Relevant bibliographies by topics / Egypt – Economic history – 16th century

Academic literature on the topic 'Egypt – Economic history – 16th century'

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Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Egypt – Economic history – 16th century"

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Huzain, Muh. "PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM TERHADAP DUNIA BARAT." Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.41.

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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the West could not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then the rise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century. This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
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Huzain, Muh. "Pengaruh Peradaban Islam Terhadap Dunia Barat." TASAMUH: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v10i2.77.

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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the Westcould not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then therise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century.This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
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Butel, Paul, and François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.

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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.
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Kadir, Hatib Abdul. "History of the Moluccan's Cloves as a Global Commodity." Kawalu: Journal of Local Culture 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/kawalu.v5i1.1871.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the history of spice trade in Moluccas. Using two main approaches of firstly, Braudel, I intend to examine the histoty of spice trade in Moluccas in the 16th century in relation with the changing of the structure of economy that affected the social and political relations of the Moluccans. Secondly, applying Wallerstein approaches, I find out that trading activities from the 16th century until today have created a wide gap between post-colonial Moluccas and the Europeans. To conclude, I argue that economic activities have always been accompanied by forcing political power, such as monopoly and military power. Consequently, they have created unequal relations between the state and society
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Ryzhenkova, Tamara A. "The Ottoman-Mamluk War of 1516–1517 as Described by the Egyptian Historian Ibn Zunbul." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 4 (2021): 569–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.407.

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The author of this article focuses on the 16th century work “The End of the Temporary Dynasty and the Rise to Power of the Ottoman Dynasty” by the Egyptian historian Ibn Zunbul Al-Rammal (“History” by Ibn Zunbul) and the events of the Ottoman-Mamluk war of 1516–1517 described in it. This book is the author’s most significant work. It is written in an artistic style and recounts the defeat of the penultimate Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri in the war with the Ottoman ruler Selim I and the subsequent occupation of Syria and Egypt by the Ottomans. In the work, Ibn Zunbul takes the greatest interest in two topics. First, he examines the causes of the conflict, which broke out between Selim I and Qansuh al-Ghuri and led to the collapse of the Mamluk empire. Second, Ibn Zunbul pose the question why the Mamluks lost the war against the Ottomans. Despite his undisguised admiration for the fighting qualities of the Mamluks as knights, their combat tactics and courage, he is forced to admit that they could not resist the firearms of the Ottomans, which they had been actively using for many decades. Ibn Zunbul’s “History” is one of three works in Arabic written by contemporaries that detail the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. The author attempts to define the significance of Ibn Zunbul’s work as a source in the history of Egypt in the first half of the 16th century.
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Pfeifer, Helen. "ENCOUNTER AFTER THE CONQUEST: SCHOLARLY GATHERINGS IN 16TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN DAMASCUS." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 2 (April 27, 2015): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000021.

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AbstractThis article examines the extensive intellectual and social exchange that resulted from the Ottoman imperial incorporation of Arab lands in the 16th century. In the years immediately after the 1516–17 conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate that brought Egypt, Greater Syria, and the Hijaz under Ottoman rule, Turkish-speaking Ottomans from the central lands (Rumis) found that their political power was not matched by religious and cultural prestige. As the case of Damascus shows, scholarly gatherings calledmajālis(sing.majlis) were key spaces where this initial asymmetry was both acutely felt and gradually overcome. As arenas for discussion among scholars on the move, literary salons facilitated the circulation of books and ideas and the establishment of a shared intellectual tradition. As occasions where stories were told and history was made, they supported the formation of a common past. In informal gatherings and in the biographical dictionaries that described them, Rumis and Arabs came together to forge an empire-wide learned culture as binding as any political or administrative ingredient of the Ottoman imperial glue.
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Žiemelis, Darius. "The socio-economic history of Lithuania from the 16th to the 19th century (until 1861) from the perspective of economic development concepts." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2013): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v5i2_4.

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The article is devoted to the presentation of the economic conceptions of the most influential non-Marxist (Karl Bücher, Max Weber) and neo-Marxists (Witold Kula, Immanuel Wallerstein) disclosing their analytical value in the investigations of the typologization of Lithuania‘s social economic history in the 16th-19th centuries (up to 1861). It is established that K. Bücher’s and M. Weber’s conceptions of economic development are best suited to analyze the qualitative changes in the organization of the economic life of the most developed countries in Western Europe (primarily – England) rather than the socio-economic reality of the less developed countries. For the research of the latter better suited are the Marxist (W. Kula‘s model of the feudal economy) and the neo-Marxist (I. Wallerstein’s capitalist world-system conception) concepts analyzing the economic development of less developed countries. The typological diagnosis of Lithuania‘s social economic history in the 16th-19th centuries (up to 1861) is presented.
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Islahi, Abdul Azim. "Economic and Financial Crises in Fifteenth - Century Egypt : Lessons from the History." Islamic Economic Studies 21, no. 2 (November 2013): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0001559.

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Ilyin, Ilya. "National Consciousness as a Factor of the Socio-Economic Development of Russia in the 17th — 19th Centuries." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016038-0.

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Capitalist relations in Russia emerged and developed in the 17th — 19th centuries. These relations were superimposed on the specific features of the public consensus that was achieved in 16th century and predetermined the particularities of the national socio-economic model. The origins of this model goes back to the religious and ethical discourse of the 15th century, as well as to the understanding of the foundations and nature of Russian statehood of the 15th — 16th centuries. All these features led to the formation of certain attributes of national consciousness and had a significant impact on the nature of socio-economic institutions. The humanistic values of the Russian Middle Ages had arisen out of Orthodoxy. The collective humanism of the state and its religious and ethical mission gave a minor role to the development of individualistic principles, which, on the contrary, were of great significance in Western Europe. This article shows a set of historical and spiritual factors that have played an important role in the formation of specific national consciousness characteristics. The authors make an attempt to analyze the influence of such factors on the nature of the national socio-economic model and its development in Russia in the 16th — 19th centuries. The article proposes an original concept according to which, in the course of the historical development of Russia, the most important economic categories (property, wealth, labor, capital, economic activity) obtained not only an economic, but also a kind of ethical interpretation, that is, they can be considered both as economic concepts and as cultural and moral phenomena. The methods of identifying historical and spiritual dominant factors that influenced the formation of the Russian socio-economic model give new opportunities to study national peculiarities. These methods allow clarifying the historical and cultural institutional potential for creating an effective economic policy in Russia and other countries.
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Pfeiffer-Taş, Şule, and Nikolaus Schindel. "The Beçin Coin Hoard and Ottoman Monetary History in the Late 16th/Early 17th Century." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56, no. 4-5 (2013): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341336.

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Abstract It is generally accepted that debasement greatly contributed to the economic and consequently also social problems of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th/early 17th century. The numismatic data derived from the Beçin coin hoard, closing under sultan Ahmed (1603-1617) greatly challenges this view. Metal analysis has shown that only the overall weights of the coins were reduced; the fineness of silver remained unchanged at least until the 1610s.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Egypt – Economic history – 16th century"

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Meshal, Reem A. "Straddling the sacred and the secular : the autonomy of Ottoman Egyptian courts during the 16th and 17th centuries." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21241.

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The autonomy of the shari` a courts in Ottoman-Egypt during the 16th and 17th centuries, is the subject of this thesis. Specifically, it pursues the question of formalization (the incorporation of courts and their functionaries into the civil apparatus of the state) and, relatedly, the legal innovations which accompanied this policy (the merger of siyasa to shari `a and the development of the qanun ), gauging the implications of both for the judiciaries independence from the state. With regards to procedural law, it finds the courts to be the autonomous domain of its practitioners, muftis and qadis, while concluding that formalization renders the efficacy of the courts dependent on the fortunes of the state. With respect to the two innovations described above, it finds that in the contemplative realm of law, the manipulations of the state spurred certain legal trends without affording the state a place in the domain of law.
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Meshal, Reem A. "The state, the community and the individual : local custom and the construction of orthodoxy in the Sijills of Ottoman-Cairo, 1558-1646." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=108871.

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Through the evidence of the court records (sijills), this dissertation examines the interplay between Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), codified sultanic law (qanun) and customary law in the shari'a courts of Ottoman-Cairo in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The thesis forwarded suggests that custom was a declining source of law in these centuries as a result of two factors: the imposition of a codified qanun, and a redacted fiqh.
En se basant sur des procès-verbaux authentiques provenant des tribunaux (sijills), cette thèse examine l'interaction entre la jurisprudence islamique (fiqh), la loi sultanique codifiée (qanun) et la loi coutumière des shari'a des cours de justice d'Ottoman-Caire aux seizième et dix-septième siècles. La théorie développée ici suggère que cette coutume fut une source de loi en déclin durant ces siècles à cause de deux éléments: l'abus d'un qanun codifié, et un fiqh rédigé.
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Talbott, Siobhan. "An alliance ended? : Franco-Scottish commercial relations, 1560-1713." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1999.

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This thesis explores the commercial links between Scotland and France in the long seventeenth century, with a focus on the Scottish mercantile presence in France’s Atlantic ports, particularly during periods of domestic and international upheaval. This study questions long-held assumptions regarding this relationship, asserting that the ‘Auld Alliance’ continued throughout the period, despite the widely held belief that it ended in 1560. Such assumptions have led scholars largely to ignore the continuing commercial relationship between Scotland and France in the long seventeenth century, focusing instead on the ‘golden age’ of the Auld Alliance or the British relationship with France in the eighteenth century. Such assumptions have been fostered by the methodological approaches used in the study of economic history to date. While I acknowledge the relevance of traditional quantitative approaches to economic history, such as those pioneered by T. C. Smout and which continue to be followed by historians such as Philipp Rössner, I follow alternative methods that have been recently employed by scholars such as Henriette de Bruyn Kops, Sheryllynne Haggerty, Xavier Lamikiz, Allan Macinnes and Steve Murdoch. These scholars have pioneered methodologies that prioritise private sources, allowing us to delve into the motivations and actions of the individuals who actually effected trade, be they merchants, factors, skippers or manufacturers. The core of my research has therefore entailed the discovery and use of previously untapped archival material including account books, letter books and correspondence, which illuminate the participation of these individuals in international trade. Such a study, while filling a specific gap in our understanding of Scotland’s overseas relations, applies a more social methodology to this topic, suggesting that scholars’ approaches need to be fundamentally altered if we are truly to understand the whole picture of Scotland’s, or indeed any nation’s, commercial relationships or wider economic position.
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Fitzgerald, William Richard. "Chronology to cultural process : lower Great Lakes archaeology, 1500-1650." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39234.

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The lack of a chronological framework for 16th and 17th century northeastern North America has impeded local and regional cultural reconstructions. Based upon the changing style of 16th and early 17th century European glass beads and the settlement patterning of the Neutral Iroquoians of southern Ontario, a chronology has been created. It provides the means to investigate native and European cultural trends during that era, and within this dissertation three topics are examined--the development of the commercial fur trade and its archaeological manifestations, an archaeological definition of the Neutral Iroquoian confederacy, and changes in European material culture recovered from pre-ca. AD 1650 archaeological contexts throughout the Northeast.
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Kafadar, Cemal 1954. "When coins turned into drops of dew and bankers became robbers of shadows : the boundaries of Ottoman economic imagination at the end of the sixteenth century." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75361.

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Starting from the final decades of the sixteenth century, Ottoman intellectuals were deeply concerned with what they perceived to be the decline of their traditional order. This decline consciousness, which later crystallized into a reform literature, is reflected in the works of this period's major historians.
Chapter I surveys the development of Ottoman historiography prior to the late sixteenth century, with the aim of highlighting the novelty of the critical perspectives developed by historians of the era like Ali, Lokman and Selaniki. The attitudes and analyses of these historians concerning disturbing economic processes such as monetary turbulence and price movements constitute the focus of Chapters II and III respectively. These chapters argue that Ottoman decline consciousness grew partly in response to a keen awareness of newly emerging social and economic forces that Ottoman reform literature chose not to understand and accomodate but to resist and suppress. The failure of Ottoman intellectuals to come to terms with the new market forces of the early modern world was not due to an anti-mercantile bias, but to the primacy of politics in the Ottoman order. Chapter IV traces the international commercial activities of Ottoman Muslims in the context of a comparison between Ottoman decline consciousness and European mercantilism.
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APELLANIZ, RUIZ DE GALARRETA Francisco Javier. "Pouvoir et finance en méditerranée pré-moderne : le deuxième Etat Mamelouk et le commerce des épices." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6593.

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Defence date: 25 September 2006
Examining board: Prof. Anthony Molho (IUE, Directeur) ; Prof. Jean-Claude Garcin (Université d'Aix-Marseille I) ; Prof. Mercè Viladrich (Universitat de Barcelona) ; Prof. Diogo Curto (IUE)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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CACHERO, VINUESA Montserrat. "Should we trust? : explaining trade expansion in early modern Spain : Seville, 1500-1600." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14479.

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Defense Date: 28 May 2010
Examining Board: Prof. Giovanni Federico (European University Institute) Prof. James Simpson (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) Prof. Harold James (Princeton University and European University Institute) Prof. Maristella Botticini (Università Bocconi)
First made available online: 27 July 2021
From the early 21st century, the discipline of Economic History has paid a growing amount of attention to the phenomenon of preindustrial trade. Estimations of GDP per capita by Maddison (2001) and (2003) and Van Zanden (2005), for example, have attracted significant interest from scholars in different countries and have emphasized the relevance of Atlantic trade and its consequences for economic growth. Especially noteworthy in this regard has been the contribution of Acemoglu et al. (2002) and (2005). Their analysis of the different growth patterns among western States has placed Atlantic trade firmly in the spotlight. Taking the year 1500 as a starting point and conducting a long-term analysis, these authors have assessed the importance of political institutions as a major explanation for differences among States in terms of GDP per capita. They argue that the introduction of a parliamentary monarchy regime in England and the Netherlands explains the increments in GDP per capita for both countries. By contrast, countries such as Spain and Portugal, which continued as absolute monarchies, experienced much lower levels of development.
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CHAVARRIA, MUGICA Fernando. "Monarquía fronteriza : guerra, linaje y comunidad en la España moderna (Navarra, siglo XVI)." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6591.

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Defence date: 6 October 2006
Examining board: Prof. I.A.A. Thompson, University of Keele ; Prof. Alfredo Floristán, Universidad de Alcalá ; Prof. Bartolomé Yun, IUE/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla ; Prof. Diogo R. Curto, IUE/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (Supervisor)
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KIRK, Thomas Allison. "Genoa and the sea : ships and power in the early modern Mediterranean (1559-1680)." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5857.

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Defence date: 5 July 1996
Examining board: Prof. Franco Angiolini, Università degli Studi di Pisa (co-supervisor) ; Prof. Kirti N. Chaudhuri, European University Institute (supervisor) ; Prof. Laurence Fontaine, European University Institute ; Dr. Richard Mackenney, University of Edinburgh ; Prof. Rodolfo Savelli, Università degli Studi di Genova
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VOSKAMP, Henk. "Peasant revolts reconsidered : South West Germany and Languedoc in the 16th and early 17th century." Doctoral thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6011.

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Books on the topic "Egypt – Economic history – 16th century"

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Women in nineteenth-century Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1986.

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Women in nineteenth-century Egypt. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Merchants in times of crises (16th to mid-19th century). Stuttgart: In Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, 2015.

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Walton, Robin. Kentish oasts, 16th-20th century: Their history, construction, and equipment. Egerton, Kent: Christine Swift, 1998.

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New horizons: (a socio-economic study of 16th century India). New Delhi, India: Sanjay Prakashan, 2003.

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Islahi, Abdul Azim. Muslim economic thinking and institutions in the 10th AH/16th CE century. Jeddah: Scientific Publishing Centre, King Abdulaziz University, 2009.

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Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi. Women and men in late eighteenth-century Egypt. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995.

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El Ghonemy, Mohamad Riad, 1924-, ed. Egypt in the twenty first century: Challenges for development. New York, NY: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.

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Trade, reputation, and child labor in twentieth-century Egypt. New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

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O'Brien, George Augustine Thomas. An essay on the economic effects of the reformation. Norfolk, VA: IHS Press, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Egypt – Economic history – 16th century"

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Ryckbosch, Wouter. "8 A regional comparison of social inequality & economic development in 16th-century Flanders." In Comparative Rural History of the North Sea Area, 143–67. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.corn-eb.5.121952.

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Toledano, Ehud R. "Social and economic change in the “long nineteenth century”." In The Cambridge History of Egypt, 252–84. Cambridge University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521472111.012.

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"36. The Merchant Network In 16th Century China." In Chinese Economic History up to 1949 (2 vols), 507–39. Global Oriental, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9781905246526.i-676.142.

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"Merchants’ bankruptcies, economic development and social relations in German cities during the long 16th century." In The History of Bankruptcy, 28–42. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203066836-8.

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Campbell, Gordon. "4. Italy." In Garden History: A Very Short Introduction, 50–62. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199689873.003.0004.

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‘Italy’ discusses the essential features of the 16th-century Italian Renaissance garden—terraces, symmetry, statues, water, and a balance between constructed and natural materials—that were to influence gardens all over the world both in layout and in content. The two best-known surviving gardens of 16th-century Italy are Villa d’Este in Tivoli and the Boboli Gardens in Florence. The design of Italian gardens through the 17th and 18th centuries is also considered, when there was a greater French influence. Many gardens became derelict during the political and economic difficulties of a fragmented Italy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, but the past forty years have witnessed the restoration of many Renaissance gardens.
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Cherkasova, Marina S. "Spaso-Prilutsky monastery and merchants at the end of the 16th century." In Traditional and innovative ways to explore social history of Russia 12th–20th centuries: Collection of articles in honor of Elena Nikolaevna Shveikovskaya, 371–82. Novyj hronograf, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/94881-516-9.26.

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In the article examines the social and economic ties of the Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery with the trading people of Vologda and Solvychegodsk at the end of the 16th century. Among them were representatives of one of the branches of the surname Stroganov. The work is based on the analysis of three new acts identified by the state archive of the Vologda region. Sources are published in the app.
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7

LANE, PAUL, and DOUGLAS JOHNSON. "The Archaeology and History of Slavery in South Sudan in the Nineteenth Century." In The Frontiers of the Ottoman World. British Academy, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264423.003.0026.

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This chapter presents a synopsis of the historical evidence concerning the expansion of slavery and the trade in ivory during the Turco-Egyptian era in the Sudan between 1820 and 1881, and a description of the results of recent and very preliminary archaeological investigations at three sites associated with this trade around the town of Rumbek in Lakes State, South Sudan. The chapter begins with a brief review of the establishment of Ottoman rule in Egypt, before moving on to consider the broader geopolitical forces that gave rise to the decision by the Egyptian Khedive, Mehmed Ali, to invade Sinnar, Kordofan and adjacent areas of northern Sudan. It then discusses the economic consequences and legal changes following the establishment of Turco-Egyptian rule that helped create the conditions for the expansion of slaving expeditions into southern Sudan and the establishment of a series of fortified camps or zaribas in these areas.
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Dawisha, Adeed. "1967 and After: The Twilight of Arab Nationalism." In Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691169156.003.0010.

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This chapter examines Arab nationalism after the Six Day War of June 1967, which was a seminal event in Arab contemporary history. What the Six Day War did was to irretrievably rob Arab nationalism of the crucial element of unification. While Arabs—in whatever state they lived—continued to recognize their membership in the cultural space called “the Arab world,” a recognition shared by rulers and subjects alike, they no longer truly believed in the viability of organic political unity. The Six Day War had also cost Egypt dearly in life and material. Moreover, beyond these horrendous losses, the war was responsible for many domestic and economic maladies.
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Parry, Jonathan. "Britain, Egypt, and Syria in the Heyday of Mehmet Ali." In Promised Lands, 144–73. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181899.003.0006.

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This chapter tracks the governance of Mehmet Ali in Egypt for over a quarter of a century before he invaded Syria in 1831–32. In Egypt, there was a lot of positive British engagement with Mehmet Ali, who seemed both a necessary and a beneficial figure. The chapter argues that it was less flamboyant than the French courting of him, but it achieved three essential British aims. First was safe travel through the country, which was crucial in reaching India—and in exploring Egyptian history. The second was a political influence: Mehmet Ali was the strongest military leader in the Ottoman Empire and a key figure in resolving the Greek crisis. The third was an economic gain for well-placed individuals. By the 1830s, there were a lot of British “Mehmetists.” Ultimately, the chapter examines a vigorous debate about Mehmet Ali's regime. It follows how the debate came to turn on whether Mehmet Ali's statist regime was suited to a potentially European space like Syria, or just to “African” Egypt.
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Easton-Calabria, Evan. "Introduction: Why Refugee Self-Reliance?" In Refugees, Self-Reliance, Development, 1–24. Bristol University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47674/9781529219111.001.

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The first chapter is available Open Access under CC-BY-NC-ND license. Evan Easton-Calabria’s critical history of refugee self-reliance assistance brings new dimensions to refugee and international development studies. The promotion of refugee self-reliance is evident today, yet its history remains largely unexplored, with good practices and longstanding issues often missed. Through archival and contemporary evidence, this book documents a century of little-known efforts to foster refugee self-reliance, including the economic, political, and social motives driving this assistance. With five case studies from Greece, Tanzania, Pakistan, Uganda, and Egypt, the book tracks refugee self-reliance as a malleable concept used to pursue ulterior interests. It reshapes understandings of refugee self-reliance and delivers important messages for contemporary policy making.
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