Journal articles on the topic 'Egypt – Economic history – 15th century'
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1
Younes, Khaled. " Ṣalāt al-Niṣf min Rajab: A Shīʿī Tradition Preserved on Paper." Der Islam 99, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 434–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/islam-2022-0027.
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Abstract Edition and study of P.Vindob. A.Ch. 36616, a literary paper fragment from 3rd/9th-century Egypt. The fragment contains a tradition that depicts ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661) performing a four-rak ʿ a prayer and reciting a special supplication on the 15th of the month of Rajab. The tradition is only known from noncanonical Shīʿī ḥadīth collections. Situating it in a broader historical context, the paper provides a glimpse on the Shīʿī presence in Egypt as well as the sanctity of the month of Rajab in Sunnī and Shīʿī literatures. This tradition, in conclusion, presents an early evidence for the observances of the month of Rajab in general and the middle of the month in particular in the local Shīʿī community in pre-Fatimid Egypt.
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Islahi, Abdul Azim. "Economic and Financial Crises in Fifteenth - Century Egypt : Lessons from the History." Islamic Economic Studies 21, no. 2 (November 2013): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0001559.
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Cuno, Kenneth M. "Joint Family Households and Rural Notables in 19th-Century Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 4 (November 1995): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800062516.
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During the past thirty years, the study of the family in European history has developed with a strong comparative emphasis. In contrast, the study of the family in Middle East history has hardly begun, even though the family is assumed to have had a major role in “the structuring of economic, political, and social relations,” as Judith Tucker has noted. This article takes up the theme of the family in the economic, political, and social context of 19th-century rural Egypt. Its purpose is, first of all, to explicate the prevailing joint household formation system in relation to the system of landholding, drawing upon fatwas and supporting evidence. Second, it argues that rural notable families in particular had a tendency to form large joint households and that this was related to the reproduction and enhancement of their economic and political status. Specifically, the maintenance of a joint household appears to have been a way of avoiding the fragmentation of land through inheritance. After the middle of the 19th century, when it appeared that the coherence and durability of the joint family household were threatened, the notables sought to strengthen it through legislation. Their involvement in the law reform process contradicts the progressive, linear model of social and legal change that is often applied in 19th-century Egyptian history.
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Bojovic, Bosko. "From a market economy to a government monopoly precious metals of Serbia and Bosnia between Venice and the Ottoman empire (15th-16th century)." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 142 (2013): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1342007b.
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The production of precious metals in the Balkans reached its climax in the 15th century. It was exported mostly by Ragusa, basically for the Venice Mint. According to the available documents it can be estimated that the traffic of such metals carried out via Ragusa was between 11060 kg in 1425, and an optimum estimation of 25 tons annually for the first half of the century. The Ottoman occupation of Serbia and Bosnia in the middle of the century marks the end of the exportation of raw materials indispensable to the European monetary economy, which lacked precious metals for mints. The production as well as the coining of the Balkan precious metals took place within the closed circuit of the Ottoman economic autarchy. Notwithstanding all the efforts of the central administration, including a highly developed legislation, and in spite of the development of a big mining centre of Siderokapsia (Eastern Macedonia), the production of precious metals continued to decline in the 15th century. This economic phenomenon led to the financial crash that marked the beginning of the recurring financial and economic crises in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 16th century. The contribution of the precious metals from the Balkans to the European monetary economy at the end of the Middle Ages has not been sufficiently studied by the specialists in economic history, and it has not been taken into account regarding the spectacular decline of the Ottoman economy and power.
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Graovac, Vera. "Populacijski razvoj Zadra." Geoadria 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.129.
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Zadar is one of the cities with longest urban tradition and continuous population in Croatia. This article deals with the number of inhabitants in Zadar throughout the history, particularly from 15th century on, when first censuses were taken. Until the second half of 20th century, the population growth was slow and depended mostly on numerous wars, economic conditions, epidemics and famines that caused massive death and migrations of the population within the city and in its surroundings. It was only after the Second World War that population growth was rapid, due to industrialization and stronger economic development of the town.
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Todd, David. "Beneath Sovereignty: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Internationalism in Nineteenth-Century Egypt." Law and History Review 36, no. 1 (February 2018): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000530.
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The rise of extraterritoriality in the nineteenth-century has been described as a transitional phase that laid the ground for the construction of territorial sovereignty. Yet in Egypt, where a particularly extensive extraterritorial regime emerged in the mid-century, the expansion of European jurisdiction underneath national sovereignty became entrenched with the creation of international mixed courts in the 1870s. This outcome, the article argues, was the product of a complex compromise between European empires, which upheld different conceptions of extraterritoriality, and the government of Egypt. While Britain refashioned its own extraterritorial judicial system as a means of promoting legal reforms in the Ottoman world, France aggressively pursued the expansion of extraterritorial rights as an instrument of informal domination and economic exploitation. The creation of an international type of jurisdiction, less susceptible to French political pressures but applying a French system of law, proved acceptable to all parties, although it severely constrained Egyptian sovereignty from within, even after Britain took over the reins of government in 1882. Extraterritoriality was not merely a transition, but an original feature of the global legal order, arising out of modern imperialism and imperial rivalry and yet conducive to the forging of new instruments of international law and governance.
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Allen, Robert C. "American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (May 16, 2014): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.
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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was cost effective in Britain and the United States would not have paid in their circumstances.
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Islami, Islam. "Political history of modern Egypt." ILIRIA International Review 6, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v6i1.231.
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Under the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was granted some autonomy because as long as taxes were paid, the Ottomans were content to let the Egyptians administer them. Nevertheless, the 17th and 18th centuries were ones of economic decline for Egypt.In 1798, the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Egypt and defeated the Egyptians on land at the battle of the Pyramids, but he was utterly defeated at sea by the British navy, which made him abandon his army and leave Egypt. Subsequently, British and Ottoman forces defeated the French army and forced them to surrender.In particular after the last quarter of 19 century, in Egypt began colonizing activities by Western European countries, while the reaction to such events occurred within “the Egyptian national movement.”With its history of five thousand years, Egypt is considered as the first modern state of the Arab world. Ottoman military representative Mehmet Ali Pasha takes a special place through his contribution to this process. He is seen as a statesman who carried important reforms, which can be compared even with the ones of Tanzimat. He managed to build Egypt as an independent state from the Ottoman Empire, standing on its own power.Gamal Abdel Nasser was the one who established the Republic of Egypt and ended the monarchy rule in Egypt following the Egyptian revolution in 1952. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades, by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution.
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Dekker, Rudolf. "Labour Conflicts and Working-Class Culture in Early Modern Holland." International Review of Social History 35, no. 3 (December 1990): 377–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000010051.
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SUMMARYFrom the 15th to the 18th century Holland, the most urbanized part of the northern Netherlands, had a tradition of labour action. In this article the informal workers' organizations which existed especially within the textile industry are described. In the 17th century the action forms adjusted themselves to the better coordinated activities of the authorities and employers. After about 1750 this protest tradition disappeared, along with the economic recession which especially struck the traditional industries. Because of this the continuity of the transition from the ancien régime to the modern era which may be discerned in the labour movements of countries like France and England, cannot be found in Holland.
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Ilyin, Ilya. "National Consciousness as a Factor of the Socio-Economic Development of Russia in the 17th — 19th Centuries." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016038-0.
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Capitalist relations in Russia emerged and developed in the 17th — 19th centuries. These relations were superimposed on the specific features of the public consensus that was achieved in 16th century and predetermined the particularities of the national socio-economic model. The origins of this model goes back to the religious and ethical discourse of the 15th century, as well as to the understanding of the foundations and nature of Russian statehood of the 15th — 16th centuries. All these features led to the formation of certain attributes of national consciousness and had a significant impact on the nature of socio-economic institutions. The humanistic values of the Russian Middle Ages had arisen out of Orthodoxy. The collective humanism of the state and its religious and ethical mission gave a minor role to the development of individualistic principles, which, on the contrary, were of great significance in Western Europe. This article shows a set of historical and spiritual factors that have played an important role in the formation of specific national consciousness characteristics. The authors make an attempt to analyze the influence of such factors on the nature of the national socio-economic model and its development in Russia in the 16th — 19th centuries. The article proposes an original concept according to which, in the course of the historical development of Russia, the most important economic categories (property, wealth, labor, capital, economic activity) obtained not only an economic, but also a kind of ethical interpretation, that is, they can be considered both as economic concepts and as cultural and moral phenomena. The methods of identifying historical and spiritual dominant factors that influenced the formation of the Russian socio-economic model give new opportunities to study national peculiarities. These methods allow clarifying the historical and cultural institutional potential for creating an effective economic policy in Russia and other countries.
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Bakr, A. M., T. Kawiak, M. Pawlikowski, and Z. Sawlowicz. "Characterisation of 15th century red and black pastes used for wall decoration in the Qijmas El-Eshaqi mosque (Cairo, Egypt)." Journal of Cultural Heritage 6, no. 4 (December 2005): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2004.12.002.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir, Tadeush Novogrodsky, Galina Sinko, and Stepan Zakharkevich. "Gypsies: from Belarus to Siberia (according to documents and materials of the 18th - first half of the 19th century)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi08.
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In the 14th — 15th century the Belarussian part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became a center of ethnic minorities, among which Gypsies stood out. Until the first half of the 18th century, they enjoyed the patronage of the local magnates, thanks to which they got a lean system of self-government and were able to fill their own economic niche. In the 18th century, Gypsies of Belarus were forced to leave their traditional places of residence. As a result, they came to Walachia, Moldavia and Siberia. At the end of the 18th — early 19th century Romani had a mostly semi-nomadic lifestyle in Siberia, many of them settled in cities and engaged in trade and crafts. The present paper approaches the issues of the ethnic-dispersive Gypsies community setup in Siberia, the basis of which was laid by Belarusian Gypsies. The paper is written mainly based on archive material, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Kačinskaitė, Indrė. "Formation and Architectural Development of the Lithuanian Manor (Yard)." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.49.
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The article describes architectural development of the Lithuanian manor from the outset until the 20th century. For over 500 years, the manor had remained a foundational axis of the state structure, around which the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country was concentrated. Up to the 15th century, the ruler’s manors (yards) were the core of the statehood in Lithuania. In the 15th – 16th centuries, the ruler’s manor developed into the main political public institutions with permanent residences being established. Afterwards, when the impact of the ruler’s manor diminished, manor homesteads of local noblemen became the focal points of the Western European stylistic architecture in Lithuania. Through noblemen’s manors novelties reached homesteads of the lower strata of nobility, who was greatly influenced by local tradition. Remaining diversity of cultural landscape, architectural expression, urban relationship ‘manor homestead – town’ nowadays are the relics of the old manor, which developed over the centuries and to this day reflects the Lithuanian architecture and its history.
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Tolksdorf, Johann Friedrich, Matthias Schubert, Frank Schröder, Libor Petr, Christoph Herbig, Petr Kočár, Mathias Bertuch, and Christiane Hemker. "Fortification, mining, and charcoal production: landscape history at the abandoned medieval settlement of Hohenwalde at the Faule Pfütze (Saxony, Eastern Ore Mountains)." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 67, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-73-2019.
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Abstract. Geoarchaeological reconstructions of land-use changes may help to reveal driving cultural factors and incentives behind these processes and relate them to supra-regional economic and political developments. This is particularly true in the context of complete abandonment of a settlement. Here we present a case study from the site of Faule Pfütze, a small catchment in the Eastern Ore Mountains (Saxony). The historical record of this site is confined to the report of a settlement called Hohenwalde in 1404 CE and two later references to the then-abandoned settlement in 1492 and 1524 CE in this area. Combined geoarchaeological studies allowed for the reconstruction of several phases of land use. While a first phase of alluvial sedimentation occurred during the late 12th century, archaeological evidence for a permanent settlement is absent during this period. The onset of settlement activity is identified during the late 14th century and included a hitherto unknown massive stone building. Mining features are present nearby and are dated to the early 15th century. The local palynological record shows evidence for reforestation during the mid 15th century and thereby corroborates the time of abandonment indicated by written sources. These processes are discussed in the context of a local political conflict (Dohna Feud) leading to the redistribution of properties and the development of a mining economy during this time. Later land use from the mid 16th century onwards appears restricted to charcoal production, probably in the context of smelting works operating in nearby Schmiedeberg as indicated by rising lead concentrations in the alluvial record.
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Koo, Doyoung. "Items of Tributary Gifts (Pangmul 方物) Sent to the Ming Dynasty by Chosŏn and their Changing Trends." International Journal of Korean History 26, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22372/ijkh.2021.26.2.151.
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This paper examines changes and trends in tributary gifts (pangmul 方物) sent by Chosŏn regular envoys to the Ming Emperor during the 15th and 17th centuries. First, pangmul items sent by the Chosŏn to the Ming were partially inherited from the Koryŏ era. Second, it examines how King Sejong’s 1429 request that the Chosŏn court pay its tribute by means other than gold and silver led the court to offer specialty goods as tribute instead of precious metals. It then moves on to explore how economic scarcity resulting from the Imjin Wars of 1592 led Chosŏn pangmul to be composed mostly of folding fans and stationery items such as paper (kyŏngmyŏnji, paekmyŏnji, and oil paper), inkstones (hwayŏn), ink (chinmuk and yumaemuk) and writing brushes (hwangmopil)–the dynasty’s common, major export goods. After the war, the Chosŏn dynasty regained stability and returned to its pre-war pangmul practices. However, the pangmul were not completely fixed and showed tentative patterns, going back and forth between the practices of the 15th century and the new circumstances of the 17th century. In short, this paper explores how pangmul practices were not completely fixed, and how contingencies such as the war and the changing landscape of manufacturing in 16th-century Korea influenced the composition of Chosŏn pangmul.
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Guangxiang, Zhang. "The policy of the wine monopoly in Russia in 1894—1914: goals and results." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-2 (December 1, 2020): 190–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi29.
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The tax system is one of the most important elements of economic policy. The method, nature and scale of money resource mobilization depend on the state’s level of development. In Russia, from the 15th to the beginning of the 20th century, the revenue from alcohol sales made up a significant part of the state budget. At the same time, alcohol abuse has become a serious social problem. Thus, the Russian government should, on the one hand, ensure moderate alcohol consumption by the population, and, on the other, increase fiscal revenues. The article discusses various aspects of this problem.
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Konkin, Denis. "On the Crimean Tatar Tillage and Corn-Trade from the 15th to 18th Century (According to the Written Sources Accounts)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-1 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018594-2.
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The development of agriculture is directly related to the sedentarization of the nomads, primarily concerning the areas inside the Crimean Peninsula. Already in the fifteenth century, there appeared accounts on the practice of agriculture among the nomadic Tatar population in the Northern Black Sea Area. By the sixteenth century, the Crimean Tatar nobility established permanent stationary residences in the peninsula. The Crimean khans pursued an organized policy encouraging settled way of life of the ordinary population. The refusal of nomadism did not mean that the population turned to agriculture. The stationary residence in the Crimea allowed the former nomads to continue cattle-breeding, but with certain corrections, leaving a space for agriculture (the so-called “mobile cattle-breeding”). The account of seventeenth-century sources does not allow the conclusion that the Crimean Tatar economic life in the Crimean Peninsula radically changed by the moment. A certain amount of land resources was now used for farming, and a part of the harvest was exported from the Crimea. However, the sources inform that the Crimean Tatars used to ignore tillage and forced their numerous slaves to do this work. It was only the eighteenth century when, due to the economic and geopolitical changes in the region, agriculture became a really important economic branch among the whole population of the Crimea. Anyway, the development of this branch still was at a low level. The products of agriculture were more in demand inside the peninsula. A part of Crimean grain, primarily wheat, was sold abroad. This export became a significant but never the most important source which filled the khan’s treasury.
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ZAYATS, Andriy. "THE VOHYNIAN TOWN OF HOROKHIV IN THE 15TH – THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY (SKETCHES TO HISTORY)." Вісник Львівського університету. Серія історична / Visnyk of the Lviv University. Historical Series, no. 54 (November 3, 2022): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/his.2022.54.11603.
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The article traces the origins of Horokhiv’s urban status and the way of its getting to the estates of the princely family of Sanguszko, and later to Kilian Wilhorsky. The mechanism of the populating and its border formation is shown. The small population of Horokhiv allows to classify it as a small town. The Horokhiv had a castle, and its urban fortification was wooden and earthwork. The town had two gates and the most of the buildings were wooden. Better houses were located on the market place near the town hall. Among the religious buildings of Horokhiv are mentioned: Orthodox and Catholic churches and also synagogue. There was a Jesuit college in the city. Urban self-government was granted with the privilege of the Magdeburg Law (1600). The number of town councilors and lay judges (ławnicy) was normal for the Volyn cities. The importance of trades and fairs in Horokhiv’s economic life is revealed. The town has been repeatedly leased and mortgaged. The difficult relations of the burghers with the nobility are analyzed. The socio-economic level of Horokhiv’s development, combined with the educational and religious buildings in the city, turned it to a center for its surrounding region.
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Leighton, Gregory. "Written and visual expressions of authority of female monastic institutions in Medieval Livonia: 13th to 15th centuries." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 29, no. 1 (2021): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.102.
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This article presents a study of how women (specifically nuns and abbesses) were perceived in medieval Livonia. Given the significant increase in accessible academic work on the crusading movement in the eastern Baltic, scholarly considerations of the visual culture of this region, and reconsiderations of the roles played by women in the medieval world in general, this article turns from the central regions of the study of Medieval Europe to the periphery. It begins by providing a historical overview of the sources, commenting on the sparsity of specific representations of women in the narrative texts for the Livonian crusades produced in the 13th century. Following this overview, it analyses the representations of women in the vast amount of charter evidence available for the study of Livonia. The first part of the article looks at the ways these institutions were patronized as a result of their intercessory authority. Looking at donations from the 13th to the 15th century, this article also comments on the ways in which private citizens, church officials, and members of the Teutonic Order viewed these intercessory powers. The second part also considers the economic authority gained by these institutions, particularly in the form of land donations. Finally, this article addresses the ways in which women of authority styled themselves in the written documents and depicted their power in the form of visual media, particularly on seals but also in the form of architecture.
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Rogers, J. M. "A new view of medieval Persian history." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 121, no. 1 (January 1989): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00167905.
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A conspicuous feature of Ottoman history from the sixteenth century onwards, or even of fifteenth-century Mamluk Egypt, is that the mass of surviving administrative documents, well complemented by European sources, makes it possible to apply a range of economic and social concepts to illuminate their economy and society. For Persia the documents are far fewer and, even where, as in seventeenth-century Iṣfahān, the extant Safavid documents are exceptionally well complemented by European source material, doubts, often of a Marxian or Braudelian order, on the legitimacy of applying European concepts to Persian society are often entertained. In other periods the paucity of material is compounded by ethnic diversity – tribal versus settled populations; Turks versus Iranians or Iranians versus Turco-Mongols, all with deeply rooted authentic traditions – which is rarely documented, let alone explained, by the contemporary historians. It is almost as if the right kind of anthropologist could do more than the historian to exploit what material there is.
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Gilbar, Gad G. "RESISTANCE TO ECONOMIC PENETRATION: THEKĀRGUZĀRAND FOREIGN FIRMS IN QAJAR IRAN." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810001170.
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AbstractEuropean merchants and investors doing business in the Middle East during the long 19th century expected that commercial disputes in mixed cases would be conducted according to procedures and laws familiar to and accepted by them. In the Ottoman Empire and Egypt, mixed courts based on the French commercial code were established during that century. The Qajars, however, offered the foreign commercial community a different judicial institution: the localkārguzār(agent) and his majlis (court). By the beginning of the 20th century, thirty-sixkārguzāroffices operated in Iranian towns and harbors. Nevertheless, foreign (mainly British) merchants and their consuls complained bitterly that it was not an effective institution and that it clearly favored the localtujjār(big merchants). They claimed that these defects meant huge financial losses to them. The Qajars viewed this institution and its functioning differently. It served their policy of discouraging foreign penetration, and it contributed to the competitiveness of the Iraniantujjārin their struggle for commercial superiority.
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BOŽANIĆ, SNEŽANA. "FROM AGRARIAN HISTORY: ON LENTILS AND FAVA BEANS IN MEDIEVAL SERBIA UNTIL THE END OF THE 15th CENTURY." ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, no. 30 (December 25, 2019): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2019.30.69-86.
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The paper analyzes the cultivation and representation of lentils and fava beans in medieval Serbia until the end of the 15th century. Their use in the everyday diet of people was influenced by their high protein content. Serbian medieval sources (typikons, charters) indicate that lentil was an obligatory part of monastic meals. The available information on fava beans is scarce, but it can be concluded that they were used in the diet of the poorest social classes. Turkish census records (defterler) created immediately after the Turkish conquest of Serbian lands illustrate the economic circumstances of the time they were compiled and demonstrate the representation of legumes in the production of the time, prompting their analysis in this paper. The paper further briefly analyzes the works of Greek and Roman authors referring to the cultivation and use of legumes in the diet of people, and their usage in religious purposes. Legumes are also shown in the context of traditional Serbian culture.
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Mtani, Fadhili A. "Smart Partnership in The South: The History of Tanzania-Malaysia Economic Engagements, 1960-2015." African Journal of History and Geography 1, no. 1 (November 7, 2022): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/ajhg.1.1.934.
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The history of Tanzania's and Malaysia's economic interactions and engagements is explored and examined in this paper. It is a qualitative study that examines Tanzania's historical contacts and relationships with Malaysia from 1960 to 2015. It does so using a descriptive and historical-analytical method. Tanzania and Malaysia had historically established very close commercial and cultural relationships with significant Southeast Asian maritime traders before connecting with European international trade from the 15th century onwards. However, the formal political relations between the two countries did not begin to exist until after they had gained their independence and had been successful in forging bonds and reciprocal ties in several political settings and possibilities within the South-South partnership. Between 1980 and 2015, the two countries' relations did, however, shift from a political posture to more economic collaboration. This came about because of Tun Mahathir Muhamad and Mwalimu Julius Nyerere's attempts to commission a South-South commission, which was charged with tackling the economic problems affecting the countries of the southern hemisphere. This example of the growing relations between Tanzania and Malaysia shows how similar ties between and among other southern nations may be beneficial for stronger regional cohesion
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Paul, Jürgen. "Forming a Faction: The Ḥimāyat System of Khwaja Ahrar." International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 4 (November 1991): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800023400.
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Students of Islamic history have long demanded that more attention be given to social and economic affairs, and it cannot be denied that substantial progress is being made inthe field. Nevertheless, many gaps remain that will have to be filled in by detailed investigations of various periods and regions, notions, nad relationships. An attempt will be made in this article to elucidate the functioning of a faction, or ṭā⊃ifa in Central Asia in the second half of the 15th century. This ṭā⊃ifa was the system of patronage and protection installedby Khwaja Ahrar, a famous shaykh of the Naqshbandi silsila.
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MOUKARZEL, PIERRE. "The customs adopted in the treaties concluded between the Mamluk sultans and the Venetian doges (13th-15th centuries)." Chronos 36 (August 17, 2018): 137–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v36i0.12.
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Venice's economic and diplomatic relationship with the Mamluk sultanate dated back to the thirteenth century. It became the Mamluk's main and favorite European trading partner during the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. As international trade grew and commercial exchange intensified, Venice concluded treaties with the sultans and obtained privileges for its nationals. These privileges were at least equal and often superior to those adopted in trade among European merchant cities. The Venetian privileges in Egypt and Syria did not mean an agreement between two States, but a concession made by the sultan for a group of foreign traders living on his territories. This concession protected them as far as it recognized them legally, not only granted the protection, but especially gave a legal and social existence to the traders. Regular negotiations became established and embassies were sent to Cairo to protect a climate of good agreement indispensable to the realization of fruitful exchanges between Venice and the East. If the claims of the Venetians did not stop from the thirteenth till the fifteenth centuries and occupied the largest part of treaties with the sultans, it was because they constituted means to exercise a certain pressure on the sultan and to oppose to his commercial policy.
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Arrafi, Muhamad Faiz, Marwini Marwini, and Cita Sary Dja'akun. "Konsep Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam Imam Al Ghazali." lab 6, no. 01 (June 9, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33507/labatila.v5i02.490.
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This article describes Al-Ghazali's thoughts in the field of economics through his monumental work Ihya 'Ulum Al-Adin. Al-Ghazali explained thoroughly the aspects of substance in Islamic economics. Al-Ghazali lived in an era where rulers tried to justify their actions by asking religious leaders for fatwas with the intention of justifying these actions. Al-Ghazali entered the second phase in the history of Islamic economic thought. The second phase started in the 11th century until the 15th century. In this second phase many faced political realities marked by the many acts of corruption among the authorities and accompanied by moral decadence which resulted in a wider gap between the rich and the poor. Al-Ghazali implemented an Islamic economic system using a Sufism approach, because during his lifetime it was difficult for people who were rich, powerful, and full of prestige to accept the fiqh and philosophical approach in believing in Yaum al-Hisab (the Day of Judgment).
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Thuan, Tran. "Some points about Ho Quy Ly’s socio-economic reform policies." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.614.
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Throughout the history of Vietnam, 10 socio-economic reformations have occurred. The size, level, nature and outcome of those reforms varied, but they all shared the same trait showing progress and revolution, especially ideology. Many leaders of socio-economic revolutions were talented people in the society who saw the cause leading to crises and the way to resolve them. They could be emperors, Confucian intellectuals, officials, etc. The reformation of Ho Quy Ly from the late 14th to the early 15th centuries is among them. It is a comprehensive and breakthrough reformation. Throughout 40 years, with his political position, Ho Quy Ly made some policies to change crisis status in terms of socio-economy in the late 14th century, especially economy. Over 600 years, many studies about Ho Quy Ly and his reform gave out many different opinions. In the feudal period, the Ho Dynasty and its reform received many negative reviews from historians who were affected by Confucianism. However, after 1954, this topic came back on research forums of modern historians in Vietnam. Those researches help researches about Ho Quy Ly's role in history become more positive than periods before. This paper will analyze the background of Vietnam society in the half-end of the 14th century to clarify reasons leading to Ho Quy Ly's changes. From the results, we can objectively judge the thoughts of the reform by Ho Quy Ly when facing the requests of his living period.
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Ağır, Abdullah Mesut. "Al-Makrīzī’s Khitat and the Markets in Cairo during the Mamlūks Era." Belleten 81, no. 291 (August 1, 2017): 329–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2017.329.
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This study examines the markets in Cairo during the reign of the Mamlūks in the light of al-Makrīzī's Chronicle al-Khitat. Besides those which were built during the Mamlūks era the commercial life were ongoing at the markets dating back to the Fatimids and the Ayyubids periods. The marketplaces generally occupied in al-Qasaba which was between Bāb al-Futūh in the north and Bāb al-Zuwayla in the south was the trading center of the city. Al-Qasaba is al-Mu'izz Street today which takes its name from the Fatimid Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Dinillah (341-364/953-975). The economic and social decline especially seen during the second half of the Mamlūks in the 15th century affected also the domestic markets stability and most of the sûqs disappeared depending on these conditions.
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Wing, Patrick. "Indian Ocean Trade and Sultanic Authority: The nāẓir of Jedda and the Mamluk Political Economy." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 57, no. 1 (February 11, 2014): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341342.
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AbstractFaced with a mounting economic crisis, the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Barsbāy (r. 1422-1438) sought new sources of revenue from the commercial economy of the Red Sea port of Jedda, which was emerging in the 15th century as a hub for maritime trade between the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean. This article examines the career of the firstnāẓir, or financial supervisor, of Jedda, a Coptic secretary appointed by Sultan Barsbāy. A glimpse at his career sheds light on strategies employed by the Mamluk sultan to align his household bureaucracy with the business of trade at Jedda and the interests of influential merchant networks, as well as the limitations of such strategies.
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Zelenev, Evgeny I., and Milana Iliushina. "Jihad as an Individual Duty (farḍ al-ʻayn) in the Ideology of Circassian Sultans (1382–1517)." Iran and the Caucasus 25, no. 4 (November 13, 2021): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20210403.
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This article is devoted to the study of the development of the theory and practice of jihad during the rule of the Circassian sultans in Egypt and Syria (1382–1517). The purpose of the study is to trace the development of key aspects of jihad, to identify features of its perception in the Mamluk state. An essential feature of the theory of jihad in the Mamluk period is the interpretation of jihad as farḍ al-ʿayn (the individual duty of every Muslim). While studying the theory of jihad, the authors rely on a holistic and balanced approach justified in the papers of M. Bonner and D. Cook and their interpretation of the concept of jihad, which has a centuries-old history of development and a sophisticated, multi-layered set of meanings. Another methodological basis of the present paper was the concept of minimalism and maximalism, developed by Yusef Waghid. The source base for the study of jihad theory is the works of Ibn al-Nahhas (d. 1411), a prominent philosopher of the Mamluk era. The interpretation of jihad as an individual duty of every Muslim, substantiated by Ibn al-Nahhas, was the foundation of the volunteer movement that developed in Egypt and Syria in the 15th century. The doctrine of jihad where the concepts of justice (al-‘adl) and truth (al-ḥaqq) play a key role, was used by the Mamluks and then by the Ottomans as a powerful ideological tool to manipulate the minds of Muslims. The relevance of the study is that the findings are not only true for the Middle Ages but are directly related to the present.
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Turekulova, Zhuldyz, and Klara Baitureyeva. "The Suez Canal and Its Role in Formation of New International Political and Economic Relations in The XX Century." Oriente Moderno 100, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340229.
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Abstract The construction and commissioning of the Suez Canal demonstrated that waterway — is not only a source of water for irrigated agriculture, what was for thousands of years the Nile, but also an important geopolitical and commercial resource which can be used in internal and foreign policy. Consideration of Suez Canal’s history, in the context of inter-state and inter-regional relations involves, first of all, the study of the events that are directly related to its functioning and development as a communication hub (node) of global significance. The demand of historical and political analysis of the evolution of geo-strategic position of Egypt in the context of the implementation of the project of the Suez Canal due to the need to clarify the role and place of Egypt in the global changes that have occurred all over the world due to the geopolitical space of fundamental change of transport ways.
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Dolson, John C., Mark V. Shann, Sayed I. Matbouly, Hussein Hammouda, and Rashed M. Rashed. "Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Petroleum Potential in Offshore Trends." GeoArabia 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0602211.
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ABSTRACT Since the onshore discovery of oil in the Eastern Desert in 1886, the petroleum industry in Egypt has accumulated reserves of more than 15.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent. An understanding of the tectono-stratigraphic history of each major basin, combined with drilling history and field-size distributions, justifies the realization of the complete replacement of these reserves in the coming decades. Most of the increase in reserves will be the result of offshore exploration. In addition to the 25 trillion cubic feet already discovered, the offshore Mediterranean may hold 64 to 84 trillion cubic feet and the onshore Western Desert may contribute 15 to 30 trillion cubic feet in new gas resources. Many of the new fields are expected to be in the giant-field class that contains greater than 100 million barrels of oil equivalent. Challenges include sub-salt imaging, market constraints for predominantly gas resources and economic constraints imposed by the high cost of development of the current deep-water gas discoveries that are probably unique worldwide. The offshore Gulf of Suez may yield an additional 1.5 to 3.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent, but it continues to be technologically constrained by poor-quality seismic data. Advances in multiple suppression and development of new ‘off-structure’ play concepts with higher quality seismic data should result in continual new pool discoveries. Offshore frontier exploration includes the Red Sea rift (currently under reassessment with area-wide 3-D surveys) and the Gulf of Aqaba. Deep-water and sub-salt imaging remain significant challenges to be overcome. Despite a relatively complex history, the Phanerozoic geological framework of Egypt is extremely prospective for oil and gas. Eight major tectono-stratigraphic events are: (1) Paleozoic craton; (2) Jurassic rifting; (3) Cretaceous passive margin; (4) Cretaceous Syrian Arc deformation and foreland transgressions; (5) Oligocene-Miocene Gulf of Suez rifting; (6) Miocene Red Sea opening; (7) the Messinian salinity crisis; and (8) Pliocene-Pleistocene delta progradation. Each of these events has created multiple reservoir and seal combinations. Source rocks occur from the Paleozoic through to the Pliocene and petroleum is produced from reservoirs that range in age from Precambrian to Pleistocene. The offshore Mediterranean, Gulf of Suez and Red Sea/Gulf of Aqaba contain significant exploration potential and will provide substantial reserve replacements in the coming decades.
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Biliaieva, S. O. "THE FORTRESSES OF THE GREAT LITHUANIAN PRINCIPALITY ON THE TERRITORY OF THE KIEVAN AREA (HISTORY OF RESEARCH)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 43, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.07.
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The study of fortresses on the territory of the Kyiv area in the Lithuanian period is one of the actual tasks of the formation of a new look on the Ukrainian history. As it is known it was the stage of the castell tower system of fortification, taking not only defense, but social and political, economic position, status of administrative centers and places of living of the social elite.
In the course of the Lithuanian period, the following stages of the development of system of castell constructing are fixed: At the end of 14th — at the beginning of 15th century the castell tower system of fortification had been formed;
On the second stage at the middle of 15th — in the second half of 16th century — the period of adaptation of the castell tower system to the artillery and the appearance of the system of basteja.
In the Kyiv area two types of fortress constructing were fixed. The North and central parts of the area: the continuation of Old Rus traditions of the fortification on the base of wooden and earth constructions with two or three flour wooden towers. The transmission to the arm stage on the base of artillery took place. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms.
On the South — the transition to the stone tower system, fortificated with wooden-earth constructions and stone counterforts, two or three flour towers, distribution of European types artillery. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms.
For example: the Kyiv Castle which became the center of statehood in the time of Vladimir Olgerdovich; the system of castles in the rest of the territory; the creation of the fortification system of the South by Prince Vytautas, which facilitated trade in Europe from Krakow to the Black Sea coast and composition of the new federal state.
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Turiano, Annalaura, and Joseph John Viscomi. "From immigrants to emigrants: Salesian education and the failed integration of Italians in Egypt, 1937-1960." Modern Italy 23, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2017.47.
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With Italy’s entry into the Second World War, Anglo-Egyptian authorities repatriated Italian diplomats from Egypt, arrested around 5,000 Italians, and sequestered both personal and business accounts. Italian institutions were indefinitely closed, including the Italian state schools. Hope for a future in Egypt among the roughly 60,000 Italian residents faded. The Salesian missionary schools, whose goal since the late nineteenth century had been to inculcate nationalist-religious sentiment in Italy’s emigrants, remained the only active Italian educational institution by claiming Vatican protection. As such, the missionary schools assumed a central role in the lives of many young Italians. After the war, these same young Italians began to depart Egypt en masse, in part driven by the possibilities opened up by their vocational training. Building on diplomatic, institutional and private archives, this article demonstrates how the Salesian missionary schools attempted and failed to integrate Italian immigrants into the Egyptian labour force through vocational training. This failure combined with socio-economic and geopolitical changes to propel Italian departures from Egypt, making emigrants out of immigrants.
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Gladyshev, Andrey. "Plague in Egypt of 1834—1835." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015412-2.
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Egypt was ordinary considered by Europeans as a source of epidemic threat, as a “cradle of plague”. The plague of 1834—1835 was the deadliest epidemic of the nineteenth century for the Egyptians. Many Western European doctors took part in the fight against this epidemic, and its resonance was such that England, France, Russia organized special investigations in its wake. Official reports, diaries and memoirs of Europeans who were in Egypt during the epidemic make it possible to reconstruct the path and pace of its spread. Studies on the history of the epidemic in Egypt of 1834—1835 and of its consequences have medical, demographic, economic, political and even mental aspects. The unfolding medical debate shows how European medical ideas spread in Egypt and in other countries of the Middle East, and ultimately affected on the international cooperation in health regulations. The fight over quarantine regulations reflects the growing interest in free trade and in the growth of shipping in the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The study of the demographic consequences of the epidemic and in particular of the mortality rate of the black population, allowed to take a fresh look at the issues of slavery, the Trans-Saharan slave trade, abolitionism, and influenced regional diplomacy. The plague that spread in Alexandria and Cairo had the saddest effect on the fate of the Saint-Simonianism movement. The study of its perception, both by the local population and by Europeans, allow to compare the mental attitudes of various ethnic and confessional groups.
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Mažeika, J., P. Blaževičius, M. Stančikaitė, and D. Kisielienė. "Dating of the Cultural Layers from Vilnius Lower Castle, East Lithuania: Implications for Chronological Attribution and Environmental History." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200055892.
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Complex interdisciplinary studies carried out in the territory of the Vilnius Lower Castle, E Lithuania, were used to construct a chronological framework based on radiocarbon data and archaeological information. Bulk samples (wood and sediment) were collected from an approximately 3-m core that crossed cultural layers and underlying strata. 14C dates indicate that the underlying bed possibly formed during the 6th century AD, although no archaeological finds were discovered there. Paleobotanical (pollen and plant macrofossil) investigations reveal evidence of agriculture that points to the existence of a permanent settlement in the area at that time. The chronological data indicates a sedimentation hiatus before the onset of the deposition of the cultural layer in the studied area. The 14C dates showed that the formation of the cultural bed began during the late 13th–early 14th centuries AD, that is, earlier than expected according to the archaeological record. The ongoing deposition of the cultural beds continued throughout the middle to latter half of the 14th century AD as revealed by the archaeological records and confirmed by well-correlated 14C results. After some decline in human activity in the middle of the 14th century AD, a subsequent ongoing development of the open landscape, along with intensive agriculture, points to an increase in human activity during the second half of the 14th century AD. The first half of the 15th century AD was marked by intensive exploitation of the territory, indicating a period of economic and cultural prosperity. The chronological framework indicates that the investigated cultural beds continued forming until the first half of the 16th century AD.
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Kukulak, Józef. "Charcoal in alluvium of mountain streams in the Bieszczady Mountains (Polish Carpathians) as a carrier of information on the local palaeoenvironment." Geochronometria 41, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13386-013-0155-0.
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Abstract Fragments of charcoal are present in floodplain alluvium of the San and Strwiąż rivers in the Polish part of the Bieszczady Mountains, Polish East Carpathians. They occur as single clasts or in lenses in the basal part of fine-grained alluvium, together with unburnt wood debris, or in the middle part of the vertical sequence of the floodplain alluvium. 14 samples of charcoal from the upper courses of the San (ca. 50 km) and the Strwiąż (ca. 10 km) were dated with radiocarbon. The obtained dates fall mainly in the 15th through 19th century interval; only one sample is markedly older (9th–10th century). Taxonomic composition of the charcoal source wood was also studied and compared with that of coeval forests. Correlation of the charcoal age with the history of economic development of the studied region indicates that charcoal is of anthropogenic origin: older charcoal from intense slash-and-burn deforestation, while younger charcoal was produced by local industries.
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Ghazaleh, Pascale. "Cash and Kin Go to Court: Legal Families and Chosen Families in Nineteenth-Century Egypt." Hawwa 6, no. 1 (2008): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920808x298903.
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AbstractCourt records have offered historians an unparalleled source of information about the Ottoman period, particularly in the Empire's Arab provinces, where abundant documentation tells us about society's material conditions. As far as family history is concerned, Ottoman courts have yielded much important information regarding women's rights and status, as revealed in marriage contracts recorded before the Ottoman qadi. In the field of economic and social history, estate inventories have offered a glimpse of how people lived, what they might have consumed, and how wealthy they were. To date, however, less work has been done on how the family was structured by material relations, as indicated by financial transfers carried out upon a family member's death. In my paper, I will follow some of these transfers, in the form of pre-mortem gifts as well as post-mortem bequests, in an attempt to understand how individuals expressed their sense of obligation toward different elements in their social universe. I will seek to demonstrate that cash flows indicate individual preferences regarding the beneficiaries of wealth. I will also examine the relative importance of different associations, both kin and non-kin, in an individual's social network.
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Filyushkin, Alexander. "Why Did Russia Not Become a Composite State?" Russian History 47, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340006.
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Abstract The paper asks how the Russian Empire emerged. In the course of European monarchical rise of the 16–17th centuries, composite monarchies turned into nation states and then empires. Russia never became a composite; very soon after its emergence at the end of the 15th century, it immediately moved to the imperial stage. The answer to why this happened is the key to understanding the Russian Empire’s history. One factor that prevented Russia from building a composite monarchy was the weakness of political actors united under Moscow’s leadership. European composite monarchies emerged when and where the dominant monarchy forcefully broke local laws, fought against local class and political systems. But Moscow’s rivals were too weak, and Russian monarchs did not need to compromise with them. A shared Orthodox faith, common culture, language, and economic structure, as well as the absence of natural borders on the Eastern European plain were other factors that allowed Moscow to ignore the rights of conquered regions. Russia’s background as a part of the Mongol Empire also played a role. By the time Russia faced strong European monarchical competitors, its imperial development path already formed. An important feature of the early Muscovite Empire was the dominance of political practice over ideology. The ideological design of the Empire occurred only in the 18th and 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the imperial character of Muscovy was formed intuitively and spontaneously; one might call it a neonatal, rudimentary, infant empire.
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HERRERA, LINDA. "WALTER ARMBRUST, Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt, Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, vol. 102 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Pp. 286. $64.95 cloth, $20.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 3 (August 2001): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801253069.
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“Modernization,” or processes of modern socio-political development, and identity formation have been among the most recurrent and pertinent themes of scholarly studies undertaken on 19th- and 20th-century Egypt. Works on intellectual thought; economic, political, and social history; folk culture; and gender implicitly and explicitly grapple with the issue of the country's transition to, maintenance of, struggle with, or rejection of modernity. Modernization has often been understood through a hegemonic nationalist discourse—that is, through governmental rhetoric, the writings of establishment intellectuals, and uncritical examinations of state institutions. Alternative and counter-hegemonic manifestations and representations of modernity have been largely overlooked, which makes Walter Armbrust's anthropological inquiry into Egyptian mass culture an absolutely vital contribution to the study of modern Egypt.
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Huebner, Sabine R. "Climate Change in the Breadbasket of the Roman Empire—Explaining the Decline of the Fayum Villages in the Third Century CE*." Studies in Late Antiquity 4, no. 4 (2020): 486–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2020.4.4.486.
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The paper focuses on one of the most productive wheat-growing regions in the entire Roman Empire, the Arsinoite nome (modern Fayum) in Egypt. Towards the end of the third century CE, multiple formerly thriving farming villages at the edges of the district went into decline and were eventually abandoned. This paper presents a new perspective on causes of this abandonment by synthesizing existing research. The papyri as well as the archaeological record imply that irrigation problems arising simultaneously from the third century CE lay at the heart of the problem and led to the progressive desertification of formerly agricultural land. The surviving documentation allows us to trace what increasing water stress meant on the ground for the local population and what adaption strategies they undertook to deal with the degradation and desertification of their farmlands. While socio-economic factors certainly played a role in the decline of these settlements, a change in environmental conditions should be considered as well. In fact, natural proxies record a general shift in East African Monsoon patterns at the source areas of the Nile and consecutively lower Nile flood levels from the beginning of the third century on.
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DeWeese, Devin. "Mapping Khwārazmian Connections in the History of Sufi Traditions." Eurasian Studies 14, no. 1-2 (May 26, 2016): 37–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340017.
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The history of Sufi traditions in Khwārazm reveals patterns of development that broadly correlate with patterns and alignments evident in the region’s social, political, and economic history; this is not unexpected, of course, but this correlation provides a convenient vantage point from which to explore Khwārazmian Sufi traditions, and it also lends significance to the literary and folkloric legacies of those traditions, which can illuminate aspects of Khwārazmian history for periods otherwise poorly represented in written sources. The present study offers a broad outline of Sufi activity in Khwārazm, from the 12th century to the 19th, noting the sometimes alternating, sometimes overlapping patterns of locally-rooted Sufi communities, deeply embedded in Khwārazmian social topography, and of regionally- and internationally-connected Sufi groups reflecting large-scale networks; in the latter case, particular attention is given to ‘mapping’ the links of Sufi communities based in Khwārazm with other groups – both in distinctive configurations of regional Central Asian frameworks (i.e., northern Khurāsān, Manghïshlāq, the Syr Daryā valley, the Dasht-i Qïpchāq), and in wider ‘global’ frameworks connecting Khwārazm with the broader Muslim world (the holy cities, Istanbul, Crimea, Kashmīr and India). Consideration of the initial phase of Sufi history in the region, in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, is followed by a focus on the sparse but significant evidence on Khwārazmian Sufis of the 14th and 15th centuries, perhaps the most poorly known era of Khwārazmian history in the Muslim era, and to the much richer source base for the flourishing of ‘Kubravī’ communities – in Khwārazm and in the regions closely connected with it – during the 16th century; the continuation of these patterns, but also the emergence of distinctively local Khwārazmian variants of other Sufi traditions (‘Yasavī’ and Naqshbandī), from the 17th century to the early 19th will also be addressed.
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Bessilin, N. A., and G. F. Sanzharova. "R.A. Maslov on Franco-Burgundian Relations in the Second Half of the 15th Century." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 3 (March 27, 2021): 328–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-3-328-346.
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The characteristic of the Franco-Burgundian relations of the second half of the 15th century in the works of R. A. Maslov is considered. It is noted that the research problem does not need additional actualization: the time under study was a turning point in the history of France, the final stage in the formation of a centralized state. It is shown that the experience of many years of work of R. A. Maslov confirmed the conclusions that during several decades of the reign of Louis XI significant success was achieved in creating a modern French state, the foundations were created for the economic and political unification of its territory, for the cultural and linguistic community of the population and, accordingly, conditions are provided for the formation of the French nation. The attention of R. A. Maslov to the fact that the most important prerequisite for the formation of a nation was the achievement of political unity of the country, carried out on the basis of the creation of its economic community. It is indicated that in his studies Maslov argues the point of view according to which the fierce struggle for the elimination of feudal fragmentation reflected the process of economic consolidation of individual regions of the country into a single whole and the creation of an all-French internal market.
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Kowaleski, Jerzy T. "Jan Długosz – Polish pioneer of state science." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 64, no. 8 (August 28, 2019): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7595.
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The main purpose of this article is to present verbal and numerical descriptions included in the works by Jan Długosz (the 15th-century Polish priest, annalist and historian) as a base for creating the statistical picture of the then economic situation of Polish regions, especially in the micro-scale (parishes, deaneries) and the mezzo-scale (dioceses). Jan Długosz’s biography and selected works were discussed in the study. The study focuses on the elements of state science in his works, particularly in Regestrum Ecclesiae Cracoviensisand in the introduction to Annales(the enumeration and description of Polish rivers, lakes and waterfront cities – Chorographia), as well as on the detailed description of the economic situation presented in Liber beneficiorum. This Długosz’s work along with the corresponding registers or inventories of church wages in the Poznań and Wrocław dioceses constitute a significant source for state science studies concerning the history of economy in Poland at the end of the Middle Ages.
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Kurnikova, Oxana M. "STUDIES OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA BY RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS (THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-201-209.
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The rich historical past of the Crimean peninsula, its natural wealth and resources, its beauty at all times attracted the attention of traveling researchers. In the period from the last quarter of the 15th century up to the end of the 18th century, Western and Eastern researchers, visiting the Crimean peninsula for various purposes, studied its geography, biology, and history. Russian scientists-travelers did not have the opportunity to make research trips across the Crimea until the end of the 18th century due to the fact that for three centuries (from 1475 till 1774) the Crimean peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire, being one of its most important provinces, both in trade, economic, and military-strategic terms. With the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783, started the development of newly acquired territories. The beginning of the study of the lands of the Crimean peninsula by Russian scientists is primarily associated with political and economic changes and transformations in the region. For the development and growth of the economy of the Crimean region, information was needed about the structure of the region, its socio-economic and ethnographic features, as well as about its natural resources. Therefore, by order of the Empress of Russia Catherine II and the instructions of the country’s government, the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts sends its scientists to the Crimea. Among Russian pioneers of the Crimean peninsula research in the late 18th century there were Vasily Zuev (1754–1794), Carl Ludwig Habliz (1752–1821), Theodor Chyorny (1745–1790), and Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). The expeditions of these outstanding scholars and travellers commenced the Crimean exploration by Russian scientists in various fields of science, thus, the end of the 18th century should be considered the beginning of Russian Crimean studies.
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Sánchez, Antonio. "Making a Global Image of the World: Science, Cosmography and Navigation in Times of the First Circumnavigation of Earth, 1492-1522." Culture & History Digital Journal 10, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): e014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2021.014.
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The voyages of exploration and discovery during the period of European maritime expansion and the immense amount of information and artefacts they produced about our knowledge of the world have maintained a difficult, if not non-existent, relationship with the main historiographical lines of the history of early modern science. This article attempts to problematize this relationship based on a historical account that seeks to highlight the scientific and institutional mechanisms that made the Magellan-Elcano voyage, the first modern voyage, possible. The text argues that this voyage was the first modern voyage because it allowed the construction of a new scientific and cartographic image of the globe and contributed to our understanding of the world as a global world, altering the foundations on which modern European economic and geographic thought was based. In that sense, the voyage was something extraordinary, but not completely unexpected. It responded to a complex process of expansionary policy and technical development that dated back to the 15th century, which in 1519 was sufficiently articulated to carry out a great feat.
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Bashnin, Nikita. "The Formation of the Culture of Clerical Work in Russia of the 14th – Beginning of the 16th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2022): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.4.
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Introduction. Writing, as a special sign system, provides a link between the past and the present is one of the main ways of transmitting cultural tradition. This article deals with a special form of clerical work in Medieval Russia – scrolls and columns. Materials. A column with a border is a narrow strip of paper, about 16– 17 cm wide and up to 45 cm long, or 14–15 cm wide and up to 35 cm long. They were glued together along a narrow edge with each other, resulting in documents up to several tens of meters long – columns. Such documents were kept twisted, in scrolls. Analysis. In the second half of the 15th century, the Grand ducal chancery became the center of administrative power. There were a transformation and development of clerical work in it. The conducted research suggests that the appearance of the column form of clerical work was due to political, socio-economic and cultural reasons. The appearance of the columns dates back to the second half of the 15th century. The disappearance of the column form of clerical work occurred in 1700–1702. Peter I initiated a revolution in clerical work by ordering to switch to conducting business in a notebook form. The innovation did not spread immediately; the old traditions of document processing were preserved in the monasteries for several years. Results. The appearance of the columnar form of clerical work coincided with the emergence of a single centralized state under Ivan III, the increasing importance of the clerical apparatus. The disappearance was due to the reforms of Peter I, the formation of the Russian Empire and the replacement of orders by colleges. It is obvious that the emergence and disappearance of such a specific form of office work are associated with large-scale national changes.
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Panza, Laura. "Globalization and the Near East: A Study of Cotton Market Integration in Egypt and Western Anatolia." Journal of Economic History 73, no. 3 (August 9, 2013): 847–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050713000636.
Full textAbstract:
The Near East underwent a process of integration with the global economy during the second half of the nineteenth century. This article explores one aspect of this process, examining the linkages established between the cotton industries in Egypt and Western Anatolia, and the international cotton market during the first wave of globalization. We undertake a quantitative exploration of the pattern of price transmission between the Near East and the international cotton markets over this period, connecting changes in the nature of spatial market integration to major economic and political developments.
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Bulut, Mehmet. "CIVILIZATION, ECONOMY AND WAQF IN OTTOMAN EUROPE." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 5, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp48-67.
Full textAbstract:
The prosperity, stability, and socio-economic balance observed throughout Ottoman history was largely sustained by several key institutions developed in accordance with emerging challenges of the time whilst functioning effectively. Both the Ottoman economic mindset and impact of those institutions on the socio-economic and financial development cannot be ignored. In addition to other significant economic, social and political institutions, the waqf (charitable endowments) played a crucial role in Ottoman society and contributed to the supply of primary social needs, whether related to education, finance, health, economy, infrastructure or social stability. This article seeks to explore the role of waqfs, especially cash waqfs throughout 15th-19th century Ottoman Europe. It concludes that the investment of those waqf-based charity institution in religious, educational, health, and socio-economic sectors allowed for invaluable contributions in social spheres and public welfare in addition to playing a crucial role in the economic and financial stability and sustainability of the Ottoman society over long periods of time.
Keywords: Balkan, cash Waqf, development, endowment, Islamic finance, Ottoman civilization, Ottoman economy.
Cite as: Bulut, M. (2020). Civilization, economy and waqf in Ottoman Europe. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 48-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp48-67
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Schaffer, Simon. "Oriental Metrology and the Politics of Antiquity in Nineteenth-Century Survey Sciences." Science in Context 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 173–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889717000102.
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ArgumentMetrological techniques to establish shared quantitative measures have often been seen as signs of rational modernization. The cases considered here show instead the close relation of such techniques with antiquarian and revivalist programs under imperial regimes. Enterprises in survey sciences in Egypt in the wake of the French invasion of 1798 and in India during the East India Company's revenue surveys involved the promotion of a new kind oforiental metrologydesigned to represent colonizers’ measures as restorations of ancient values to be applied to current systems of survey and measurement. Surveyors’ practice and hardware help clarify the significance of the complex historical and political functions of scientific standards. The balance of the paper discusses the survey work of later nineteenth-century indigenous Egyptian astronomers at a conjuncture of major economic and political dislocation to explore the various versions of antiquity at stake in these metrological programs.