Journal articles on the topic 'Egypt – Economic history – 14th century'
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Gueit, Eléonore, Evelyne Darque-Ceretti, and Marc Aucouturier. "Glass gilding process in medieval Syria and Egypt (13th–14th century)." Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 7 (July 2010): 1742–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.08.022.
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Mažeika, J., P. Blaževičius, M. Stančikaitė, and D. Kisielienė. "Dating of the Cultural Layers from Vilnius Lower Castle, East Lithuania: Implications for Chronological Attribution and Environmental History." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200055892.
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Complex interdisciplinary studies carried out in the territory of the Vilnius Lower Castle, E Lithuania, were used to construct a chronological framework based on radiocarbon data and archaeological information. Bulk samples (wood and sediment) were collected from an approximately 3-m core that crossed cultural layers and underlying strata. 14C dates indicate that the underlying bed possibly formed during the 6th century AD, although no archaeological finds were discovered there. Paleobotanical (pollen and plant macrofossil) investigations reveal evidence of agriculture that points to the existence of a permanent settlement in the area at that time. The chronological data indicates a sedimentation hiatus before the onset of the deposition of the cultural layer in the studied area. The 14C dates showed that the formation of the cultural bed began during the late 13th–early 14th centuries AD, that is, earlier than expected according to the archaeological record. The ongoing deposition of the cultural beds continued throughout the middle to latter half of the 14th century AD as revealed by the archaeological records and confirmed by well-correlated 14C results. After some decline in human activity in the middle of the 14th century AD, a subsequent ongoing development of the open landscape, along with intensive agriculture, points to an increase in human activity during the second half of the 14th century AD. The first half of the 15th century AD was marked by intensive exploitation of the territory, indicating a period of economic and cultural prosperity. The chronological framework indicates that the investigated cultural beds continued forming until the first half of the 16th century AD.
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Thuan, Tran. "Some points about Ho Quy Ly’s socio-economic reform policies." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.614.
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Throughout the history of Vietnam, 10 socio-economic reformations have occurred. The size, level, nature and outcome of those reforms varied, but they all shared the same trait showing progress and revolution, especially ideology. Many leaders of socio-economic revolutions were talented people in the society who saw the cause leading to crises and the way to resolve them. They could be emperors, Confucian intellectuals, officials, etc. The reformation of Ho Quy Ly from the late 14th to the early 15th centuries is among them. It is a comprehensive and breakthrough reformation. Throughout 40 years, with his political position, Ho Quy Ly made some policies to change crisis status in terms of socio-economy in the late 14th century, especially economy. Over 600 years, many studies about Ho Quy Ly and his reform gave out many different opinions. In the feudal period, the Ho Dynasty and its reform received many negative reviews from historians who were affected by Confucianism. However, after 1954, this topic came back on research forums of modern historians in Vietnam. Those researches help researches about Ho Quy Ly's role in history become more positive than periods before. This paper will analyze the background of Vietnam society in the half-end of the 14th century to clarify reasons leading to Ho Quy Ly's changes. From the results, we can objectively judge the thoughts of the reform by Ho Quy Ly when facing the requests of his living period.
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Islahi, Abdul Azim. "Economic and Financial Crises in Fifteenth - Century Egypt : Lessons from the History." Islamic Economic Studies 21, no. 2 (November 2013): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0001559.
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Fazlinejad, Ahmad, and Farajollah Ahmadi. "The Impact of the Black Death on Iranian Trade (1340s-1450s A.D.)." Iran and the Caucasus 23, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20190302.
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The Great Plague, generally known as the Black Death, swept many parts of the three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe in the mid-14th century repeatedly for decades and inflicted widespread demographical, social and economic consequences. Contrary to the common attitude of researchers in neglecting the spread of the Black Death in Iran during the 14th century and its relapse periods, findings of this study indicate that the Great Plague, which had numerous victims in Iran, mostly disrupted the country’s commercial relationships with the plague-stricken trade routes and centers. Moreover, due to the tragic consequences caused by the Black Death, Iran lost its position as one of the main routes in the international trade. In this study, based predominantly on historiographical sources in Persian and Arabic, Iran’s position in international trade in the era of Black Death is analyzed.
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Benyovsky Latin, Irena. "Eastern Adriatic cities and their role in Venetian (long distance) commercial activities during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century." Review of Croatian history 18, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v18i1.24278.
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The main strategy was to maintain the sea route from the northernmost point of the Adriatic to the Levant, and to introduce the necessary legal, commercial, and administrative practices modelled upon its own. During the 13th and 14th centuries Venice worked on gaining military and economic control over the Eastern Adriatic and “prepared the ground” for its later long dominance in that area. In this period, from Venetian perspective, the cities were primarily strategic and exchange points – and were increasingly perceived as the natural hub of connections between the Mediterranean and Central Europe or the West and the Levant. The infrastructures that supported the Venetian long-distance trade in the 13th and 14th centuries were related to security, equipment, and the possibility of transit, as well as supplying enough manpower on the way.
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Kozubowskyi, Heorhii. "About One Debatable Question of Ukrainian History of the 14th Century." Arheologia, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 55–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.01.055.
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The major element of Mongolian epoch in the East Europe was obligation to pay a tribute — «vyhod». The historical consequences of the Koriatovych brothers’ rule from the end of the 40’s of the 14th century and the triumph of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the heading of the Lithuanian Prince Algirdas in the Syni Vody battle of the 1362 in Podolia have been examined. A conception has been argued according to which Podolian Principality at the time of the Koriatovych brothers’ rule was liberated from the Horde warriors. Based on the analysis of the documents, archaeological and numismatic sources a conception of the releasing on the great part of Podolian lands from the Golden Horde and stopping the tribute payment — «vyhod». Also, the terms «basqaq», «ataman», «toman», «gifts» and «commemoration» are discussed. The Koriatovych brothers’ rule on Podolian land and Syni Vody battle of the 1362 had led not only to the significant transformation of the tax-tribute system (Mongol tribute — «vyhod», «basqaqs» and etc.), but also had a great influence on the all processes in Central Ukraine and the Golden Horde in the second part of the 14th—15th centuries. Based on the analysis of the written and numismatic sources it is concluded that the equilateral heraldic shield with three beams on the first field and seven lilies on the second, on the Moldavian coins of Peter I Mușat (1375—1392) and Podolian coins of Koriatovych brothers’ of 1370—1380, there is a dynastic emblem of the Anjou family as a symbol of Hungarian kings of Louis the Hungarian (1342—1382) and Maria (1382—1387). However, these coins don’t have the Golden Horde symbols, as they were minted per sample of the European coins. The control of the trade routes in the Buh and Dnister rivers basins greatly reduced the economic resources of the Golden Horde and separate hordes of the Crimea, Western and Central Ukraine and Moldova. In the 14th century Kamianets and Smotrych were not only medieval capital towns of the Koriatovych brothers’, but also the most important centers on the international «tatar» trade route («Via Tatarica»). However, the most important routes functioned first of all between Galician and Podolian cites and also the Golden Horde centers in the Dnister and Southern Buh rivers basins.
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Cuno, Kenneth M. "Joint Family Households and Rural Notables in 19th-Century Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 4 (November 1995): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800062516.
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During the past thirty years, the study of the family in European history has developed with a strong comparative emphasis. In contrast, the study of the family in Middle East history has hardly begun, even though the family is assumed to have had a major role in “the structuring of economic, political, and social relations,” as Judith Tucker has noted. This article takes up the theme of the family in the economic, political, and social context of 19th-century rural Egypt. Its purpose is, first of all, to explicate the prevailing joint household formation system in relation to the system of landholding, drawing upon fatwas and supporting evidence. Second, it argues that rural notable families in particular had a tendency to form large joint households and that this was related to the reproduction and enhancement of their economic and political status. Specifically, the maintenance of a joint household appears to have been a way of avoiding the fragmentation of land through inheritance. After the middle of the 19th century, when it appeared that the coherence and durability of the joint family household were threatened, the notables sought to strengthen it through legislation. Their involvement in the law reform process contradicts the progressive, linear model of social and legal change that is often applied in 19th-century Egyptian history.
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Hillenbrand, Carole, and A. K. S. Lambton. "Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History, 11th-14th Century." Journal of the American Oriental Society 112, no. 3 (July 1992): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603115.
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Vasilyeva, Olga. "Early Qur’āns of Jean‑Joseph Marcel. I: Collector and His Collection." Manuscripta Orientalia. International Journal for Oriental Manuscript Research 28, no. 2 (December 2022): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1238-5018-2022-28-2-92-103.
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French orientalist and printer Jean-Joseph Marcel (1776—1854) acquired a huge number of manucscripts and other artifacts during his stay in Alexandria and Cairo as a member of the Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt. The collections of Marcel were dispersed after his death, and only early Qur’an fragments survive as a single body, having been bought in 1864 by the Imperial Public Library (the National Library of Russia of today). Present article focuses on the biography and publishing activity of J.-J. Marcel as well as on the history of his collection, which consist of 130 items of the 7th—12th centuries and one of the 14th century.
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Todd, David. "Beneath Sovereignty: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Internationalism in Nineteenth-Century Egypt." Law and History Review 36, no. 1 (February 2018): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000530.
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The rise of extraterritoriality in the nineteenth-century has been described as a transitional phase that laid the ground for the construction of territorial sovereignty. Yet in Egypt, where a particularly extensive extraterritorial regime emerged in the mid-century, the expansion of European jurisdiction underneath national sovereignty became entrenched with the creation of international mixed courts in the 1870s. This outcome, the article argues, was the product of a complex compromise between European empires, which upheld different conceptions of extraterritoriality, and the government of Egypt. While Britain refashioned its own extraterritorial judicial system as a means of promoting legal reforms in the Ottoman world, France aggressively pursued the expansion of extraterritorial rights as an instrument of informal domination and economic exploitation. The creation of an international type of jurisdiction, less susceptible to French political pressures but applying a French system of law, proved acceptable to all parties, although it severely constrained Egyptian sovereignty from within, even after Britain took over the reins of government in 1882. Extraterritoriality was not merely a transition, but an original feature of the global legal order, arising out of modern imperialism and imperial rivalry and yet conducive to the forging of new instruments of international law and governance.
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Mita, Masahiko. "North Indian Medieval Fort History Study." Impact 2021, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.4.44.
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The studies of Assistant Professor Masahiko Mita, Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University, Japan, have included the early medieval history (6th to 13th centuries) of Rajasthan. Recently, he has been investigating the later medieval period and beyond (after the 14th century). By interpreting satellite images of forts, Mita has constructed an understanding of the typology of forts and their historical change. He found that 8th to 18th century Rajasthan forts as royal capitals are classified into three major types: large-scale hilltop fort; minor hilltop fort + fortified palace-city; and flat fortified city. In addition, he discovered that the large-scale hilltop fort was comparatively popular before the 13th century but from the 16th century onward, especially in the 17th century, both the minor hilltop fort + fortified palace-city and flat fortified city had become standard as major Rajput kingdoms became stable as regional royalty under the Mughal rule. Mita is interested in expanding on his findings to date in order to elucidate how the changes related to the state system, military conditions, urban settlements and socio-economic systems of those times. He will consider the politico-economic meanings of the changes from the aspect of the relation of kingship and commerce. Mita is also working to explain the structural transformation of royal capital cities by considering the changing Rajput state formation of the same periods. Ultimately, this work will shed light on historical trends from a different viewpoint and methodology to former studies that used literary sources.
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Ravi, P., and M. Venkatachalapathy. "A BRIEF STUDY OF TRADE GUILDS IN ANDHRA FROM 1300 AD TO 1600 AD." International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences 1, no. 3 (June 21, 2020): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v1i3.22.
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The period between to 13th century AD and 16th century AD is very crucial in the political history of South India general and especially in the history of Andhrapradesh. Because the first part of the 14th century (1323 AD) witnessed the Muslim invasions which cast for the rise of revolts by the federated of the chief Kakatiyas to liberated Andhradesa from the Muslim leaders when the Andhra region caught in political disturbances. It impact on the socio-economic spheres of the period, the conditions of trade and commerce became a setback. After freed the Andhradesa from the Muslim conquers, the socio-economic conditions became slowly as use well. Naturally the trade and commerce especially internal & external trade with foreign countries slowly gained economic profits the trade and merchant guilds were also moved towards in progress. So the present paper is focussed on a brief study of trade guilds in Andhra (1300 AD to 1600 AD) is discussed briefly.
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Allen, Robert C. "American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (May 16, 2014): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.
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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was cost effective in Britain and the United States would not have paid in their circumstances.
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Vér, Márton. "In vino veritas. Wine and its Context in the Uyghur Society: an Insight to the Economic Life of the Silk Roads." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 74, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 109–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00005.
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This paper deals with viticulture, viniculture and their social context in the Turfan region from the West Uyghur period (9th–12th cc.) up to the end of the Mongol period (14th century). A comparative analysis of narrative sources alongside documents written in Old Uyghur (ca. 10th–14th cc.) and Middle Mongolian (13th–14th cc.) sheds new light on the interplay between wine production, commerce and state interest, demonstrating that wine was already one of the most important staple products of the Turfan region in the earlier period and a commodity of primary interest to the Mongol Empire. The article illuminates Old Uyghur sources’ depictions of ortok partners, stressing how their peculiarities differ from the better-known ortoq partnerships employed by the Mongol aristocracy, and highlights growing interest among the nobility in wine production and the institutionalization of vinicultural assets during the Mongol period. The author argues that these processes mirror changes in transportation and Eurasian interregional contacts under Mongol rule. Finally, despite the scattered and fragmentary nature of these sources on local economy and society, the author argues that they prompt a reevaluation of trade along the Silk Roads.
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Islami, Islam. "Political history of modern Egypt." ILIRIA International Review 6, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v6i1.231.
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Under the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was granted some autonomy because as long as taxes were paid, the Ottomans were content to let the Egyptians administer them. Nevertheless, the 17th and 18th centuries were ones of economic decline for Egypt.In 1798, the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Egypt and defeated the Egyptians on land at the battle of the Pyramids, but he was utterly defeated at sea by the British navy, which made him abandon his army and leave Egypt. Subsequently, British and Ottoman forces defeated the French army and forced them to surrender.In particular after the last quarter of 19 century, in Egypt began colonizing activities by Western European countries, while the reaction to such events occurred within “the Egyptian national movement.”With its history of five thousand years, Egypt is considered as the first modern state of the Arab world. Ottoman military representative Mehmet Ali Pasha takes a special place through his contribution to this process. He is seen as a statesman who carried important reforms, which can be compared even with the ones of Tanzimat. He managed to build Egypt as an independent state from the Ottoman Empire, standing on its own power.Gamal Abdel Nasser was the one who established the Republic of Egypt and ended the monarchy rule in Egypt following the Egyptian revolution in 1952. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades, by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir, Tadeush Novogrodsky, Galina Sinko, and Stepan Zakharkevich. "Gypsies: from Belarus to Siberia (according to documents and materials of the 18th - first half of the 19th century)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi08.
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In the 14th — 15th century the Belarussian part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became a center of ethnic minorities, among which Gypsies stood out. Until the first half of the 18th century, they enjoyed the patronage of the local magnates, thanks to which they got a lean system of self-government and were able to fill their own economic niche. In the 18th century, Gypsies of Belarus were forced to leave their traditional places of residence. As a result, they came to Walachia, Moldavia and Siberia. At the end of the 18th — early 19th century Romani had a mostly semi-nomadic lifestyle in Siberia, many of them settled in cities and engaged in trade and crafts. The present paper approaches the issues of the ethnic-dispersive Gypsies community setup in Siberia, the basis of which was laid by Belarusian Gypsies. The paper is written mainly based on archive material, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Yablonskaya, Olga V. "William de la Pole: the Story of the Fall and Success of “Favorite Merchant” of Edward III." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 20, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2020-20-4-497-503.
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The article is dedicated to William de la Pole, an English financier and merchant of the 14th century. The results of the analysis of narrative, documentary sources, as well as modern scientific literature are presented. Activities of W. de la Pole is shown against the background of the socio-economic and political history of England. The characteristic of the early activities of the merchant, his role as a Royal financier and participation and participation in solving the financial and economic problems of the state during the Hundred Years’ War is given. The trials of William de la Pole 1340–1344, 1353–1354 are considered. Conclusions about the role of merchants in the economy and politics of the country of the XIV century are made.
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RENES, HANS. "De vissersdorpen aan de Hollandse kust." Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie 5, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thg2020.4.002.rene.
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The fishing villages on the coast of Holland Very little systematic research has been done in the early history of fishing villages on the Dutch coast. In 2001, the English historical-geographer Harold Fox designed a model for the origin of the fishing villages on the coast of Devon. In this model, he describes an original situation in which farmers in inland villages were also part-time fisherman and owned a boat and a boatshed on the beach. Population growth led to labour division and to the emergence of specialised fishing villages. The two most probable periods in which this development took place were the 12th to early 14th centuries and the 16th century. The available data for the coast of the county of Holland point to the first of those periods. Place-names relate the fishing villages to the inland agrarian villages: Egmond aan Zee (‘Egmond at Sea’) exists beside Egmond-Binnen, Wijk aan Zee beside Beverwijk and Katwijk aan Zee beside Katwijk aan de Rijn etc. It is improbable that these fishing villages existed before the 12th century, but during the middle of the 14th century most seem well-established, so a foundation around the 13th century seems probable. Two fishing villages, Berkheide and Ter Heijde, that were founded late in the 14th century, remained small and Berkheide even disappeared. Although many of the medieval fishing villages have (partly) disappeared by coastal erosion, the village plans show remarkable similarities, with a main road from the beach to the inland markets and some parallel roads that join each other on the east side of the village. Only during the 19th century, these villages developed some agriculture (potato gardens in the dunes) and a new economic basis in tourism.
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Rogers, J. M. "A new view of medieval Persian history." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 121, no. 1 (January 1989): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00167905.
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A conspicuous feature of Ottoman history from the sixteenth century onwards, or even of fifteenth-century Mamluk Egypt, is that the mass of surviving administrative documents, well complemented by European sources, makes it possible to apply a range of economic and social concepts to illuminate their economy and society. For Persia the documents are far fewer and, even where, as in seventeenth-century Iṣfahān, the extant Safavid documents are exceptionally well complemented by European source material, doubts, often of a Marxian or Braudelian order, on the legitimacy of applying European concepts to Persian society are often entertained. In other periods the paucity of material is compounded by ethnic diversity – tribal versus settled populations; Turks versus Iranians or Iranians versus Turco-Mongols, all with deeply rooted authentic traditions – which is rarely documented, let alone explained, by the contemporary historians. It is almost as if the right kind of anthropologist could do more than the historian to exploit what material there is.
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Gilbar, Gad G. "RESISTANCE TO ECONOMIC PENETRATION: THEKĀRGUZĀRAND FOREIGN FIRMS IN QAJAR IRAN." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810001170.
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AbstractEuropean merchants and investors doing business in the Middle East during the long 19th century expected that commercial disputes in mixed cases would be conducted according to procedures and laws familiar to and accepted by them. In the Ottoman Empire and Egypt, mixed courts based on the French commercial code were established during that century. The Qajars, however, offered the foreign commercial community a different judicial institution: the localkārguzār(agent) and his majlis (court). By the beginning of the 20th century, thirty-sixkārguzāroffices operated in Iranian towns and harbors. Nevertheless, foreign (mainly British) merchants and their consuls complained bitterly that it was not an effective institution and that it clearly favored the localtujjār(big merchants). They claimed that these defects meant huge financial losses to them. The Qajars viewed this institution and its functioning differently. It served their policy of discouraging foreign penetration, and it contributed to the competitiveness of the Iraniantujjārin their struggle for commercial superiority.
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SAITO, Osamu. "The Medieval Origins of Smithian Growth: The Proliferation of Occupations and Commodities in Japan, 1261–1638." Social Science Japan Journal 23, no. 2 (2020): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyaa003.
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Abstract While early-modernists tend to believe that the period around 1600 saw a structural break in Japan’s economic history, research by medievalists since the mid-1970s has suggested that a market economy was on the rise from the 14th century onwards. This article examines several listings of occupations and commodities compiled between the 13th and the early 17th centuries to see if a proliferation of non-agricultural activities was underway before c.1600. As Adam Smith envisaged, the separation of one productive activity from another, i.e. an increasing division of labour, will lead to economic growth. Since this type of market-led change, often called Smithian growth, has been considered an ‘early modern’ phenomenon by economic historians, it is worth examining if there were signs of an increasing division of labour in late medieval Japan. The article’s findings indicate that some signs of occupational and product differentiation appeared by the 16th century. As far as Smithian growth is concerned, therefore, the article concludes that there was some degree of continuity between the medieval and the early modern periods.
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Oram, Richard. "'The worst disaster suffered by the people of Scotland in recorded history': climate change, dearth and pathogens in the long 14th century." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 144 (November 30, 2015): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.144.0223.
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Informing historical and archaeological discourse with environmental data culled from documentary and climate proxy records is transforming understanding of political, social economic and cultural change across the North Atlantic and European Atlantic regions generally. Limited record evidence and region-specific proxy data has hindered engagement by historians of medieval Scotland with the exploration of environmental factors as motors for long term and large scale change and adoption of the interdisciplinary methodologies involved in their use. This paper seeks to provide an overview of the potential for such data and methodologies in providing context for the well-rehearsed narratives of political upheaval and socio-economic realignment that have characterised much past Scottish historical discourse.
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Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan. "Economic Development: Pakistan's Policy Choices for the 21st Century (Presidential Remarks)." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4I (December 1, 1998): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4ipp.19-23.
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It is an honour for me as President of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists to welcome you to the 14th Annual General Meeting and Conference of th~ Society. As we prepare to enter the new millennium, we find ourselves at a crucial moment in history. It is time to take stock of our past achievements and to assess the new challenges. To deal with the future would require not only thorough knowledge of the evolving nature of development thinking but also a good sense of the policy choices available to a country in its national, international and regional position. What are the main challenges that require our urgent attention? A few words are in order at the very outset about Pakistan's current difficult economic situation. The slow-down in export expansion, capital inflows and foreign direct investment was an expected consequence of the imposition of sanctions. The pessimistic assessment of Pakistan's prospects is based largely on the recent negative trends of these economic parameters. The optimists are of the view that Pakistan has survived the imposition of sanctions rather well. Economic growth has remained positive and inflation has been kept under reasonable control. The optimists further maintain that Pakistan's current economic situation is no worse than that of the East Asian countries when. they started their economic climb and engineered major institutional and policy changes. Lessons from the initial years of the East Asian miracle clearly show that development is decidedly possible no matter what adverse initial conditions obtain in any developing country. Sustained, rapid and equitable growth is possible through the implementation of wide-ranging social and economic reforms. Lessons from'the recentEast Asian Crises are also before us-guiding us on what not to do and how best to protect ourselves in these rapidly changing times.
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DADABOYEV, Hamidulla. "NAMES OF TAXES AND DUTIES IN THE OLD TURKIC WRITTEN MONUMENTS OF THE XI-XIV CENTURIES." Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken / Journal of World of Turks 14, no. 2 (August 15, 2022): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/140208.
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The article discusses the semantic and etymological names of taxes and duties recorded in the Turkic-language written monuments of the 11-14th centuries, created on the vast territory of Central Asia, the Volga region, Crimea and mamluk Egypt. Moreover, in this paper analyzed a small number of terms belonging to socio-economic terminology of the thematic group in the dictionary “Divan” by Mahmud Kashgari, and tribute and duties are noted in the Uyghur legal documents of the XII-XIV centuries. Obviously, different type of terminology system in communication in historical epoch, they were used in different names as an impact of political and social position of human language. Moreover, a number of scholars who investigated in different scientific objects are comparatively studies in this article. Accordingly, the fact that the results of a diachronic analysis of socio-economic terminology recorded in old Turkic monuments of the XI-XIV centuries provide useful information for periodizing the history of Turkic language development and identifying periods of evolution, as well as the creation of historical lexicology and etymological and terminological dictionaries for related Turkic languages. Key words: socio-economic terminology, the Uzbek language, Turkic monuments, borrowing words, historical linguistics, Turkic languages
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Turekulova, Zhuldyz, and Klara Baitureyeva. "The Suez Canal and Its Role in Formation of New International Political and Economic Relations in The XX Century." Oriente Moderno 100, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340229.
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Abstract The construction and commissioning of the Suez Canal demonstrated that waterway — is not only a source of water for irrigated agriculture, what was for thousands of years the Nile, but also an important geopolitical and commercial resource which can be used in internal and foreign policy. Consideration of Suez Canal’s history, in the context of inter-state and inter-regional relations involves, first of all, the study of the events that are directly related to its functioning and development as a communication hub (node) of global significance. The demand of historical and political analysis of the evolution of geo-strategic position of Egypt in the context of the implementation of the project of the Suez Canal due to the need to clarify the role and place of Egypt in the global changes that have occurred all over the world due to the geopolitical space of fundamental change of transport ways.
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Dolson, John C., Mark V. Shann, Sayed I. Matbouly, Hussein Hammouda, and Rashed M. Rashed. "Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Petroleum Potential in Offshore Trends." GeoArabia 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0602211.
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ABSTRACT Since the onshore discovery of oil in the Eastern Desert in 1886, the petroleum industry in Egypt has accumulated reserves of more than 15.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent. An understanding of the tectono-stratigraphic history of each major basin, combined with drilling history and field-size distributions, justifies the realization of the complete replacement of these reserves in the coming decades. Most of the increase in reserves will be the result of offshore exploration. In addition to the 25 trillion cubic feet already discovered, the offshore Mediterranean may hold 64 to 84 trillion cubic feet and the onshore Western Desert may contribute 15 to 30 trillion cubic feet in new gas resources. Many of the new fields are expected to be in the giant-field class that contains greater than 100 million barrels of oil equivalent. Challenges include sub-salt imaging, market constraints for predominantly gas resources and economic constraints imposed by the high cost of development of the current deep-water gas discoveries that are probably unique worldwide. The offshore Gulf of Suez may yield an additional 1.5 to 3.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent, but it continues to be technologically constrained by poor-quality seismic data. Advances in multiple suppression and development of new ‘off-structure’ play concepts with higher quality seismic data should result in continual new pool discoveries. Offshore frontier exploration includes the Red Sea rift (currently under reassessment with area-wide 3-D surveys) and the Gulf of Aqaba. Deep-water and sub-salt imaging remain significant challenges to be overcome. Despite a relatively complex history, the Phanerozoic geological framework of Egypt is extremely prospective for oil and gas. Eight major tectono-stratigraphic events are: (1) Paleozoic craton; (2) Jurassic rifting; (3) Cretaceous passive margin; (4) Cretaceous Syrian Arc deformation and foreland transgressions; (5) Oligocene-Miocene Gulf of Suez rifting; (6) Miocene Red Sea opening; (7) the Messinian salinity crisis; and (8) Pliocene-Pleistocene delta progradation. Each of these events has created multiple reservoir and seal combinations. Source rocks occur from the Paleozoic through to the Pliocene and petroleum is produced from reservoirs that range in age from Precambrian to Pleistocene. The offshore Mediterranean, Gulf of Suez and Red Sea/Gulf of Aqaba contain significant exploration potential and will provide substantial reserve replacements in the coming decades.
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Turiano, Annalaura, and Joseph John Viscomi. "From immigrants to emigrants: Salesian education and the failed integration of Italians in Egypt, 1937-1960." Modern Italy 23, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2017.47.
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With Italy’s entry into the Second World War, Anglo-Egyptian authorities repatriated Italian diplomats from Egypt, arrested around 5,000 Italians, and sequestered both personal and business accounts. Italian institutions were indefinitely closed, including the Italian state schools. Hope for a future in Egypt among the roughly 60,000 Italian residents faded. The Salesian missionary schools, whose goal since the late nineteenth century had been to inculcate nationalist-religious sentiment in Italy’s emigrants, remained the only active Italian educational institution by claiming Vatican protection. As such, the missionary schools assumed a central role in the lives of many young Italians. After the war, these same young Italians began to depart Egypt en masse, in part driven by the possibilities opened up by their vocational training. Building on diplomatic, institutional and private archives, this article demonstrates how the Salesian missionary schools attempted and failed to integrate Italian immigrants into the Egyptian labour force through vocational training. This failure combined with socio-economic and geopolitical changes to propel Italian departures from Egypt, making emigrants out of immigrants.
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Benkő, Elek, Pál Sümegi, Tünde Törőcsik, Elvira Bodor, Balázs Sümegi, and Gusztáv Jakab. "Sâncraiu de Mureș (Marosszentkirály): medieval settlement network, Pauline monastery and its environment on the middle course of the Mureş river." Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 71, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/072.2020.00007.
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AbstractThe study aims to contribute to the medieval environmental history of the eastern periphery of the Transylvanian Plain (Câmpia Transilvaniei/Mezőség). With the help of archaeological and historical data and the multi-aspect analysis of undisturbed core sequences, the economic life of the Pauline Monastery founded in the 14th century near Sâncraiu de Mureş (Marosszentkirály) and the surrounding villages was investigated. The multidisciplinary research focuses on the paleochannels of the Mureş and the artificial watercourses (ditches) that branch off the river, and the mills built on them. The work also provides new data on the general environmental changes in the middle course of the Mureş river during the Middle Ages and the early modern period, which are largely due to the very intense human activity here.
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Gladyshev, Andrey. "Plague in Egypt of 1834—1835." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015412-2.
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Egypt was ordinary considered by Europeans as a source of epidemic threat, as a “cradle of plague”. The plague of 1834—1835 was the deadliest epidemic of the nineteenth century for the Egyptians. Many Western European doctors took part in the fight against this epidemic, and its resonance was such that England, France, Russia organized special investigations in its wake. Official reports, diaries and memoirs of Europeans who were in Egypt during the epidemic make it possible to reconstruct the path and pace of its spread. Studies on the history of the epidemic in Egypt of 1834—1835 and of its consequences have medical, demographic, economic, political and even mental aspects. The unfolding medical debate shows how European medical ideas spread in Egypt and in other countries of the Middle East, and ultimately affected on the international cooperation in health regulations. The fight over quarantine regulations reflects the growing interest in free trade and in the growth of shipping in the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The study of the demographic consequences of the epidemic and in particular of the mortality rate of the black population, allowed to take a fresh look at the issues of slavery, the Trans-Saharan slave trade, abolitionism, and influenced regional diplomacy. The plague that spread in Alexandria and Cairo had the saddest effect on the fate of the Saint-Simonianism movement. The study of its perception, both by the local population and by Europeans, allow to compare the mental attitudes of various ethnic and confessional groups.
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Belousov, Sergey V., and Vladimir V. Stavitsky. "Problem questions in studying of the Golden Horde city Mokhshi." Golden Horde Review 10, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 840–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.840-850.
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Research objectives: To analyze the problematic issues of the chronology, periodization, historical development, and economic development of the administrative center of the northeastern ulus of the Golden Horde – the Mokhshi city (Narovchatsky settlement). Research materials: Data from archaeological excavations of the Narovchatsky settlement, numismatic collections of the Golden Horde coins, and previously published works on this issue which need a critical approach and the addition of supplementary details. Results and novelty of the research: The history of the existence of this city covers the period from the XII century to the beginning of the XV century. The main sources are materials from archaeological excavations, including numismatic collection of coins minted in the Mokhshi city. Urban development objects are represented by mausoleums, mosques, industrial sites, and residential buildings, information about which is supplemented by finds of jewelry, household items, and weapons. In the pre-Mongol period, a Mordovian settlement arose here and at the beginning of the 14th century, the ulus center was transferred from the city of Ukek to Mokhshi. From that point, the city experienced its most flourishing period when it became not only an administrative but also a trade and craft center. Copper and silver coins were minted in the city. Buildings made of burnt bricks were erected, a white-stone mosque likewise being built. The development of the production traditions of the local Mordovian population continued, influenced by Volga Bulgaria, and noted changes in the spiritual culture of the site can be associated with the spread of Islam. From the mid-1360s, the decline of both the city itself and its rural districts can be observed.
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Penskoy, Vitaly V., and Tatyana M. Penskaya. "The evolution of political relations in Eastern Europe on the eve of the Early Modern Period: the “Horde World” from its rise to decline." Golden Horde Review 10, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 629–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.629-652.
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Research objectives: The aim of the study is to trace the evolution of political relations in Eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages. It is intended to highlight the main stages of this process and the factors that influenced such relations’ speed and direction with their subsequent characterization in the course of the study. Research materials: Chronicles, statement materials, diplomatic documents, correspondence, literary traditions, historical research materials. Results and novelty of the research: For almost two hundred years, the Golden Horde dominated interstate relations in Eastern Europe. It played a role there similar to that played by the Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe. The Khan of the Horde acted as a “universal” regulator of society, the supreme overlord and arbiter within the “Horde world.” The dominance of the Horde in the region was determined by its military, financial, and economic superiority over neighboring states, as well as the “luck” of the khan. But the deep crisis that began in the middle of the 14th century undermined the Horde’s omnipotence, cast doubt on the Khan’s “luck,” and predetermined the collapse of the “Horde world” and its “monopolar” political system. By the end of the 14th century. this process had become irreversible. The “point of no return,” according to the authors, was Khan Tokhtamysh’s granting of a jarlyk to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt in 1397/1398. According to the jarlyk, Lithuania’s ruler became the “brother” of the khan and received control of most of the Russian lands that were part of the Horde, pledging in return to restore Tokhtamysh to power in the Horde and pay a “way out” from the transferred possessions. The jarlyk of 1397/1398 predetermined the general tenor of Lithuanian-Tatar relations and laid the foundations of Lithuania’s status as a great power. By the 1430s, Lithuania became de facto the dominant force in the region, subordinating both the Horde and Russia to its influence. However, this era did not last long, followed by the troubles of the same decade of 15th century that drew in the Horde, Lithuania and Russia, changing the alignment of political forces in Eastern Europe. The Horde in the 1450s broke up into semi-independent yurts which began a struggle for the Horde’s inheritance. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania held out but abandoned large-scale expansion. Moscow came out of the crisis stronger from the end of the 1440s, steadily pursuing a policy of collecting land and gaining sovereignty. In this situation, the process of reformatting the monopolar “Horde world” into the bipolar “post-Horde world” began.
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Tolksdorf, Johann Friedrich, Matthias Schubert, Frank Schröder, Libor Petr, Christoph Herbig, Petr Kočár, Mathias Bertuch, and Christiane Hemker. "Fortification, mining, and charcoal production: landscape history at the abandoned medieval settlement of Hohenwalde at the Faule Pfütze (Saxony, Eastern Ore Mountains)." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 67, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-73-2019.
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Abstract. Geoarchaeological reconstructions of land-use changes may help to reveal driving cultural factors and incentives behind these processes and relate them to supra-regional economic and political developments. This is particularly true in the context of complete abandonment of a settlement. Here we present a case study from the site of Faule Pfütze, a small catchment in the Eastern Ore Mountains (Saxony). The historical record of this site is confined to the report of a settlement called Hohenwalde in 1404 CE and two later references to the then-abandoned settlement in 1492 and 1524 CE in this area. Combined geoarchaeological studies allowed for the reconstruction of several phases of land use. While a first phase of alluvial sedimentation occurred during the late 12th century, archaeological evidence for a permanent settlement is absent during this period. The onset of settlement activity is identified during the late 14th century and included a hitherto unknown massive stone building. Mining features are present nearby and are dated to the early 15th century. The local palynological record shows evidence for reforestation during the mid 15th century and thereby corroborates the time of abandonment indicated by written sources. These processes are discussed in the context of a local political conflict (Dohna Feud) leading to the redistribution of properties and the development of a mining economy during this time. Later land use from the mid 16th century onwards appears restricted to charcoal production, probably in the context of smelting works operating in nearby Schmiedeberg as indicated by rising lead concentrations in the alluvial record.
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DeWeese, Devin. "Mapping Khwārazmian Connections in the History of Sufi Traditions." Eurasian Studies 14, no. 1-2 (May 26, 2016): 37–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340017.
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The history of Sufi traditions in Khwārazm reveals patterns of development that broadly correlate with patterns and alignments evident in the region’s social, political, and economic history; this is not unexpected, of course, but this correlation provides a convenient vantage point from which to explore Khwārazmian Sufi traditions, and it also lends significance to the literary and folkloric legacies of those traditions, which can illuminate aspects of Khwārazmian history for periods otherwise poorly represented in written sources. The present study offers a broad outline of Sufi activity in Khwārazm, from the 12th century to the 19th, noting the sometimes alternating, sometimes overlapping patterns of locally-rooted Sufi communities, deeply embedded in Khwārazmian social topography, and of regionally- and internationally-connected Sufi groups reflecting large-scale networks; in the latter case, particular attention is given to ‘mapping’ the links of Sufi communities based in Khwārazm with other groups – both in distinctive configurations of regional Central Asian frameworks (i.e., northern Khurāsān, Manghïshlāq, the Syr Daryā valley, the Dasht-i Qïpchāq), and in wider ‘global’ frameworks connecting Khwārazm with the broader Muslim world (the holy cities, Istanbul, Crimea, Kashmīr and India). Consideration of the initial phase of Sufi history in the region, in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, is followed by a focus on the sparse but significant evidence on Khwārazmian Sufis of the 14th and 15th centuries, perhaps the most poorly known era of Khwārazmian history in the Muslim era, and to the much richer source base for the flourishing of ‘Kubravī’ communities – in Khwārazm and in the regions closely connected with it – during the 16th century; the continuation of these patterns, but also the emergence of distinctively local Khwārazmian variants of other Sufi traditions (‘Yasavī’ and Naqshbandī), from the 17th century to the early 19th will also be addressed.
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Ghazaleh, Pascale. "Cash and Kin Go to Court: Legal Families and Chosen Families in Nineteenth-Century Egypt." Hawwa 6, no. 1 (2008): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920808x298903.
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AbstractCourt records have offered historians an unparalleled source of information about the Ottoman period, particularly in the Empire's Arab provinces, where abundant documentation tells us about society's material conditions. As far as family history is concerned, Ottoman courts have yielded much important information regarding women's rights and status, as revealed in marriage contracts recorded before the Ottoman qadi. In the field of economic and social history, estate inventories have offered a glimpse of how people lived, what they might have consumed, and how wealthy they were. To date, however, less work has been done on how the family was structured by material relations, as indicated by financial transfers carried out upon a family member's death. In my paper, I will follow some of these transfers, in the form of pre-mortem gifts as well as post-mortem bequests, in an attempt to understand how individuals expressed their sense of obligation toward different elements in their social universe. I will seek to demonstrate that cash flows indicate individual preferences regarding the beneficiaries of wealth. I will also examine the relative importance of different associations, both kin and non-kin, in an individual's social network.
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HERRERA, LINDA. "WALTER ARMBRUST, Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt, Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, vol. 102 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Pp. 286. $64.95 cloth, $20.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 3 (August 2001): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801253069.
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“Modernization,” or processes of modern socio-political development, and identity formation have been among the most recurrent and pertinent themes of scholarly studies undertaken on 19th- and 20th-century Egypt. Works on intellectual thought; economic, political, and social history; folk culture; and gender implicitly and explicitly grapple with the issue of the country's transition to, maintenance of, struggle with, or rejection of modernity. Modernization has often been understood through a hegemonic nationalist discourse—that is, through governmental rhetoric, the writings of establishment intellectuals, and uncritical examinations of state institutions. Alternative and counter-hegemonic manifestations and representations of modernity have been largely overlooked, which makes Walter Armbrust's anthropological inquiry into Egyptian mass culture an absolutely vital contribution to the study of modern Egypt.
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Huebner, Sabine R. "Climate Change in the Breadbasket of the Roman Empire—Explaining the Decline of the Fayum Villages in the Third Century CE*." Studies in Late Antiquity 4, no. 4 (2020): 486–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2020.4.4.486.
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The paper focuses on one of the most productive wheat-growing regions in the entire Roman Empire, the Arsinoite nome (modern Fayum) in Egypt. Towards the end of the third century CE, multiple formerly thriving farming villages at the edges of the district went into decline and were eventually abandoned. This paper presents a new perspective on causes of this abandonment by synthesizing existing research. The papyri as well as the archaeological record imply that irrigation problems arising simultaneously from the third century CE lay at the heart of the problem and led to the progressive desertification of formerly agricultural land. The surviving documentation allows us to trace what increasing water stress meant on the ground for the local population and what adaption strategies they undertook to deal with the degradation and desertification of their farmlands. While socio-economic factors certainly played a role in the decline of these settlements, a change in environmental conditions should be considered as well. In fact, natural proxies record a general shift in East African Monsoon patterns at the source areas of the Nile and consecutively lower Nile flood levels from the beginning of the third century on.
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Kerestes, Tomaz, and Borut Holcman. "The Istrian Perambulation as an Important Source on History of Autonomous Communes in Slovenian Istria." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2015): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/13.1.49-57(2015).
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The Istrian Perambulation is one of the most important sources of knowledge about the autonomous rural communes of Istria in 14th (or perhaps even 13th) century. Even thought the document mostly describes proceedings of perambulation in the interior of Istria, a part that is now in Croatia, it touches the borders of three Istrian communes now located in Slovenia: Piran, Koštabona and Topolovec. The latter two of them were autonomous rural communes represented by two perfects (župan) and inhabited by apparently Slavic population. The Istrian Perambulation paints a picture of Istria as an uniform cultural place as there are no notable differences visible between what is now Slovenia or Croatia. The rural communes have similar economic problems, and the perambulation is one of the ways how to deal with disputes and quarrels emerging among them due to the transformation to more intensive animal husbandry. The Istrian Perambulation also shows us what were the usual legal practices employed in the process of delimitation among rural (as well as urban) communes.
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Kushnir, Yochanan, and Mordechai Stein. "Medieval Climate in the Eastern Mediterranean: Instability and Evidence of Solar Forcing." Atmosphere 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10010029.
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This paper examines the hydroclimate history of the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region during the 10th to 14th centuries C.E., a period known as the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), a time of significant historical turmoil and change in the region. The study assembles several regional hydroclimatic archives, primarily the Dead Sea reconstructed lake level curve together with the recently extracted deep-lake sediment record, the Soreq Cave speleothem record and its counterpart, the EM marine sediment record and the Cairo Nilometer record of annual maximum summer flood levels in lower Egypt. The Dead Sea record is a primary indicator of the intensity of the EM cold-season storm activity while the Nilometer reflects the intensity of the late summer monsoon rains over Ethiopia. These two climate systems control the annual rainfall amounts and water availability in the two regional breadbaskets of old, in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The paleoclimate archives portray a variable MCA in both the Levant and the Ethiopian Highlands with an overall dry, early-medieval climate that turned wetter in the 12th century C.E. However, the paleoclimatic records are markedly punctuated by episodes of extreme aridity. In particular, the Dead Sea displays extreme low lake levels and significant salt deposits starting as early as the 9th century C.E. and ending in the late 11th century. The Nile summer flood levels were particularly low during the 10th and 11th centuries, as is also recorded in a large number of historical chronicles that described a large cluster of droughts that led to dire human strife associated with famine, pestilence and conflict. During that time droughts and cold spells also affected the northeastern Middle East, in Persia and Mesopotamia. Seeking an explanation for the pronounced aridity and human consequences across the entire EM, we note that the 10th–11th century events coincide with the medieval Oort Grand Solar Minimum, which came at the height of an interval of relatively high solar irradiance. Bringing together other tropical and Northern Hemisphere paleoclimatic evidence, we argue for the role of long-term variations in solar irradiance in shaping the early MCA in the EM and highlight their relevance to the present and near-term future.
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Panza, Laura. "Globalization and the Near East: A Study of Cotton Market Integration in Egypt and Western Anatolia." Journal of Economic History 73, no. 3 (August 9, 2013): 847–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050713000636.
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The Near East underwent a process of integration with the global economy during the second half of the nineteenth century. This article explores one aspect of this process, examining the linkages established between the cotton industries in Egypt and Western Anatolia, and the international cotton market during the first wave of globalization. We undertake a quantitative exploration of the pattern of price transmission between the Near East and the international cotton markets over this period, connecting changes in the nature of spatial market integration to major economic and political developments.
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Schaffer, Simon. "Oriental Metrology and the Politics of Antiquity in Nineteenth-Century Survey Sciences." Science in Context 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 173–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889717000102.
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ArgumentMetrological techniques to establish shared quantitative measures have often been seen as signs of rational modernization. The cases considered here show instead the close relation of such techniques with antiquarian and revivalist programs under imperial regimes. Enterprises in survey sciences in Egypt in the wake of the French invasion of 1798 and in India during the East India Company's revenue surveys involved the promotion of a new kind oforiental metrologydesigned to represent colonizers’ measures as restorations of ancient values to be applied to current systems of survey and measurement. Surveyors’ practice and hardware help clarify the significance of the complex historical and political functions of scientific standards. The balance of the paper discusses the survey work of later nineteenth-century indigenous Egyptian astronomers at a conjuncture of major economic and political dislocation to explore the various versions of antiquity at stake in these metrological programs.
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Labelle, Maurice Jr M. "De-coca-colonizing Egypt: globalization, decolonization, and the Egyptian boycott of Coca-Cola, 1966–68." Journal of Global History 9, no. 1 (February 12, 2014): 122–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022813000521.
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AbstractIn the middle of the twentieth century, many Egyptians welcomed the arrival of Coca-Cola.Yet the Egyptian embrace of Coke drastically declined when, in April 1966, the firm consented to the opening of a bottling franchise in Israel. This article explores the de-coca-colonization of post-independence Egypt. The Coca-Cola Company's reluctance to revoke its commercial extension into Israel obliged the Egyptian government to reject the multinational corporation's discourse of development, view Coke as a political threat, vote in favour of an Arab League boycott, and ultimately close its borders to Coca-Cola. By doing so, the Cairo government did not reject either cultural globalization or economic modernization, nor was it disconnected from the global flow of capital, people, ideas, and goods, but it chose to concentrate its support on one of these processes: decolonization.
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Tsiamis, Costas, Chrisoula Hatzara, and Georgia Vrioni. "The Suez Canal under Quarantine: Sanitary History of the Mediterranean Gateway (19th–21st centuries)." SHS Web of Conferences 136 (2022): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213602003.
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The Suez Canal is ranked among the most significant engineering feats in human history. Besides its geopolitical and economic impact, however, the Canal became a subject of sanitary concern right from the beginning of its operation in 1869, which coincided with the fourth pandemic of cholera. Sanitary efforts during the 19th century focused on humans and merchandise distributed through the Canal in the frame of the theories of contagion and contamination. Contact with Asia via maritime trade routes entailed increased possibilities of dangerous pathogens and infectious diseases invading the Mediterranean and – by extension – Europe, as evidenced by the cholera and plague epidemics in Egypt. The sanitary significance of the Suez Canal was further demonstrated in the early 20th century when the cholera biotype El Tor was discovered in the Sinai Peninsula. After the Second World War the health systems evolved by incorporating all guidelines of the World Health Organization, whereas special provisions were established for pilgrims traveling to Mecca. The Suez Canal continues to serve as one of the most important global commercial hubs of the 21st century. Accordingly, health security remains a global priority, while strict adherence to international health regulations and epidemiological monitoring represent key elements in safeguarding health in the Mediterranean region.
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Bashnin, Nikita. "The Formation of the Culture of Clerical Work in Russia of the 14th – Beginning of the 16th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2022): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.4.
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Introduction. Writing, as a special sign system, provides a link between the past and the present is one of the main ways of transmitting cultural tradition. This article deals with a special form of clerical work in Medieval Russia – scrolls and columns. Materials. A column with a border is a narrow strip of paper, about 16– 17 cm wide and up to 45 cm long, or 14–15 cm wide and up to 35 cm long. They were glued together along a narrow edge with each other, resulting in documents up to several tens of meters long – columns. Such documents were kept twisted, in scrolls. Analysis. In the second half of the 15th century, the Grand ducal chancery became the center of administrative power. There were a transformation and development of clerical work in it. The conducted research suggests that the appearance of the column form of clerical work was due to political, socio-economic and cultural reasons. The appearance of the columns dates back to the second half of the 15th century. The disappearance of the column form of clerical work occurred in 1700–1702. Peter I initiated a revolution in clerical work by ordering to switch to conducting business in a notebook form. The innovation did not spread immediately; the old traditions of document processing were preserved in the monasteries for several years. Results. The appearance of the columnar form of clerical work coincided with the emergence of a single centralized state under Ivan III, the increasing importance of the clerical apparatus. The disappearance was due to the reforms of Peter I, the formation of the Russian Empire and the replacement of orders by colleges. It is obvious that the emergence and disappearance of such a specific form of office work are associated with large-scale national changes.
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Palombo, Cecilia. "The View from the Monasteries: Taxes, Muslims and Converts in the “Pseudepigrapha” from Middle Egypt." Medieval Encounters 25, no. 4 (September 3, 2019): 297–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340048.
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Abstract This paper analyzes a group of homilies composed in Middle Egypt around the early ninth century CE by monastic leaders who had to cope with unsettling changes in local politics and society. The corpus deals with issues of taxation, economic distress and conversion to Islam in subtle and indirect ways, showing the inside perspective of Christian leaders on developments on which we are informed primarily from documentary papyri and historical works. It highlights the view of a certain segment of Egyptian Christianity on Islam and ongoing processes of Islamization, adding to the better-known literary sources from the area of Alexandria, and revealing the existence of internal tensions within the monastic world.
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Moorthy, Ravichandran. "Hybridity and Ethnic Invisibility of the “Chitty” Heritage Community of Melaka." Heritage 4, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4020033.
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Migration has produced many ethnic minority communities worldwide owing to sea-borne trade, religious evangelicalism, and colonialism. For centuries, these communities have existed alongside other cultures, creating multiethnic societies. However, changes in political, economic, and sociocultural conditions have caused these communities, typically with varying degrees of social alignment and sociocultural adaptation, to re-strategize their inter-ethnic interactions. One such minority community is the “Chitty” of Melaka, a distinct Tamil community that migrated to Melaka, a coastal port city that has flourished in trade and commerce since the late 14th century. This paper investigates the historiography, its hybridity and adaptation, and the concerns of ethnic invisibility faced by this community throughout its 700-year history. Through historical analysis and ethnographic observations, the study finds that the Chitty community has contributed significantly to the sociocultural, economic, and political fabrics of Melaka in different periods of history. Secondly, the Chitty’s hybridity nature enabled them greater dexterity to socioculturally adapt to the changing surroundings and dynamics in Melaka for the last seven centuries. Thirdly, the study finds that due to their marginality in numbers and the mass arrival of new Indian migrants, the ethnic visibility of the Chitty has diminished in the new Malaysian demographic.
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Амбер, Садык. "THE ROLE OF IBN HALDUN, THE FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY, IN SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION." Vestnik Bishkek state university af. K. Karasaev 1, no. 59 (April 28, 2022): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu/2022.59.101.
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Ibn Khaldun, who is not well known in Kyrgyzstan and has not been adequately researched, is a statesman who lived in North Africa in the 14th century and served in various states. At the same time, he is a very important name that can be evaluated in a wide range such as a sociologist, historian, philosopher of history, jurist, theologian, thinker, social scientist, cultural historian, political theorist, and educator. In addition to being an important contribution to the philosophy of history, Ibn Khaldun's work Mukaddime is also very important in terms of examining the social, political and economic components of civilization as a whole. Ibn Khaldun's life can be divided into two stages. These two phases differ from each other by clear lines. At the age of 45, Ibn Salama knew how to capitalize on the various opportunities and political upheavals that had to do with governance, right up to his residence at Ibn Salama Castle, and was Machiavellian, as he now says. In the second half of his life, Ibn Khaldun led a peaceful life, free from political problems.
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Maulidizen, Ahmad, and Mohammad Taqiuddin Bin Mohamad. "BIOGRAPHY AND ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF IBN QAYYIM AL-JAWZIYYAH." MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman 42, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v42i2.544.
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<p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Biografi dan Pemikiran Ekonomi Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah (691 H/1292 M–751 H/1350 M). Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah dikenal sebagai salah satu tokoh terkemuka yang memiliki gagasan dalam pengembangan ekonomi Islam. Penjelasan ini menunjukkan urgensi meninjau kembali pemikiran dan gagasan Ibnu Qayyim al-Jawziyyah khususnya di bidang ekonomi. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif, artikel ini akan menganalisis biografi dan pemikiran ekonomi Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, seorang sarjana Muslim penting pada abad ke-13/14. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa pemikiran Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah di bidang ekonomi berimplikasi pada upaya mewujudkan konsep kesejahteraan sosial, pembentukan keadilan dan penghapusan ketidakadilan dalam kehidupan ekonomi.</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah is one of the prominent figures who had ideas in the development of Islamic economics. This explanation shows the urgency of re-examining the thoughts and ideas of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah especially in the economic field. Using a qualitative descriptive analysis method, this article will analyze the biography and economic thought of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, a great Muslim scholar in the 13th/14th century. The authors emphasize that Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah’s thought in the economic field implies mainly to realize the concept of social welfare, the formation of justice and the elimination of injustice in economic life.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Islamic economics, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Islamic history</p>
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Scheidel, Walter. "A model of demographic and economic change in Roman Egypt after the Antonine plague." Journal of Roman Archaeology 15 (2002): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400013854.
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Demography has long been an essential ingredient of economic history. Students of the “ancient economy”, by contrast, have been late to give demography its due weight, and attempts to illustrate the potential relevance of population issues have been rare.1 This case-study of Roman Egypt aims to interpret empirical evidence of economic change with reference to demographic factors. I will argue that in the late 2nd c. A.D. a severe mortality crisis triggered price and wage shocks, and that during the following century the resultant population loss contributed to a decrease in the return on land and to a rise in the real wages of workers. I must stress at the outset that my model is deductive in so far as it predicts specific developments based on the internal logic of economic and demographic relationships as illustrated or corroborated by comparative evidence from other periods, and also in that it seeks to situate and explain disparate samples of empirical data within a preconceived unifying interpretative framework. In this it is my goal to provide the most economical and internally consistent explanation for the largest possible amount of the available data. No explanatory model can ever be “complete” or even “correct” to the extent that it would accommodate every single artifact of historical information, eliminate the need for complementary explanations, or fully disentangle the complexity of historical events; rather, it needs to be judged in terms of whether it exceeds (actual or potential) comparably comprehensive alternative models in its capacity to interpret and explain the evidence in a logically coherent and historically plausible fashion.
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Hunyadi, Sándor. "Az erdélyi püspökség és székeskáptalan Kán László vajdasága alatt." Egyházmegyék – királyság – Szent Korona 33, no. 1 (2021): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.1.3.
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The episcopacy played an important role at the end of the Arpad Age, and the fate of certain dioceses were sealed by the relationships between the bishops and the oligarchs. Thus, at the end of the 13th and at the beginning of the 14th century, both the history of the Chapter and of the Diocese of Transylvania was heavily influenced by the relation between Bishop Peter Monoszló and Ladislaus Kán, Voivode of Transylvania. In my article, I aim to survey the relationship of the Diocese and the Chapter of Transylvania, beginning with Bishop Peter Monoszló, with the later Voivode of Transylvania, Ladislaus Kán, elaborately presenting the signs which may imply a harmonic relation between the bishop and the voivode, the economic conflict with the chapter, and the difficulties the chapter had to face following the death of Peter Monoszló: the difficult election and confirmation of his successor, Bishop Benedict, and the lawsuits against the Transylvanian Saxons.