Journal articles on the topic 'Egypt – Civilization – 19th century'
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1
Turekulova, Zh E., and M. U. Zhumabekov. "History and development trends of Egyptian cities in the 19th century." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-131-2-77-84.
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Egypt has always attracted the attention of researchers as one of the oldest centers of civilization; many historical, geographical, cultural and religious studies have been devoted to its study. Taking into account the fact that the Arab Republic of Egypt occupies a leading position in the modern Arab East, more attention in historical and cultural studies is paid to the problems of the formation of Egypt, the history of its political, socioeconomic, cultural, literary and religious movements of modern and modern times. However, the processes of urbanization in Egypt today are on the periphery of sociocultural research, they are not given due attention. The beginning of the 19th century and the reforms of Muhammad Ali, as well as the construction of the Suez Canal, can be considered a conventional starting point for urbanization. The scientific article shows a direct relationship between the construction of the Suez Canal and the processes of Europeanization of the country launched by Muhammad Ali and his successors. The creation of large European cities, the impetus for the development of which was given by the construction of the Suez Canal, was subjected to a detailed analysis.
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Chiglintsev, E. A., N. A. Shadrina, and G. Yu Artyukh. "“Napoleonic Egyptology”: The Progression of Views Held by Europe about Egyptian Culture during the Early 19th Century." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 164, no. 3 (2022): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2022.3.161-171.
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This article discusses how the views about the heritage of Egyptian culture were shaped in the minds of the European participants of Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign. The origins of European Egyptology are considered. The extensive contribution of the Arab-Islamic culture of Egypt, which retained both the archaic traces of ancient Egypt and the traditions of Hellenistic and Christian Egypt, into this process is analyzed. The term “Napoleonic Egyptology” is introduced. We defined it as a system of authentic written and visual sources that had a major influence on the initial perception of the ancient Egyptian culture and became the basis of subsequent Egyptological studies carried out by special institutions and destined to help Europeans to have a better understanding of the value of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Of particular interest is how the cultural layers of Egyptian culture of that time either stood out or merged in the image of the East that was developed by the Europeans who took part in the Egyptian campaign. It is emphasized that scholars who accompanied Napoleon’s troops had no idea of any connection between the ancient (Egyptian) and modern (Islamic) components of the regional culture. This hypothesis is substantiated by the structure of the book “Description of Egypt” with its separate volumes devoted to Egyptian antiquities and the Islamic Egypt. In this work, the images of ancient Egypt and modern East are parallel. The idea largely underpinned the evolution of European studies of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
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Stefan, Dr Sc Georgescu, and Dr Sc Munteanu Marilena. "Middle East: New Balkans of the World?" ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.147.
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Middle East is a region whose geopolitical dynamics has many analogies with the role of the Balkans in the first half of the 19th century and up to the 3rd decade of the 20th century, namely a "Powder keg of Europe", defined in the same period as the "Eastern Issue".Moreover, Middle East is a region located at the junction of three continents: Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean Africa, and along with ancient Egypt is the cradle of Western civilization, providing for it political, economic, religious, scientific, military, intellectual and institutional models.Four millennia of civilization before Christian era did not pass without leaving a trace.Trade, currency, law, diplomacy, technology applied to works in time of war or peace, the profit based economy and the bureaucratized economy, popular and absolutist government, nationalist and universal spirit, tolerance and fanaticism – all these are not inventions of the modern world, but have their origins and methods of implementation, often even sophisticated methods, in this region.
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Tally, Justine. "The Gnosis of Toni Morrison: Morrison’s Conversation with Herman Melville, with a Nod to Umberto Eco." Contemporary Women's Writing 13, no. 3 (November 2019): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cww/vpaa011.
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Abstract Long before Toni Morrison was extensively recognized as a serious contender in the “Global Market of Intellectuals,” she was obviously reading and absorbing challenging critical work that was considered “provocative and controversial” by the keepers of the US academic community at the time. While no one disputes the influence of Elaine Pagels’ work on Gnosticism at the University of Princeton, particularly its importance for Jazz and Paradise, the second and third novels of the Morrison trilogy, Gnosticism in Beloved has not been so carefully considered. Yet this keen interest in Gnosticism coupled with the author’s systematic study of authors from the mid-19th-century American Renaissance inevitably led her to deal with the fascination of Renaissance authors with Egypt (where the Nag Hammadi manuscripts were rediscovered), its ancient civilization, and its mythology. The extensive analysis of a leading French literary critic of Herman Melville, Prof. Viola Sachs, becomes the inspiration for a startlingly different reading of Morrison’s seminal novel, one that positions this author in a direct dialogue with the premises of Melville’s masterpiece, Moby-Dick, also drawing on the importance of Gnosticism for Umberto Eco’s 1980 international best-seller, The Name of the Rose.
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Dyatlov, A. Yu, E. V. Oshovskaya, and V. A. Sidorov. "Mathematical reconstruction of the rise of the Alexander Column." Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic), no. 4 (April 22, 2021): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2104-07.
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The history of the engineering profession includes many events and achievements that raise doubts about their reality in modern people. These are the pyramids of Mexico and Egypt, megalithic structures in Peru, the Baalbek temple, etc. Aqueducts and viaducts, highways and bridges, fortifications and ships, the Greek fire and the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople — all this gives an idea of the capabilities and skills of ancient engineers. The questions of who and how built these objects and why modern technologies cannot repeat it will always excite the inquisitive mind of the researcher. The admiration of many architectural structures of the 18th-19th centuries raises the question of how this was possible to be done at that time, in the absence of knowledge about the power of steam and electricity. The objects built after the middle of the 19th century do not cause such questions — there were already many lifting mechanisms, photography documented the construction process, and the dug Suez Canal testified to the increased capabilities of mankind and strengthened engineering skills. No one doubts that the Eiffel Tower was built without the use of helicopters and the achievements of an antediluvian civilization. However, in relation to the unique creation of O. Montferrand — the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg, there is a clear distrust in the reality of the achieved result: the column that is more than 27 meters high, more than 3 meters in diameter and weighs more than 600 tons stands vertically on the end surface without additional supporting structures. This article, presented in three reports, is devoted to the attempt to mathematically justify the possibility of what was achieved at the level of knowledge, skills, mechanisms and technologies of the beginning of the 19th century. The first report is devoted to the formulation of the initial data for each stage of production, transportation and installation of the Alexander Column from the standpoint of the possibility of performing rigging work. The basis for the answers is an album of illustrations of the rise of the Alexander Column, made by the great architect O. Montferrand, who is also reproached for the lack of engineering training.
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Mennatallah Hamdy, Mennatallah Hamdy, and Doha Ibrahim. "Preservation Laws: Saving Modern Egyptian Architectural Integrity." Resourceedings 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i2.605.
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Egyptian cities have witnessed a variety of impeccable architecture throughout centuries of civilization, which enriched the Egyptian society. Constantly rising to the discussion is a question of what constitutes value to architecture of different times. It is important to regard heritage conservation as a synthetic, complex topic that is open for interpretations and judgment. While some antiquities are protected by law, it is apparent how modern heritage is a matter of ambiguity when it comes to preservation and conservation efforts. Until the mid-19th century, architectural heritage was primarily concerned with the preservation of monumental architecture. Theorists like John Ruskin and Le-Duc were largely exploring the authentic expression of materials in architecture, establishing the foundation, that Cesare Brandi would later build on, that conservation authenticity is not limited to age, rather includes material, style and structure.It is appropriate to regard heritage buildings as capital assets, with a potential to raise fluxes of services over time. However, not only Cairo, but Egypt has been losing much of its valuable modern heritage; thus its identity in the process.This paper focuses on Egypt's modernist architecture, discussing the rise of modernism and its introduction to the Egyptian cultural scene while reflecting on the current cultural detachment from such heritage and the current tendency towards. It, also, explores the rise of Egyptian modernism as a national style that reflects social and economic prosperity, in contrast to its rise in the west primarily advocating minimalism, functionalism and social equality.In comparing Egyptian laws to international charters on heritage preservation; in particular modern heritage, case studies are used to explore the consequences. The research concludes by suggesting measures and acts that can, directly and indirectly, affect the decision-making process, as well as support efforts of preservation of Egypt's modern heritage.
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Nelson, Cynthia, and Judith Tucker. "Women in 19th Century Egypt." Middle East Report, no. 152 (May 1988): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3012115.
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Cuno, Kenneth M. "African Slaves in 19th-Century Rural Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809090588.
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By all accounts, the population of enslaved Africans in Egypt increased in the 19th century compared to earlier times. An estimated 5,000 African slaves were imported annually during the 1840s and 1850s, and as few as 1,000 in 1860. However, during the cotton boom (1861–64), some 25,000 to 30,000 slaves were brought to Egypt each year to satisfy the demand for labor generated by the rapid expansion of cotton cultivation.
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Christensen, Christian O. "Karl Polanyi og utopien om det fri marked - en introduktion til Karl Polanyis The Great Transformation." Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, no. 64 (March 9, 2018): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sl.v0i64.104089.
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This article offers the first comprehensive introduction to Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation (TGT) from 1944 written in Danish. Relatively unnoticed by the time of its publication, TGT has since received widespread attention, especially after the rise of economic globalisation and neo-liberal policies. The thesis of TGT is that the great wars and crisis of Western civilization in the 20th century should be seen against the backdrop of the 19th century’s liberal civilisation. Polanyi argues that the attempt to create a liberal, free market world order was crucial for the later breakdown of Western civilization. Polanyi’s concept of a ‘double movement’ traces the historical dialectic between the creation of free markets, and the reactions against these. Central to the legacy of Polanyi is his concept of ‘embeddedness’, which has become a key concept in economic sociology. Whereas before 19th century liberal civilization, economic relationships and markets were ‘embedded’ in social relationships, 19th century ‘liberal utopia’ was an attempt to embed societies into markets. In this ‘master narrative’ of Western civilization, Polanyi traces the historical trajectory of the market, its intellectual history, and its historical significance. The article introduces mainthemes of TGT and the reception of TGT. At the end, it briefly sketches a ‘Polanyian’ account of the world financial crisis of 2008.
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Gillis, A. R. "Literacy and the civilization of violence in 19th-century France." Sociological Forum 9, no. 3 (September 1994): 371–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01466315.
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Gozzi, Gustavo. "History of International Law and Western Civilization." International Community Law Review 9, no. 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.
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AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.
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Tucker, Judith. "Women and State in 19th Century Egypt: Insurrectionary Women." MERIP Middle East Report, no. 138 (January 1986): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3011904.
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T. V., Kychkyruk, and Salata H. V. "The 18th and 19th-century french thinkers on civilization: a brief overview." HUMANITARIAN STUDIOS: PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY 11, no. 4 (November 2020): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/hspedagog2020.04.110.
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The future development of both global and local civilizations is based on our knowledge of the past and our involvement in the present. It largely depends on rethinking the ideas of the past and reintegrating their productive elements into our worldview. The ideas of Turgot, Condorcet, Comte, Durkheim interpreted from the standpoint of today can become the missing pieces of the puzzle, the name of which is the civilization paradigm. The paper aims to explore the ideas of the famous 18th – 19th century French thinkers on civilization. The authors used cultural-historical and integrative approaches.
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Eid, Salah. "Moving Curve of Civilization." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 5 (June 2, 2021): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.10140.
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One glance to the map of the Earth shows us that the main centers and sub centers of civilization are distributed on the surface of the Earth according to a very accurate geometrical system: the main ones are located on a strait line from Egypt to Greece to western Europe. From Egypt in the ancient times , and from Western Europe in modern times a curve extends to the right and left on which the sub centers are located, this curve moved completely from its northern position in ancient times to its southern position in modern times where one thousand years separates the two ancient and modern stages of civilization, this period had been filled by Greeks and Arabs through which we are going to tell the story of this moving curve between its two ancient and modern positions. Briefly seven hundreds of years had been filled by Greeks : one century in Athena, six centuries in Alexandria of Egypt,( where the curve returned to its southern position), and three centuries by Arabs in Bagdad in Iraq before the third stage of modern civilization began its role in its main center , western Europe.
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Cuno, Kenneth M. "Joint Family Households and Rural Notables in 19th-Century Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 4 (November 1995): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800062516.
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During the past thirty years, the study of the family in European history has developed with a strong comparative emphasis. In contrast, the study of the family in Middle East history has hardly begun, even though the family is assumed to have had a major role in “the structuring of economic, political, and social relations,” as Judith Tucker has noted. This article takes up the theme of the family in the economic, political, and social context of 19th-century rural Egypt. Its purpose is, first of all, to explicate the prevailing joint household formation system in relation to the system of landholding, drawing upon fatwas and supporting evidence. Second, it argues that rural notable families in particular had a tendency to form large joint households and that this was related to the reproduction and enhancement of their economic and political status. Specifically, the maintenance of a joint household appears to have been a way of avoiding the fragmentation of land through inheritance. After the middle of the 19th century, when it appeared that the coherence and durability of the joint family household were threatened, the notables sought to strengthen it through legislation. Their involvement in the law reform process contradicts the progressive, linear model of social and legal change that is often applied in 19th-century Egyptian history.
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Stoner, Allan, and Kim Hummer. "19th and 20th Century Plant Hunters." HortScience 42, no. 2 (April 2007): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.2.197.
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The latter part of the 19th and the first several decades of the 20th century can be described as a “golden age” for plant exploration and collecting. During the initial years of this period, agricultural scientists from the United States and elsewhere devoted considerable resources to collecting potential new crops for farmers as well as superior plants or cultivars of the species that farmers were already growing. Over time, there was a shift toward collecting unadapted germplasm, or raw material that possessed traits that plant breeders and other scientists could use for cultivar improvement and other types of research. Although many institutions and individuals were involved in plant collecting during this period, the creation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Office of Seed and Plant Introduction in 1898, resulted in the largest single program devoted to plant exploration. This office employed many individuals, including David Fairchild, P.H. Dorsett, Frank Meyer, Walter Swingle, and Wilson Popenoe. These and many other individuals collected—and introduced into the United States—seeds and plants of thousands of fruits, vegetables, nuts, ornamentals, cereals, forages, oilseeds, and other types of crops. Although the mission of most of the plant explorations during this period was to collect any plants that appeared interesting or potentially useful, others focused on collecting targeted species. Much of the material collected during this era is still maintained by the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), and much more of it shows up in the pedigrees of cultivars grown by farmers and gardeners today. In addition to collecting plants for immediate and future use, scientists of this era, such as Nicolai I. Vavilov and Jack Harlan, contributed greatly to the understanding of the evolution of plants and plant genetic diversity, and the interdependence of plants and civilization.
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Yao, Joanne. "‘Conquest from barbarism’: The Danube Commission, international order and the control of nature as a Standard of Civilization." European Journal of International Relations 25, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066118768379.
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In recent years, International Relations scholarship has looked back to the 19th century as a watershed epoch for the formation of the current international order and the development of ‘Standards of Civilization’ to legitimate that order. However, limited attention has been paid to the role played by society’s relationship with the natural world in constructing these civilizational standards. This article argues that the control and exploitation of nature as a standard of civilization developed in the 19th century to constitute membership in a civilized European international society. The standard dictated that civilized polities must both demonstrate internal territorial control and uphold external obligations towards other actors. In examining 19th-century political contestations over the Danube River as a natural highway between Europe and the near periphery, I demonstrate that in the eyes of Western Europe, Russia failed to uphold the taming of nature as a civilizational standard, contributing to the delegitimization of its authority over the Danube. In its place, the Western powers following the Crimean War created an international commission to manage the Danube delta — a rational and scientific body to rectify the troublesome absence of civilized authority. These civilizational assumptions underpin the 1856 Danube Commission as an early international organization, and through its success, continue to have implications for today’s international order.
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Kuzina, N. "Reception of the Manifestations of the Culture of Egypt in Russian Literature." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/48/49.
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The paper presents analysis of historiosophical themes, images and motifs reflecting the Egyptian culture in Russian literature of the 19th–20th centuries. They were popular among the authors of the early 20th century not only because of interest in artifacts found in the 19th century but also — and first of all — as part of a significant metaphor ‘Pre-revolutionary / Post-revolutionary Russia VS. Egypt’. There is shown the process of creating this comparison being much later than the ‘Russia VS. Europe’ paradigm in the context of the ‘Myth of St. Petersburg’, which included elements of the Egyptian theme (Sphinxes of the Neva) by the 20th century.
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Uddin, Akram, Danial Mohd. Yusof, and Farid ahmad Heravi. "EMPIRICAL APPROACH OF REVITALIZING SOCIETY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: A SHORT ANALYSIS OF SAYYED JAMAL AL-DIN AFGHANI'S POLITICAL THOUGHT." Journal of Asian and African Social Science and Humanities 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.55327/jaash.v8i3.271.
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Sayyed Jamal al-Din Afghani was a philosopher, influential Islamic thinker, and political activist in the 19th century in Asia. He is well known for his Intellectual contributions and political thoughts. The pan-Islamic movement, Al wahada Islamiya terminology, and the literature about awareness against western thought were Afghani's most influential works. Moreover, Afghani's political thought has significantly impacted the leaders, Muslim countries, and Islamic civilization. This study aims to explore and analysis of Sayyed Jamal al-Din Afghani's political thought and its impact on the Muslim world. This article conducted the qualitative method to analyze his writings and recent articles, journals, and books. This study has found that the political principles and philosophical approaches of Seyyed Jamal Uddin Afghani and it has a significant role in constantly striving to unite Islamic societies and save them from colonial oppression. Moreover, this article has illustrated Afghani's approach and how he came up with solutions for Muslim countries affected by western civilization in the 19th century. Finally, the Islamic world's political leaders should take Sayyed Jamal al-Din Afghani's political and intellectual ideas for their countries and societies to regain the Islamic civilization.
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Song, Zihao. "Between the Past and Future. Antwerp Zoo and the 19th Century Belgium." Technium Social Sciences Journal 37 (November 9, 2022): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v37i1.7614.
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Antwerp zoo was established in 1843 under the management of the Zoological Society of Antwerp. As one of the oldest zoos in Belgium and Europe, the establishment, operation and development of Antwerp Zoo are closely related to Belgian society in the 19th century. At the same time, it also reflects the self-awareness of the newly independent Belgians in the face of industrial civilization and exotic nature. This article discusses how the Antwerp Zoo as a public place embodies 19th century Belgian colonial and imperial ideas from perspectives of function, architecture, visitors and animals and the cultural meaning of modern zoos in European continent. Modern European zoos represented by Antwerp zoo are social and educational places dominated by the middle class in the 19th century, and also reflect people’s thought about the relationship between human and nature.
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Freemantle, Harry. "Frédéric Le Play and 19th-century vision machines." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 1 (October 27, 2016): 66–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695116673526.
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An early proponent of the social sciences, Frédéric Le Play, was the occupant of senior positions within the French state in the mid- to late 19th century. He was writing at a time when science was ascending. There was for him no doubt that scientific observation, correctly applied, would allow him unmediated access to the truth. It is significant that Le Play was the organizer of a number of universal expositions because these expositions were used as vehicles to demonstrate the ascendant position of western civilization. The fabrication of linear time is a history of progress requiring a vision of history analogous to the view offered the spectator at a diorama. Le Play employed the design principles and spirit of the diorama in his formulations for the social sciences, and L’Exposition Universelle of 1867 used the technology wherever it could. Both the gaze of the spectators and the objects viewed are part and products of the same particular and unique historical formation. Ideas of perception cannot be separated out from the conditions that make them possible. Vision and its effects are inseparable from the observing subject who is both a product of a particular historical moment and the site of certain practices.
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Ghazaleh, Pascale. "TRADING IN POWER: MERCHANTS AND THE STATE IN 19TH-CENTURY EGYPT." International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 1 (February 2013): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812001262.
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AbstractIn this article, I argue that commercial legislation promulgated and implemented in Egypt during the first half of the 19th century was one of several factors that diminished the effect of merchants’ social networks, reduced merchants’ identity to a purely professional dimension, and made profit dependent upon association with the state. The transformation of merchants’ social roles was not part of a natural evolution toward modernization and the specialized division of labor. Rather, it resulted from interactions between state-building endeavors, pressures from established merchants who sought to parry threats to their position while profiting from new business opportunities, and an influx of merchants from outside the Ottoman sultanate, who could draw neither on personal connections nor on knowledge of local markets but instead had to depend on the protection of the European consulates and the influence of the growing Egyptian state apparatus.
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GÖKGÖZ, Turgay. "LITERATURE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN BEYRUT IN THE 19TH CENTURY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.23.
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Throughout history, Beirut has been the habitat of different religions and nations. The people of various nations are made up of Christians and Muslims. Today, it is seen that languages such as Arabic, French and English are among the most spoken languages in Lebanon, where Beirut is located. Looking at Beirut in the 19th century, it was seen that colonial powers such as Britain and France were a conflict area, and at the same time it was one of the centers of Arab nationalism thought against the Ottoman Empire. During the occupation of Mehmet Ali Pasha, missionary schools were allowed to open, as well as cities such as Zahle, Damascus and Aleppo, Jesuit schools were opened in Beirut. With the opening of American Protestant schools, the influence of the relevant schools in the emergence and development of the idea of Arab nationalism is inevitable. Especially in Beirut, it would be appropriate to state that the aim of using languages such as French and English instead of Arabic education in missionary schools is to instill Western culture and to attract students to Christianity. The students of the Syrian Protestant College, who constituted the original of the American University of Beirut, worked against the Ottoman Empire within the society they established and aimed to establish an independent secular Arab state. Beirut comes to the fore especially in areas such as poetry and theater before the “Nahda” movement that started in Egypt during the reign of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. The advances that paved the way for the development of modern literature in Beirut before Egypt will find a place in the field of literature later. In this study, it is aimed to present information on literary and cultural activities that took place in Beirut and emphasize the importance of Beirut in modern Arabic literature in the 19th century.
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GÖKGÖZ, Turgay. "LITERATURE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN BEYRUT IN THE 19TH CENTURY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.23.
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Throughout history, Beirut has been the habitat of different religions and nations. The people of various nations are made up of Christians and Muslims. Today, it is seen that languages such as Arabic, French and English are among the most spoken languages in Lebanon, where Beirut is located. Looking at Beirut in the 19th century, it was seen that colonial powers such as Britain and France were a conflict area, and at the same time it was one of the centers of Arab nationalism thought against the Ottoman Empire. During the occupation of Mehmet Ali Pasha, missionary schools were allowed to open, as well as cities such as Zahle, Damascus and Aleppo, Jesuit schools were opened in Beirut. With the opening of American Protestant schools, the influence of the relevant schools in the emergence and development of the idea of Arab nationalism is inevitable. Especially in Beirut, it would be appropriate to state that the aim of using languages such as French and English instead of Arabic education in missionary schools is to instill Western culture and to attract students to Christianity. The students of the Syrian Protestant College, who constituted the original of the American University of Beirut, worked against the Ottoman Empire within the society they established and aimed to establish an independent secular Arab state. Beirut comes to the fore especially in areas such as poetry and theater before the “Nahda” movement that started in Egypt during the reign of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. The advances that paved the way for the development of modern literature in Beirut before Egypt will find a place in the field of literature later. In this study, it is aimed to present information on literary and cultural activities that took place in Beirut and emphasize the importance of Beirut in modern Arabic literature in the 19th century.
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van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 3 (July 15, 2010): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000486.
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Research on the Copts of Egypt has developed especially rapidly in new directions during the past twenty years. Having started as a corollary of Egyptology, it is advancing from the study of the early Christian centuries to include medieval, early modern, and contemporary Coptic Studies. Concurrently, Coptic issues are being inserted into studies of Egypt in general. Publications on the 19th century mostly ignored Copts, but they were given stereotypical cameo appearances in the prolific research on the profound transformations in 20th-century Egyptian society.
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Kaczmarek, Hieronim. "Manowce polskiej egiptologii XIX wieku. Jerzego Ręczyńskiego „przekład” tekstu kamienia z Rosetty." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10 (November 1, 2018): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.12.
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The paper is one of a number of publications devoted to perception of the history of ancient Egyptian civilization in Poland by the end of the 19th century. It presents Jerzy Ręczyński’s (1905-1899) ‘attempts’ to study Egyptian inscriptions (the Rosetta Stone), results of which have to be absolutely rejected according to contemporary research standards.
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Shagyrbai, Almasbek, Botagoz Sarsengali, and Abdulla Mirzakhodjaev. "The Religious Situation of the Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century." Adam alemi 93, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.3/1999-5849.12.
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The article summarizes the reflections and conclusions of Muslim scientists, religious figures of India, Egypt about the Islamic world within the framework of aspects of the world religious situation in the late XIX – early XX century. It is reported about the activities and religious education of the representatives of the school of “Jadidism”, begun by the scientists of Tatarstan, in connection with the historical features of the traditional Kazakh society within the named centuries. Information has been written about the influence of the “Jadidist” movement, the names of madrasahs and their location on the features of the development of Kazakh spirituality in the new era. A number of data on the religious environment and environment that influenced the youthful and life periods of the famous Kazakh poet, historian, scientist Mashkhur Zhusip Kopeyuly are considered. Among the factors that influenced the development of traditional Kazakh spirituality, the opinions of reformers in Muslim states that influenced the formation of the worldview of famous educators and scientists were recorded.
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Reinkowski, Maurus. "Uncommunicative Communication: Competing Egyptian, Ottoman and British Imperial Ventures in 19th-Century Egypt." Die Welt des Islams 54, no. 3-4 (December 2, 2014): 399–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-05434p05.
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The contribution “Uncommunicative Communication: Competing Egyptian, Ottoman and British Notions of Imperial Order in 19th-Century Egypt” by Maurus Reinkowski (University of Basel) sees Egypt in the late 19th and early 20th century as a particularly illustrative case of competing imperial ventures, in particular of the Egyptian, Ottoman and British states. Whereas the Egyptian imperial venture, prominent under Muḥammad ʿAlī in the 1820s and 1830s and revived under Ismāʿīl (r. 1863–1879) in the early 1870s, quickly degenerates into bankruptcy and finally British occupation from 1882 onwards, the Ottoman-British imperial competition continues until 1914. A particularly colorful example of how the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain – in the way of uncommunicative communication – strived to maintain respectively to enforce their notion of an appropriate imperial order is to compare of Aḥmed Muḫtār Paşa and Lord Cromer. Aḥmed Muḫtār, a high-ranking Ottoman officer, was sent in 1885 as Extraordinary Commissioner to Cairo, where he stayed until 1908. Muḫtār’s semi-exile in Cairo was characterized by factual powerlessness as he was completely overshadowed by Sir Evelyn Baring, the British consul general who was the factual ruler of Egypt between 1882 and 1907. Starting from the assumption that Aḥmed Muḫtār’s status in Egypt does not only reflect his personal isolation, but also the precarious imperial status of the Ottoman Empire, this paper examines Aḥmed Muḫtār’s presence and politics in Cairo as a case of both personal self-reassurance and imperial self-representation.
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Wongsurawat, Wasana. "Contending for a Claim on Civilization: The Sino-Siamese Struggle to Control Overseas Chinese Education in Siam." Journal of Chinese Overseas 4, no. 2 (2008): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325408788691264.
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AbstractIn the mid-19th to early 20th century, the ancient ethnocentric concept of Chinese Civilization was challenged by European — and Japanese — imperialist conquests. The West, in particular, came with the mission of bringing enlightenment; “civilization” seemed no longer seated in the Middle Kingdom for “all under heaven” to come and admire. Even the Chinese were leaving China in great numbers to seek wealth in foreign lands and Chinese rulers felt the need to reestablish the confidence of their people — at home and in faraway lands — in the worthiness of Chinese Civilization. This is a study of the conflict between the KMT and Siamese governments over the development and control of Chinese education in Siam during the early 20th century. It will investigate how Chinese nationalism, as manifested in the KMT policy toward overseas Chinese education, infringed upon Siam's sovereignty, and how Siam, through its own desperate attempt to avoid being colonized by the Europeans, was making its own claim on Civilization through the establishment of a modern educational system for its own citizens and the overseas Chinese minority.
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حسين, السوداني. "التجديد في الدراسات اللغويّة العربيّة في القرن التاسع عشر." Al Abhath 68, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589997x-06801005.
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This paper aims to study the emergence of tajdīd (modernization, renewal) in Arabic linguistics. The research focuses on the time period between the late 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a time that corresponds to the popularization of evolution studies in Europe in the sciences generally, and particularly in linguistics. I examine the features of the linguistics scene in the 19th century, looking for possible characteristics of a tajdīd movement on both the technical-theoretical and the practical-procedural levels. Indeed, the 19th century witnessed a period of openness to Western influence, a multi-faceted intellectual movement that has come to be known as the Nahḍa. During this time, tajdīd manifested itself explicitly in the methodology of Arabic linguistics, sometimes declaring its points of reference openly, while at other times keeping them implicit in a deliberately unspoken reliance on modern theoretical backgrounds. I find that the linguistic issue represents an important component in 19th century Arab thought on three levels: the first being the level of culture and civilization, the second education and methodology, and the third technical form and research.
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حسين, السوداني. "التجديد في الدراسات اللغويّة العربيّة في القرن التاسع عشر." Al Abhath 68, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18115586-00680104.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to study the emergence of tajdīd (modernization, renewal) in Arabic linguistics. The research focuses on the time period between the late 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a time that corresponds to the popularization of evolution studies in Europe in the sciences generally, and particularly in linguistics. I examine the features of the linguistics scene in the 19th century, looking for possible characteristics of a tajdīd movement on both the technical-theoretical and the practical-procedural levels. Indeed, the 19th century witnessed a period of openness to Western influence, a multi-faceted intellectual movement that has come to be known as the Nahḍa. During this time, tajdīd manifested itself explicitly in the methodology of Arabic linguistics, sometimes declaring its points of reference openly, while at other times keeping them implicit in a deliberately unspoken reliance on modern theoretical backgrounds. I find that the linguistic issue represents an important component in 19th century Arab thought on three levels: the first being the level of culture and civilization, the second education and methodology, and the third technical form and research.
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Danil de Namor, A. F. "Water purification: from ancient civilization to the XXI Century." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.004.
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Ancient civilization valued the vital role of water in human life. As reflected in the literature, environmental awareness led to early water treatments and these are briefly described in this paper. Thus the period prior to 500 BC to 1000 AD saw the use of naturally occurring materials for water purification, the building of aqueducts, and the introduction of the distillation process. This was followed by a dormant period of five centuries in which hardly any progress was made in water purification methodology. From the 17th to the 19th century, progress was made on filtration processes and the introduction of the microscope. In addition chemical methods for water disinfection by the use of chlorine and ozone were reported. These methods and their combination progressed significantly through the 20th century. However the problems associated with chemical contamination of ground water, from which, drinking water is mainly generated remained practically ignored for about five decades. It was in the late seventies that this was brought to light. Since then technologies for groundwater purification started to emerge but a lot remains to be done in this area of research. The crucial role of suitable analytical tools for any technological development which aim to remove toxic pollutants from water is acknowledged. Thus the need of re-visiting old methodology making use of the advantages resulting from the availability of advanced analytical techniques and the possibility of enriching naturally occurring materials by the introduction of supramolecular receptors for water decontamination purposes are emphasized.
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Covacevich Pérez, Mirko. "Utopía distópica. La “falsa calma” de las ciudades fantasma de la Patagonia." Catedral Tomada. Revista de crítica literaria latinoamericana 8, no. 14 (August 7, 2020): 120–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ct/2020.413.
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Falsa calma is a denunciation of the dystopia in which the Patagonian utopia of hydrocarbons of the mid-twentieth century became. The same oil camps that populated Patagonia in such a short time under the slogan of development, today succumb to the lack of opportunities. Half-done villages, abandoned by the State, whose inhabitants barely survive in an adverse environment. But it is no longer about the hostility of the "wild" nature, which the narratives of the 19th century portrayed: it is the decadence of civilization itself that corrupts the foundations of society.
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Kim, Jeoung-Myoung. "The Study of Ancient Egypt by Muslim Scholars in the Middle Ages and Its Influence on the Study of Egypt in Modern Europe." Institute of Middle Eastern Affairs 21, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 199–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.52891/jmea.2022.21.1.199.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine how the study of ancient Egypt conducted in the medieval Islamic world influenced the development of modern Egyptology in Europe after the 15th century. Medieval Muslim scholars such as Ibn Waḥshiyya made the most remarkable achievements in the study of Egyptian hieroglyphs. They found that the ancient Egyptian language was closely related to the Coptic language, and that some of the Egyptian hieroglyphs had phonetic values. And the writings of Muslim scholars were introduced to Europe by Athanasius Kircher in the 17th century and Joseph von Hammer in the 19th century. And it is believed that the ideas of Muslim scholars provided a very important clue to Champollion in the process of deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs in 1822.
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BOŠKOV, SVETOZAR. "ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN 19th CENTURY SERBIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS." ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, no. 32 (December 3, 2021): 144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2021.32.144-161.
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Alexander the Great (356 B.C – 323 B.C) has gone down in history as one of the greatest conquerors of Antiquity. By the time he was 30, he had conquered most of the known world. The territory under his control lay from Greece in the west, southward through Egypt and eastward to India. His military successes made him an inspiration to many writers of his time and later. Since his life span corresponds to the era that today we call Hellenism, he is mentioned in all the educational systems of Europe. From their first appearance on this continent, school books have alluded to Alexander and his conquests. The first history textbooks in the Serbian language emerged in Serbia in the mid-19th century and they, too, included Alexander the Great. In this paper, we shall show how the history of Alexander was taught at the time and how his feats influenced generations of Serbian children educated at the first schools founded in the areas of the Habsburg Empire that they inhabited.
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Kaczmarek, Hieronim. "Polish Middle Eastern Travels Until the End of the 19th Century: Current Research." Perspektywy Kultury 30, no. 3 (December 20, 2020): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2020.3003.09.
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The objective of the article is to summarize the efforts made so far by Polish researchers of pilgrimages to the Holy Land, traveling around Egypt and the Levant. The academic interest in visits of Poles in this part of the Ottoman Empire is relatively fresh, because the first publications on this issue appeared sporadically at the beginning of the 19th century. For several decades, a book by Jan Stanisław Bystroń was the main source of knowledge about the presence of Poles in Egypt and the Levant. Scholarly interest in this topic grew in the second half of the 20th century. Despite an abundance of publications, our knowledge of the Polish presence in the Arab part of the Ottoman state is still incomplete. This is mainly due to the limited source materials and the lack of a broad search for archival and museum resources. The rising number of researchers on this subject may change this situation in the long run.
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Estrada Herrera, Fabiola. "Hacha y pastos: caminos de “civilización” en el Sur Occidente de Cundinamarca." HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 2, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v2n4.13665.
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La autora interpreta el papel de la construcción de caminos y la exploración agrícola-comercial en el Suroccidente del actual Departamento de Cundinamarca durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. En este recorrido, llama la atención sobre cómo el ideario republicano de civilización conllevó a una tala irracional del bosque primario y a la introducción de nuevas especies de pastos, dos agentes de transformación que estuvieron al servicio de los ritmos que la élite decimonónica impuso a la economía local, la posesión de tierras, el control social y los proyectos agroexportadores.Palabras clave: caminos, colonización, explotación agrícola-comercial, CundinamarcaAxes and pastures: "civilization" paths in southwestern Cundinamarca Abstract The author understands the road construction and agricultural and commercial exploration role in the southwestern of the current Department of Cundinamarca in the second half of the 19th century. In this period, it is interesting about the way the Republican civilization ideals led to an irrational logging of primary forest and the introduction of new grass species. These two agents of change were at the service of rates the 19th century elite imposed on the local economy, land ownership, social control and agricultural and livestock export model projects. Keywords: roads, settlement, agricultural trading concern, Cundinamarca.
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Brundage, Mathew. "Somewhere Between Civilization and Savagery." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 23, no. 3 (October 27, 2016): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02303007.
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This article examines the language in mid-19th Century accounts emphasizing Chinese cultural “stagnation” in the face of growing American influence in East Asia to investigate the emergence of a belief in the rising position of the United States on the world stage. This construction played off of critical observations that attempted to explain how the China trade was strong enough to be of u.s. national interest, while at the same time clarifying how the Chinese were weak enough to succumb to foreign influence. As such, Americans attempted to diagnose and cure the ills of stagnation through intervention. From religious conversion, to economic expansion, to cultural influence, Americans proposed a litany of solutions to China’s problems. A common theme within these larger tropes focused on the unique role that Chinese women played in American hopes for enacting change in China. In defining Chinese stagnation, Americans betrayed their own perspectives on the role of women in society and attempted to influence Chinese women to adopt that idealized model as the means by which the United States could profit from elevating China into the ranks of modern civilized nations.
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Tsibenko, Veronika V. "The International aspect of Circassian Involvement to the Young Turk movement in the 19th century." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 22, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2022-22-3-350-355.
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The author traces the role of North Caucasian emigrants (Circassians) in the Young Turk movement. For a long time, since the 19th century, Circassian question have maintained high political importance on the international agenda, turning Circassians and their projected North Caucasian state into a proto-subject of international relations. The main support for such subjectivisationwas provided byGreat Britain, but uptothe end ofthe 19th century Circassian issues had lost much of its importance for the British Empire. This context allows us to take a fresh look at the little-studied topic of participation of Circassians in the Young Turk movement, one of the main centres of which was Egypt under British control.
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Cheta, Omar Youssef. "A PREHISTORY OF THE MODERN LEGAL PROFESSION IN EGYPT, 1840S–1870S." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 4 (November 2018): 649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000855.
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AbstractThis article examines the emergence of a new corps of legal practitioners in Egypt during the 1860s and early 1870s. The proceedings of hundreds of merchant court cases in mid-19th-century Cairo are replete with references to deputies and agents (wukalā; sing.wakīl) who represented merchant-litigants in a wide range of commercial disputes. Examining how these historical actors understood Egyptian, Ottoman, and French laws, and how they strategically deployed their knowledge in the merchant courts, this article revises the commonly accepted historical account of the founding of the legal profession in Egypt. Specifically, it argues that norms of legal practice hitherto linked to the establishment of the Mixed Courts in 1876 were already being formed and refined within the realm of commercial law as part of a more comprehensive program of legal reforms underway during the middle decades of the 19th century. In uncovering this genealogy of practice, the article reevaluates the extent to which the khedival state shared a legal culture with the Ottoman center, and, simultaneously, created the space for a new form of legal representation that became ubiquitous under British, and, subsequently, postcolonial rule.
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Mukhametshin, Azat, Svetlana Grakhova, Irina Zakharova, Nina Belyaeva, and Karina Okisheva. "Historical insight on provincial merchants of the late 19th century." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 07019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128407019.
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The authors of the article believe that it is important to study the deep essence of the writer’s works in order to understand the period of time that he depicts. D.I. Stakheyev contributed to the development of the genres of sketch and short story as he discussed new subjects and ideas through studying the life of the Russian province. In addition, the value of his works is that they touch upon a wide range of universal problems that are of great importance in our time. The article gives a broader idea of “small” forms of literary works in Russia in the mid-19th century. The interpretation of the images of the provincial merchants created by Stakheyev, the Russian writer of the second half of the 19 century, is of scientific interest to us. To understand the nature of provincial merchants Stakheyev goes his own way: he shows the essence of the merchant class through the problems of fathers and children, of crime and punishment, and of the “golden calf” influence on everyday life. The provincial town, marketplace, forest trade are elements depicting a long-established patriarchal world that is far from civilization and not affected by European style of life. The article was written to be used in the educational process. Studying the works of D.I. Stakheev within the framework of additional education, teachers and students of a modern school can discover pages of Russian literature, that were unknown for them, realize the moral problems that were faced by the previous generations.
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Thompson, Jason. "Edward William Lane's “Description of Egypt”." International Journal of Middle East Studies 28, no. 4 (November 1996): 565–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800063832.
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Few Western students of the Arab world are as well known as the 19th-century British scholar Edward William Lane (1801–76). During his long career, Lane produced a number of highly influential works: An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (1836), a translation of The Thousand and One Nights (1839–41), Selections from the Ḳur-án (1843), and the Arabic–English Lexicon (1863–93). The Arabic–English Lexicon remains a pre-eminent work of its kind, and Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians is still a basic text for both Arab and Western students. Through his published work, Lane contributed substantially to the prevailing Western picture of the Arab world.
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El-Neklawy, Shaimaa Esmail, and Esther Möller. "Between Traditions of Aid and Political Ambitions: Endowments and Humanitarian Associations in Egypt, Late 19th-mid 20th Century." Endowment Studies 6, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2022): 192–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685968-06010007.
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Abstract The article investigates the emergence and transformation of humanitarian associations in Egypt from the late 19th to the mid-20th century. It argues that on the one hand these associations were new institutions echoing the foundation of new charitable organisations worldwide and in Egypt. The colonial domination of Egypt and its refusal by the Egyptians thereby played a prominent role. On the other hand, the humanitarian associations have to be seen in the continuity of long-established practices and discourses of charity, performed in particular by religious endowments (awqāf). Based on the example of the Egyptian Red Crescent, which is explored through a wide range of un explorer Egyptian, British and Swiss archives as well as a broad historiography in European and Arabic languages, this article emphasises the interconnections between international, regional, national and local institutions in Egypt in the field of philanthropy.
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Piterberg, Gabriel. "The Formation of an Ottoamn Egyptian Elite in the 18th Century." International Journal of Middle East Studies 22, no. 3 (August 1990): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800034073.
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The conquest of the Mamluk sultanate by the Ottoman Empire brought into confrontation two centers in the history of Islamic civilization. One, Asia Minor and southeast Europe, was the center of the Ottoman Empire. The other, Egypt, had been the core of the Mamluk sultanate for 2½ centuries (1250–1517). Both states were dominated by Turkish-speaking elites based on the institution of military slavery. In both cases this slave-recruited manpower was the backbone of the army, and, to a lesser extent, of the administration.
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Breger, Claudia. "Gods, German Scholars, and the Gift of Greece." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 7-8 (December 2006): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069886.
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This article argues that the abundance of Greek figures and scenarios in Kittler’s recent work points to a shift in his oeuvre, which, however, does not represent a radical break with his ‘hardware studies’. At the turn of the 21st century, Kittler champions an emphatic notion of culture as a necessary supplement to science and technology. This conceptual marriage mediates grand historical narratives of cultural identity. Specifically, Kittler’s texts provide us with narratives of Greek origin which serve to re-capture collective identities in the age of globalization. On the explicit level, this identity is predominantly European, but the search has national components as well. With his turn to culture, the organizing trope of 19th-century German nationalism, Kittler has also embraced the legacy of German philhellenism, which articulated national identities through the theme of ‘elective affinity’. Kittler’s Greece occupies the very structural place it had in 19th-century German philhellenism: It stands in for both the foundation of European civilization and its virtual better self, a realm of sensual culture untainted by modern capitalism and Empire. Most of the figures inhabiting this realm are familiar from 19th-century discourse as well, but these discursive loops are fueled by contemporary feedback. Kittler’s Greek narratives have developed out of postwar academic discourses and connect to other post-unification Greek fantasies.
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Mulahi, Samiha. "North Africa in Russian Travelers Perception: Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt in Russian Travelogues." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2020-17-4-505-513.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of Russian travelers ideas about North African countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt) in the period from the end of the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century. The paper considers the perception of this geographical area by Russian travelers in literary travelogues. North Africa in the designated period of time was considered not only as the cradle of ancient and great civilization, but also as a Europeanized, modernized territory of the Arab area. The travelogues analyzed in the article make it possible to distinguish in them two different cultural pictures of the world - North Africa and the picture of the world of Western Europe reflected in it.
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CILIBERTI, ROSAGEMMA, ADELAIDE TOSI, and MARTA LICATA. "Feline mummies as a fertilizer. Criticisms on the destruction of archaeozoological remains during the 19th century." Archaeofauna 29 (July 29, 2020): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/archaeofauna2020.29.008.
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A paper, wrote in 1890 by the Egyptologist Gaston Maspero, reveals a pioneer attempt to preserve the animal mummies from ancient Egypt with the purpose of expanding our knowledge on the former and present-day faunas of the Nile Valley. That request to enhance our historical understanding of the past from the standpoint of the animals was innovative at a time when the prevailing historical currents focused on human mummies and so-called “valuable” re- mains. The approach represents the earliest instance of a scientific shift to obtain information on the complex and intimate relationships developed in ancient Egypt between humans and animals.
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Mohamed, Eman Taha. "Islamic Education And Modernity In The Middle East: Egypt Case Study." International Journal of Science and Society 1, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v1i2.12.
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This article discusses Islamic education and modernity in the Middle East. Modern culture began to be known in Egypt since the emergence of Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century in this country. However, at the time of Muhammad Ali, the transition from traditional education to modern education began. Furthermore, during the Ismail Pasya era, due to the reorganization of culture, traditional education began to compete with advanced secular education.
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Shilin, A. Yu, and A. Yu Trifonova. "The Closeness and Disagreements of the Ideological Foundations of F.M. Dostoevsky and European Existentialism." Язык и текст 8, no. 3 (2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2021080304.
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The work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was formed under the influence of social moods of the 19th century, however, the phenomenon of existential consciousness, which is inherent in his literary works, allows readers of the 21st century to find answers to pressing social questions. Existentialism in the works of F.M. Dostoevsky is a way of interpreting a crisis perception of the world, when the characteristics of value orientations and culture, the rapidity of globalization processes of that time determined the trajectory of the development of civilization, in which the key role is assigned to the individual as an independent unit of society that has the ability to shape his own destiny. The images of the literary heroes of Fyodor Mikhailovich, the universality of the questions posed in the works, provide value-semantic supports, allowing in the new realities to form self-identification and self-determination of a person. This paper analyzes the phenomenon of existentialism as a philosophical concept and its correlation with the social moods of Europe and Russia in the 19th century and the works of Fyodor Mikhailovich.
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Piwowarczyk, Darius J. "Je näher, desto ähnlicher. Ein koloniales Klischee, das räumliche Entfernung in kulturellen Termini interpretierte." Anthropos 116, no. 2 (2021): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2021-2-419.
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The article concerns the perception of indigenous peoples by European and US-American carriers of the colonial project (missionaries, administrators, military theoreticians, etc.) at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This perception reflected, in the first place, the ethnocentric component that had been present in every culture even before cultural relativism put it in question. In the course of the 19th century, it also received “scientific” legitimation in the form of Cultural Darwinism, represented, inter alia, by Lewis H. Morgan who conceptualized cultural evolution as going through three stages: savagery - barbarism - civilization. Here, I analyze the spatial dimension of the Morganian triad, namely the increasingly negative perception of the local population by colonial agents in relation to the growing distance from centers of colonial power.