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1
Nashirova, Dilnoza Buriyevna, and Nilufar Gafurovna Buriyeva. "Comparative Methodological Analysis Of The ESP And EGP Approaches." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 01 (January 30, 2021): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue01-54.
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This article presents a comparative analysis of the teaching of English for General Purposes and English for Special Purposes, to present arguments regarding approaches designed to organize and ensure high efficiency in mastering the English language for special purposes.
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Liu, Jing. "The Research on the Mode of Interdisciplinary Cooperative Teaching of EGP and ESP." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 7, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2021.7.1.278.
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Based on the results of previous research and introspection method, this paper constructs the interdisciplinary cooperative teaching mode of EGP and ESP. Taking the course “Finance and Economics English as an example, a feasible practice of interdisciplinary cooperative teaching scheme is proposed. The aim of the research is to promote the transition from EGP to ESP and cultivate interdisciplinary talents in line with the requirements of the times.
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Veligotsky, M. M., O. V. Gorbulich, G. M. Ursol, V. V. Komarchuk, and K. E. Shamoun. "TREATMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF HIGH EZOPHAGOGASTROPLASTICS USING MINIMALLY INVASIVE ROENTGENENDOSCOPIC METHODS." Kharkiv Surgical School, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37699/2308-7005.3.2020.06.
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Summary. The most formidable early postoperative complications of Lewis esophagogastroplasty (EGP) is the failure of esophagogastroanastomosis (EGA), and in the late period — stricture of EGA, in some patients there are functional disorders. The aim of the study. Assess the treatment of complications of EGP using minimally invasive methods. Materials and methods: The results of 150 operations for cancer of the middle and upper thoracic esophagus with the imposition of high EGA were analyzed (65 used cervical EGP). X-ray endoscopic techniques are used to treat patients with complications. The functional results of EGP using esophageal manometry and pHZ monitoring were also evaluated.
Results and discussion. When applying EGA on the neck was significantly higher incidence of failure of the anastomotic sutures, which was associated with impaired blood supply with increasing length of the graft. Surgical tactics in case of failure of the EGA on the neck was to open and drain the deep space of the neck, conducting a transnasal tube for feeding into the stomach — there were no fatalities. Surgical tactics in case of failure of intrapleural EGA, which took place in 4 cases, consisted of drainage of the empyema cavity and conducting a transnasal tube for nutrition in the initial parts of the small intestine under X-ray video surveillance. In the treatment of failure of intrathoracic anastomoses there was 1 fatal case. At strictures of EGA which took place at 24 patients, performed balloon dilatations under X-ray video control. In 2 patients with the phenomena of pylorospasm performed balloon dilatation of the pyloric pulp under X-ray video control. In general, patients who underwent EGP showed good and satisfactory functional results, but in some patients there were functional disorders that were transient in nature.
Conclusions:
The use of clinically developed methods of esophagogastroplasty can reduce the number of failures and strictures of anastomoses.
At insufficiency and strictures of an esophagogastroanastomosis, and also at a hypertonia of pyloric pulp X-ray endoscopic methods are highly effective and low-traumatic.
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Mittelman, Steven D., and Richard N. Bergman. "Inhibition of lipolysis causes suppression of endogenous glucose production independent of changes in insulin." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 279, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): E630—E637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.3.e630.
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We have shown that insulin controls endogenous glucose production (EGP) indirectly, via suppression of adipocyte lipolysis. Free fatty acids (FFA) and EGP are suppressed proportionately, and when the decline in FFA is prevented during insulin infusion, suppression of EGP is also prevented. The present study tested the hypothesis that suppression of lipolysis under conditions of constant insulin would yield a suppression of EGP. N 6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) was used to selectively suppress adipocyte lipolysis during euglycemic clamps in conscious male dogs. FFA suppression by CHA caused suppression of EGP. Liposyn control experiments, which maintained FFA levels above basal during CHA infusion, completely prevented the decline in EGP, whereas glycerol control experiments, which maintained glycerol levels close to basal, did not prevent a decline in EGP. These controls suggest that the EGP suppression was secondary to the suppression of FFA levels specifically. A difference in the sensitivity of FFA and EGP suppression (FFA were suppressed ∼85% whereas EGP only declined ∼40%) was possibly caused by confounding effects of CHA, including an increase in catecholamine and glucagons levels during CHA infusion. Thus suppression of lipolysis under constant insulin causes suppression of EGP, despite a significant rise in catecholamines.
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Mohammadi, Ali, Yousef Naderi, Reza Nabavi, and Fatemeh Jafari. "Determination of the best model for estimation of genetic parameters on the Fars native chicken traits using Bayesian and REML methods." Genetika 50, no. 2 (2018): 431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1802431m.
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This study was conducted to determine the best model for genetic parameter estimation on the Fars native chicken traits using Bayesian and REML Methods. Studied traits were body weight at first day (BW1), body weight at eighth weeks (BW8), body weight at 12th weeks (BW12), age at sexual maturity (ASM), egg number production (EGP) and mean egg weight during 28th ,30th and 32nd week ages (EGW) involving three generations 17, 18 and 19 during the years 2010 to 2012. Genetic parameters were estimated with REML method using WOMBAT software and with Bayesian approach using MTGSAM software. Based on AIC and DIC criteria, the most appropriate model was determined. Estimations of direct additive heritabilities for BW1, BW8, BW12, ASM, EGP and EGW by the best models using REML method were 0.31, 0.32, 0.29, 0.45, 0.24 and 0.22 and by Bayesian method were 0.36, 0.33, 0.30, 0.48, 0.26 and 0.25, respectively. The genetic correlation coefficients ranged from -0.709 between EGP and ASM to 0.844 between BW8 and BW12 (by Bayesian method) and ranged from -0.724 between ASM and EGP to 0.894 between BW12 and BW8 (by REML method). Generally, based on the employed criteria, the 1st and 2nd models can be suggested for analysis of body weight traits (BW1, BW8 and BW12), whereas for other traits (ASM, EGP and EGW), 1st, 5th, 4th and 6th models seems to be suitable for estimation of genetic parameters of the Fars Native fowls traits using Bayesian and REML Methods. The Bayesian approach recommended for estimation of genetic parameters on the Fars native chicken traits because this method used the prior distribution in the calculation process.
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Chen, Dan Qing. "Fabrication Polyurethane/Expanded Graphite Powder Composite Antistatic Sponge by In Situ Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.395.
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This document explains and demonstrates how to prepare Polyurethane(PU)/Expanded Graphite powder(EGp) composite antistatic sponge by in situ polymerization. The morphology、mechanical、electrical and thermal properties of the PU/EGp composite antistatic sponge have been investigated. PU/ EGp composite sponge have better mechanical properties than that of CB composite. The resistivity of PU/EGp composite antistatic sponge can reach at about 108Ω•cm at the content around 5wt% of the EGp. EGp can stably exist in PU sponge and has little influence to the polymeric matrix while being heated.
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Ang, Teddy, Greg M. Kowalski, and Clinton R. Bruce. "Endogenous glucose production after sequential meals in humans: evidence for more prolonged suppression after ingestion of a second meal." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 315, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): E904—E911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00233.2018.
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Single-meal studies have shown that carbohydrate ingestion causes rapid and persistent suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP). However, little is known about the regulation of EGP under real-life eating patterns in which multiple carbohydrate-containing meals are consumed throughout the day. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the regulation of EGP in response to sequential meals, specifically during the breakfast-lunch transition. Nine healthy individuals (5 men, 4 women; 32 ± 2 yr; 25.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2) ingested two identical mixed meals, each containing 25 g of glucose, separated by 4 h, and EGP was determined by the variable infusion tracer-clamp approach. EGP was rapidly suppressed after both meals, with the pattern and magnitude of suppression being similar over the initial 75-min postmeal period. However, EGP suppression was more transient after breakfast compared with lunch, with EGP returning to basal rates 3 h after breakfast. In contrast, EGP remained in a suppressed state for the entire 4-h postlunch period. This occurred despite each meal eliciting similar plasma glucose and insulin responses. However, there was greater suppression of plasma glucagon levels after lunch, likely contributing to this response. These findings highlight the potential for distinct regulation of EGP with each meal of the day and suggest that EGP may be in a suppressed state for much of the day, since EGP did not return to basal rates even after a lunch meal containing a modest amount of carbohydrate.
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Hacisalihoglu, Gokhan, and Anwar A. Khan. "Differential Control of Embryo Growth Potential in Lettuce and Tomato Seeds." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 527A—527. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.527a.
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The effects of chemical or physical factors during pregermination imbibition phase, or on dry seeds, on embryo growth potential (EGP) was studied in lettuce (Grand Rapids and Mesa 659) and tomato (H-9889) seeds in relation to dormancy, invigoration, and vigor loss. Embryos were excised from treated seeds (washed if imbibed in chemical solutions) and their growth rate (a measure of EGP) followed at 25°C at high magnification (X55). Treated seeds were also germinated at 25°C. In lettuce seeds, dormancy inducing treatments, i.e., a 2-day dark soak at 25°C with 50–100 μM tetcyclacis (TCY) or a 2-day dark soak in water at 35°C, reduced the subsequent embryo growth and germination rate at 25°C. The reduction was prevented by 1 mM GA4+7 or irradiation applied during dormancy induction. A -d osmoconditioning (OC) at 15C with -1.2 MPa PEG-8000 solution in light or in dark with added GA4+7 enhanced the EGP; addition of TCY reduced the EGP and the TCY inhibition reversed by GA4+7. A progressive reduction in EGP occurred with increase in vigor loss. In tomato seeds, a soak with 100 μM TCY in light or dark for 2 days at 30°C induced a dormancy, but had little effect on EGP. Application of GA4+7 plus TCY prevented dormancy induction without affecting EGP. A 4-day matriconditioning (MC) at 25°C in light or dark with moist Micro-Cel E enhanced the EGP; TCY and/or GA added during MC, had little effect on EGP. EGP progressively decreased as the aging period increased. Thus, in lettuce, the EGP is coupled with the reversible –GA/+GA or phytochrome-controlled dormancy induction/release process, enabling germination, its inhibition, or its enhancement. In tomato, the EGP is not subject to light or GA control. Reduction in EGP, accompanying vigor loss in both seeds, is independent of light or GA action.
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Isvaran, Kavita, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Ecological correlates of extra-group paternity in mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1607 (October 31, 2006): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3723.
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Extra-group paternity (EGP) can form an important part of the mating system in birds and mammals. However, our present understanding of its extent and ecology comes primarily from birds. Here, we use data from 26 species and phylogenetic comparative methods to explore interspecific variation in EGP in mammals and test prominent ecological hypotheses for this variation. We found extensive EGP (46% of species showed more than 20% EGP), indicating that EGP is likely to play an important role in the mating system and the dynamics of sexual selection in mammals. Variation in EGP was most closely correlated with the length of the mating season. As the length of the mating season increased, EGP declined, suggesting that it is increasingly difficult for males to monopolize their social mates when mating seasons are short and overlap among females in oestrus is likely to be high. EGP was secondarily correlated with the number of females in a breeding group, consistent with the idea that as female clustering increases, males are less able to monopolize individual females. Finally, EGP was not related to social mating system, suggesting that the opportunities for the extra-group fertilizations and the payoffs involved do not consistently vary with social mating system.
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Ren, Xiaobin. "Evaluating Lexical Complexity From EGP to ESP Textbooks." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 13, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1305.09.
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ESP classes are usually designed for college students after they finish EGP learning. Accordingly, ESP textbooks are used after they use the EGP ones. Logically, ESP textbooks should be lexically more sophisticated than EGP ones, because linguistic contents are also important concerns for ESP teaching, and ESP classes should also promote students’ language development in addition to their professional advancement. This research aims to compare lexical complexity between EGP and ESP textbooks used among college students. With lexical sophistication as an index for lexical complexity, this study found some ESP textbooks were lexically easier than the EGP ones in this study, which contrasts with input hypothesis. This implicates that ESP textbook writers should consider the contents of EGP textbooks when writing textbooks.
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Gao, Liwei, Xinjie Zhao, and Xiangzhong Zhao. "The Characterization and Functional Properties of Euglena gracilis Paramylon Treated with Different Methods." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2022 (August 4, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7811014.
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Euglena gracilis paramylon (EGP) is a polymeric polysaccharide composed of linear β-1,3 glucan. The water insolubility of EGP severely limits its application. This work aimed to improve the functional characteristics of EGP by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) degradation and carboxymethylated modification. The results showed that the crystallinity of EGP degraded by H2O2 and carboxymethylated modification decreased by 14% and 46%, and the thermal degradation temperature was significantly descending in a crystallinity-dependent manner. In addition, the results showed that H2O2 degradation and carboxymethylation significantly improved the adsorption capacity of EGP for oil, dyes, and metal ions, and their water solubility increased by 9% and 85%. This result will provide a valuable theoretical basis for the development and utilization of EGP.
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Klieverik, Lars P., Hans P. Sauerwein, Mariëtte T. Ackermans, Anita Boelen, Andries Kalsbeek, and Eric Fliers. "Effects of thyrotoxicosis and selective hepatic autonomic denervation on hepatic glucose metabolism in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 294, no. 3 (March 2008): E513—E520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00659.2007.
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Thyrotoxicosis is known to induce a broad range of changes in carbohydrate metabolism. Recent studies have identified the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system as major regulators of hepatic glucose metabolism. The present study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of altered endogenous glucose production (EGP) in rats with mild thyrotoxicosis. Rats were treated with methimazole in drinking water and l-thyroxine (T4) from osmotic minipumps to either reinstate euthyroidism or induce thyrotoxicosis. Euthyroid and thyrotoxic rats underwent either a sham operation, a selective hepatic sympathetic denervation (Sx), or a parasympathetic denervation (Px). After 10 days of T4 administration, all animals were submitted to a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp combined with stable isotope dilution to measure EGP. Plasma triiodothyronine (T3) showed a fourfold increase in thyrotoxic compared with euthyroid animals. EGP was increased by 45% in thyrotoxic compared with euthyroid rats and correlated significantly with plasma T3. In thyrotoxic rats, hepatic PEPCK mRNA expression was increased 3.5-fold. Relative suppression of EGP during hyperinsulinemia was 34% less in thyrotoxic than in euthyroid rats, indicating hepatic insulin resistance. During thyrotoxicosis, Sx attenuated the increase in EGP, whereas Px resulted in increased plasma insulin with unaltered EGP compared with intact animals, compatible with a further decrease in hepatic insulin sensitivity. We conclude that chronic, mild thyrotoxicosis in rats increases EGP, whereas it decreases hepatic insulin sensitivity. Sympathetic hepatic innervation contributes only to a limited extent to increased EGP during thyrotoxicosis, whereas parasympathetic hepatic innervation may function to restrain EGP in this condition.
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Visentin, Roberto, Chiara Dalla Man, Rita Basu, Ananda Basu, Robert A. Rizza, and Claudio Cobelli. "Hepatic insulin sensitivity in healthy and prediabetic subjects: from a dual- to a single-tracer oral minimal model." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 309, no. 2 (July 15, 2015): E161—E167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00358.2014.
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Recently, a model was proposed to assess hepatic insulin sensitivity during a meal, i.e., the ability of insulin to suppress glucose production (EGP), SIP. The model was developed on EGP data obtained from a triple-tracer meal and the tracer-to-tracee clamp technique and validated against the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. The aim of this study was to assess whether SIP can be obtained from plasma concentrations measured after a single-tracer meal by incorporating the above EGP model into the oral glucose minimal model by describing both glucose production and disposal (OMMPD). Triple-tracer meal data of two databases (20 healthy and 60 healthy and prediabetic subjects) were used. Virtually model-independent EGP estimates were calculated. OMMPD was identified on exogenous and endogenous glucose concentrations, providing indices of SIP, disposal insulin sensitivity (SID), and EGP. The model fitted the data well, and SIP and SID were estimated with precision in both databases (SIP = 5.48 ± 0.54 10−4 dl·kg−1·min−1 per μU/ml and SID = 9.93 ± 2.18 10−4 dl·kg−1·min−1 per μU/ml in healthy; SIP = 5.41 ± 3.55 10−4 dl·kg−1·min−1 per μU/ml and SID = 5.34 ± 6.17 10−4 dl·kg−1·min−1 per μU/ml, in healthy and prediabetic subjects). Estimated SIP and that derived from the triple-tracer EGP model were very similar on average. Moreover, the time course of EGP normalized to basal EGP (EGPb), and EGP/EGPb agreed with the results obtained using the triple-tracer method. In this study, we have demonstrated that SIP, SID, and EGP/EGPb time course can be estimated reliably from a single-tracer meal protocol in both healthy and prediabetic subjects.
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Sokolov, S. N., E. A. Rjepka, and E. A. Kuznetsova. "Integration potential of the economic and geographical position of the regions of Asian Russia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 885, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/885/1/012004.
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Abstract Currently, the development of the mathematical and geographical apparatus for assessing the economic and geographical position (EGP) is practically absent, and therefore the authors offer their own methodology for calculating the assessment of the integration potential of the EGP. This potential consists of the potential of the neighbouring position, the permeability of the borders and the transport accessibility of the regions. EGP objectively reveals the individual features and properties of any territory, it has a potential character. The highest indicators of the integration potential of EGP in Asian Russia (AR) are typical for the Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass, the Altai Krai and the Republic of Khakassia. Kamchatka Krai, the Magadan Region and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are characterized by the lowest values of such potential. Thus, the EGP of the regions is ambiguous and varies from very convenient to very inconvenient. Territories with a more favourable EGP develop better and faster. The use of the region’s EGP data facilitates its assessment and allows us to determine negative and positive aspects of the socio-economic development of the region, to make a forecast for the further development of a particular region.
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Isvaran, Kavita, and Sumithra Sankaran. "Do extra-group fertilizations increase the potential for sexual selection in male mammals?" Biology Letters 13, no. 10 (October 2017): 20170313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0313.
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Fertilizations by males outside the social breeding group (extra-group paternity, EGP) are widespread in birds and mammals. EGP is generally proposed to increase male reproductive skew and thereby increase the potential for sexual selection, but the generality of this relationship is unclear. We extracted data from 27 mammals in seven orders and used phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the influence of EGP and social mating system on measures of inequality in male fertilization success, which are indices of the potential for sexual selection. We find that EGP and social mating system can predict the potential for sexual selection in mammalian populations, but only when considered jointly and not individually. EGP appears to increase the potential for sexual selection but only when the degree of social polygyny is relatively low. When social polygyny is high, EGP appears to result in a more uniform distribution of reproduction and a decrease in the potential for sexual selection. A possible explanation to be investigated is that the phenotype of extra-group fathers differs systematically across social mating systems. Our findings have implications for the use of EGP and social mating system as indices of sexual selection in comparative analyses of trait evolution under sexual selection.
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Mahmood, Raida, and Shahla Khalil. "MGP and EGP Rings." AL-Rafidain Journal of Computer Sciences and Mathematics 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/csmj.2010.163885.
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Vicini, Paolo, Jeffrey J. Zachwieja, Kevin E. Yarasheski, Dennis M. Bier, Andrea Caumo, and Claudio Cobelli. "Glucose production during an IVGTT by deconvolution: validation with the tracer-to-tracee clamp technique." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 276, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): E285—E294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.2.e285.
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Recently, a new method, based on a two-compartment minimal model and deconvolution [A. Caumo and C. Cobelli. Am. J. Physiol 264 ( Endocrinol. Metab.. 37): E829–E841, 1993; P. Vicini, G. Sparacino, A. Caumo, and C. Cobelli. Comput. Meth. Prog. Biomed. 52: 147–156, 1997], has been proposed to estimate endogenous glucose production (EGP) from labeled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) data. Our aim here is to compare this EGP profile with that independently obtained with the reference method, based on the tracer-to-tracee ratio (TTR) clamp. An insulin-modified (0.03 U/kg body wt infused over 5 min) [6,6-2H2]glucose-labeled IVGTT (0.33 g/kg of glucose) was performed in 10 normal subjects. A second tracer ([U-13C]glucose) was also infused during the test in a variable fashion to clamp endogenous glucose TTR. The TTR clamp was quite successful. As a result, the EGP profile, reconstructed from [U-13C]glucose data with the models of Steele and Radziuk, were almost superimposable. The deconvolution-obtained EGP profile, calculated from [6,6-2H2]glucose data, showed remarkable agreement with that obtained from the TTR clamp. Some differences between the two profiles were noted in the estimated basal EGP and in the initial modalities of EGP inhibition. A high interindividual variability was also observed with both methods in the resumption of EGP to baseline; variability was high in both the timing and the extent of resumption. In conclusion, the use of the two-compartment minimal model of the IVGTT and deconvolution allows the estimation of a profile of EGP that is in very good agreement with that independently obtained with a TTR clamp.
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Nishida, Yuichiro, Kumpei Tokuyama, Shoichiro Nagasaka, Yasuki Higaki, Kanta Fujimi, Akira Kiyonaga, Munehiro Shindo, et al. "SG, SI, and EGP of exercise-trained middle-aged men estimated by a two-compartment labeled minimal model." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 283, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): E809—E816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00237.2001.
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To examine the effects of physical training on glucose effectiveness (SG), insulin sensitivity (SI), and endogenous glucose production (EGP) in middle-aged men, stable-labeled frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTT) were performed on 11 exercise-trained middle-aged men and 12 age-matched sedentary men. The time course of EGP during the FSIGTT was estimated by nonparametric stochastic deconvolution. Glucose uptake-specific indexes of glucose effectiveness (S[Formula: see text]*× 102: 0.81 ± 0.08 vs. 0.60 ± 0.05 dl · min−1· kg−1, P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity [S[Formula: see text]* × 104: 24.59 ± 2.98 vs. 11.89 ± 2.36 dl · min−1· (μU/ml)−1· kg−1, P < 0.01], which were analyzed using the two-compartment minimal model, were significantly greater in the trained group than in the sedentary group. Plasma clearance rate (PCR) of glucose was consistently greater in the trained men than in sedentary men throughout FSIGTT. Compared with sedentary controls, EGP of trained middle-aged men was higher before glucose load. The EGP of the two groups was similarly suppressed by ∼70% within 10 min, followed by an additional suppression after insulin infusion. EGP returned to basal level at ∼60 min in the trained men and at 100 min in the controls, followed by its overshoot, which was significantly greater in the trained men than in the controls. In addition, basal EGP was positively correlated with S[Formula: see text]*. The higher basal EGP and greater EGP overshoot in trained middle-aged men appear to compensate for the increased insulin-independent (S[Formula: see text]*) and -dependent (S[Formula: see text]*) glucose uptake to maintain glucose homeostasis.
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Castro Gomes, Sérgio, Laurimar De Matos Farias, Luciana Rodrigues Ferreira, and Flavio Heleno Solano Reis. "IDENTIFICAÇÃO E CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS STAKEHOLDERS NA CONSTRUÇÃO DO PLANEJAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO DE UMA INSTITUIÇÃO PÚBLICA." RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218 2, no. 1 (February 6, 2021): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v2i1.68.
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O estudo tem por objetivo identificar e apresentar a percepção dos stakeholders presentes nas relações internas e externas de uma Escola de Governança Pública (EGP) e que fizeram parte do processo de construção do Planejamento Estratégico Institucional (PEI) da EGP. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica ancorada na efetiva participação de todos os stakeholders, em que barreiras, ameaças, oportunidades e desafios foram analisados. O objeto de pesquisa foi uma Escola de Governança Pública (EGP) de um estado da Federação, que é responsável pela promoção do desenvolvimento e valorização do servidor público. A pesquisa empregou as abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas, de forma complementar, e múltiplos métodos de pesquisa foram utilizados como entrevista em profundidade, grupo focal e pesquisa tipo survey, de forma a capturar a percepção dos diferentes stakeholders. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que os stakeholders primários da EGP são os prestadores de serviços de segurança, higienização e Tecnologia da Informação (TI); Secretários, Diretores e Presidentes de organizações públicas; alunos; professores e egresso; para superar as barreiras internas é preciso maior alinhamento da EGP com os prestadores de serviços de TI e o reconhecimento da missão da EGP pelas demais instituições públicas estaduais.
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Vella, A., A. S. Reed, N. Charkoudian, P. Shah, R. Basu, A. Basu, M. J. Joyner, and R. A. Rizza. "Glucose-induced suppression of endogenous glucose production: dynamic response to differing glucose profiles." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 285, no. 1 (July 2003): E25—E30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00530.2002.
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To determine whether, in the presence of constant insulin concentrations, a change in glucose concentrations results in a reciprocal change in endogenous glucose production (EGP), glucagon (∼130 ng/l) and insulin (∼65 pmol/l) were maintained at constant “basal” concentrations while glucose was clamped at ∼5.3 mM (euglycemia), ∼7.0 mM (sustained hyperglycemia; n = 10), or varied to create a “postprandial” profile (profile; n = 11). EGP fell slowly over the 6 h of the euglycemia study. In contrast, an increase in glucose to 7.13 ± 0.3 mmol/l resulted in prompt and sustained suppression of EGP to 9.65 ± 1.21 μmol·kg-1 · min-1. On the profile study day, glucose increased to a peak of 11.2 ± 0.5 mmol/l, and EGP decreased to a nadir of 6.79 ± 2.54 μmol · kg-1 · min-1 by 60 min. Thereafter, the fall in glucose was accompanied by a reciprocal rise in EGP to rates that did not differ from those observed on the euglycemic study day (11.31 ± 2.45 vs. 12.11 ± 3.21 μmol · kg-1 · min-1). Although the pattern of change of glucose differed markedly on the sustained hyperglycemia and profile study days, by design the area above basal did not. This resulted in equivalent suppression of EGP below basal (-1,952 ± 204 vs. -1,922 ± 246 mmol · kg-1 · 6 h-1). These data demonstrate that, in the presence of a constant basal insulin concentration, changes in glucose within the physiological range rapidly and reciprocally regulate EGP.
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Alves, Ricardo Oliveira, Helder Gomes Costa, Osvaldo Luiz Gonçalves Quelhas, Licínio Esmeraldo da Silva, and Leonardo Bezerra Pimentel. "Melhores práticas em implantação de escritório de gerenciamento de projeto: desenvolvimento de referenciais de sucesso." Production 23, no. 3 (December 7, 2012): 582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-65132012005000094.
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Apesar do reconhecimento do escritório de gerenciamento de projetos (EGP) como uma unidade de promoção da maturidade e para o alcance da eficácia em gerenciamento de projetos, sua implantação nas organizações muitas vezes não é bem sucedida. Este artigo objetiva analisar as melhores práticas em implantações de EGP que contribuem, de uma forma geral, para a otimização dos processos do negócio e dos resultados da organização. Através de uma revisão da literatura, propomos um conjunto de melhores práticas e os critérios para avaliação da eficácia na implantação de EGP. Com isto, realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo utilizando-se um questionário de pesquisa, onde foram levantadas as aplicações dessas melhores práticas e o sucesso dos EGPs para um determinado grupo de organizações. De posse desses dados, foram identificadas as melhores práticas mais aplicadas em implantação de EGP. Em seguida, foi realizada uma análise estatística que evidenciou 14 melhores práticas que comprovaram aumentar o sucesso na implantação do EGP.
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Basu, Ananda, Yogesh Yadav, Rickey E. Carter, and Rita Basu. "Novel Insights Into Effects of Cortisol and Glucagon on Nocturnal Glucose Production in Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 7 (May 6, 2020): e2378-e2388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa241.
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Abstract Context The effect of physiological changes in night-time cortisol and glucagon on endogenous glucose production (EGP) and nocturnal glycemia are unknown. Objective To determine the effects of changes in cortisol and glucagon on EGP during the night. Design Two overnight protocols were conducted. In Protocol 1, endogenous cortisol was blocked with metyrapone and hydrocortisone infused either at constant (constant) or increasing (variable) rates to mimic basal or physiological nocturnal cortisol concentrations. In Protocol 2, endogenous glucagon was blocked with somatostatin and exogenous glucagon was infused at either basal or elevated rates to mimic nocturnal glucagon concentrations observed in nondiabetic (ND) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) individuals. EGP was measured using [3-3H] glucose and gluconeogenesis estimated with 2H2O in all studies. Setting Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Trials Unit, Rochester, MN, US. Participants In Protocol 1, 34 subjects (17 ND and 17 T2D) and in Protocol 2, 39 subjects (21 ND and 18 T2D) were studied. Main Outcome Measures Endogenous glucose production Results EGP, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis were higher with variable than with constant cortisol at 7 am in T2D subjects. In contrast, nocturnal EGP did not differ in ND subjects between variable and constant cortisol. While elevated glucagon increased EGP, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis in ND, the data in T2D subjects indicated that EGP and gluconeogenesis but not glycogenolysis were higher during the early part of the night. Conclusion Nocturnal hyperglucagonemia, but not physiological rise in cortisol, contributes to nocturnal hyperglycemia in T2D due to increased gluconeogenesis.
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Jessup, James V., Claydell Horne, Hossein Yarandi, and John Quindry. "The Effects of Endurance Exercise and Vitamin E on Oxidative Stress in the Elderly." Biological Research For Nursing 5, no. 1 (July 2003): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800403005001005.
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To examine the effects of exercise and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress in older adults, 59 participants, age 76.3 ± 4.2 years, were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: an exercise group taking placebos (EGP) or vitamin E (EGE) or a sedentary group taking placebos (SGP) or vitamin E (SGE). Measures included weight, VO2max, blood pressure (BP), and serum concentrations of vitamin E and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH). At the end of the 16-week trial, the EGP and EGE had significant increases in VO2 max and significant decreases in resting BP, weight, and LOOH concentrations (P < 0.05). The SGE had significant decreases in LOOH and BP (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the SGP (P > 0.05). The results suggest that endurance exercise in combination with vitamin E reduces oxidative stress, improves aerobic fitness, and reduces BP and weight in older adults. Even sedentary participants who take vitamin E may reduce oxidative stress and lower BP.
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Hovorka, Roman, Harsha Jayatillake, Eduard Rogatsky, Vlad Tomuta, Tomas Hovorka, and Daniel T. Stein. "Calculating glucose fluxes during meal tolerance test: a new computational approach." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 293, no. 2 (August 2007): E610—E619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00546.2006.
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A new calculation method is proposed to quantify the endogenous glucose production (EGP), the glucose appearance rate due to meal ingestion (Ra meal), and the glucose disposal (Rd) during a three-tracer study design. The method utilizes the maximum likelihood theory combined with a regularization method to achieve a theoretically coherent computational framework. The method uses the two-compartment formulation of the glucose kinetics. Instead of assuming smoothness of unlabeled and labeled glucose concentrations, the method assumes that the EGP, the Ra meal, and the fractional glucose clearance are smooth, increasing plausibility of their individual estimates. The method avoids transformation of the measurement errors, which may skew the estimates of the EGP, Ra meal, and Rd with the traditional approach. Finally, the sequential nature of the calculations is replaced by calculating the EGP, Ra meal, and Rd in “one go” to avoid the propagation of the errors from the EGP and Ra meal into Rd. An example study is shown demonstrating the utility of the approach. A better performance of the new method is demonstrated in a simulation study.
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Zhao, Hongmei, Xiuyan Pang, and Zhixiao Zhai. "Preparation and Antiflame Performance of Expandable Graphite Modified with Sodium Hexametaphosphate." Journal of Polymers 2015 (July 27, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/821297.
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A kind of polyphosphate modified expandable graphite (EGp) was prepared in graphite oxidation and intercalation reaction with KMnO4 as oxidant, H2SO4 as intercalator, and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) as assistant intercalator. The feasible mass ratio of C : KMnO4 : H2SO4 (98%) : SHMP was determined as 1.0 : 0.3 : 4.5 : 0.6, H2SO4 was diluted to 77 wt% before intercalation reaction, and the reaction lasted for 40 min at 40°C. Expanded volume and initial expansion temperature of the prepared EGp reached 600 mL/g (at 800°C) and 151°C, respectively. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy testified the intercalation and layer structure of EGp, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy illuminated the intercalated functional groups. Flame retardance of the prepared EGp and the referenced EG (with only H2SO4 as intercalator) for linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) was also investigated. Addition of 30 wt% EGp to the polymer improved the limiting oxygen index (LOI) from 17.5 to 27.3%. On the other hand, the LOI of the same amount of the referenced EG was only 24.6%. Assistant intercalation of SHMP improved the dilatability and flame retardancy.
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Segev, Yael, Nilly Berdugo-Boura, Orit Porati, and Ariel Tarasiuk. "Upper airway loading induces growth retardation and change in local chondrocyte IGF-I expression is reversed by stimulation of GH release in juvenile rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 5 (November 2008): 1602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90772.2008.
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Chronic resistive airway loading (CAL) impairs growth in juvenile rats. The effects of CAL on epiphyseal growth plate (EGP) structure and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I gene expression have not been explored. Little is known about whether stimulants of endogenous growth hormone (GH) secretion can normalize this growth impairment. This study explored the effect of CAL on circulating and EGP GH/IGF-I pathway GH and the effect of ritanserin (endogenous GH stimulant) on somatic growth and the GH/IGF-I axis. We hypothesized that CAL would lead to a decrease in body temperature (Tb) and alterations of GH/IGF-I pathways, consequently leading to growth retardation. The tracheae of 22-day-old male rats were obstructed by tracheal banding (38 sham-operated control, 42 CAL). Tibial EGP morphometry, liver and EGP IGF mRNA, and serum GH and IGF-I levels were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. Tb and locomotion activity (MA) were measured with telemetric transmitters inserted into the abdominal cavity. CAL animals had lower Tb and MA despite preserved food consumption. CAL impaired both tibial and tail length gains. Tail and tibial length gains inversely correlated with tracheal resistance. Circulating GH and IGF-I, liver and EGP IGF-I mRNA, and EGP width were decreased in the CAL group. Ritanserin administration to CAL animals normalized circulating and local EGP GH and IGF-I levels and minimized the longitudinal growth impairment. We conclude that CAL causes growth delay associated with alterations in the GH/IGF-I axis. Stimulation of GH release by ritanserin restored both global and local GH/IGF-I pathways, yet growth parameters were only partially restored.
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Toffolo, Gianna, Rita Basu, Chiara Dalla Man, Robert Rizza, and Claudio Cobelli. "Assessment of postprandial glucose metabolism: conventional dual- vs. triple-tracer method." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 4 (October 2006): E800—E806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00461.2005.
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The dual-tracer method has been used conventionally for assessment of postprandial fluxes, i.e., appearance in plasma of ingested glucose (Ra meal), endogenous glucose production (EGP), and disposal (Rd). To quantify the magnitude of errors affecting the calculations and their dependence on model assumptions, this method was assessed and compared with the triple-tracer method, which provides model-independent estimates. For this purpose, the dual-tracer protocol was performed twice in eight normal subjects, with [1-13C]glucose to trace ingested glucose and [6,6-2H2]glucose constantly infused. A third tracer, [6-3H]glucose, was infused at variable rates to render the calculation of Ra meal and EGP virtually model independent. The dual-tracer method analyzed with a one-compartment model performed poorly, since Ra meal peak was significantly lower and delayed compared with triple-tracer reference, resulting in a significantly lower estimation of the amount of absorbed glucose (9,036 ± 558 vs. 11,316 ± 823 μmol/kg, P = 0.0117). EGP showed a paradoxical pattern, with an initial overshoot followed by a rapid decay to negative values, resulting in a significant underestimation of EGP suppression (57 ± 3 vs. 65 ± 4%, P = 0.0117). A two-compartment model performed better but did not overcome the limitations of the dual-tracer approach, since the amount of absorbed glucose was still significantly underestimated (10,231 ± 661 vs. 12,169 ± 838 μmol/kg, P = 0.0117) and EGP still showed a paradoxical behavior. Rd, estimated from Ra meal and EGP, was significantly underestimated with the dual-tracer method, irrespective of adopted model. We conclude that three suitably infused tracers are required for accurate assessment of postprandial Ra meal, EGP, and Rd.
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Dalla Man, Chiara, Francesca Piccinini, Rita Basu, Ananda Basu, Robert A. Rizza, and Claudio Cobelli. "Modeling hepatic insulin sensitivity during a meal: validation against the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 304, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): E819—E825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00482.2012.
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Recently, we proposed a model describing the suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) during a meal. It assumes that EGP suppression depends on glucose concentration and its rate of change and on delayed insulin action. Hepatic insulin sensitivity (SILmeal) can be derived from EGP model parameters. This model was shown to adequately describe EGP profiles measured with multiple tracer techniques; however, SILmeal has never been compared directly with its euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp counterpart (SILclamp). To do so, 62 subjects with different degrees of glucose tolerance underwent a triple-tracer mixed meal. Fifty-seven subjects also underwent a labeled ([3-3H]glucose) euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. From the triple-tracer meal data, virtually model-independent estimates of EGP were obtained using the tracer-to-tracee clamp technique, and the EGP model was identified in each subject. Model fit was satisfactory, and SILmeal was estimated with good precision. Correlation between SILclamp and SILmeal was good ( r = 0.72, P < 0.001); however, SILmeal was lower than SILclamp (4.60 ± 0.64 vs. 8.73 ± 1.07 10−4 dl·kg−1·min−1 per μU/ml, P < 0.01). This difference may be due to different ranges of insulin explored during the two tests (ΔIclamp = 15.60 ± 1.61 vs. ΔImeal= 83.37 ± 10.71 μU/ml) as well as steady- vs. non-steady-state glucose and insulin profiles. In conclusion, the new EGP model provides an estimate of hepatic insulin sensitivity during a meal that is in good agreement with that derived in the same individuals with a hyperinsulinemic clamp. When used in conjunction with the minimal model, the approach potentially enables estimation of hepatic insulin sensitivity from a single-tracer labeled meal or oral glucose tolerance test.
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Mevorach, Michèle, Jonathan Kaplan, Chee Jen Chang, Luciano Rossetti, and Harry Shamoon. "Hormone-independent activation of EGP during hypoglycemia is absent in type 1 diabetes mellitus." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 278, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): E421—E429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.3.e421.
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It has been suggested that insulin-induced suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) may be counteracted independently of increased epinephrine (Epi) or glucagon during moderate hypoglycemia. We examined EGP in nondiabetic ( n = 12) and type 1 diabetic (DM1, n = 8) subjects while lowering plasma glucose (PG) from clamped euglycemia (5.6 mmol/l) to values just above the threshold for Epi and glucagon secretion (3.9 mmol/l). Individualized doses of insulin were infused to maintain euglycemia during pancreatic clamps by use of somatostatin (250 μg/h), glucagon (1.0 ng ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1), and growth hormone (GH) (3.0 ng ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1) infusions without need for exogenons glucose. Then, to achieve physiological hyperinsulinemia (HIns), insulin infusions were fixed at 20% above the rate previously determined for each subject. In nondiabetic subjects, PG was reduced from 5.4 ± 0.1 mmol/l to 3.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l in the experimental protocol, whereas it was held constant (5.3 ± 0.2 mmol/l and 5.5 mmol/l) in control studies. In the latter, EGP (estimated by [3-3H]glucose) fell to values 40% of basal ( P < 0.01). In contrast, in the experimental protocol, at comparable HIns but with PG at 3.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l, EGP was activated to values about twofold higher than in the euglycemic control ( P < 0.01). In DM1 subjects, EGP failed to increase in the face of HIns and PG = 3.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l. The decrease from basal EGP in DM1 subjects (4.4 ± 1.0 μmol ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1) was nearly twofold that in nondiabetics (2.5 ± 0.8 μmol ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1, P < 0.02). When PG was lowered further to frank hypoglycemia (∼3.1 mmol/l), the failure of EGP activation in DM1 subjects was even more profound but associated with a 50% lower plasma Epi response ( P < 0.02) compared with nondiabetics. We conclude that glucagon- or epinephrine-independent activation of EGP may accompany other counterregulatory mechanisms during mild hypoglycemia in humans and is impaired or absent in DM1.
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Lam, Tony K. T., Gérald Van de Werve, and Adria Giacca. "Free fatty acids increase basal hepatic glucose production and induce hepatic insulin resistance at different sites." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 284, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): E281—E290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00332.2002.
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To investigate the sites of the free fatty acid (FFA) effects to increase basal hepatic glucose production and to impair hepatic insulin action, we performed 2-h and 7-h Intralipid + heparin (IH) and saline infusions in the basal fasting state and during hyperinsulinemic clamps in overnight-fasted rats. We measured endogenous glucose production (EGP), total glucose output (TGO, the flux through glucose-6-phosphatase), glucose cycling (GC, index of flux through glucokinase = TGO − EGP), hepatic glucose 6-phosphate (G-6- P) content, and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and glucokinase activities. Plasma FFA levels were elevated about threefold by IH. In the basal state, IH increased TGO, in vivo glucose-6-phosphatase activity (TGO/G-6- P), and EGP ( P < 0.001). During the clamp compared with the basal experiments, 2-h insulin infusion increased GC and in vivo glucokinase activity (GC/TGO; P < 0.05) and suppressed EGP ( P< 0.05) but failed to significantly affect TGO and in vivo glucose-6-phosphatase activity. IH decreased the ability of insulin to increase GC and in vivo glucokinase activity ( P < 0.01), and at 7 h, it also decreased the ability of insulin to suppress EGP ( P < 0.001). G-6- P content was comparable in all groups. In vivo glucose-6-phosphatase and glucokinase activities did not correspond to their in vitro activities as determined in liver tissue, suggesting that stable changes in enzyme activity were not responsible for the FFA effects. The data suggest that, in overnight-fasted rats, FFA increased basal EGP and induced hepatic insulin resistance at different sites. 1) FFA increased basal EGP through an increase in TGO and in vivo glucose-6-phosphatase activity, presumably due to a stimulatory allosteric effect of fatty acyl-CoA on glucose-6-phosphatase. 2) FFA induced hepatic insulin resistance (decreased the ability of insulin to suppress EGP) through an impairment of insulin's ability to increase GC and in vivo glucokinase activity, presumably due to an inhibitory allosteric effect of fatty acyl-CoA on glucokinase and/or an impairment in glucokinase translocation.
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Man, Chiara Dalla, Gianna Toffolo, Rita Basu, Robert A. Rizza, and Claudio Cobelli. "Use of labeled oral minimal model to measure hepatic insulin sensitivity." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 295, no. 5 (November 2008): E1152—E1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00486.2007.
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The ability to accurately quantify indexes of the individual role of glucose (GEL) and insulin (SIL) in the suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) would improve the understanding of liver metabolism. Measuring these indexes during an IVGTT by minimal modeling of tracer labeled and unlabeled glucose data is often unreliable, possibly due to an inadequate description of EGP included in the Minimal Model. Moreover, a validation of the assumptions of the Minimal Model on EGP data has never been done. Recently, Krudys et al. (Krudys KM, Dodds MG, Nissen SM, Vicini P. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288: E1038–E1046, 2005) have proposed a PK/PD (pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic) model of the EGP profile that occurs during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT); however, this model has also not been validated. The aim of this study was thus to test the Minimal Model, the PK/PD model, and six alternative EGP descriptions on recent model-independent EGP data of 20 subjects obtained with a triple-tracer meal protocol. Model performance was compared in terms of data fit, precision of the estimated parameters, and physiological plausibility. Neither the PK/PD nor the traditional Minimal Model were able to accurately describe EGP data or provide reliable estimates of the indexes. In contrast, one of the new models performed best by showing a good fit and providing accurate and precise estimates of hepatic sensitivity indexes: GEL = 0.013 ± 0.001 dl·kg−1·min−1; SIL = 5.34 ± 0.47 10−4 dl·kg−1·min−1 per μU/ml (42 and 34%, respectively, of total sensitivity indexes GETOT and SITOT). Although this model requires further validation, it has the potential to improve our understanding of the role of the liver in pathophysiological states.
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Singhal, Parag, Andrea Caumo, Peter E. Carey, Claudio Cobelli, and Roy Taylor. "Regulation of endogenous glucose production after a mixed meal in type 2 diabetes." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 283, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): E275—E283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00424.2001.
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The extent and time course of suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) in type 2 diabetes after a mixed meal have been determined using a new tracer methodology. Groups of age-, sex-, and weight-matched normal controls ( n = 8) and diet-controlled type 2 diabetic subjects ( n = 8) were studied after ingesting a standard mixed meal (550 kcal; 67% carbohydrate, 19% fat, 14% protein). There was an early insulin increment in both groups such that, by 20 min, plasma insulin levels were 266 ± 54 and 190 ± 53 pmol/l, respectively. EGP was similar basally [2.55 ± 0.12 mg · kg−1 · min−1 in control subjects vs. 2.92 ± 0.16 mg · kg−1 · min−1 in the patients ( P = 0.09)]. After glucose ingestion, EGP declined rapidly in both groups to ∼50% of basal within 30 min of the meal. Despite the initial rapid decrease, the EGP was significantly greater in the diabetic group at 60 min (1.75 ± 0.12 vs. 1.05 ± 0.14 mg · kg−1 · min−1; P < 0.01) and did not reach nadir until 210 min (0.96 ± 0.17 mg · kg−1 · min−1). Between 60 and 240 min, EGP was 47% higher in the diabetic group (0.89 ± 0.09 vs. 1.31 ± 0.13 mg · kg−1 · min−1, P < 0.02). These data quantitate the initial rapid suppression of EGP after a mixed meal in type 2 diabetes and the contribution of continuing excess glucose production to subsequent hyperglycemia.
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Boden, Guenther, Peter Cheung, T. Peter Stein, Karen Kresge, and Maria Mozzoli. "FFA cause hepatic insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin suppression of glycogenolysis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 283, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): E12—E19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00429.2001.
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Free fatty acids (FFA) have been shown to inhibit insulin suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP). To determine whether this is the result of stimulation by FFA of gluconeogenesis (GNG) or glycogenolysis (GL) or a combination of both, we have determined rates of GNG and GL (with2H2O) and EGP in 16 healthy nondiabetic volunteers (11 males, 5 females) during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic (∼450 pM) clamping performed either with or without simultaneous intravenous infusion of lipid plus heparin. During insulin infusion, FFA decreased from 571 to 30 μmol/l ( P < 0.001), EGP from 15.7 to 2.0 μmol · kg−1 · min−1( P < 0.01), GNG from 8.2 to 3.7 μmol · kg−1 · min−1( P < 0.05), and GL from 7.4 to −1.7 μmol · kg−1 · min−1( P < 0.02). During insulin plus lipid/heparin infusion, FFA increased from 499 to 1,247 μmol/l ( P< 0.001). EGP decreased 64% less than during insulin alone (−5.1 ± 0.7 vs. −13.7 ± 3.4 μmol · kg−1 · min−1). The decrease in GNG was not significantly different from the decrease of GNG during insulin alone (−2.6 vs. −4.5 μmol · kg−1 · min−1, not significant). In contrast, GL decreased 66% less than during insulin alone (−3.1 vs. −9.2 μmol · kg−1 · min−1, P < 0.05). We conclude that insulin suppressed EGP by inhibiting GL more than GNG and that elevated plasma FFA levels attenuated the suppression of EGP by interfering with insulin suppression of GL.
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Kadygrova, T., N. Fedorova, N. Kozlovtseva, and E. Krylov. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED MACHINING CELL FOR MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF THE COMPOSITE HOUSINGEGP.1000TYPE." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 3(238) (April 21, 2020): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2020-3-238-67-70.
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An improvement of a composite housing EGP.1000 typemachining is considered. The analysis of the composite housing EGP.1000 typecurrentprocessing is given. The manufacturing routing is described amidst present settings and under automated machining cell conditions.
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Gong, Yanzhi, and Zhouchun He. "Situational Factors of Job Burnout in Polytechnic EGP Teachers: A Diary-Based Case Study in the Chinese Context." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 41, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2018-0005.
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AbstractJob burnout is a synthetic syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. It has a time-linked and situation-specific nature by developing gradually and fluctuating with changes of environmental contributors. In this study, four related diary entries were analyzed narratively, written by a polytechnic teacher teaching English for General Purposes (EGP) in a semester, to verify the possible work-related situational factors causing job burnout of EGP teachers in the Chinese context. The results revealed ten environmental burnout elements, including overload, severity of students’ problem, lacking supervisors’ support, limited job autonomy, a stern hierarchical organizational system, and opaque operating rules. We interpreted the results in terms of teacher professional development and proposed that enhancing EGP teachers’ professional identity and revaluing the EGP course in polytechnics were the basic ways to mitigate burnout and improve English teachers’ professional development.
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Morkevičius, Vaidas, and Zenonas Norkus. "Šiuolaikinės Lietuvos klasinė struktūra: neovėberiška analizė." Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 31, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 75–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2012.2.393.
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Santrauka. Straipsnio tikslas – pritaikyti socialinės nelygybės ir politinių procesų pokomunistinėje Lietuvoje analizei Roberto Eriksono, Johno Goldthorpe’o ir Lucienne Portocarero (EGP) klasių teoriją, kuri tęsia Maxo Weberio socialinės struktūros analizės tradiciją. Pirmame skirsnyje analizuojamos priežastys, kodėl atkūrus Lietuvos nepriklausomybę Lietuvos sociologai beveik visiškai apleido tyrimų barą, kurį sociologijos klasikai laikė pagrindiniu, – visuomenės socialinės struktūros analizę. Aptariami dviejų tyrimų, skirtų pokomunistinės Lietuvos socialinės struktūros analizei (Rūtos Brazienės disertacijos ir Arvydo Matulionio vadovaujamo autorių kolektyvo parašytos monografijos) rezultatai, palyginama indukcinė ir dedukcinė socialinės struktūros analizės metodologija, išryškinami dedukcinės metodologijos privalumai. Antrame skirsnyje išdėstoma EGP klasių teorija, pateikiant ją kaip kūrybišką klasikinių Maxo Weberio socialinės struktūros idėjų tąsą. Išryškinami Maxo Weberio ir Karlo Marxo klasių sampratų skirtumai, o EGP klasių teorija palyginama su jos pagrindinėmis šiuolaikinėmis alternatyvomis: neomarksistine Eriko Wrighto klasių teorija, orientuota į išnaudojimo santykių analizę, ir amerikietiškąja socialinės stratifikacijos analizės koncepcija, orientuota į individualaus socialinio ekonominio statuso (SES) matavimus. Trečiame skirsnyje neovėberiškai analizuojama pokomunistinės Lietuvos klasinė struktūra, pateikiant jos 11, 7, 5 ir 3 EGP klasių modelius. Šiam tikslui panaudojami 2009 m. pabaigoje atliktos reprezentatyvios Europos socialinio tyrimo (EST) Lietuvos gyventojų apklausos duomenys. Remiantis diachroniniais ir sinchroniniais palyginimais bei istorine analize išryškinami šios struktūros bendrieji (lyginant su panašiomis į Lietuvą šalimis) ir saviti nacionaliniai bruožai. Paskutiniajame skirsnyje modifikuotas 7 EGP klasių modelis pritaikomas statistiškai nagrinėjant vėberiškai apibrėžiamą (kaip „gero gyvenimo šansų“ nelygaus pasiskirstymo) socialinę nelygybę Lietuvoje, o taip pat bandant nustatyti (pasitelkiant statistinę atitikties analizę) klasinės priklausomybės įtaką politinėms orientacijoms bei elgsenai.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Eriksono-Goldthorpe-Portocarero (EGP) klasių teorija, pokomunistinės Lietuvos socialinė struktūra ir politika, gero gyvenimo šansų nelygybė, atitikties analizė.Key words: Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero (EGP) class theory, ABSTRACTTHE CLASS STRUCTURE OF CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIA: A NEO-WEBERIAN ANALYSISThis article analyses social inequality and political processes in post-Communist Lithuania, using the neo-Weberian class theory of Robert Erikson, John Goldthorpe and Lucienne Portocarero (EGP). The opening section considers why the analysis of social structure, which was a central concern in classical sociology, has been so neglected in Lithuanian sociology since the restoration of independence. There are just two exceptions to this trend, discussed in the same section – Rūta Brazienė’s 2002 thesis and the 2005 volume edited by Arvydas Matulionis. The first part also compares inductive (data-driven) and deductive (theory-driven) methodologies of social structure analysis to substantiate the advantages of the latter for this article’s empirical analysis. The second part outlines EGP class theory, considered as a creative continuation of Weber’s classical analysis of social structure, and as a genuine alternative to Marx’s theory of classes and class struggle. EGP class theory is compared with two other approaches – Erik Olin Wright’s neo-Marxist class theory, which emphasises exploitation relations between classes, and American social stratification analysis, which focuses on the measurement of socio-economic status (SES). The third section offers a neo-Weberian examination of post-Communist Lithuania’s class structure, represented by four different EGP class types. Diachronic and synchronic comparisons and historical analysis are used to point out the features of Lithuanian class structure that are shared with other similar countries and those features that are nationally specific. To this end, data from Round 4 of the European Social Survey in Lithuania (conducted at the end of 2009) is used. In the last section, which applies statistical methods of correspondence analysis, a slightly modified EGP class model is used to explore manifestations of social inequality (conceived in Weberian terms as an unequal distribution of ‘life chances’), as well as the voting and ideological orientations of the Lithuanian electorate.
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Ha, Le Minh, Ngo Thi Phuong, Nguyen Thi Thu Hien, Pham Thi Tam, Do Thi Thao, and Do Thi Thanh Huyen. "In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Rhizomes of Globba pendula Roxb." Natural Product Communications 16, no. 10 (October 2021): 1934578X2110559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x211055907.
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In this study, we aimed at evaluating in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of various extracts of the rhizomes of Globba pendula Roxb. Three extracts ( n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water) were screened for their inhibitory effect on NO production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The ethyl acetate extract of G. pendula rhizomes (EGP) showed a potential effect with an IC50 value of 32.45 µg/mL. For in vivo study, the ethyl acetate extract was further investigated for its anti-inflammatory effect using collagen antibody-induced arthritic mice (CAIA). The level of arthritis in experimental mice significantly reduced ( P < .05) after treatment with EGP at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). This study also revealed that EGP is orally non-toxic. Ethyl p-methoxy cinamate was identified as the main constituent of EGP, which may result in its anti-inflammatory effect.
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Eshet, R., G. Maor, T. Ben Ari, M. Ben Eliezer, G. Gat-Yablonski, and M. Phillip. "The aromatase inhibitor letrozole increases epiphyseal growth plate height and tibial length in peripubertal male mice." Journal of Endocrinology 182, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1820165.
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Sex hormones may influence longitudinal growth, either indirectly, by affecting the growth-hormone-insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis, or directly, by affecting changes within the epiphyseal growth plate (EGP). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, on longitudinal growth and changes in the EGP in vivo. Eighteen peripubertal male mice were divided into three groups. The first group was killed at baseline, the second was injected with letrozole (Femara) s.c., 2 mg/kg body weight/day, for 10 days, and the third was injected with the vehicle alone. Serum testosterone levels were found to be significantly higher in the treated group than in the controls. Letrozole induced a significant increase in body weight, tail length and serum growth hormone level, but had no significant effect on the level of serum IGF-I. On histomorphometric study, there was a significant increase (12%) in EGP height in the treated animals compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry showed a 3.4-fold letrozole-induced increase in the proliferation of the EGP chondrocytes, as estimated by the number of proliferation cell nuclear antigen-stained cells, and a decrease in the differentiation of the EGP chondrocytes, as estimated by type X collagen staining. Letrozole did not interfere with type II collagen levels. The study group also showed a twofold increase in the number of IGF-I receptor-positive cells compared with controls. In conclusion, the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole, appears to increase the linear growth potential of the EGP in mice.
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Mancini, Fabio Catache, Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura, Mateus Pereira Funari, Igor Braga Ribeiro, Fernando Lopes Ponte Neto, Pastor Joaquin Ortiz Mendieta, Thomas R. McCarty, Wanderley Marques Bernardo, Sergio Carlos Nahas, and Eduardo Guimarães Hourneaux de Moura. "Use of an electromagnetic-guided device to assist with post-pyloric placement of a nasoenteral feeding tube: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Endoscopy International Open 10, no. 08 (August 2022): E1118—E1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1789-0491.
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Abstract Background and study aims While endoscopic-guided placement (EGP) of a post-pyloric nasoenteral feeding tube may improve caloric intake and reduce the risk of bronchoaspiration, an electromagnetic-guided placement (EMGP) method may obviate the need for endoscopic procedures. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing the efficacy and safety of EMGP versus EGP of a post-pyloric feeding tube. Methods Protocolized searches were performed from the inception through January 2021 following PRISMA guidelines. Only randomized controlled trials were included comparing EMGP versus EGP. Study outcomes included: technical success (defined as appropriate post-pyloric positioning), tube and patient associated adverse events (AEs), time to enteral nutrition, procedure-associated cost, and procedure time. Pooled risk difference (RD) and mean difference (MD) were calculated using a fixed-effects model and heterogeneity evaluated using Higgins test (I2). Results Four randomized trials (n = 536) were included. A total of 287 patients were included in the EMGP group and 249 patients in the EGP group. There was no difference between EMGP versus EGP regarding technical success, tube-related AEs, patient-related AEs, procedure time, and time in the right position. Time to enteral nutrition favored EMGP (MD: –134.37 [–162.13, –106.61]; I2 = 35 %); with significantly decreased associated cost (MD: –127.77 ($) [–135.8–119.73]; I2 = 0 %). Conclusions Based on this study, EMGP and EGP were associated with similar levels of technical success and safety as well as time to complete the procedure. Despite this, EMGP was associated with reduced cost and time to initiation of nutrition.
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Honka, Miikka-Juhani, Marco Bucci, Jonathan Andersson, Ville Huovinen, Maria Angela Guzzardi, Samuel Sandboge, Nina Savisto, et al. "Resistance training enhances insulin suppression of endogenous glucose production in elderly women." Journal of Applied Physiology 120, no. 6 (March 15, 2016): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2015.
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An altered prenatal environment during maternal obesity predisposes offspring to insulin resistance, obesity, and their consequent comorbidities, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Telomere shortening and frailty are additional risk factors for these conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training on hepatic metabolism and ectopic fat accumulation. Thirty-five frail elderly women, whose mothers' body mass index (BMI) was known, participated in a 4-mo resistance training program. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) and hepatic and visceral fat glucose uptake were measured during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. Ectopic fat was measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. We found that the training intervention reduced EGP during insulin stimulation [from 5.4 (interquartile range 3.0, 7.0) to 3.9 (−0.4, 6.1) μmol·kg body wt−1·min−1, P = 0.042] in the whole study group. Importantly, the reduction was higher among those whose EGP was more insulin resistant at baseline (higher than the median) [−5.6 (7.1) vs. 0.1 (5.4) μmol·kg body wt−1·min−1, P = 0.015]. Furthermore, the decrease in EGP was associated with telomere elongation ( r = −0.620, P = 0.001). The resistance training intervention did not change either hepatic or visceral fat glucose uptake or the amounts of ectopic fat. Maternal obesity did not influence the studied measures. In conclusion, resistance training improves suppression of EGP in elderly women. The finding of improved insulin sensitivity of EGP with associated telomere lengthening implies that elderly women can reduce their risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease with resistance training.
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Zohrabi, Mohammad. "Trends in ESP and EGP." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 6, no. 3 (April 28, 2015): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0603.27.
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Balasubramanyam, Ashok, Siripoom McKay, Prashant Nadkarni, Arun S. Rajan, Armandina Garza, Valory Pavlik, J. Alan Herd, Farook Jahoor, and Peter J. Reeds. "Ethnicity affects the postprandial regulation of glycogenolysis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 277, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): E905—E914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.5.e905.
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We investigated the effect of nutrient intake on glucose metabolism in normal Mexican-Americans ( n = 6) and European-Americans ( n = 6). Subjects were studied after an 18-h fast and after 5–6 h of ingestion of hourly meals that supplied 6.35 or 12.75 μmol glucose ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1. Endogenous glucose production (EGP), gluconeogenesis (GNG), and glycogenolysis (GLY) were estimated by mass isotopomer analysis with [U-13C]glucose infusions. Fasting EGP, GNG, and GLY did not differ between the groups. Food ingestion lowered the molar rate of GNG by only 31%. However, while consuming the lower quantity of nutrients, Mexican-Americans had higher plasma glucose ( P < 0.05), a 39% higher rate of EGP ( P< 0.05), and a 68% ( P < 0.025) higher rate of GLY than the European-Americans. At the higher intake, EGP and GLY were suppressed completely in both groups. There was a linear relationship between insulin concentrations, EGP, and GLY in both groups, but the slope of the line was significantly ( P < 0.05) greater in the European-Americans. We conclude that the sensitivity of GLY to nutrient intake differs between ethnic groups and that this may play a role in the increased predisposition of Mexican-Americans to type II diabetes.
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Hinshaw, Ling, Ashwini Mallad, Chiara Dalla Man, Rita Basu, Claudio Cobelli, Rickey E. Carter, Yogish C. Kudva, and Ananda Basu. "Glucagon sensitivity and clearance in type 1 diabetes: insights from in vivo and in silico experiments." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 309, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): E474—E486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00236.2015.
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Glucagon use in artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetes (T1D) is being explored for prevention and rescue from hypoglycemia. However, the relationship between glucagon stimulation of endogenous glucose production (EGP) viz., hepatic glucagon sensitivity, and prevailing glucose concentrations has not been examined. To test the hypothesis that glucagon sensitivity is increased at hypoglycemia vs. euglycemia, we studied 29 subjects with T1D randomized to a hypoglycemia or euglycemia clamp. Each subject was studied at three glucagon doses at euglycemia or hypoglycemia, with EGP measured by isotope dilution technique. The peak EGP increments and the integrated EGP response increased with increasing glucagon dose during euglycemia and hypoglycemia. However, the difference in dose response based on glycemia was not significant despite higher catecholamine concentrations in the hypoglycemia group. Knowledge of glucagon's effects on EGP was used to develop an in silico glucagon action model. The model-derived output fitted the obtained data at both euglycemia and hypoglycemia for all glucagon doses tested. Glucagon clearance did not differ between glucagon doses studied in both groups. Therefore, the glucagon controller of a dual hormone control system may not need to adjust glucagon sensitivity, and hence glucagon dosing, based on glucose concentrations during euglycemia and hypoglycemia.
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Abd-El Hamed, Amira M., and Eman R. Kamel. "Effect of some non-genetic factors on the productivity and profitability of Holstein Friesian dairy cows." January-2021 14, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.242-249.
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Background and Aim: Milk yield (MY) is one of the main factors that affect the economic profitability of dairy farms. Thus, increasing the MY per animal and decreasing the feed cost can lead to economic gains, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dry period length (DPL), days open (DO), and days in milk (DIM) on the productivity and profitability of dairy cow farms. Materials and Methods: Data used in this study were taken from 3095 lactation records of Friesian dairy cows of private and governmental sectors. The data were classified into 4 DPL categories: DPL1 <45 days; DPL2 45-60 days; DPL3 61-75 days, and DPL4 >75 days, 3 DO categories: DO1 ≤90 days; DO2 91-110 days and DO3 >111 days, and 8 DIM categories: DIM1 180-210 days; DIM2 211-240 days; DIM3 241-270 days; DIM4 271-300 days; DIM5 301-330 days; DIM6 331-360 days; DIM7 361-447 days; and DIM8 >447 days. Results: The average net profit (NP) was significantly different (p<0.05) among different categories of DPL, DO, and DIM in both production sectors, where high estimates of NP were calculated for DPL3 (30667.3 EGP), and it was the lowest for DPL1 (19690.6 EGP). DO2 had the highest NP (30754.1 EGP), while DO3 had the lowest NP (24875.5 EGP). DIM3 had the highest NP (29569.3 EGP), while DIM8 had the lowest NP (19528.4 EGP). Conclusion: Finally, we can conclude that DPL 61-75 days, DO 91-110 days, and DIM 241-270 days had the highest level of total MY, total return, and NP. Private dairy cow farms achieve a higher level of NP than governmental ones under subtropical Egyptian conditions.
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Gao, Liwei, Xinjie Zhao, Meng Liu, and Xiangzhong Zhao. "Characterization and Antibacterial Activities of Carboxymethylated Paramylon from Euglena gracilis." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 3022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153022.
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Paramylon from Euglena gracilis (EGP) is a polymeric polysaccharide composed of linear β-1,3 glucan. EGP has been proved to have antibacterial activity, but its effect is weak due to its water insolubility and high crystallinity. In order to change this deficiency, this experiment carried out carboxymethylated modification of EGP. Three carboxymethylated derivatives, C-EGP1, C-EGP2, and C-EGP3, with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.14, 0.55, and 0.78, respectively, were synthesized by varying reaction conditions, such as the mass of chloroacetic acid and temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis confirmed the success of the carboxymethylated modification. The Congo red (CR) experiment, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry (TG) were used to study the conformation, surface morphology, crystalline nature, and thermostability of the carboxymethylated EGP. The results showed that carboxymethylation did not change the triple helix structure of the EGP, but that the fundamental particles’ surface morphology was destroyed, and the crystallization area and thermal stability decreased obviously. In addition, the water solubility test and antibacterial experiment showed that the water solubility and antibacterial activity of the EGP after carboxymethylation were obviously improved, and that the water solubility of C-EGP1, C-EGP2, and C-EGP3 increased by 53.31%, 75.52%, and 80.96% respectively. The antibacterial test indicated that C-EGP3 had the best effect on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.50 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL. The diameters of the inhibition zone of C-EGP3 on E. coli and S. aureus were 11.24 ± 0.15 mm and 12.05 ± 0.09 mm, and the antibacterial rate increased by 41.33% and 43.67%.
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Boden, Guenther, Xinhua Chen, and T. Peter Stein. "Gluconeogenesis in moderately and severely hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 280, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): E23—E30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.1.e23.
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We tested the generally accepted concept that increased gluconeogenesis (GNG) and endogenous glucose production (EGP) are the main reasons for postabsorptive hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GNG was measured with the 2H2O method by use of both the C5-to-C2 ratio (C5/C2, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and the C5-to-2H2O ratio (C5/2H2O, with isotope ratio mass spectrometry), and EGP was measured with 3-[3H]glucose in 27 patients with T2DM [13 with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) >10 mM and 14 with FPG <10 mM] and in 7 weight- and age-matched nondiabetic controls. The results showed 1) that GNG could be determined accurately with 2H2O by using either C5/C2 or C5/2H2O; 2) that whereas after an overnight fast of 16 h, GNG was higher in the entire group of patients with T2DM than in controls (6.4 vs. 5.0 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 or 60.4 vs. 51.4% of EGP, P < 0.02), GNG was within normal limits (less than the mean ± 2 SD of controls or <65.3%) in 11/14 (79%) patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia (FPG <10 mM) and in 5/13 (38%) of patients with severe hyperglycemia (FPG 10–20 mM); 3) that elevated GNG in T2DM was associated with a 43% decrease in prehepatic insulin secretion, i.e., with hepatic insulin deficiency; and 4) that FPG correlated significantly with glucose clearance (insulin resistance) ( r = 0.70) and with GNG ( r = 0.50) or EGP ( r = 0.45). We conclude 1) that peripheral insulin resistance is at least as important as GNG (and EGP) as a cause of postabsorptive hyperglycemia in T2DM and 2) that GNG and EGP in T2DM are increased under conditions of significant hepatic insulin deficiency and thus probably represent a late event in the course of T2DM.
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Apriliana, Nana, and Basikin Basikin. "Vocational High School Students’ Perception in learning English and Its Relation to their Career Aspiration in Yogyakarta." Eralingua: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Asing dan Sastra 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eralingua.v5i1.13783.
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Abstract. In Indonesia, Vocational High Schools (VHSs) are designed to prepare graduates for a specific job. Selecting the types of English that suits the needs of vocational students is paramount importance to support their vocational skill in the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). This study aims to reveal: (1) Vocational High School (VHS) students’ English perceived needs, (2) VHS students’ career aspirations toward study program they are taking, (3) the effect of students’ perception of their English program (EGP and ESP) on their career aspirations, and (4) the differences in the students’ perception of their English program (EGP and ESP) by demographic variables (gender and study program). This was quantitative research in the form of a correlational study. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, multiple regression, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The findings indicated that: (1) Most VHS students' English perceived need was ESP. Nevertheless, it was also undeniable that they also still needed EGP for their English before they took ESP. (2) Most VHS students did not have mature career aspirations related to the study program they were taking at vocational high school. (3) Furthermore, there was a significant effect of students' perception (EGP and ESP) on their career aspirations. (4) Regarding differences between male and female's perception of English program and differences in students’ study program, the results of this study revealed significant differences among them. Keywords: Career Aspiration, EGP, ESP, Perception
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Linn, Thomas, Britta Fischer, Nedim Soydan, Michael Eckhard, Julia Ehl, Clemens Kunz, and Reinhard G. Bretzel. "Nocturnal Glucose Metabolism after Bedtime Injection of Insulin Glargine or Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Insulin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 3839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2871.
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Aims/Hypothesis: Insulin glargine is a long-acting human insulin analog often administered at bedtime to patients with type 2 diabetes. It reduces fasting blood glucose levels more efficiently and with less nocturnal hypoglycemic events compared with human neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. Therefore, bedtime injections of insulin glargine and NPH insulin were compared overnight and in the morning. Methods: In 10 type 2 diabetic patients, euglycemic clamps were performed, including [6,6′]2H2 glucose, to study the rate of disappearance (Rd) and endogenous production (EGP) of glucose during the night. On separate days at bedtime (2200 h), patients received a sc injection of insulin glargine, NPH insulin, or saline in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Results: Similar doses of both insulins had different metabolic profiles. NPH insulin had a greater effect on both Rd and EGP in the night compared with insulin glargine. By contrast, in the morning, insulin glargine was more effective, increasing Rd by 5.8 μmol/kg−1·min−1 (95% confidence interval 4.7–6.9) and reducing EGP −5.7 (−5.0 to −6.4) compared with NPH insulin. Nearly 80% of the glucose lowering effect in the morning was due to insulin glargine’s reduction of EGP. Its injection was associated with one-third lower morning glucagon levels compared with NPH insulin (P = 0.021). Conclusion/Interpretation: Nocturnal variations of EGP and Rd explain the reduced incidence of hypoglycemia and lower fasting glucose levels reported for insulin glargine compared with human NPH insulin.
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Houser, Dorian S., Daniel E. Crocker, Michael S. Tift, and Cory D. Champagne. "Glucose oxidation and nonoxidative glucose disposal during prolonged fasts of the northern elephant seal pup (Mirounga angustirostris)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 303, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): R562—R570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00101.2012.
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Elephant seal weanlings demonstrate rates of endogenous glucose production (EGP) during protracted fasts that are higher than predicted on the basis of mass and time fasting. To determine the nonoxidative and oxidative fate of endogenously synthesized glucose, substrate oxidation, metabolic rate, glycolysis, and EGP were measured in fasting weanlings. Eight weanlings were sampled at 14 days of fasting, and a separate group of nine weanlings was sampled at 49 days of fasting. Metabolic rate was determined via flow-through respirometry, and substrate-specific oxidation was determined from the respiratory quotient and urinary nitrogen measurements. The rate of glucose disposal (GluRd) was determined through a primed, constant infusion of [3-3H]glucose, and glycolysis was determined from the rate of appearance of 3H in the body water pool. GluRd was 1.41 ± 0.27 and 0.95 ± 0.21 mmol/min in the early and late fasting groups, respectively. Nearly all EGP went through glycolysis, but the percentage of GluRd oxidized to meet the daily metabolic demand was only 24.1 ± 4.4% and 16.7 ± 5.9% between the early and late fasting groups. Glucose oxidation was consistently less than 10% of the metabolic rate in both groups. This suggests that high rates of EGP do not support substrate provisions for glucose-demanding tissues. It is hypothesized that rates of EGP may be ancillary to the upregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle to meet high rates of lipid oxidation while mitigating ketosis.
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Carey, Peter E., Jean Gerrard, Gary W. Cline, Chiara Dalla Man, Philip T. English, Michael J. Firbank, Claudio Cobelli, and Roy Taylor. "Acute inhibition of lipolysis does not affect postprandial suppression of endogenous glucose production." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 289, no. 6 (December 2005): E941—E947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00195.2005.
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To test the hypothesis that intrahepatic availability of fatty acid could modify the rate of suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP), acipimox or placebo was administered before and during a test meal. We used a modified isotopic methodology to measure EGP in 11 healthy subjects, and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurement of hepatic triglyceride stores was also undertaken. Acipimox suppressed plasma free fatty acids markedly before the meal (0.05 ± 0.01 mmol/l at −10 min, P = 0) and throughout the postprandial period (0.03 ± 0.01 mmol/l at 150 min). Mean peak plasma glucose was significantly lower after the meal on acipimox days (8.9 ± 0.4 vs. 10.1 ± 0.5 mmol/l, P < 0.01), as was mean peak serum insulin (653.1 ± 99.9 vs. 909 ± 118 pmol/l, P < 0.01). Fasting EGP was similar (11.15 ± 0.58 μmol·kg−1·min−1 placebo vs. 11.17 ± 0.89 mg·kg−1·min−1 acipimox). The rate of suppression of EGP after the meal was almost identical on the 2 test days (4.36 ± 1.52 vs. 3.69 ± 1.21 μmol·kg−1·min−1 at 40 min). There was a significant negative correlation between the acipimox-induced decrease in peak plasma glucose and liver triglyceride content ( r = −0.827, P = 0.002), suggesting that, when levels of liver fat were low, inhibition of lipolysis was able to affect glucose homeostasis. Acute pharmacological sequestration of fatty acids in triglyceride stores improves postprandial glucose homeostasis without effect on the immediate postprandial suppression of EGP.