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Journal articles on the topic 'Eggshells Quality'
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1
Radwan, Lamiaa M. "Eggshell quality: a comparison between Fayoumi, Gimieizah and Brown Hy-Line strains for mechanical properties and ultrastructure of their eggshells." Animal Production Science 56, no. 5 (2016): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14755.
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This experiment was designed to study the relationship between mechanical properties and ultrastructure of three genetic groups (Fayoumi, Gimieizah and Brown Hy-Line strains). To assess eggshell mechanical parameters a total of 120 eggs from each strain was used. This study suggested predicting the mechanical properties and ultrastructure of eggshells when egg weight was equal for the three strains (39.8 g). There was a significant difference among strains for shell thickness, eggshell breaking strength and stiffness, with the Fayoumi eggshells recording the highest values compared with other strains. The palisade layer of Gimieizah and Brown Hy-Line eggshells was thinner than that of Fayoumi eggshells. There were significant correlations between palisade length and breaking strength (0.51), shell thickness (0.89) and stiffness (0.48); however, the length of the palisade layer was significantly negatively correlated with elasticity (–0.85). The Fayoumi (local Egyptian strain) showed higher resistance for eggshell breakage than the Hy-Line commercial strain due to their longer palisade layer noting that there were no significant differences in egg weight between the two. The length of the palisade layer plays an important role in eggshell strength, so it is of interest to include these parameters in selection programs aimed to improve eggshell strength. However, a negative correlation between length of palisade layer and elasticity prevented improvement of these two parameters.
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Ketta, Mohamed, Eva Tůmová, Michaela Englmaierová, and Darina Chodová. "Combined Effect of Genotype, Housing System, and Calcium on Performance and Eggshell Quality of Laying Hens." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112120.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate hen performance and eggshell quality response to genotype, housing system, and feed calcium (Ca) level. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted on 360 laying hens of ISA Brown, Bovans Brown (commercial hybrids), and Moravia BSL (traditional Czech hybrid). Laying hens were kept in enriched cages and on littered floor and fed similar feed mixtures with different Ca content (3.00% vs. 3.50%). In terms of hen performance, ISA Brown had the highest egg production (84.2%) compared to Moravia BSL (74.3%) and Bovans Brown (71.4%). Regarding eggshell quality, Bovans Brown showed the highest values of all eggshell quality parameters. Increasing feed Ca level augmented egg production (p ≤ 0.001) but had no effect on other performance parameters. Except eggshell thickness, all eggshell quality parameters were affected by the three-way interaction of genotype, housing, and Ca. Bovans Brown, which had the strongest eggshells (5089 g/cm2) when housed on a littered floor system and fed 3.00% Ca, while Moravia BSL housed on a littered floor had the weakest eggshells (4236 g/cm2) at 3.50% Ca. The study pointed out the importance of the interactions between studied factors on performance and eggshell quality compared to an individual factor effect.
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Lichovníková, M., and L. Zeman. "Effect of housing system on the calcium requirement of laying hens and on eggshell quality." Czech Journal of Animal Science 53, No. 4 (April 4, 2008): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/375-cjas.
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The effects of housing systems on the calcium requirement for eggshell production, eggshell quality and on the breaking strength of the hen’s tibia were evaluated. Unenriched cages (UN) (24 laying hens), enriched cages (EN) (16 laying hens) and floor system (FS) (24 laying hens) were used in this experiment. The eggshell production of laying hens from 19 to 66 weeks of age was higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01) in the cage systems (UN 39.6 g/hen/week and EN 39.2 g/hen/week) than it was in FS (35.0 g/hen/week). Consequently, the amount of calcium deposited in the eggshells (g/hen/week) was higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01) in the cage systems (14.2 and 14.0 g/hen/week) than in FS (12.6 g/hen/week). Despite of the same calcium intake of the hens housed in EN and FS the eggshell thickness (0.39 and 0.38 mm, respectively) and eggshell strength (38.04 and 36.43 N respect.) were higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01 and <I>P</I> < 0.001 respectively) in EN. The tibia breaking strength was higher (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in FS (156.6 N) in comparison with UN (92.7 N). The rate of calcium intake deposited in the eggshells was higher in the cage systems than in FS, namely by 1.7 to 8.9% depending on the age of laying hens. When determining the correct calcium requirements in the diets of laying hens, the housing system should be taken into account.
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Oviasogie, Efosa F., Blessing I. Ogboghodo, A. Beshiru, Osahon B. Omoregie, Providence Ogofure, and Goodness A. Ogofure. "The microbial burden load of eggshells from different poultry rearing systems in Ekosodin Village, Edo State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 20, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.1.
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Eggs are valuable source of food used throughout the world to feed the ever growing world population. Majority of freshly laid eggs are sterile, however, the shells soon become contaminated with litter droppings and dust present in the environment. In this study, the microbial load of egg shell from different poultry system in Ekosodin, Edo State was evaluated. The results obtained from the study revealed that eggshell samples from different poultry rearing systems (battery cage, deep litter and free-range chicken eggs) were contaminated with bacterial and fungal species of public health concern. Microbial species isolated from eggshells were Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Bacillus cereus, Enteroccocus faecalis and Proteus mirabillis for the bacterial isolates while the fungi isolates include Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. The bacterial and fungal load of free-range chicken eggshell ranged from 9. 7 ± 0.7 x 104 to 1. 27 ± 0.2 x 105 and 7. 0 ± 0.5 x 103 to 2. 2 ± 0.5 x 104 cfu/g respectively. Bacterial and fungal counts were 3. 3 ± 0.8 x 104 to 7. 4 ± 0.5 x 104 and 1. 1 ± 0.1 x 104 to 1. 6 ± 0.4 x 104 cfu/g for battery cage eggshells and 6. 8 ± 0.9 x 104 to 1. 38 ± 0.5 x 105 and 2.0 ± 0.3 x 104 to 3. 7 ± 0.5 x 104 cfu/g for deep litter eggshells respectively. Statistically, the mean fungi count of deep litter egg shells samples differed significantly (P<0.05) from the mean fungal count of battery cage and free-range chicken eggshells. Also, the mean bacterial count of battery cage egg shells differed significantly from deep litter and free-range chicken eggshells (P<0.05). The presence of these microorganisms on eggshell might constitute a serious risk to consumers. Proper education to enlighten retailers and consumers by the government on microbial quality of table eggs is important. Proper sanitation and battery cage system of rearing eggs should be encouraged.Keywords: Deep litter system, battery cage system, eggshell microbial load, microbial quality of table eggs
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Umbraško, Inta, Aleksandrs Petjukevičs, Anna Batjuka, and Nadežda Harlamova. "EVALUATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE CONTENT IN EGGSHELLS OF AVIAN, TURTLE, SNAIL, AND OSTRICH USING CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 16, 2021): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol1.6652.
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In the present study, different eggs were collected and analyzed from five various animal species: European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)), giant African land snail (Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)), common ostrich (Struthio camelus (Linnaeus, 1758)), white, light-brown, and dark-brown laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and European quail (Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758). The typical mineral shell mainly composed of the calcite polymorph of CaCO3 but the eggshell consists of membranes, that composed mainly of proteins. The shell quality also could be assigned by several external and internal factors such as oviposition time, animal genotype and age, housing system (for poultry), and mineral nutrition complex. The CaCO3 content was determined by the standard titration method, coz the titration could provide a reliable method for evaluation of CaCO3 content in different types of eggshells. The structural surface characterization of eggshells was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a field emission gun. In terms of chemical composition, ostrich eggshells generally did not differ much from those of laying hen, turtles, giant snails, or quail eggs, but the concentration of calcium carbonate was the highest. The average calcium carbonate content of various eggshells is between 84 and 98%. The thickness of the eggshell ranges from 0.08 to 1.89 mm, and it is not the same over the entire surface of the egg. At the sharp end of the egg, the shell is slightly thicker than at the blunt end. The purpose of this study was to study the quantitative content of calcium carbonate in various eggshells of different animals to draw further conclusions in which animals the eggshell contains the maximum amount of biological calcium carbonate.
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Tomczyk, Łukasz, Łukasz Stępień, Monika Urbaniak, Tomasz Szablewski, Renata Cegielska-Radziejewska, and Kinga Stuper-Szablewska. "Characterisation of the Mycobiota on the Shell Surface of Table Eggs Acquired from Different Egg-Laying Hen Breeding Systems." Toxins 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070293.
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Microbial safety is an important factor contributing to the egg quality. During egg acquisition, there is significant risk of contamination of the eggshell surface with microscopic fungi. Mycelial hyphae may grow on the eggshell surface and penetrate into the egg content. However, there is no information on the populations of microscopic fungi on the eggshell surface and, consequently, on possible production of mycotoxins. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the species of microscopic fungi present on the eggshell surface acquired from different breeding systems and to measure the number of selected mycotoxins. The qualitative analysis resulted in the identification of 41 isolates on the surface of eggs. There were 7 isolates from the organic production system, 11 from the free-range production system, 14 from the deep litter indoor housing system and 9 from the cage farming production system. The research proved that the diversification in the population of mycobiota on the eggshells depended on the egg-laying hen breeding system. The microscopic fungi isolated from the eggshells included toxigenic and pathogenic species such as Fusarium culmorum and F. equiseti. As the egg storage time increased, fungi, including the pathogenic species, penetrated through the eggshells. In consequence, mycotoxins were identified in the egg whites. Type-A and type-B trichothecenes were found in the eggshell samples containing F. culmorum.
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Sanuriza, Irna Il, and Dwi Kartika Risfianty. "Limbah Cangkang Telur Ayam Ras (Gallus Domesticus) Sebagai Bahan Pupuk Untuk Memperbaiki Sifat Kimia Tanah." Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia 8, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v8i2.2928.
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Degradation of soil quality caused by the use of chemical fertilizers is a serious problem in agriculture. The use of environmentally friendly fertilizers is an important step to increase soil quality. One of them is by utilizing chicken eggshell waste as organic fertilizer. This study aims to utilize chicken eggshells with the right dose to improve soil quality. This research is a quantitative study using a completely randomized design. The results showed that the eggshell waste had the potential as an organic fertilizer to improve soil chemistry. Application of 6.25 gram egg shell/planting-hole can increase soil pH, C-Organic and N-total levels.
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Hu, Xiaoqing, Xiaoying Sun, Shuanghua Luo, Shuyan Wu, Zhaojuan Chu, Xiujuan Zhang, Zhaojun Liu, et al. "Inactivation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis on Chicken Eggshells Using Blue Light." Agriculture 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080762.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a pathogen that poses a health risk. Blue light (BL), an emerging sanitization technology, was employed for the first time in the present study to inactivate S. Enteritidis on eggshell surfaces and its influence on maintaining eggshell freshness was investigated systematically. The results showed that 415 nm-BL irradiation at a dose of 360 J/cm2 reduced 5.19 log CFU/mL of S. Enteritidis in vitro. The test on eggshells inoculated with S. Enteritidis showed that a BL dose at 54.6 J/cm2 caused a 3.73 log CFU reduction per eggshell surface and the impact of BL inactivation could be sustained in post-5-week storage. The quality of the tested eggs (weight loss, yolk index, Haugh unit (HU) and albumen pH) demonstrated that BL treatments had negligible effects on the albumen pH of eggs. However, compared to the control, BL-treated eggs showed lower weight loss and higher HU after 5 weeks of storage at 25 °C and 65% humidity and yolk index in the control group could not be determined after 5 weeks of storage. Besides, the total amino acid content of the BL-treated egg was higher than the control, exhibiting an advantage of BL irradiation in maintaining the nutrient quality of whole eggs. The current study determined the efficacy of BL against S. Enteritidis on eggshell and suggested that BL could be an effective application in maintaining the freshness and quality of eggs.
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Castro, Luciene da Silva, Audrei Giménez Barañano, Christiano Jorge Gomes Pinheiro, Luciano Menini, and Patrícia Fontes Pinheiro. "Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures." Green Processing and Synthesis 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2018-0076.
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Abstract Biodiesel is a fuel from vegetable oil or animal fat, and is a promising substitute for petroleum-derived diesel. Transesterification is the most widely used method in biodiesel production. Eggshell is rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and when it is subjected to heat treatment it results in calcium oxide (CaO). CaO from eggshells was prepared at different calcination temperatures, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained CaO was used as a catalyst. All catalysts showed good stability and excellent morphology for biodiesel synthesis. Catalytic activity was evaluated by the methyl transesterification reaction of cotton oil for 3 h, 9:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, 3 wt% (catalyst/oil weight ratio) catalyst and 60°C. Biodiesels showed an ester content of 97.83%, 97.23% and 98.08%, obtained from calcined eggshell at 800°C, 900°C and 1000°C, respectively. Biodiesel quality was affected by the acidity of the cation exchange resin. The kinematic viscosity of biodiesel was in accordance with specification, except for the biodiesel obtained from the calcined catalyst at 1000°C. The CaO from eggshells obtained at different calcination temperatures is promising for biodiesel synthesis.
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Clímaco, Winnie Luiza dos Santos, Érica de Faria Melo, Diego Pereira Vaz, Mariana Masseo Saldanha, Maria Fernanda Vieira da Silva Pinto, Letícia Carolina Cleto Fernandes, Nelson Carneiro Baião, et al. "Eggshell microbiology and quality of hatching eggs subjected to different sanitizing procedures." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, no. 10 (October 2018): 1177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018001000011.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different disinfection procedures as alternatives to formaldehyde fumigation on eggshell microbial load and quality of eggs from a 42-week-old Cobb commercial breeder flock. A total of 10,080 clean eggs collected from the nests were randomly distributed in a randomized complete block design, among the following treatment groups: 13.33 g m-3 formaldehyde fumigation, 5-10 ppm ozone fumigation, 6.36 mW cm-2 UV-C light irradiation, spraying with 1.56% hydrogen peroxide, spraying with 0.13% peracetic acid, spraying with water (wet control), and no disinfection procedure (dry control). Per treatment, eight samples of four eggs each were collected before and after the disinfection procedure, in order to count the number of Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic mesophilic bacteria on the eggshell. Only eggs subjected to the formaldehyde and UV treatments showed a significant reduction in total aerobic mesophilic bacterial count on the eggshell, when compared with those of the dry control group. Treatments did not affect eggshell thickness and resistance force. UV light exposure is effective in reducing microbial load on 42-week-old breeder flock eggshells, without affecting their quality, and can be considered an alternative to formaldehyde disinfection.
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Vlčková, J., E. Tůmová, M. Ketta, M. Englmaierová, and D. Chodová. "Effect of housing system and age of laying hens on eggshell quality, microbial contamination, and penetration of microorganisms into eggs." Czech Journal of Animal Science 63, No. 2 (January 21, 2018): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/77/2017-cjas.
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Hens of the laying hybrid ISA Brown were used in the study with the objective to evaluate eggshell quality, microbial contamination of eggshells, and penetration of microorganisms into the egg content in different housing systems (enriched cage: 60 hens, 10 hens per cage, 750 cm<sup>2 </sup>per hen vs free range: 60 hens, 9 hens per m<sup>2</sup>) and at different hen ages (26 vs 51 weeks) during storage time (0, 2, 7, 14, and 21 days). A significant interaction between the housing system and age was observed in egg weight and most of eggshell quality measurements. However, microbial contamination and penetration were affected mostly by the housing system and storage time. The numbers of Escherichia coli (P < 0.001, 4.51 vs 2.75 log cfu/eggshell) and Enterococcus (P < 0.001, 2.56 vs 1.11 log cfu/eggshell), and the total number of microorganisms (P < 0.001, 5.04 vs. 3.65 log cfu/eggshell) were higher in free range eggs compared to enriched cage eggs, respectively. The counts of Escherichia coli (P < 0.001, 4.23 vs 2.91 log cfu/eggshell) and Enterococcus (P < 0.001, 2.31 vs 1.27 log cfu/eggshell) decreased with storage time. A positive correlation between the total number of pores and penetration of Escherichia coli in both housing systems was observed in the albumen. It can be concluded that the housing system and age of laying hens significantly affected eggshell quality. Microbial contamination presumably affects the penetration of microorganisms. The correlation between the number of pores and penetration is assumed to be affected by the microbial species.
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Holveck, Marie-Jeanne, Romain Guerreiro, Philippe Perret, Claire Doutrelant, and Arnaud Grégoire. "Eggshell coloration indicates female condition during egg-laying: a field experiment in blue tits." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz082.
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AbstractSeveral selection pressures may explain the evolution of avian eggshell coloration patterns. In cavity-nesting species, there are two main non-exclusive hypotheses. The sexually selected eggshell colour hypothesis proposes that eggshell coloration is a sexually selected signal of female and offspring quality used by males that influences paternal care or future re-mating decisions. The structural function hypothesis proposes that pigments help strengthen the eggshell and are present at higher levels and at the blunt end of the egg when females face calcium shortages. We tested whether eggshell coloration (brown spots on a white ground colour) in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) could reliably indicate female condition at laying by forcing females to produce two consecutive clutches, thus increasing their reproductive costs. Three measures of eggshell coloration – the area covered by spots as well as white ground UV-chroma and brightness – changed between clutches; the fourth measure, spot distribution, did not. The changes were more dramatic in young and lower-quality females. All the measures varied with female quality (i.e. body condition and/or laying date). Overall, higher-quality females produced more colourful (larger, more concentrated spotted surface area; higher UV-chroma) and less bright (i.e. putatively more pigmented) eggshells, a result that is generally in line with past research. We found a clear empirical link between eggshell coloration and female condition in blue tits, an important step in determining whether eggshell coloration is a sexual signal, but which does not exclude a potential concomitant structural function.
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Drabik, Kamil, Małgorzata Karwowska, Karolina Wengerska, Tomasz Próchniak, Agnieszka Adamczuk, and Justyna Batkowska. "The Variability of Quality Traits of Table Eggs and Eggshell Mineral Composition Depending on Hens’ Breed and Eggshell Color." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051204.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the eggshell color parameters and its mineral composition as well as the internal quality of eggs derived from various breeds of hens, varied by eggshell color: seledine from Araucana, brown from Marans, and white from Leghorn. The sample consisted of 180 eggs (60/group) The eggshell color was measured using CIE L*a*b* system. The quality evaluation included traits of whole egg (weight, specific gravity, proportions of elements, shape index), yolk (weight, color, index, pH), albumen (weight, height, pH), and shell (color, strength, weight, thickness, density). The mineral composition of eggshells was analyzed. The eggs origin affected the quality characteristics of particular egg elements (p < 0.001). However, the impact of analyzed colors on the egg quality traits varied, and in the case of whole egg and albumen traits the most favorable was the white color (p ≤ 0.05), while in the case of the strength of shell or its thickness it was the dark brown color (p ≤ 0.05). The eggshell color influenced variations in its mineral composition (p < 0.001) except potassium and sodium content, while the proportion of particular mineral elements in shell was correlated with the L*a*b* color space coordinates (p ≤ 0.05).
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KEKLIK, NENE M., ALI DEMIRCI, PAUL H. PATTERSON, and VIRENDRA M. PURI. "Pulsed UV Light Inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis on Eggshells and Its Effects on Egg Quality." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.8.1408.
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The majority of Salmonella Enteritidis outbreaks have been related to the consumption of raw or undercooked eggs or egg-containing foods. Therefore, the U.S. Department of Agriculture mandates egg washing for all graded eggs by use of a detergent solution and sanitizer. These agencies and the egg industry have been investigating alternative decontamination techniques, which could better serve the public, minimize costs, and benefit both the public and the industry. Pulsed UV light is an emerging technology that is used to inactivate microorganisms quickly. In this study, the effectiveness of pulsed UV light was evaluated for the decontamination of eggshells. Eggs inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis on the top surface at the equator were treated with pulsed UV light 1 to 30 s, at a distance of 9.5 and 14.5 cm from the UV lamp in a laboratory-scale, pulsed UV light chamber. Three eggs were used per treatment in each repetition, except for quality measurements, which involved six eggs per treatment in each repetition. A maximum log reduction of 5.3 CFU/cm2 was obtained after a 20-s treatment at 9.5 cm below the UV lamp at a total dose of 23.6 ± 0.1 J/cm2, without any visual damage to the egg. After a 30-s treatment at 9.5 and 14.5 cm, the temperature of eggshell surfaces increased by 16.3 and 13.3°C, respectively. Energy usage increased up to 35.3 ± 0.1 and 24.8 ± 0.1 J/cm2, after 30-s treatments at 9.5 and 14.5 cm, respectively. The effect of pulsed UV light treatments on egg quality was also evaluated. Pulsed UV-light treatments for 3, 10, and 20 s at either 9.5 or 14.5 cm did not change the albumen height, eggshell strength, or cuticle presence significantly (P > 0.05). This study demonstrated that pulsed UV light has potential to decontaminate eggshell surfaces.
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Yi, X. J., A. Rehman, R. W. Akhtar, A. Abbas, K. Hussain, R. Yasin, H. M. Ishaq, et al. "Effects on egg production and quality of supplementing drinking water with calcium and magnesium." South African Journal of Animal Science 51, no. 4 (September 16, 2021): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i4.7.
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This study was conducted to appraise the effects on egg quality and production performance of laying hens when drinking water was supplemented with calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). A total of 384 (64-week-old) Hy-line Brown laying hens were assigned at random to four treatments, which consisted of CON: unsupplemented drinking water; T1: drinking water + 2 mg/L Ca + 250 mg/L Mg; T2: drinking water + 4 mg/L Ca + 510 mg/L Mg /10 L; and T3: drinking water + 5 mg/L Ca and 760 mg/L Mg. The experiment lasted six weeks. Water intake increased linearly in week 1 with the rising levels of Ca and Mg in the drinking water. Increasing the Ca and Mg levels improved eggshell strength (week 2 (P =0.01), week 5 (P =0.01), and week 6 (P = 0.03), and eggshell thickness (week 6) (P =0.02) and reduced the rate at which eggs were broken (week 4) (P =0.01). The supplemental Ca and Mg did not affect egg production, egg weight, Haugh unit, albumen height, eggshell colour, and yolk colour compared with CON. Nor did they influence the Haugh unit and albumen height after storing for 1, 5, 10 and 15 days. In conclusion, adding Ca and Mg to the drinking water increased the thickness and strength of the eggshells.
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Seda Iflazoglu Mutlu, Ulku Gulcihan Simsek, Sera Iflazoglu, Aysen Yilmaz, Muhsin Mutlu, and Pinar Tatli Seven. "Impact of dietary calcium tetraborate supplementation on the mineral content of egg and eggshell of laying quails." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.15.1.0090.
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Boron (B) is a trace element that plays an important role in the mineral, cell membrane, hormone, and enzyme metabolism of animals and humans. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of dietary calcium tetraborate (CaB4O7) supplementation on the mineral composition of egg content and eggshell of laying quails. For this purpose, a total of 20 male and 40 female quails, 6-week-old, were equally divided into 2 groups (control and additive groups) in 5 replicates (6 birds/replicate) and given CaB4O7 300 mg/kg feed in additive group. The experiment was conducted for 56 days. The eggs were collected and the mineral composition [B, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn)] of egg content and eggshell samples were determined at the end of the experiment in randomly collected 6 eggs per group. Results of this study indicated dietary supplementation of CaB4O7 increased Mg (P<0.01), Na (P<0.01), and K (P<0.05) contents of edible parts of eggs compared to the control group, but B concentration were not determined in edible parts of eggs in both groups. Moreover, B (P<0.01), Mg (P<0.01), Na (P<0.01), Fe (P<0.01), K (P<0.05), Cu (P<0.05) and Zn (P<0.01) of eggshell were higher in the additive group than control. There were also significant correlations between examined minerals both edible and eggshell parts of the eggs. It may be concluded that supplementing diets with CaB4O7 could improve Ca metabolism, producing eggs enriched in minerals, promoting B, Mg, Na, Fe, K, Cu, and Zn deposition in eggshells, and improving eggshells quality. The effective B supplementation doses for functional egg production could be determined and B could be advantageous in terms of beneficial physiological effects.
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Dávalos-Saucedo, Cristian, Giovanna Rossi-Márquez, Carlos Regalado-González, Maritza Alonzo-Macías, and Prospero Di Pierro. "Application of Transglutaminase Crosslinked Whey Protein–Pectin Coating Improves Egg Quality and Minimizes the Breakage and Porosity of Eggshells." Coatings 8, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120438.
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It is well known that an effective way to improve the quality attributes of food is the use of coatings. Moreover, there is evidence of the use of dairy byproducts to design coatings to improve the shelf life of food products. This study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of a film forming solution containing whey protein–pectin complex enzymatically reticulated by transglutaminase (TGase) applied as a coating on eggshells to preserve the internal quality of eggs stored under environmental conditions (25 ± 1 °C and 35% HR) during 15 days storage. Eggs properties tested included yolk index, albumen and yolk pH, albumen CO2 content, water loss, shell strength, and microbial permeability through the shell. The results showed that the coating maintained a higher yolk index and albumen carbon dioxide content, reduced the weight loss and increased both albumen and yolk pH values with respect to the uncoated eggs. All coated eggshells showed greater strength than those of uncoated eggs. Moreover, by using Blue Lake dye penetration method we demonstrated that the coating reduced the Blue Lake dye penetration confirming the effectiveness of the coating on the reduction of post-wash bacterial penetration. These results suggest that the studied coating can be useful to preserve internal egg quality but also to reduce the breakage of eggshell and egg microbial contamination. Based on this result we can conclude that the coating made with whey protein–pectin crosslinked by TGase could be an effective strategy to increase the shelf life of eggs preserved in environmental conditions and to reduce economic losses due to the eggs breakage during their marketing.
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Ketta, M., and E. Tumova. "Eggshell characteristics and cuticle deposition in three laying hen genotypes housed in enriched cages and on litter." Czech Journal of Animal Science 63, No. 1 (December 6, 2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/75/2017-cjas.
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The objective of the present study was to compare the eggshell characteristics and cuticle deposition of Lohmann Brown, Hy-Line Silver Brown, and Isa Brown layers kept in two different housing systems. The three laying hen genotypes were housed in enriched cages (100 hens, 750 cm<sup>2</sup>/hen, 10 hens/cage) and in littered pens (100 hens, 9 hens/m<sup>2</sup>, 10 hens/pen). The experiment was carried out in weeks 40–56 of hens age. Non-significant interactions of genotype and housing system for eggshell quality parameters and cuticle deposition were detected in this study. Egg weight was significantly affected by genotype (P ≤ 0.001) and housing system (P ≤ 0.043). The heaviest eggs were laid by Lohmann Brown, while the lightest eggs were produced by Hy-Line Silver Brown. Eggshell strength was not affected by genotype and housing system, however, genotype had a significant effect on eggshell thickness (P ≤ 0.033). Isa Brown eggs had thicker eggshells compared to Lohmann Brown and Hy-Line Silver Brown. However, a non-significant effect of housing system on eggshell thickness was observed. Eggshell percentage was significantly affected by both genotype and housing system. Genotype of laying hens had a significant effect on cuticle deposition; significantly higher cuticle deposition was observed in Lohmann Brown eggs (P ≤ 0.001). It could be concluded that genotype had a significant effect on eggshell quality parameters and cuticle deposition. However, the housing system effect was less important in these characteristics.
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Ramzan, Faisal, Selina Klees, Armin Otto Schmitt, David Cavero, and Mehmet Gültas. "Identification of Age-Specific and Common Key Regulatory Mechanisms Governing Eggshell Strength in Chicken Using Random Forests." Genes 11, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040464.
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In today’s chicken egg industry, maintaining the strength of eggshells in longer laying cycles is pivotal for improving the persistency of egg laying. Eggshell development and mineralization underlie a complex regulatory interplay of various proteins and signaling cascades involving multiple organ systems. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms influencing this dynamic trait over time is imperative, yet scarce. To investigate the temporal changes in the signaling cascades, we considered eggshell strength at two different time points during the egg production cycle and studied the genotype–phenotype associations by employing the Random Forests algorithm on chicken genotypic data. For the analysis of corresponding genes, we adopted a well established systems biology approach to delineate gene regulatory pathways and master regulators underlying this important trait. Our results indicate that, while some of the master regulators (Slc22a1 and Sox11) and pathways are common at different laying stages of chicken, others (e.g., Scn11a, St8sia2, or the TGF- β pathway) represent age-specific functions. Overall, our results provide: (i) significant insights into age-specific and common molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of eggshell strength; and (ii) new breeding targets to improve the eggshell quality during the later stages of the chicken production cycle.
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Lan, Ly Thi Thu, Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Lam Thai Hung, Tran Hoang Diep, Nguyen Hong Xuan, Huynh Tan Loc, and Nguyen Trong Ngu. "Relationship between plumage color and eggshell patterns with egg production and egg quality traits of Japanese quails." Veterinary World 14, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 897–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.897-902.
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Aim: This study was conducted to identify the diversity of feather color and to determine the relationship between plumage color and egg yield as well as eggshell patterns and internal egg quality traits of Japanese quails. Materials and Methods: For investigating phenotypic diversity, a total of 600 quails from five breeding farms were evaluated to record head feather, shank, and plumage color. An on-station experiment was also conducted on 360 laying quails to examine the relationship between plumage color and egg production and egg weight during 24 weeks of laying. Eggs collected during this period were also used for identifying eggshell patterns and examining their relationship with internal egg quality characteristics. Results: Plumage color was primarily wild-type, with the highest proportion being 56.3% (p<0.001). Brown color was also found at a relatively high proportion in the population (16.7%), followed by black color (11.3%). The egg production and laying rate of quails with wild-type and brown plumage colors also significantly (p=0.001) differed from those of quails with other plumage types. Egg weight was also higher in these quail groups, especially than that of quails with yellow plumage color. Four patterns of eggshell were identified, among which spotted and dark eggshells were predominant (45.2% and 43.1%, respectively); however, patterns did not affect internal egg quality characteristics. Conclusion: Plumage color was primarily wild-type in both male and female quails. Egg yield over a 24-week laying period was superior in quails with wild-type and brown plumage colors, whereas a relationship between eggshell patterns and egg quality traits could not be established.
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Lichovníková, M., L. Zeman, and J. Jandásek. "The effect of feeding untreated rapeseed and iodine supplement on egg quality." Czech Journal of Animal Science 53, No. 2 (February 7, 2008): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/330-cjas.
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The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of the feeding of 80 g/kg (R8) and 100 g/kg (R10) of untreated rapeseed (RS) on egg quality including sensory quality in comparison with a control diet without rapeseed (R0). The addition of iodine (I) was also evaluated (1 mg/kg (R10) vs. 3 mg/kg (R10+I)). “Double zero” RS was used. The contents of energy and crude protein were almost the same in the diets. Laying hybrid ISABROWN was used in the experiment. The quality of eggs was analyzed 11 times every 28 days, from 19 to 64 weeks of age. 30 eggs per each group were always analyzed. Boiled eggs were assessed twice around the peak of egg production. Egg weight decreased (<I>P</I> < 0.001) with the increased level of RS (62.9 g, 61.8 g and 60.7 g, respectively). A reduction in egg weight in R8 and R10 diets resulted in the lower weight of albumen and eggshells. The addition of I to R10 diet increased (<I>P</I> < 0.001) egg weight (62.1 g vs. 60.7 g). The yolk proportion in egg weight was the highest (26.0%, <I>P</I> < 0.001) and the albumen weight ratio was the lowest (64.2%, <I>P</I> < 0.001) in group R8. Iodine supplementation improved (<I>P</I> < 0.001) yolk weight (15.7 g vs. 15.3 g). The proportion of RS in the diet did not affect the eggshell strength. An increase in the level of I improved (<I>P</I> < 0.001) eggshell quality (strength 36.1 N vs. 34.0 N and thickness 0.386 mm vs. 0.363 mm). Taste and overall acceptability were lower (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in eggs of hens fed RS. The addition of I did not affect flavour, odour, taste or overall acceptability.
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Graveland, J. "Avian eggshell formation in calcium-rich and calcium-poor habitats: importance of snail shells and anthropogenic calcium sources." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-115.
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Most passerines depend on the intake of calcium-rich material in addition to their normal food for proper eggshell formation and skeletal growth. A large proportion of Great Tits (Parus major) in forests on nutrient-poor soils in the Netherlands produce eggs with defective shells as a result of calcium deficiency. Eggshell defects are much scarcer near human settlements and do not occur on nutrient-rich soils. I investigated this variation in eggshell quality by examining the use of calcium-rich material by the birds. The results show that calcium-rich items in nest material and droppings can be used as a measure of calcium consumption. Snail shells were the main calcium source in forests where eggshell defects did not occur. In forests where the tits exhibited calcium deficiency, snail shells were rarely taken and birds used anthropogenic calcium sources such as chicken grit and chicken eggshells. It was demonstrated that the dependence on snail shells and the use of alternatives such as anthropogenic calcium sources in areas where snails are scarce are general features of calcium intake among birds. Thus, calcium limitation may be a common phenomenon in avian reproduction on poor soils in countries less populous than the Netherlands.
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Skalická, M., B. Koréneková, P. Naď, and J. Šály. "Influence of Chromium and Cadmium Addition on Quality of Japanese Quail Eggs." Acta Veterinaria Brno 77, no. 4 (2008): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200877040503.
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The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) on the quality of Japanese quail eggs. The birds (n = 60) were divided into 3 groups of 20 animals each. Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 was administered 0.12 mg Cr/day (Cr group) per quail in drinking water, whereas Group 3 was given a combination of 0.12 mg Cd and 0.12 mg Cr/ day (Cd-Cr group). The distribution of Cd in eggs, the egg mass, and the strength and thickness of shells was determined after after Day 35 and 58 of administration. Addition of Cr had a positive effect on the weight of eggs. A significant decrease of eggshell strength (p < 0.05) and thickness was found after Day 35 and 58 of the experiment in the Cd-Cr group (3) in comparison to the Cr-only group (2) and the control group (1). The content of Cd was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in eggshells and in the egg yolk from the Cr-only group (2) in comparison to the Cd-Cr group (3) and the control group (1). The data show that addition of Cr can improve quality indicators of quail eggs and eliminate the negative effect of Cd.
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Berg, C., A. Blomqvist, L. Holm, I. Brandt, B. Brunström, and Y. Ridderstråle. "Embryonic exposure to oestrogen causes eggshell thinning and altered shell gland carbonic anhydrase expression in the domestic hen." Reproduction 128, no. 4 (October 2004): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00211.
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Eggshell thinning among wild birds has been an environmental concern for almost half a century. Although the mechanisms for contaminant-induced eggshell thinning are not fully understood, it is generally conceived to originate from exposure of the laying adult female. Here we show that eggshell thinning in the domestic hen is induced by embryonic exposure to the synthetic oestrogen ethynyloestradiol. Previously we reported that exposure of quail embryos to ethynyloestradiol caused histological changes and disrupted localization of carbonic anhydrase in the shell gland in the adult birds, implying a functional disturbance in the shell gland. The objective of this study was to examine whether in ovo exposure to ethynyloestradiol can affect eggshell formation and quality in the domestic hen. When examined at 32 weeks of age, hens exposed to ethynyloestradiol in ovo (20 ng/g egg) produced eggs with thinner eggshells and reduced strength (measured as resistance to deformation) compared with the controls. These changes remained 14 weeks later, confirming a persistent lesion. Ethynyloestradiol also caused a decrease in the number of shell gland capillaries and in the frequency of shell gland capillaries with carbonic anhydrase activity. These data suggested that a disrupted carbonic anhydrase expression was involved in the mechanism for the oestrogen-induced eggshell thinning found in this study. The results support our hypothesis that eggshell thinning in avian wildlife can result from a structural and functional malformation in the shell gland, induced by xeno-oestrogen exposure during embryonic development.
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Guo, Jun, Kehua Wang, Liang Qu, Taocun Dou, Meng Ma, Manman Shen, and Yuping Hu. "Genetic evaluation of eggshell color based on additive and dominance models in laying hens." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0345.
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Objective: Eggshells with a uniform color and intensity are important for egg production because many consumers assess the quality of an egg according to the shell color. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of dominant effects on the variations in eggshell color after 32 weeks in a crossbred population.Methods: This study was conducted using 7,878 eggshell records from 2,626 hens. Heritability was estimated using a univariate animal model, which included inbreeding coefficients as a fixed effect and animal additive genetic, dominant genetic, and residuals as random effects. Genetic correlations were obtained using a bivariate animal model. The optimal diagnostic criteria identified in this study were: L* value (lightness) using a dominance model, and a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) value using an additive model.Results: The estimated heritabilities were 0.65 for shell lightness, 0.42 for redness, and 0.60 for yellowness. The dominance heritability was 0.23 for lightness. The estimated genetic correlations were 0.61 between lightness and redness, –0.84 between lightness and yellowness, and –0.39 between redness and yellowness.Conclusion: These results indicate that dominant genetic effects could help to explain the phenotypic variance in eggshell color, especially based on data from blue-shelled chickens. Considering the dominant genetic variation identified for shell color, this variation should be employed to produce blue eggs for commercial purposes using a planned mating system.
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Jevinová, Pavlina, Monika Pipová, Ivana Regecová, Soňa Demjanová, Boris Semjon, Slavomír Marcinčák, Jozef Nagy, and Ivona Kožárová. "Effect of Cladosporium cladosporioides on the Composition of Mycoflora and the Quality Parameters of Table Eggs during Storage." Processes 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040613.
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The eggshells of 120 experimental one-day-old table eggs were contaminated with the spore suspension of Cladosporium cladosporioides, divided into three groups (A–C) and stored at three different temperatures (3 °C, 11 °C and 20 °C) for 28 days. Visible growth of molds on/in experimental eggs was not observed within the entire storage period. No significant differences in the numbers of molds were found between particular groups of eggs. However, the composition of egg mycoflora was greatly influenced by storage conditions. Three mold genera were identified using the PCR method. The highest mold numbers were determined on Day 14 (Groups A and C) and Day 21 (Group B) when the maximum relative humidity and dew point temperature were recorded. On the same days, the dominance of Penicillium spp. and the minimum eggshell firmness were observed. Noticeable changes in egg quality were observed in eggs stored at 20 °C, and most of these eggs were downgraded at the end of storage period. The growth ability differed significantly among three mold genera. Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. showed better growth intensity at increased values (0.91–0.94) of water activity (aw) indicating a possible risk associated with the occurrence of mycotoxins in the egg contents.
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Cevoli, Chiara, Angelo Fabbri, Frédérique Pasquali, Annachiara Berardinelli, and Adriano Guarnieri. "HOT AIR TREATMENT, IN NATURAL CONVECTION CONDITIONS, FOR EGG SURFACE DECONTAMINATION." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 41, no. 4 (June 26, 2012): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2010.4.23.
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In order to improve the animal welfare, the Council Directive 1999/74/EC (defining minimum standards for the welfare of laying hens) will ban conventional cage systems from 2012, in favor of enriched cages or floor systems. As a consequence an increased risk of bacterial contamination of eggshells is expected. This has lead toward the development of efficient techniques to reduce eggshell contamination by bacterial pathogens, and thus to prevent any potential or additional food safety risk for Human health. The objectives of this research were to develop and validate a numerical model useful to study the physics of treatment with hot air, in natural convection conditions, and then to assess the impact of the treatment on egg quality and Salmonella Enteritidis inactivation on the shell. As regards the decontamination effectiveness, a reduction in microbial load up to 2.6 log10 after 200 minutes was observed. A linear correlation between the time of treatment and the microbial decimal reduction (R2 0.92) was also observed. This suggests the opportunity of further study with longer treatment. Moreover the results about weak action on quality parameters suggest the practical feasibility of a transportation system for eggs, from production to sorting plant, in heated container.
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Araujo, Jeovan A., Yvonne J. Cortese, Marija Mojicevic, Margaret Brennan Fournet, and Yuanyuan Chen. "Composite Films of Thermoplastic Starch and CaCl2 Extracted from Eggshells for Extending Food Shelf-Life." Polysaccharides 2, no. 3 (September 3, 2021): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides2030041.
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Calcium chloride (CaCl2) has been widely used to maintain the quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables because it stabilizes and strengthens the membrane system against fungal attacks. It is mainly applied via spray coating and dip coating techniques. This study explored a method of incorporating calcium chloride extracted from eggshells in a packaging material, thermoplastic starch (TPS), via a hot-melt extrusion process. The composites were characterized by FTIR, DSC, SEM-EDX and tensile testing. FTIR confirmed the chemical reactions between CaCl2 and TPS. DSC results showed a significant decrease in the heat of fusion by adding 20 wt% of CaCl2 content in TPS, indicating a drop in the degree of crystallinity. The Young’s modulus of TPS was not significantly affected by the incorporation of 10 wt% CaCl2 (P = 0.968), but reduced notably with the addition of 20 wt% CaCl2 (P = 0.05), indicating the plasticizer effect of the CaCl2. Physiochemical analysis of fresh-cut apple slices was assessed. Samples placed on the surface of the TPS/CaCl2 composites displayed less pH reduction, reduced antioxidant activity, more weight loss and increased reducing sugar compared to the samples placed on the surface of virgin TPS films. CaCl2 released from the TPS/CaCl2 films was measured and their antimicrobial activity was confirmed by bacterial inhibitory growth assessment. Fungal growth was observed on apple slices placed on virgin TPS film by day 21 while apple slices placed on TPS/CaCl2 20 wt% composites did not support any fungal growth for 28 days. In summary, TPS and eggshell-extracted CaCl2 showed the ability to maintain the quality of fresh-cut apples, and TPS/CaCl2 10 wt% composite could be a good option as a packaging material for fresh-cut fruits due to active antimicrobial activity and maintained Young’s modulus.
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Krawczyk, Józefa, Zofia Sokołowicz, Sylwester Świątkiewicz, and Ewa Sosin-Bzducha. "Effect of outdoor access and increased amounts of local feed materials in the diets of hens covered by the gene-pool protection programme for farm animals in Poland on quality of eggs during peak egg production / Wpływ dostępu do wybiegu i zwiększonego udziału krajowych komponentów paszowych w żywieniu rodów kur objętych programem ochrony na jakość jaj w szczycie nieśności." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0013.
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Abstract The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that eggs from native breed laying hens fed a diet containing increased amounts of local feed materials are not inferior in quality to eggs from laying hens receiving a standard diet but raised without outdoor access. The study involved Greenleg Partridge (Z-11) and Rhode Island Red hens (R-11). Within each breed, the control group (C) consisted of 60 hens kept on litter without outdoor access, stocked at 5 birds/m2 and fed a diet containing 65.3% of local feed materials. The experimental group (E) contained 60 layers maintained on litter with access to an outdoor area (11 m2 per bird) and fed a diet containing 77.1% of local feed materials. Eggs from hens of both breeds, which received diets containing increased proportions of local feed materials had lower weight but higher yolk percentage. The quality of eggshells from hens fed the diet with increased amounts of local materials was similar to that of eggshells from confined hens. Egg yolk lipids from experimental groups were characterized by a more beneficial n-6/n-3 acid ratio and elevated vitamin A levels. These eggs had better sensory scores for colour, flavour and aroma, which suggests that it is appropriate to raise native breeds of chickens with outdoor access and local feed materials can be used in extensive husbandry systems.
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Abdel-Wareth, Ahmed A. A., and Jayant Lohakare. "Moringa oleifera Leaves as Eco-Friendly Feed Additive in Diets of Hy-Line Brown Hens during the Late Laying Period." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041116.
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This study investigated the dietary effects of Moringa oleifera leaves supplementation on egg quality, laying performance, excreta ammonia concentrations and serum biochemistry of laying chickens during the late laying period. A total of 240 64-week-old Hy-Line Brown hens were assigned to four treatment diets including Moringa oleifera leaves at 0, 3, 6 or 9 g/kg, respectively, for eight weeks. The treatments had twelve replicates with five hens each. The results revealed that incremental dietary Moringa oleifera leaves significantly increased (p < 0.01) egg weight, production, and mass through 64–68, 68–72 and 64–72 weeks of age. Simultaneously, feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p < 0.01) with Moringa oleifera leaves supplementation compared with the control. Haugh units and the thickness of eggshells significantly improved as a response to diets supplemented with 3, 6 and 9 g/kg Moringa oleifera leaves at 72 weeks of age. Interestingly, excreta ammonia concentrations, serum cholesterol, aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase significantly decreased by Moringa oleifera leaves supplementation compared with the control group. In conclusion, introducing Moringa oleifera leaves supplementation at 3, 6 and 9 g/kg increased egg production, eggshell quality, Haugh units, and decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, excreta ammonia concentrations besides serum liver enzymes, uric acid and creatinine. Overall, based on the observed results, Moringa oleifera leaves supplementation was very promising and these leaves could be used as an effective feed additive in laying hens’ diet during the late laying period.
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Englmaierová, M., G. Dlouhá, M. Marounek, and M. Skřivan. " Efficacy of contrast levels of non-phytate phosphorus and Aspergillus niger phytase in hens fed wheat-maize-based diets." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 11 (November 5, 2012): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6382-cjas.
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A 2 × 2 factorial design experiment examined the effect of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) (1.3 and 4.0 g/kg) and 3-phytase (F) (0 and 150 FTU/kg) on the performance indicators of hens, physical parameters of eggs, phosphorus (P) content of the eggshells, and the pH of the digestive tract of laying hens. Two hundred and forty hens (ISA Brown) were housed in enriched cages and fed a wheat-maize-based diet. A significant effect of both NPP and F was found for the yolk colour (P = 0.016) and shell thickness (P = 0.038). The F supplement or higher level of NPP alone and in combination increased the value of the yolk colour and shell thickness. The supplementation of the basal diet with F significantly increased the laying performance, especially with regard to the egg weight and feed conversion ratio. The higher dose of NPP had a negative effect on the egg production, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. The lower level of NPP (1.3 g/kg) decreased the internal egg quality and shell quality, except for the shell strength. In contrast, the addition of 3-phytase to the diet increased the shell thickness and shell weight. The P content in the eggshells was not influenced by the dietary treatment. The higher level of NPP or F increased the pH in the gizzard to a value suitable for F activity. The hens fed a diet containing 1.3 g/kg NPP achieved a higher performance; moreover, the F supplement at 150 FTU/kg increased the external quality of the eggs.
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Smaniotto, B. D., A. F. Amarante, R. Altarugio, I. G. O. Silva, I. M. O. Corrêa, L. Q. Pereira, M. M. P. Sartori, R. L. Andreatti Filho, P. T. C. Guimarães-Okamoto, and A. S. Okamoto. "Age influence on quality of shell and penetration in bacterial laying lightweight eggs." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 5 (October 2017): 1301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9341.
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ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of the bird’s age on the quality of the shell and percentage of bacterial penetration in commercial eggs. White-shelled commercial eggs were used, laid by light laying hens in their first laying cycle at 21, 39, 51, and 62 weeks of age. Shell quality evaluations comprised: egg weight, specific gravity, percentage and thickness of shell, number and size of pores. For evaluations regarding bacterial penetration, strains of several enterobacterias and one salmonella were used, all of which resistant to Nalidixic acid (100µg/ml). The method employed for evaluation of bacterial penetration was filling the eggs with growth medium. The data were subjected to variance analysis with 5% of probability using SAS (Education Analytical Software, 2013). Eveb though increase in the laying hen's age caused reduction of the quality of eggshells, it failed to affect the percentage of penetration of the bacterial samples evaluated.
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Pasae, Yoel, Lyse Bulo, Karel Tikupadang, and Titus Tandi Seno. "The Use of Super Base CaO from Eggshells as a Catalyst in the Process of Biodiesel Production." Materials Science Forum 967 (August 2019): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.967.150.
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The use of heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production process provides advantages because it is easier in the catalyst separation process. One type of heterogeneous catalyst that can be used is CaO. The raw materials for CaO are abundant in nature and can be obtained from various sources including agricultural waste such as eggshells. The alkalinity level of CaO can be increased to super baser CaO through the activation process of CaO by using an ammonium carbonate solution. Super base CaO which is used as a catalyst for transesterification reaction in the production of biodiesel made from palm oil. This research was carried out by varying the reaction time starting from 1, 2 and 3 hours. The highest yield was obtained at 3 hours reaction time of 93.92%. The results of the analysis of the physical properties of biodiesel obtained density in the range 853-854 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity 3.24-3.26 mm2/s (cSt), saponification number 193-201 mg-KOH/g biodiesel and acid number 0.3-0.7 mg-KOH/g. These characteristics meet the biodiesel quality standards based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 04-7182-2015. Thus the use of super base CaO from eggshells can be used as a catalyst in the process of biodiesel production.
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Yusuf, Azhari, Norman Maulana Muhammad, Atiek Rostika Noviyanti, and Risdiana. "The Effect of Temperature Synthesis on the Purity and Crystallinity of Hydroxyapatite." Key Engineering Materials 860 (August 2020): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.860.228.
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Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a calcium phosphate compound [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] which is non-toxic and has high biocompatibility. HA can be synthesized from natural basic ingredients with high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content such as chicken eggshells. Here, we reported the synthesis of HA from chicken eggshells by hydrothermal methods. The effects of temperature synthesis of 120 °C and 230 °C on the purity and crystallinity were investigated in order to get information about best synthesis temperature for producing high quality of HA. The structure and crystallinity of HA were determined by XRD and FTIR. Morphology of HA is determined by TEM, while the composition was determined by XRF, respectively. High purity samples of HA with hexagonal structure of P63/m were successfully obtained with synthesis temperature of 120 °C and 230 °C. For HA synthesized in 120°C, the purity was 97.7%, while for HA synthesized in 230 °C, the purity was 97.8%. Two types of impurities, namely Ca(OH)2 and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ware detected in both samples, It was also obtained the degree of crystallinity of 26.86% and 56.46% for samples synthesized at 120 °C and 230 °C, respectively. HA synthesized with at 230 °C has a higher and better crystallinity.
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Arnold, Marcellus, Yolanda Victoria Rajagukguk, and Anna Gramza-Michałowska. "Functional Food for Elderly High in Antioxidant and Chicken Eggshell Calcium to Reduce the Risk of Osteoporosis—A Narrative Review." Foods 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030656.
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The elderly population is increasing globally and is predicted to reach 1.5 billion in 2050. The quality of life of the elderly must be concerned, for example, with developing functional food for the elderly. In this article, the development of functional food to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in the elderly is reviewed. Oxidative stress is one of the factors which accelerates osteoporosis. Various antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, polyphenols, or lycopene, have been proven by former studies to have antioxidant activity, therefore, could reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Additionally, the application of eggshell powder in various food products has been reported to improve calcium intake, and its usage is environmentally sustainable as this could contribute to reducing food waste. The application of both antioxidants and calcium could be a good combination, but the amount of some antioxidants must be concerned so it would not interfere with the bioavailability of calcium. Therefore, this review aims to explore the functional food for the elderly to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, particularly with antioxidants and calcium from chicken eggshells. The eating preference and dietary pattern of the elderly are also considered to determine the suitable form of functional food for the elderly. The results presented in the study may be the basis for the development of new calcium-enriched food products for the elderly.
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Alkan, Sezai, Ömer Ertürk, and İsmail Türker. "Determination of Microbial Activity and Quality Traits of Eggs Coated with Propolis." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 1380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i6.1380-1384.3385.
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Eggs were coated with propolis in order to determine its effect on egg quality and total bacterial count. Effect of storage time prior to propolis coating was also studied. Eggs were obtained from a local farm, coated with 0, 3, 6 or 9% of propolis and stored at 4 ºC with a humidity of 75% for 30 days. A total of 18 eggs were used for egg quality traits and 6 eggs were chosen for microbial activity for each group. Bacteria were recovered with sterile cotton swabs from egg surfaces. Colonies with different morphology and color were detected. 11 bacterial species were determined following the characterization of 14 isolates. Elevated levels of bacterial counts were detected for daily eggs, which were significantly higher than those stored for 30 days. The quality traits of the daily eggs have also been found higher compared with the other groups. It was observed that coating the eggs with varying concentrations of propolis lead to significant differences in the total bacterial counts of the eggshells. Moreover, the egg quality traits which decreased with the increase in storage time have not been further affected with propolis coating.
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Kobus-Cisowska, Joanna, Daria Szymanowska-Powałowska, Krystyna Szymandera-Buszka, Ryszard Rezler, Maciej Jarzębski, Oskar Szczepaniak, Grzegorz Marciniak, Anna Jędrusek-Golińska, and Małgorzata Kobus-Moryson. "Effect of fortification with calcium from eggshells on bioavailability, quality, and rheological characteristics of traditional Polish bread spread." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 8 (August 2020): 6918–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-18027.
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Bidura, I. Gusti Nyoman Gde, Ni Wayan Siti, Desak Putu Mas Ari Candrawati, Eny Puspani, and Ida Bagus Gaga Partama. "Effect of Probiotic Saccharomyces spp. on Duck Egg Quality Characteristics and Mineral and Cholesterol Concentrations in Eggshells and Yolks." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 18, no. 11 (October 15, 2019): 1075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2019.1075.1083.
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I N. S., MIWADA, M. HARTAWAN, and I. K. SUKADA. "EVALUASI MIKROSTRUKTUR KULIT TELUR ITIK PASCA FORMULASI KHITOSAN-ASAP CAIR SELAMA PENGASINAN." Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan 21, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mip.2018.v21.i01.p03.
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This study aims at analyzing the ability of chitosan-formula liquid smoke to make innovation of curing timeswith penetration through the pores of duckling egg shells on the process of salting. A completely randomized design(CRD) was used with long curing treatment in 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Besides, formula chitosan-liquid smoke with20 g/l and 3% concentration were used in this experiment. The results showed that the curing of time up to 15 daysgave the highest score (P<0.05) with good criteria. The quality of chemical in a long curing times gave significantdifferences (P<0.05) from indicators as of pH value, protein, and content of total phenol, and acids. The resultof SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) showed that formulation of chitosan-liquid smoke could give effect to arelatively open eggshells microstructure. It can be concluded that chitosan formulation with 20 g/l concentrationand 3% of liquid smoke concentration can be effective at 15 days curing time.
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Englmaierová, M., V. Skřivanová, and M. Skřivan. "The effect of non-phytate phosphorus and phytase levels on performance, egg and tibia quality, and pH of the digestive tract in hens fed higher-calcium-content diet." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 3 (March 18, 2014): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7290-cjas.
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The effect of three levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) (3.0, 2.1, and 1.7 g/kg) and two levels of 3-phytase (F) (0 and 150 phytase units (FTU)/kg) together with a high dietary calcium concentration (approximately 41.0 g/kg) on the performance characteristics, egg quality, pH of the digestive tract, and tibia bone quality of ISA Brown hens housed in enriched cages was evaluated. The diets with 3.0 g/kg of NPP with and without F and 2.1 g/kg of NPP with 150 FTU of F significantly increased egg production (P = 0.022) and daily egg mass production (P = 0.030). A low level of NPP decreased (P < 0.001) the body weight of hens at the end of the experiment. The highest values of albumen height (P < 0.001), albumen index (P = 0.004), Haugh units (P = 0.001), and albumen percentage (P = 0.004) were associated with the diet with the low level of dietary NPP without F addition. The low level of NPP with 3-phytase increased the calcium and phosphorus contents in eggshells (P = 0.002 and P = 0.050). The lowest values of dry matter (P < 0.001) and ash content in tibia bone (P = 0.040) were measured for the hens fed the diet with 3.0 g/kg of NPP and 3-phytase supplementation. In addition, the low level of phosphorus without F addition increased (P = 0.031) the pH value in the small intestine to 6.21. In conclusion, 2.1 g of NPP with 150 FTU was found to be sufficient in the diet of hens in the middle of the laying cycle housed in enriched cages. But with respect to egg quality, higher calcium content decreased positive effect of F addition in diets with different levels of phosphorus.
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De Medina-Salas, Lorena, Mario Rafael Giraldi-Díaz, Eduardo Castillo-González, and Laura Elena Morales-Mendoza. "Valorization of Orange Peel Waste Using Precomposting and Vermicomposting Processes." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187626.
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The industrialization process of oranges generates waste, which is inadequately disposed of; this produces adverse effects on the environment. Among the alternatives for valorization is the vermicomposting process, which consists of the degradation of organic waste through the action of earthworms and microorganisms. Therefore, this research aimed to study this process using orange peel (OP) waste at the laboratory level. For this purpose, it was necessary to determine the degradation conditions through the monitoring of physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, humidity, organic matter (OM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio). To balance the substrate’s nutrients, load material (LM) that included vegetable waste and eggshells was added to three different mixtures: M1 (50% OP + 50% LM), M2 (40% OP + 60% LM) and M3 (60% OP + 40% LM). To condition the substrate for earthworm (Eisenia fetida) activity, a previous precomposting process was performed. The results showed that all the mixtures fulfilled the requirements for a quality and mature vermicompost; however, the highest concentrations for TN were in the mixtures M1 and M2. The total time required for degradation of the OP waste was 13 weeks.
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Castillo-González, Eduardo, Mario Rafael Giraldi-Díaz, Lorena De Medina-Salas, and Marcela Patricia Sánchez-Castillo. "Pre-Composting and Vermicomposting of Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) and Vegetable Waste." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 31, 2019): 3564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173564.
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In the last few years, pineapple (Ananas comosus) has grown to be considered one of the most important fruits worldwide due to its high production and consumption. However, inadequate disposal of the waste it generates, which represents up to 67% of its total weight, can have environmental impacts. Therefore, this study focuses on the degradation of organic waste produced in the industrialized processing of pineapple waste (rinds, crowns and cores), which undergo a process of vermicomposting at a laboratory level. The methodology used included the pre-composting process and vermicomposting through Californian red worms using mixes tested in three different proportions of pineapple waste (PR) and load material (LM) made up of vegetable waste and eggshells. Testing revealed that the pre-composting process for this waste was feasible as a first stage of the degradation process; the characteristics of the pre-composted material allowed a favorable adaptation for both the worms and general degradation. It also showed efficiencies in the removal of organic carbon between 36.40% and 45.78%. Results also showed the total nitrogen content remained between 1.2% and 2.2% and the carbon/nitrogen relation (C/N) had values under 20 as required for high-quality vermicompost.
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Dantas, Naiara Silva Menezes, Luciene Almeida Siqueira de Vasconcelos, Pedro de Queiroz Costa Neto, and Felipe Faccini dos Santos. "Mold species and fungi load of washed and unwashed table eggs." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 14, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2020.14.4.9480.
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Egg quality has been widely studied, mainly because defects in quality can pose risks to public health, as well as economic losses.Nevertheless, studies about fungiin eggsare scarce. The objective was to compare the fungal microbiota from washed and unwashed eggs in the rainy season and dry season of the year. This exploratory research consisted in the analysis of large size white table eggs acquired from 48 different lots. Two manufacturers were sampled considering the main characteristic of washed or unwashed eggs. From each lot, a 30-egg pack were purchased and six of those eggs were used for mycological analyzes. The eggs were analyzed externally with 0.1% peptone salt solution wash of the eggshells and internally with aliquots being sampled from a pool made from the six eggs content. Samples were inoculated in Potato Dextrose Agar and isolated colonies were passed to test tubes. When sporulated, the isolates were subjected to decimal dilutions using 0.1% Tween 80 to dissociate the conidia. Microcultures were carried out for optical microscopy observation of the reproductive structures of fungi, stained with lactophenol. Aspergillusspp. was the most frequently isolated fungi isolated, with A. nigerand A. flavuspredominant in the dry season, while A. fumigatusand A. terreusin the rainy season. Low numbers of fungi were identified from egg shells, with a higher amount from unwashed eggs. The seasondid not influence the numberof fungi in eggs, despite having influenced the fungal diversity.
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Oleforuh-Okoleh, V. U., U. M. Chukwuemeka, and G. O. Adeoye. "Influence of strain and production cycle on egg quality traits of two Nigerian indigenous chicken strains." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i2.475.
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Records obtained from purebred normal feather and naked neck Nigerian indigenous chicken strains were used to assess the influence of strain and production cycle on external and internal egg quality traits. The assessment commenced from first lay to 120 days of lay, classified into four production cycles (PC): PC1 (1-30 days of lays), PC2 (31-60 days of lays), PC3 (61-90 days of lays), and PC4 (91-120 days of lays). Mean egg weight, length and breadth were 4.34% heavier, 2.10% longer and 1.72% wider in the normal feather than in the naked neck (p<0.05). No disparity due to strain effect was found in egg shape index. Eggshells from the two strains had similar weight but varied in thickness with shells from the naked neck being 0.02mm thicker than those from the normal feather (p<0.05). Eggs from the normal feather were 7.13, 5.76, 5.00, 7.10 and 8.11% superior in albumen weight, yolk height, albumen height, yolk index, and albumen index, respectively compared to its naked neck counterpart (p<0.05). Production cycle significantly influenced all external egg quality studied. An increase of 16.21% in egg weight was obtained by PC4. Egg length and breadth increased consistently with each subsequent PC (p<0.05) whereas egg shape index decreased with PC (p<0.05). Higher values were recorded for yolk weight, yolk and albumen length and width in each subsequent production cycle. Haugh unit, yolk and albumen height had best values at PC2. Our findings indicate that strain type and production cycle highly influenced egg quality traits of Nigerian indigenous chickens with the normal feather showing superiority. Furthermore, the best internal quality was obtained at PC2 (31-60 days of lay). Our findings could be useful in choosing selection criterion traits in breeding plans for the development of different layer lines of normal feather and naked neck.
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Fardana, Dearestantrianto Hadits, Baginda Iskandar Moeda Tampoebolon, Pangestu Eko, Retno Iswarin Pujaningsih, and Widiyanto Widiyanto. "EVALUASI PEMBERIAN PAKAN DENGAN JUMLAH MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK YANG BERBEDA SEBAGAI SUPLEMEN TERHADAP PERFORMANS KAMBING KACANG." Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah 17, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36762/litbangjateng.v17i1.770.
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Giving multinutrient blocks as a feed supplement aims to catalyze more efficient use of poor quality animal feed. This study aimed to get good performance of Kacang goats through the providing of the right amount of multinutrient blocks (MNB). The experimental method used 12 male goats which were divided into 3 groups based on their body weight, K1 (18,75 ± 1,25 kg), K2 (16,20 ± 1,20 kg) and K3 (14,20 ± 1,20 kg). Corn forage and concentrate fed as basal feed with a composition of 20: 80. Concentrates were composed from rice bran, pollard, coffee peel and molasses. The multinutrient blocks materials consisted of corn forage, urea, blood clam shells, eggshells, molasses, bentonite and salt. Randomized block design (RBD) with 4 treatments (T0: Forage + Concentrate, T1: T0 + 5g MNB, T2: T0 + 10g MNB, T3: T0 + 15g MNB) and 3 replications was used in this study. The parameters observed included daily body weight gain, dry matter and organic matter consumption and total digestible nutrients (TDN). From the results of the study it was concluded that MNB’s supplementation did not have a significant effect on dry matter T0 (1066 g), T1 (936 g), T2 (952 g) T3 (895 g), and organic matter consumption T0 (967 g), T1 (844 g) T2 (842 g), T3 (800 g), total digestible nutrients T0 (693 g), T1 (603 g), T2 (629 g), T3 (570 g) and body weight gain T0 (5 kg/head), T1 (6,2 kg/head), T2 (5,5 kg/head), T3 (5,2 kg/head) of Kacang goats. It can be suggest that multinutrient blocks should be given as a feed suplement in low quality rations to improve feed efficiency.
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Hangun-Balkir, Yelda. "Green Biodiesel Synthesis Using Waste Shells as Sustainable Catalysts withCamelina sativaOil." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6715232.
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Waste utilization is an essential component of sustainable development and waste shells are rarely used to generate practical products and processes. Most waste shells are CaCO3rich, which are converted to CaO once calcined and can be employed as inexpensive and green catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel. Herein, we utilized lobster and eggshells as green catalysts for the transesterification ofCamelina sativaoil as feedstock into biodiesel.Camelina sativaoil is an appealing crop option as feedstock for biodiesel production because it has high tolerance of cold weather, drought, and low-quality soils and contains approximately 40% oil content. The catalysts from waste shells were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscope. The product, biodiesel, was studied by1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The effects of methanol to oil ratio, reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst concentration were investigated. Optimum biodiesel yields were attained at a 12 : 1 (alcohol : oil) molar ratio with 1 wt.% heterogeneous catalysts in 3 hours at 65°C. The experimental results exhibited a first-order kinetics and rate constants and activation energy were calculated for the transesterification reaction at different temperatures. The fuel properties of the biodiesel produced fromCamelina sativaoil and waste shells were compared with those of the petroleum-based diesel by using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards.
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Govindaraju, Mugilan, Kathiresan V. Sathasivam, and Kasi Marimuthu. "Waste to Wealth: Value Recovery from Bakery Wastes." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052835.
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Compost is considered a soil-amending product that can be used for soil improvement and to increase the productivity of organic vegetable crops. Composting can be an alternative solution for solid waste management. In this research, the efficacy of various bakery wastes and bulking agents, such as cow dung, to produce compost were studied. The bin composting method was applied in this research. Commercial effective microorganism was used to study its effectiveness in composting bakery waste compared to common ways of composting. Six compost trials were designed by using different ratios of feedstocks such as creamy and non-creamy bakery waste, paper boxes, eggshells, cow dung, dry leaves, and effective microorganism (EM). For the assessment of the maturity, stability, and quality of the compost, various physical and chemical parameters were routinely monitored, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, water holding capacity (WHC), phytotoxicity and color intensity of water extract, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and C/N ratio. All six compost trials reached the four important phases of temperature, which are the mesophilic phase, thermophilic phase, second mesophilic phase (cooling phase), and maturation phase. The pH, EC, N, P, and K of every compost trial complied with standard compost requirements. Phytotoxicity study proved that all the compost trials were phytotoxic-free when tested with Phaseolus vulgaris (green bean). The water holding capacity of all six trials ranged from 2.18 to 4.30 g water/g dry material. Various compost trials achieved C/N ratios ranging from 12.01 to 14.48, which is considered within the satisfactory limit. The results showed that bakery waste can be turned into compost, with its quality complying with standard requirement.
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MUSGROVE, MICHAEL T., DEANA R. JONES, JULIE K. NORTHCUTT, NELSON A. COX, and MARK A. HARRISON. "Identification of Enterobacteriaceae from Washed and Unwashed Commercial Shell Eggs." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 2613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.11.2613.
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To evaluate the effect of processing on the safety and quality of retail shell eggs, a storage study was conducted with unwashed and commercially washed eggs. This work demonstrated that commercial processing decreased microbial contamination of eggshells. To know which species persisted during storage on washed or unwashed eggs, Enterobacteriaceae isolates were selected and identified biochemically. For each of three replications, shell eggs were purchased from a commercial processing plant, transported back to the laboratory, and stored at 4°C. Once a week for 6 weeks, 12 eggs for each treatment (washed and unwashed control) were rinsed in sterile phosphate-buffered saline. A 1-ml aliquot of each sample was plated onto violet red bile glucose agar with overlay and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Following incubation, plates were observed for colonies characteristic of the family Enterobacteriaceae. A maximum of 10 isolates per positive sample were streaked for isolation before being identified to the genus or species level using commercially available biochemical strips. Although most of the isolates from the unwashed control eggs belonged to the genera Escherichia or Enterobacter, many other genera and species were identified. These included Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Providencia, Rahnella, Salmonella, Serratia, and Yersinia. Non-Enterobacteriaceae also recovered from the unwashed egg samples included Xanthomonas and Flavimonas. Very few washed egg samples were contaminated with any of these bacteria. These data provide useful information on the effectiveness of processing in removing microorganisms from commercial shell eggs.
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Subhan, Achmad, Dedy Setiawan, and Sitti Ahmiatri Saptari. "The 15th Internatonal Conference Quality in Resarch (Qir) 2017 Preparation and Ionic Conductivity of Li3.9Ca0.1Ti5O12 Using Waste Chicken Eggshells as ca Source for Anode Material of Lithium-Ion Batteries." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 316 (March 2018): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/316/1/012048.
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Tůmová, E., M. Englmaierová, Z. Ledvinka, and V. Charvátová. "Interaction between housing system and genotype in relation to internal and external egg quality parameters." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 11 (November 22, 2011): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3838-cjas.
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The effect of three housing systems (conventional cages, enriched cages and litter) on egg quality parameters was evaluated in two experiments with four brown laying strains ISA Brown, Hisex Brown, Bovans Brown and Moravia BSL. During 40 weeks of lay the total number of 7200 eggs was produced and analysed for egg weight, egg component weight and eggshell quality indicators. In 60 eggs, pore density in the small-end, large-end and equatorial areas was determined. Significant interactions between genotype and housing were found out in egg weight (P ≤ 0.001), yolk and albumen weight (P ≤ 0.001) and yolk colour (P ≤ 0.001). Haugh units were the highest in eggs laid in cages and the lowest in the ISA Brown strain. Eggshell quality indicators were affected more by genotype than by housing. The interaction between genotype and housing was not significant for eggshell thickness but it was significant for eggshell weight and strength. Although eggshell thickness was lower in eggs produced in cages, eggshell strength was higher. A significant negative correlation was found out between pore density and housing system. Results of the study suggest that the ability of a strain to produce eggs of high quality in a particular housing system should be considered, even within brown strains.