive extraterritorial regime emerged in the mid-century, the expansion of European jurisdiction underneath national sovereignty became entrenched with the creation of international mixed courts in the 1870s. This outcome, the article argues, was the product of a complex compromise between European empires, which upheld different conceptions of extraterritoriality, and the government of Egypt. While Britain refashioned its own extraterritorial judicial system as a means of promoting legal reforms in the Ottoman world, France aggressively pursued the expansion of extraterritorial rights as an instrument of informal domination and economic exploitation. The creation of an international type of jurisdiction, less susceptible to French political pressures but applying a French system of law, proved acceptable to all parties, although it severely constrained Egyptian sovereignty from within, even after Britain took over the reins of government in 1882. Extraterritoriality was not merely a transition, but an original feature of the global legal order, arising out of modern imperialism and imperial rivalry and yet conducive to the forging of new instruments of international law and governance.
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Števík, Miroslav. "K datovaniu a obsahu súpisu výnosov a príslušenstva hradu Ľubovňa zo 16. storočia." Studia Archiwalne 7 (2020): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/17347513sa.20.007.14507.
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Autor artykułu, na podstawie analizy ,,Rejestru dochodów i powinności należących do zamku Ľubovňa” z Narodowego Archiwum Węgierskiego, który był wcześniej datowany na XVII w., ustalił, że powstał on około 1586 r. Badany dokument dzięki właściwemu datowaniu można uznać za jedno z najważniejszych źródeł do dziejów gospodarczych i politycznych zastawionej części Spisza w XVI w. On the Dating and Content of the 16th-century Register of Obligations and Incomes of the Castle in Ľubovňa On the basis of the analysis of “The Register of Incomes and Obligations belonging to the Castle L’ubovňa” from the National Archives of Hungary, which was previously dated to the 17th century, the author of the article established that it had been written ca. 1586. Owing to proper dating, the studied document may be regarded as one of the most important sources for the economic and political history of the pledged part of Spiš region in the 16th century.
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Mita, Masahiko. "North Indian Medieval Fort History Study." Impact 2021, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.4.44.
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The studies of Assistant Professor Masahiko Mita, Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University, Japan, have included the early medieval history (6th to 13th centuries) of Rajasthan. Recently, he has been investigating the later medieval period and beyond (after the 14th century). By interpreting satellite images of forts, Mita has constructed an understanding of the typology of forts and their historical change. He found that 8th to 18th century Rajasthan forts as royal capitals are classified into three major types: large-scale hilltop fort; minor hilltop fort + fortified palace-city; and flat fortified city. In addition, he discovered that the large-scale hilltop fort was comparatively popular before the 13th century but from the 16th century onward, especially in the 17th century, both the minor hilltop fort + fortified palace-city and flat fortified city had become standard as major Rajput kingdoms became stable as regional royalty under the Mughal rule. Mita is interested in expanding on his findings to date in order to elucidate how the changes related to the state system, military conditions, urban settlements and socio-economic systems of those times. He will consider the politico-economic meanings of the changes from the aspect of the relation of kingship and commerce. Mita is also working to explain the structural transformation of royal capital cities by considering the changing Rajput state formation of the same periods. Ultimately, this work will shed light on historical trends from a different viewpoint and methodology to former studies that used literary sources.
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Allen, Robert C. "American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (May 16, 2014): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.
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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was cost effective in Britain and the United States would not have paid in their circumstances.
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Ravi, P., and M. Venkatachalapathy. "A BRIEF STUDY OF TRADE GUILDS IN ANDHRA FROM 1300 AD TO 1600 AD." International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences 1, no. 3 (June 21, 2020): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v1i3.22.
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The period between to 13th century AD and 16th century AD is very crucial in the political history of South India general and especially in the history of Andhrapradesh. Because the first part of the 14th century (1323 AD) witnessed the Muslim invasions which cast for the rise of revolts by the federated of the chief Kakatiyas to liberated Andhradesa from the Muslim leaders when the Andhra region caught in political disturbances. It impact on the socio-economic spheres of the period, the conditions of trade and commerce became a setback. After freed the Andhradesa from the Muslim conquers, the socio-economic conditions became slowly as use well. Naturally the trade and commerce especially internal & external trade with foreign countries slowly gained economic profits the trade and merchant guilds were also moved towards in progress. So the present paper is focussed on a brief study of trade guilds in Andhra (1300 AD to 1600 AD) is discussed briefly.
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Islami, Islam. "Political history of modern Egypt." ILIRIA International Review 6, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v6i1.231.
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Under the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was granted some autonomy because as long as taxes were paid, the Ottomans were content to let the Egyptians administer them. Nevertheless, the 17th and 18th centuries were ones of economic decline for Egypt.In 1798, the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Egypt and defeated the Egyptians on land at the battle of the Pyramids, but he was utterly defeated at sea by the British navy, which made him abandon his army and leave Egypt. Subsequently, British and Ottoman forces defeated the French army and forced them to surrender.In particular after the last quarter of 19 century, in Egypt began colonizing activities by Western European countries, while the reaction to such events occurred within “the Egyptian national movement.”With its history of five thousand years, Egypt is considered as the first modern state of the Arab world. Ottoman military representative Mehmet Ali Pasha takes a special place through his contribution to this process. He is seen as a statesman who carried important reforms, which can be compared even with the ones of Tanzimat. He managed to build Egypt as an independent state from the Ottoman Empire, standing on its own power.Gamal Abdel Nasser was the one who established the Republic of Egypt and ended the monarchy rule in Egypt following the Egyptian revolution in 1952. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades, by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution.
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Malykh, S. E. "CERAMIC PIPES-OTTOMANS FROM GIZA: ON THE HISTORY OF TOBACCO SMOKING IN THE ORIENT." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-77-89.
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The article analyzes 13 fragmented ceramic smoking pipes found at the eastern edge of the Eastern Field of the ancient Egyptian Giza Necropolis by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS. The objects of the late 17th — early 20th centuries were discovered during the exploration of the rock-cut tombs of the second half of the Third millennium B.C. and the adjacent area. They testify to the human activity in the ancient necropolis in the Modern Period and demonstrate the spread of tobacco smoking in Egypt, the first of the Ottoman provinces to encounter tobacco at the end of the 16th century through the mediation of Europeans. Morphologically, the pipes from Giza can be divided into three types in the shape of a cup — lily-shaped, round-cylindrical and daffodil-shaped. The round-cylindrical pipe is attributed as the products of Cairo pottery workshops situated near the Salah ad-Din Citadel in 1730–1780. Other objects demonstrate clay and the method of decorating characteristic of the workshops of Upper Egypt, located in Asyut and Aswan; some of them relate to the early types of the late 17th — early 18th centuries, others — to the late versions of the 19th — early 20th centuries. One fragment belongs to a pipe brought from Istanbul, and refers to the so-called “Tophane style”, which is characterized by bright red clay and gilding or silvering. This elite ware were produced by Istanbul craftsmen since the end of the 18th century until 1929; the pipe found in Giza can be dated to the interval from the 1860s to the 1900s.
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Usachev, Andrey. "The production of manuscripts and the problems of social and economic development of Russia in the 16th century." Rossiiskaia istoriia, no. 6 (2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870007463-0.
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Mamedova, Nailya. "Three attempts of the creation of an anti-Ottoman’s alliance by the Sefevid state at the beginning of the 16th centure (based on French-language historiography)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-3 (December 1, 2020): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi75.
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The article is devoted to the relationship of the Azerbaijan state of the Safavids with the Western European states at the beginning of the 16th century on the basis of French historiography, with the aim of creating an anti-Ottoman union. The goal of the Western European states was to keep these two powerful states of the Middle Ages in a state of war and conflict - the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid state. In turn, the Safavids tried to get firearms from the West and enlist the support of the leading Western European states. Each of the parties simultaneously pursued its trade and economic interests and goals.
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Bojovic, Bosko. "From a market economy to a government monopoly precious metals of Serbia and Bosnia between Venice and the Ottoman empire (15th-16th century)." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 142 (2013): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1342007b.
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The production of precious metals in the Balkans reached its climax in the 15th century. It was exported mostly by Ragusa, basically for the Venice Mint. According to the available documents it can be estimated that the traffic of such metals carried out via Ragusa was between 11060 kg in 1425, and an optimum estimation of 25 tons annually for the first half of the century. The Ottoman occupation of Serbia and Bosnia in the middle of the century marks the end of the exportation of raw materials indispensable to the European monetary economy, which lacked precious metals for mints. The production as well as the coining of the Balkan precious metals took place within the closed circuit of the Ottoman economic autarchy. Notwithstanding all the efforts of the central administration, including a highly developed legislation, and in spite of the development of a big mining centre of Siderokapsia (Eastern Macedonia), the production of precious metals continued to decline in the 15th century. This economic phenomenon led to the financial crash that marked the beginning of the recurring financial and economic crises in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 16th century. The contribution of the precious metals from the Balkans to the European monetary economy at the end of the Middle Ages has not been sufficiently studied by the specialists in economic history, and it has not been taken into account regarding the spectacular decline of the Ottoman economy and power.
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Russell, James R. "On an Armenian Word List from the Cairo Geniza." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 17, no. 2 (2013): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130205.
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This study deals with a short text on a small piece of paper, a conversational glossary, found in the Cairo Geniza. It is likely to be nearly a millennium old, and consists of a list of twenty Judaeo-Arabic words and phrases with their equivalents in Armenian written in Hebrew script. It suggests that members of the two communities met in a convivial setting, possibly a Barekendan (Mardi Gras) party where an official was parodied as a goat in effigy— a custom encountered in other Armenian celebrations of the holiday at Lvov in the 16th century; and Tiflis, in the 19th. The other words in the list reflect economic and cultural realia of the 11th-13th centuries.
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Rogers, J. M. "A new view of medieval Persian history." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 121, no. 1 (January 1989): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00167905.
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A conspicuous feature of Ottoman history from the sixteenth century onwards, or even of fifteenth-century Mamluk Egypt, is that the mass of surviving administrative documents, well complemented by European sources, makes it possible to apply a range of economic and social concepts to illuminate their economy and society. For Persia the documents are far fewer and, even where, as in seventeenth-century Iṣfahān, the extant Safavid documents are exceptionally well complemented by European source material, doubts, often of a Marxian or Braudelian order, on the legitimacy of applying European concepts to Persian society are often entertained. In other periods the paucity of material is compounded by ethnic diversity – tribal versus settled populations; Turks versus Iranians or Iranians versus Turco-Mongols, all with deeply rooted authentic traditions – which is rarely documented, let alone explained, by the contemporary historians. It is almost as if the right kind of anthropologist could do more than the historian to exploit what material there is.
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Kryvetskyi, V. V., D. V. Proniaiev, T. V. Protsak, B. Y. Banul, N. R. Yemelianenko, and V. L. Voloshyn. "History of the development of the lymphatic system (part one)." Bukovinian Medical Herald 26, no. 3 (103) (October 27, 2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xxvi.3.103.2022.12.
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The history of lymphatic system research goes back to ancient times. Lymph nodes were likely first mentioned in the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt. Hippocrates (5th century BC) in the 5th century BC was one of the first to mention the lymphatic system. One of the first descriptions of what can be attributed to lymphatic vessels can be found in Aristotle. The Byzantine physician Pavlo Aeginsky was a famous surgeon who illustrated the tonsils and performed the first tonsillectomy, which allowed him to identify and describe infected cervical lymph nodes. Indian and Islamic medicine, especially Avicenna, gave interesting descriptions of lymphedema (elephant disease) due to frequent parasitic infections which are more common in eastern regions. Rufus of Ephesus, a Roman physician, discovered the axillary, inguinal, and mesenteric lymph nodes, as well as the thymus, in the 1st-2nd century AD. The first mention of lymphatic vessels was in the 3rd century BC by Herophilus, a Greek anatomist who lived in Alexandria. The Alexandrian school made significant contributions to the study of the lymphatic system stemming from the works of Galen. However, whether the structures described were lymphatic vessels is still debated. Erasistratus, during the dissection of a dairy lamb, showed that the abdominal arteries are filled with milk. Very likely, this is the first misinterpreted study of mesenteric lymphatic vessels. Based on the first observations made by the medieval Arab anatomist ibn Al-Nafis, the Spanish scientist and theologian Miguel Servetus, and the Italian anatomist Realdo Colombo, who described pulmonary circulation, and Andrea Cesalpino, who first introduced the term "circulation" in relation to the cardiovascular system, it was established basic regularities of the structure of the lymphatic system. In the middle of the 16th century, Gabriele Fallopio (researcher of fallopian tubes) described the vessels now known as "mammary glands". Based on all these discoveries, the Italian surgeon and anatomist Giovanni Guglielmo Riva was the first to present a graphic representation of the lymphatic system in two of his four oil paintings, which are now kept in the Academy of History "Arte Sanitaria" in Rome.
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Gilbar, Gad G. "RESISTANCE TO ECONOMIC PENETRATION: THEKĀRGUZĀRAND FOREIGN FIRMS IN QAJAR IRAN." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810001170.
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AbstractEuropean merchants and investors doing business in the Middle East during the long 19th century expected that commercial disputes in mixed cases would be conducted according to procedures and laws familiar to and accepted by them. In the Ottoman Empire and Egypt, mixed courts based on the French commercial code were established during that century. The Qajars, however, offered the foreign commercial community a different judicial institution: the localkārguzār(agent) and his majlis (court). By the beginning of the 20th century, thirty-sixkārguzāroffices operated in Iranian towns and harbors. Nevertheless, foreign (mainly British) merchants and their consuls complained bitterly that it was not an effective institution and that it clearly favored the localtujjār(big merchants). They claimed that these defects meant huge financial losses to them. The Qajars viewed this institution and its functioning differently. It served their policy of discouraging foreign penetration, and it contributed to the competitiveness of the Iraniantujjārin their struggle for commercial superiority.
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Santana-Pérez, Juan Manuel. "The African Atlantic islands in maritime history during the Ancien Régime." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 4 (November 2018): 634–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418803301.
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This paper aims at describing and explaining certain common characteristics that have endured in the African Atlantic islands by virtue of the fact that these islands depend on centres of authority located at considerable distances away. Their location on linking routes to three continents led to the first globalization since the world economic shifts of the 16th century. The islands have sometimes been described metaphorically as a bridge, but we prefer to speak of maritime doors. These islands have been an entrance and exit for goods, people, culture, and ideas, opened or closed, depending on your point of view, through the modern age as European penetration spread. It includes the archipelagos of the Middle Atlantic, the cases of Madeira, the Canaries, Cape Verde, São Tomé, and Principe, and the Guinea Islands of Bioko, Corisco, and Annobon.
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Van Rankin-Anaya, Armando. "Mexico's colonial and early postcolonial state-formation: A political-Marxist account." enero-abril 30, no. 1 (October 16, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18232/20073496.1301.
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This paper analyses the agrarian hacienda as the chief defining political-economic institution that shaped class composition and state formation of colonial and early postcolonial Mexico. Following the insightful theoretical framework of political Marxism, this article reviews the evolution of Mexican social property relations from the colonization (in the 16th century) to independence (in the 19th century) employing a novel methodology. Due to the highly historicist-oriented perspective of this neo-Marxist wisdom –and its concrete notion of capitalism as a property regime politically constructed– this paper argues that the agrarian hacienda was substantially precapitalist. This reexamination, in turn, challenges structural and pancapitalist accounts within neo-Marxist thought such as Wallerstein’s world-system theory that argues conversely: that European colonialism in the Americas was capitalist. This work aims to expand the application of political Marxism literature to the Latin American context.
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Sokolova, E. V. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF KOLOSOVSKY DISTRICT (OMSK REGION) IN THE XVI – EARLY XX CENTURY." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (January 10, 2018): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-4-99-104.
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The current paper features the peculiarities of colonization of the Kolosovsky district of the Omsk region in the 16th – early 20th centuries. The author integrally approaches the study of this process, analyzing the main ways of settling and economic development of the area. Considerable attention is paid to the factors that conditioned the process of development of the territory. The formation of the rural settlement network of the district, in many ways, was determined by the vectors of state policy, in particular, the policy of resettlement of peasants from the country's low-land regions. Favorable geographical and climatic conditions, the presence of the river artery made the territory of the Kolosovsky district attractive for settlers, who both established their own settlements and settled in old-timer villages. The history of the region is considered in the mainstream of the history of the state, taking territorial features into account. The article outlines the stages of development of the territory, characterizes each of them, by emphasizing the economic activity development. The author gives specific dates for the formation of villages, analyzing the available foundation versions.
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Gąsiorowski, Stefan. "Professor Jan Marian Małecki (1926-2017): In Memoriam." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 15 (2017): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.17.012.8181.
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Jan Małecki was a historian and rector of the the Kraków Academy of Economics. While his most important research was devoted to economic history, his achievements also included works related to the grand synthesis of Polish history, methodology, source studies, bibliography, and biography. In the 1985/1986 academic year, together with two other scholars, he began an open series of lectures in the Institute of History at the Jagiellonian University entitled ‘Jews in Polish History’. He was the author of a number of academic papers on the history of the Jewish community in Poland in both Polish and English. Of particular importance are his extensive source entries from Kraków customs registers concerning Jewish trade at the end of the 16th century and start of the 17th century, published by the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. Małecki also popularized Jewish issues by including them in his numerous publications on the economic history of Poland and the history of Kraków. For many years, he also promoted Jewish studies outside of the Jagiellonian University and the Kraków University of Economics and reviewed numerous works of other scholars for degrees and publishing houses. In 2016, he was granted the Father Stanisław Musiał Award for his work on the history and culture of the Jewish community in Poland.
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Kisłacz, Halina. "Polish Community in Estonia." Studia Polonijne 43, Specjalny (December 20, 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sp2243.3s.
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This article presents the history of Poles living in Estonia, dating back to the 16th century, when the territory of Livonia (today’s Estonia) was incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. For centuries, Poles were important members of the local community, mainly at the University of Dorpat (Tartu). In the 19th and 20th centuries, they created many organisations; the article briefly describes the activities of some of them. The author also presents the current activity of Estonian Polonia in organising various events, meetings or stimulating economic ties between Poland and Estonia, as well as cooperation with Polish institutions.
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Bystrova, V. S. "The women’s diplomacy in 16th century France: the example of Louise of Savoy." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 28, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2022-28-1-23-34.
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This article is dedicated to researching the women's diplomacy in France in the first half of the XVI century from the perspective of gender history. Despite the fact that ambassadorial offices were mostly occupied by men, women could still perform as diplomats both officially and informally. The image of a woman as a politician is revealed on the example of diplomatic activity of Duchess of Angoulme Louise de Savoy, mother of Francis I de Valois. The article determines her position among the power elites from contemporaries' point of view. The article also reveals the role of a high-ranking lady in exercising diplomatic functions and highlights the features of the official correspondence form of the king's mother. The main directions of foreign policy during the regencies of Louise of Savoy are determined. The role of royal women in exercising diplomatic functions in relation to the political aspects of making the Ladies' Peace in 1529 in Cambrai is considered. The author concludes that personality factors, political authority and personal relations played a major role in women's diplomatic work. In the conditions of instability of the French crown, Louise of Savoy manages to avoid the political and economic crisis in the country and create a unique precedent in the sphere of foreign affairs. This allowed her successors to expand diplomatic networks further by continuously conducting correspondence. Apart from concluding traditional dynastic alliances, diplomatic activity included negotiations, carried out by ladies either through trusted ambassadors or in person, signing peace agreements, and forming their own female diplomatic clientele.
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Delang, Claudio O. "Local livelihoods and global process: complex causalities in Hong Kong’s Sai Kung Peninsula." Miscellanea Geographica 22, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2018-0003.
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Abstract This paper looks at the changes that occurred in the rural area of the Sai Kung Peninsula in Hong Kong’s New Territories from the 16th century, and uses it as a case-study to show the complex range of forces that can act on a locale. Throughout its history, land use and economic activities on the Sai Kung Peninsula have been driven to a great extent by non-local factors, including distant warfare leading to mass immigration and political decisions leading to mass emigration. However, once Hong Kong became an important outpost of Britain’s colonial empire it became integrated into a global trade network and thus became sensitive to economic and technological changes taking place thousands of miles away. In the 20th century, the Sai Kung Peninsula developed in response to Hong Kong’s growth as an international trade hub, finding its agricultural output overwhelmed by cheap foreign products, and its industry challenged by foreign technological advances.
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SAITO, Osamu. "The Medieval Origins of Smithian Growth: The Proliferation of Occupations and Commodities in Japan, 1261–1638." Social Science Japan Journal 23, no. 2 (2020): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyaa003.
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Abstract While early-modernists tend to believe that the period around 1600 saw a structural break in Japan’s economic history, research by medievalists since the mid-1970s has suggested that a market economy was on the rise from the 14th century onwards. This article examines several listings of occupations and commodities compiled between the 13th and the early 17th centuries to see if a proliferation of non-agricultural activities was underway before c.1600. As Adam Smith envisaged, the separation of one productive activity from another, i.e. an increasing division of labour, will lead to economic growth. Since this type of market-led change, often called Smithian growth, has been considered an ‘early modern’ phenomenon by economic historians, it is worth examining if there were signs of an increasing division of labour in late medieval Japan. The article’s findings indicate that some signs of occupational and product differentiation appeared by the 16th century. As far as Smithian growth is concerned, therefore, the article concludes that there was some degree of continuity between the medieval and the early modern periods.
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Zelenev, Evgeny I., and Milana Iliushina. "The “Fitna” Concept within the Context of the Sultan Barquq (1382 – 1399) and the Karamanids Relations." Iran and the Caucasus 20, no. 2 (July 14, 2016): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20160202.
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The classic Mamluk era (mid-13th–early 16th century) was one of the brightest in the history of Egypt, as well as of the entire region of the Middle East. The reign of Sultan Burquq marked the beginning of what is known as the Burji or Circassian period (1382–1517). The fitna concept, which is the basic point of this article, holds a prominent place in the Islamic political doctrine, engaging with other key concepts, such as jihād and thaura. The significance of this notion and its application in the modern Arab-Islamic political culture require a detailed study of its connotations in the context of certain historical events. The authors of the present paper trace the history of the fitna concept based on the thorough scrutiny of the relevant Arabic sources of the time. The analysis of rare epistolary artifacts of the Mamluk era forms novelty of the research. The main issue brought by the authors is to clearly discern two separate connotations of the fitna concept—as a historical and political phenomenon and, as a religious and legal notion.
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İÇAÇAN, Hande Meliha. "Translation of A Source Concerning Egypt’s Occupation Period (1798-1801): Mustafa Behcet Efendi and His Work "Târîkh-i Mısır"." İslami İlimler Dergisi 16, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34082/islamiilimler.1025761.
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Egypt, which has preserved its quality as one of the important centers from past to present, became a part of Ottoman Empire in 16th century, but only two centuries later it turned into an international problem. It has been given importance due to its changing structure over time and many studies have been written about Egypt. Among these, chronicles have a special place. Because these works, in which the events are written day by day in a chronological order, are among the rarest sources of historians to describe history better. Two of the chronicles that written about Egypt belong to ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabartī (d. 1825), an Egyptian historian. The first of these is Aja’ib al-Athâr fi’l-Tarâjim va'l-Akhbâr which includes the general history of Egypt and the other work of the author is Mazhar al-Taqdîs bi-dhahâb Davlat al-Fransîs focusing on the French expedition to Egypt in 1798 under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte.
After it was completed, Selim III wanted Mazhar al-Taqdîs to be translated into Turkish and the work was translated by Mustafa Behcet Efendi (d. 1834) in a short time. Our study comprises this translation known as Târîkh-i Mısır. It was published in Cerîde-i Havâdis and repeatedly copied that we detected fourteen of these copies during our study and we had the opportunity to examine twelve of them. Within the scope of our study, we aimed to analyze the general structure of Târîkh-i Mısır and to evaluate the scientific value of the work.
Along with the main axis of our research the Târîkh-i Mısır, in our study, we briefly included the life stories and works of Abd al-Rahman al-Jabartī and Behcet Efendi. Then we have detailed the characteristics of the translation such as the copies, the reason and date of writing, its content, writing method, literary features, deficiencies and scientific value.
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Turekulova, Zhuldyz, and Klara Baitureyeva. "The Suez Canal and Its Role in Formation of New International Political and Economic Relations in The XX Century." Oriente Moderno 100, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340229.
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Abstract The construction and commissioning of the Suez Canal demonstrated that waterway — is not only a source of water for irrigated agriculture, what was for thousands of years the Nile, but also an important geopolitical and commercial resource which can be used in internal and foreign policy. Consideration of Suez Canal’s history, in the context of inter-state and inter-regional relations involves, first of all, the study of the events that are directly related to its functioning and development as a communication hub (node) of global significance. The demand of historical and political analysis of the evolution of geo-strategic position of Egypt in the context of the implementation of the project of the Suez Canal due to the need to clarify the role and place of Egypt in the global changes that have occurred all over the world due to the geopolitical space of fundamental change of transport ways.
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Dolson, John C., Mark V. Shann, Sayed I. Matbouly, Hussein Hammouda, and Rashed M. Rashed. "Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Petroleum Potential in Offshore Trends." GeoArabia 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0602211.
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ABSTRACT Since the onshore discovery of oil in the Eastern Desert in 1886, the petroleum industry in Egypt has accumulated reserves of more than 15.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent. An understanding of the tectono-stratigraphic history of each major basin, combined with drilling history and field-size distributions, justifies the realization of the complete replacement of these reserves in the coming decades. Most of the increase in reserves will be the result of offshore exploration. In addition to the 25 trillion cubic feet already discovered, the offshore Mediterranean may hold 64 to 84 trillion cubic feet and the onshore Western Desert may contribute 15 to 30 trillion cubic feet in new gas resources. Many of the new fields are expected to be in the giant-field class that contains greater than 100 million barrels of oil equivalent. Challenges include sub-salt imaging, market constraints for predominantly gas resources and economic constraints imposed by the high cost of development of the current deep-water gas discoveries that are probably unique worldwide. The offshore Gulf of Suez may yield an additional 1.5 to 3.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent, but it continues to be technologically constrained by poor-quality seismic data. Advances in multiple suppression and development of new ‘off-structure’ play concepts with higher quality seismic data should result in continual new pool discoveries. Offshore frontier exploration includes the Red Sea rift (currently under reassessment with area-wide 3-D surveys) and the Gulf of Aqaba. Deep-water and sub-salt imaging remain significant challenges to be overcome. Despite a relatively complex history, the Phanerozoic geological framework of Egypt is extremely prospective for oil and gas. Eight major tectono-stratigraphic events are: (1) Paleozoic craton; (2) Jurassic rifting; (3) Cretaceous passive margin; (4) Cretaceous Syrian Arc deformation and foreland transgressions; (5) Oligocene-Miocene Gulf of Suez rifting; (6) Miocene Red Sea opening; (7) the Messinian salinity crisis; and (8) Pliocene-Pleistocene delta progradation. Each of these events has created multiple reservoir and seal combinations. Source rocks occur from the Paleozoic through to the Pliocene and petroleum is produced from reservoirs that range in age from Precambrian to Pleistocene. The offshore Mediterranean, Gulf of Suez and Red Sea/Gulf of Aqaba contain significant exploration potential and will provide substantial reserve replacements in the coming decades.
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Danna, Raffaele. "Figuring Out." Nuncius 36, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 5–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-bja10004.
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Abstract The paper focusses on the spread of Hindu-Arabic arithmetic among European practitioners. The analysis is based on an original database recording detailed information on over 1200 practical arithmetic manuals, both manuscript and printed. This database provides the most detailed reconstruction available of the European tradition of practical arithmetic from the late 13th to the end of the 16th century. The paper argues that studying this spread makes it possible to open a perspective on a progressive transmission of ‘useful knowledge’ from the ‘commercial revolution’ to the ‘little divergence’. Focussing on the transmission of practical arithmetic allows to stress the role of skills and human capital in pre-modern European economic development. Moreover, it allows to reconstruct a progressive transmission, from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, of a ‘practical knowledge’ which eventually contributed to major developments in European ‘theoretical knowledge’.
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Turiano, Annalaura, and Joseph John Viscomi. "From immigrants to emigrants: Salesian education and the failed integration of Italians in Egypt, 1937-1960." Modern Italy 23, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2017.47.
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With Italy’s entry into the Second World War, Anglo-Egyptian authorities repatriated Italian diplomats from Egypt, arrested around 5,000 Italians, and sequestered both personal and business accounts. Italian institutions were indefinitely closed, including the Italian state schools. Hope for a future in Egypt among the roughly 60,000 Italian residents faded. The Salesian missionary schools, whose goal since the late nineteenth century had been to inculcate nationalist-religious sentiment in Italy’s emigrants, remained the only active Italian educational institution by claiming Vatican protection. As such, the missionary schools assumed a central role in the lives of many young Italians. After the war, these same young Italians began to depart Egypt en masse, in part driven by the possibilities opened up by their vocational training. Building on diplomatic, institutional and private archives, this article demonstrates how the Salesian missionary schools attempted and failed to integrate Italian immigrants into the Egyptian labour force through vocational training. This failure combined with socio-economic and geopolitical changes to propel Italian departures from Egypt, making emigrants out of immigrants.
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Mažeika, J., P. Blaževičius, M. Stančikaitė, and D. Kisielienė. "Dating of the Cultural Layers from Vilnius Lower Castle, East Lithuania: Implications for Chronological Attribution and Environmental History." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200055892.
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Complex interdisciplinary studies carried out in the territory of the Vilnius Lower Castle, E Lithuania, were used to construct a chronological framework based on radiocarbon data and archaeological information. Bulk samples (wood and sediment) were collected from an approximately 3-m core that crossed cultural layers and underlying strata. 14C dates indicate that the underlying bed possibly formed during the 6th century AD, although no archaeological finds were discovered there. Paleobotanical (pollen and plant macrofossil) investigations reveal evidence of agriculture that points to the existence of a permanent settlement in the area at that time. The chronological data indicates a sedimentation hiatus before the onset of the deposition of the cultural layer in the studied area. The 14C dates showed that the formation of the cultural bed began during the late 13th–early 14th centuries AD, that is, earlier than expected according to the archaeological record. The ongoing deposition of the cultural beds continued throughout the middle to latter half of the 14th century AD as revealed by the archaeological records and confirmed by well-correlated 14C results. After some decline in human activity in the middle of the 14th century AD, a subsequent ongoing development of the open landscape, along with intensive agriculture, points to an increase in human activity during the second half of the 14th century AD. The first half of the 15th century AD was marked by intensive exploitation of the territory, indicating a period of economic and cultural prosperity. The chronological framework indicates that the investigated cultural beds continued forming until the first half of the 16th century AD.
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Sibarani, Dame Maria-Nova. "Economic Policy in Indonesia and Prospects of Russian-Indonesian Trade and Economic Cooperation." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 450–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-3-450-462.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the current economic situation in Indonesia and the prospects for RussianIndonesian economic cooperation. The author covers the economic development of Indonesia since 1998 Asian economic crisis, the domestic economic agenda and the policy of new President D. Widodo, as well as the history and potential for the further development of trade and economic relations between Russia and Indonesia. The relevance of the research is determined by the increasing role of Indonesia in international politics in the 21st century. Indonesia is the fourth largest country in terms of population, after China, India and the United States. Its economy is 16th in the world and first in ASEAN. It is a member of G20. It is expected that Indonesia will enter the top five largest world economies by 2030. For Russia, the development of relations with the rapidly developing Asian countries is an important element in of its foreign policy strategy of diversifying trading partners and entering the promising markets of developing countries. The main purpose of the article is to analyze current challenges faced by the Indonesian government in implementing new economic policy, to identify promising areas of bilateral cooperation of Russia and Indonesia in the context of anti-Russian sanctions. The article points out the potential of these relations and the mutual benefits for the Russian and Indonesian economy. The author used mainly the historical method, which allows tracing the history of the development of the economic situation in Indonesia and the evolution of Russian-Indonesian relations. While analyzing Indonesia’s domestic economic policy, the key research method has been a comparative analysis, which contributed to summarizing the achievements of Indonesian politics. In conclusion, the author identifies promising areas for further development of Russian-Indonesian trade and economic relations taken into account modern Indonesian economic policy’s need agenda.
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Gladyshev, Andrey. "Plague in Egypt of 1834—1835." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015412-2.
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Egypt was ordinary considered by Europeans as a source of epidemic threat, as a “cradle of plague”. The plague of 1834—1835 was the deadliest epidemic of the nineteenth century for the Egyptians. Many Western European doctors took part in the fight against this epidemic, and its resonance was such that England, France, Russia organized special investigations in its wake. Official reports, diaries and memoirs of Europeans who were in Egypt during the epidemic make it possible to reconstruct the path and pace of its spread. Studies on the history of the epidemic in Egypt of 1834—1835 and of its consequences have medical, demographic, economic, political and even mental aspects. The unfolding medical debate shows how European medical ideas spread in Egypt and in other countries of the Middle East, and ultimately affected on the international cooperation in health regulations. The fight over quarantine regulations reflects the growing interest in free trade and in the growth of shipping in the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The study of the demographic consequences of the epidemic and in particular of the mortality rate of the black population, allowed to take a fresh look at the issues of slavery, the Trans-Saharan slave trade, abolitionism, and influenced regional diplomacy. The plague that spread in Alexandria and Cairo had the saddest effect on the fate of the Saint-Simonianism movement. The study of its perception, both by the local population and by Europeans, allow to compare the mental attitudes of various ethnic and confessional groups.
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Kačinskaitė, Indrė. "Formation and Architectural Development of the Lithuanian Manor (Yard)." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.49.
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The article describes architectural development of the Lithuanian manor from the outset until the 20th century. For over 500 years, the manor had remained a foundational axis of the state structure, around which the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country was concentrated. Up to the 15th century, the ruler’s manors (yards) were the core of the statehood in Lithuania. In the 15th – 16th centuries, the ruler’s manor developed into the main political public institutions with permanent residences being established. Afterwards, when the impact of the ruler’s manor diminished, manor homesteads of local noblemen became the focal points of the Western European stylistic architecture in Lithuania. Through noblemen’s manors novelties reached homesteads of the lower strata of nobility, who was greatly influenced by local tradition. Remaining diversity of cultural landscape, architectural expression, urban relationship ‘manor homestead – town’ nowadays are the relics of the old manor, which developed over the centuries and to this day reflects the Lithuanian architecture and its history.
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Filyushkin, Alexander. "Why Did Russia Not Become a Composite State?" Russian History 47, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340006.
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Abstract The paper asks how the Russian Empire emerged. In the course of European monarchical rise of the 16–17th centuries, composite monarchies turned into nation states and then empires. Russia never became a composite; very soon after its emergence at the end of the 15th century, it immediately moved to the imperial stage. The answer to why this happened is the key to understanding the Russian Empire’s history. One factor that prevented Russia from building a composite monarchy was the weakness of political actors united under Moscow’s leadership. European composite monarchies emerged when and where the dominant monarchy forcefully broke local laws, fought against local class and political systems. But Moscow’s rivals were too weak, and Russian monarchs did not need to compromise with them. A shared Orthodox faith, common culture, language, and economic structure, as well as the absence of natural borders on the Eastern European plain were other factors that allowed Moscow to ignore the rights of conquered regions. Russia’s background as a part of the Mongol Empire also played a role. By the time Russia faced strong European monarchical competitors, its imperial development path already formed. An important feature of the early Muscovite Empire was the dominance of political practice over ideology. The ideological design of the Empire occurred only in the 18th and 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the imperial character of Muscovy was formed intuitively and spontaneously; one might call it a neonatal, rudimentary, infant empire.
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Ghazaleh, Pascale. "Cash and Kin Go to Court: Legal Families and Chosen Families in Nineteenth-Century Egypt." Hawwa 6, no. 1 (2008): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920808x298903.
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AbstractCourt records have offered historians an unparalleled source of information about the Ottoman period, particularly in the Empire's Arab provinces, where abundant documentation tells us about society's material conditions. As far as family history is concerned, Ottoman courts have yielded much important information regarding women's rights and status, as revealed in marriage contracts recorded before the Ottoman qadi. In the field of economic and social history, estate inventories have offered a glimpse of how people lived, what they might have consumed, and how wealthy they were. To date, however, less work has been done on how the family was structured by material relations, as indicated by financial transfers carried out upon a family member's death. In my paper, I will follow some of these transfers, in the form of pre-mortem gifts as well as post-mortem bequests, in an attempt to understand how individuals expressed their sense of obligation toward different elements in their social universe. I will seek to demonstrate that cash flows indicate individual preferences regarding the beneficiaries of wealth. I will also examine the relative importance of different associations, both kin and non-kin, in an individual's social network.