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Journal articles on the topic 'Egernia'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

While, Geoffrey M., David G. Chapple, Michael G. Gardner, Tobias Uller, and Martin J. Whiting. "Egernia lizards." Current Biology 25, no. 14 (July 2015): R593—R595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.070.

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2

Milton, DA. "Reproduction of 2 Closely Related Skinks, Egernia-Modesta and Egernia-Whitii (Lacertilia, Scincidae) in Southeast Queensland." Australian Journal of Zoology 35, no. 1 (1987): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9870035.

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The reproductive cycles of two closely related skinks, Egernia modesta and E, whitii, in southern Queensland are described and compared in sympatric populations. They are very similar, both species produce 1-5 live young about 40 mm long in January-early February. Lizards mature at the end of their second year and litter size is positively related to female body length. Adults grow to 110 mm and appear to live at least 4 years. Two non-hybridising colour morphs of E. whitii were present in the study area and did not associate at random. Possible mechanisms explaining the evolution of these three closely related forms, which can coexist in similar habitats, are discussed.

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3

Milton, DA, and JM Hughes. "Habitat Selection by 2 Closely Related Skinks, Egernia-Modesta Storr and Egernia-Whitii Lacepede (Lacertilia, Scincidae)." Wildlife Research 13, no. 2 (1986): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860295.

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'The habitat and microhabitat preferences, and times of activity, of the skinks Egernia modesta and E. whitii were examined in southern Queensland where they coexist in a narrow zone. The above parameters were compared between locally sympatric and allopatric populations, in an attempt to determine whether there was evidence of niche separation in sympatry. E. modesta preferred open habitats with little canopy cover and high grass cover, adjacent to rocky retreats. E. whitii preferred rocky areas with well developed canopy and shrub layers. Both species were active throughout the day, although E. modesta was active later than E. whitii. No evidence was found of competition restricting habitat preferences where the two species coexisted. It is suggested that human disturbance has had some influence on current distributions of these species.

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4

Donnellan, Stephen C., Mark N. Hutchinson, Paula Dempsey, and William S. Osborne. "Systematics of the Egernia whitii species group (Lacertilia : Scincidae) in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 5 (2002): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01065.

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Allozyme electrophoresis was used to assess the taxonomic significance of colour pattern variation within and between populations of the Egernia whitii species group from 41 locations in south-eastern Australia. Analysis of the products of 39 presumed loci revealed that a minimum of three species are present in southern New South Wales among populations previously referred to Egernia whitii. Fixed allelic differences were maintained where pairs of species were sympatric. One of these three species is wide-ranging and is the one to which the name E. whitii is properly applied. The other two are more restricted ecologically and geographically and are described here as new. The three species are genetically and morphologically distinct from the other three eastern Australian members of the species group, E.�margaretae, E. modesta, and E. multiscutata. Genetic data and a review of the morphological evidence provide no support for the recognition of subspecies within either E. whitii (sensu stricto) or E. multiscutata.

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5

Stow, A. J. "Microsatellite loci from the Cunningham's Skink (Egernia cunninghami)." Molecular Ecology Notes 2, no. 3 (September 2002): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00209.x.

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6

Baines, Holly. "Dominance and aggression in captive gidgee skinks (Egernia stokesii)." Herpetological Journal, Volume 30, Number 2 (April 1, 2019): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj30.2.8392.

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Dominance is a key component of behaviour in many animal species and is central to social system dynamics, resource acquisition, individual fitness and ultimately reproductive success. We investigated dominance interactions and social behaviours in a group of captive juvenile gidgee skinks (Egernia stokesii). We hypothesised that a dominance hierarchy existed within the group, and that aggressive behaviours would be used to secure limited resources, especially high-value resources. We also hypothesised that body weight would be positively correlated with dominance and aggressive behaviours. We filmed the lizards at 1200 hours for six days a week over the course of eight weeks. We exposed the lizards to three different diets, which consisted of an animal-based diet (crickets), plant-based diet (plants), and a non-feeding control (no food offered). The relative value of these resources to the skinks was established through preference tests. We identified a dominance hierarchy, with dominant individuals exhibiting more aggressive behaviours than subordinates. We found that the frequency of aggressive behaviours was significantly higher in trials where high-valued resources (crickets) were at stake. Furthermore, we found a significant positive correlation between body weight and dominance, bite and chase; larger individuals were ranked higher in the social hierarchy compared to smaller individuals. Our results demonstrate the importance of morphological and behavioural traits in determining a dominance hierarchy in E. stokesii and how dominance can have ecological advantages.

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7

O'Connor, David E., and Richard Shine. "Kin discrimination in the social lizard Egernia saxatilis (Scincidae)." Behavioral Ecology 17, no. 2 (December 22, 2005): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arj019.

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8

Duffield, Glen, and Michael Bull. "Stable social aggregations in an Australian lizard, Egernia stokesii." Naturwissenschaften 89, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0346-7.

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9

Bouffet-Halle, Alix, Weizhao Yang, Michael G. Gardner, Martin J. Whiting, Erik Wapstra, Tobias Uller, and Geoffrey M. While. "Characterisation and cross-amplification of sex-specific genetic markers in Australasian Egerniinae lizards and their implications for understanding the evolution of sex determination and social complexity." Australian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo21023.

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Sex is a pervasive factor that underpins functional phenotypic variation across a range of traits. Although sex can usually be distinguished morphologically, in some species this is not possible. The development of genetic markers for sex identification is, thus, key if we are to incorporate sex into an understanding of ecological or evolutionary process. Here we develop genetic markers for the identification of sex within an iconic Australian lizard group, the Egernia group, which is notable for its complex social behaviour. We used restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to characterise sex-specific genetic sequences for a key member of the group, Liopholis whitii, and designed primers for four of these putative sex-specific sequences. These primers amplified across some, but not all, species of the group. Our results provided several important insights. They suggest conservatism of a XX/XY sex determination system within the group as well as sex-specific genomic regions that appear independent of the conserved genomic regions identified in other skink species. More broadly, the development of sex markers for the Egernia group opens up a range of potential research questions related to the role that sex plays in the mediation of social behaviour and, through this, the emergence and stability of social life.

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10

Peck, Stephen, Michael G. Gardner, Jennifer M. Seddon, and Greg Baxter. "Life-history characteristics of the yakka skink, Egernia rugosa, indicate long-term social structure." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 5 (2016): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16061.

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One lineage of squamates, the Egernia group, has received particular study due to stable aggregations identified in many of the species. Egernia rugosa is a large, terrestrial, viviparous skink and has been reported living communally. To investigate whether this species lives in social aggregations, we examined life-history characteristics in one population within the Mulga Lands bioregion of south-west Queensland. We found this skink used both active and inactive rabbit burrows. Parturition occurred in January/February and took several days to complete, with a mean litter size of 2.4 and a mean snout–vent length (SVL) of 84.5 mm. Six subadult age cohorts were identified. Juveniles took at least five years to reach sexual maturity and lizards had a life expectancy of >12 years. Lizards were found clustered in aggregations of up to 21 individuals (mean = 7.21) of multiple ages. An average of 50% (range = 31–67%) of all individuals within each of the age cohorts were located at their original location for two or more seasons. Dispersal was recorded for older subadult lizards. These characteristics support the hypothesis that E. rugosa aggregations comprise long-term family units; however, genetic analysis would be needed to confirm kin-based associations.

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11

While, Geoffrey M., David L. Sinn, and Erik Wapstra. "Female aggression predicts mode of paternity acquisition in a social lizard." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1664 (March 4, 2009): 2021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1926.

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Individual differences in behaviour are ubiquitous in nature. Despite the likely role of selection in maintaining these differences, there are few demonstrations of their fitness consequences in wild populations and, consequently, the mechanisms that link behavioural variation to variation in fitness are poorly understood. Specifically, the consequences of consistent individual differences in behaviour for the evolution of social and mating strategies have rarely been considered. We examined the functional links between variation in female aggression and her social and mating strategies in a wild population of the social lizard Egernia whitii . We show that female Egernia exhibit temporally consistent aggressive phenotypes, which are unrelated to body size, territory size or social density. A female's aggressive phenotype, however, has strong links to her mode of paternity acquisition (within- versus extra-pair paternity), with more aggressive females having more offspring sired by extra-pair males than less aggressive females. We discuss the potential mechanisms by which female aggression could underpin mating strategies, such as the pursuit/acceptance of extra-pair copulations. We propose that a deeper understanding of the evolution and maintenance of social and mating systems may result from an explicit focus on individual-level female behavioural phenotypes and their relationship with key reproductive strategies.

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12

Gardner, Bull, Cooper, and Duffield. "Microsatellite mutations in litters of the Australian lizard Egernia stokesii." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13, no. 3 (May 2000): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00189.x.

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13

Pearson, S. K., S. S. Godfrey, C. M. Bull, and M. G. Gardner. "Larger lizards live longer in the group-living Egernia stokesii." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 3 (2016): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16024.

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Animal space use has implications for gene flow, disease dynamics, mating systems and the evolution of sociality. Given recent attention to sociality in reptiles, lizards are an important group for expanding our understanding of animal space use. Lizard space use is commonly investigated within one population over a short period and limited attention has been given to potential predictors of site fidelity. This study evaluated site fidelity in three populations of group-living Egernia stokesii (gidgee skink) between two field surveys separated by almost a decade. Of 43 recaptured lizards, 28 (65%) occupied their original space, and 15 (36%) of those shared their space with the same other lizard or lizards in both surveys. This confirmed long-term site and social bond fidelity in E. stokesii. We found that larger lizards were more likely to be recaptured. Neither body size, individual genetic heterozygosity, nor the availability of refuges strongly predicted whether lizards were recaptured in the same or a different place. The reasons why some lizards stayed in the same space while others moved are yet to be resolved.

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14

Duffield, GA, and MC Bull. "Characteristics of the litter of the gidgee skink, Egernia stokesii." Wildlife Research 23, no. 3 (1996): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960337.

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The viviparous birth of Egernia stokesii, an Australian skink, is described. Data from 29 litters over three years from a population near Hawker, South Australia, are presented. Females produced an average 5.07 young per litter in February or March. Litters were produced over an average 2.8 days. Newborn juveniles weighed an average 8.15 g and had an average snout-vent length of 6.73 cm. Juveniles in larger litters were smaller, when the effect of the size of the mother was taken into account. The average relative clutch mass was 16.5% when the weight of the litter was taken as a proportion of mass of gravid female, or 20.1% considering mass of post-partum female. The data are discussed in the context of life-history patterns of Australian skinks.

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15

Chapple, DG. "Life history and reproductive ecology of White's skink, Egernia whitii." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 6 (2005): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05030.

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The life history and reproductive ecology of White’s skink, Egernia whitii, was examined in a population in the Australian Capital Territory using both field and genetic studies. Colour pattern polymorphism was evident within the population, with both patterned and plain-back morphs present. Lizards typically took 3 years to reach sexual maturity, with the size at maturity being ~75 mm snout–vent length (SVL) in both sexes. There was an even overall adult sex ratio, although a slight female-bias was evident in plain-back individuals. Sexual dimorphism was evident, with males having longer and wider heads, and females having larger body size. Females generally bred annually, with mating occurring in September–October and parturition in late January–February, although the litter was produced over several days (2–10 days, mean 4 days). Litter size ranged from one to four (mean of 2.5). There was a significant relationship between maternal SVL and both litter size and relative clutch mass, but these trends were not consistent between colour morphs. An inverse relationship between litter size and offspring size (SVL and mass) was found. Comparison of the results with previous investigations of E. whitii indicates substantial geographic variation in life-history traits that is presumably associated with latitudinal variation in climatic conditions.

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16

Clemann, Nick, David G. Chapple, and John Wainer. "Sexual Dimorphism, Diet, and Reproduction in the Swamp Skink, Egernia coventryi." Journal of Herpetology 38, no. 3 (September 2004): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/224-03a-n.

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17

Telford, Sam R., and Juergen Stein. "Two Malaria Parasites (Apicomplexa: Plasmodiidae) of the Australian Skink Egernia stokesii." Journal of Parasitology 86, no. 2 (April 2000): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284786.

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18

L. Mensforth, Corinne, and C. Michael Bull. "Selection of artificial refuge structures in the Australian skink, Egernia stokesii." Pacific Conservation Biology 14, no. 1 (2008): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080063.

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At least three currently named subspecies of the rock dwelling skink Egernia stokesii from Western Australia (E. s. stokesii, E. s. aethiops and E. s. badia) have restricted distributions or are considered endangered. We tested preferences of the more common eastern form of E. stokesii (E. s. zellingi) for various artificial refuges made from paving bricks by offering alternative structures in enclosures and recording times spent on each. We found that lizards preferred refuges with more crevices. They did not discriminate between structures where the crevices were located higher or lower or between structures that did or did not have adjacent small bushes. However, lizard basking position was influenced by crevice height or by proximity of a bush. Our results are relevant where translocations of animals are a component of conservation management, and where artificial refuges are added to induce relocated individuals to remain or to increase resources for existing populations.

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19

Pearson, Sarah K., Stephanie S. Godfrey, Nina Schwensow, C. Michael Bull, and Michael G. Gardner. "Genes and Group Membership Predict Gidgee Skink (Egernia stokesii) Reproductive Pairs." Journal of Heredity 108, no. 4 (April 20, 2017): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esx026.

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20

Christie, Kimberley, Michael D. Craig, Vicki L. Stokes, and Richard J. Hobbs. "Movement patterns by Egernia napoleonis following reintroduction into restored jarrah forest." Wildlife Research 38, no. 6 (2011): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11063.

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Context The value of animal reintroduction as a conservation tool is debated. This is largely because the limited quantity of research that has been conducted on animal reintroductions has shown varying degrees of success in establishing new populations. The reasons why some reintroductions are successful, whereas others are not, are often not clear. Aims The present research aims to determine whether reptile reintroduction into restored mine pits is a potential management technique for managing and conserving reptile populations within a mined landscape. Methods Twelve Napoleon’s skinks were trapped then fitted with 0.9-g transmitters. Half were reintroduced into 5-year-old restored mine pits and the other half into unmined forest. Bodyweights, movement patterns and macro-habitat selection were recorded weekly during November and then monthly until March. Key results Skinks reintroduced into restored sites quickly moved into unmined forest. Both groups of skinks moved large distances, but those reintroduced into restored sites travelled further than did control skinks and took longer to reduce their distances travelled, showing possible stress as a result of release into unsuitable habitat. Eventually, almost all skinks found suitable habitat in unmined forest and settled into these areas while continuing to gain weight. Conclusions Reintroduction was an ineffective technique for facilitating colonisation of restored minesites by Napoleon’s skink. Lack of suitable micro-habitats within restoration areas, such as ground logs and coarse, woody debris piles, is likely limiting the use of these areas by Napoleon’s skinks and is likely to be the cause of their failure to remain or settle in restored sites after reintroduction. Implications Determining the habitat requirements of skinks and replicating this in restoration sites would seem the more appropriate management option than is reintroduction, and this may be the case for other reptiles and habitat specialists.

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21

O'Connor, David E., and Richard Shine. "Parental care protects against infanticide in the lizard Egernia saxatilis (Scincidae)." Animal Behaviour 68, no. 6 (December 2004): 1361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.014.

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22

Langkilde, Tracy, Dave O'Connor, and Richard Shine. "Shelter-site use by five species of montane scincid lizards in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 2 (2003): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02073.

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Montane (cold-climate) habitats may impose severe thermal constraints on habitat use by ectotherms, favouring strong interspecific convergence in the attributes of suitable shelter-sites. We studied shelter-site use by five species of viviparous scincid lizards in Kanagra Boyd National Park, a montane (1200 m above sea level) forested region 160 km west of Sydney. We scored 21 attributes of 93 shelter-sites (13–20 per species), and the same attributes at unoccupied 'control' sites. These attributes included macrohabitat (e.g. canopy openness, substrate type, distance to waterbodies and logs) as well as shelter-site characteristics (e.g. type of cover-item, size of crevice). Hemispherical-lens photographs and gap-analysis software yielded estimates of solar radiation at each site, and data-loggers recorded temperature profiles in each occupied retreat-site. Principal Components Analysis of the data set identified eight axes of variation. Significant interspecific differences were evident on four of these axes, but with substantial overlap reflecting the broad syntopy of the taxa, plus similarities in characteristics of occupied retreat-sites (e.g. most lizard species utilised sun-exposed shelter-sites with logs nearby). Egernia species (cunninghami, saxatilis, whitii) typically used more open habitats than did Eulamprus (heatwolei, tympanum). Egernia cunninghami used very large crevices, whereas Eulamprus tympanum occupied heavily wooded macrohabitats. At this cold-climate site, interspecific similarities in the characteristics of utilised retreat-sites generated substantial overlap among species in the kinds of sites used, potentially intensifying interference competition among these taxa.

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23

Ansari, Talat Hojat, Terry Bertozzi, Jessica Hacking, Steven J. B. Cooper, and Michael G. Gardner. "Random non-coding fragments of lizard DNA: anonymous nuclear loci for the Australian skink, Tiliqua rugosa, and their utility in other Egernia-group species." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 6 (2014): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14085.

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We report the development of 48 anonymous nuclear loci from the Australian skink Tiliqua rugosa using 454 sequencing. These loci amplified across a Western Australian lineage (47 loci), a ‘northern’ lineage (48 loci) and a ‘southern’ lineage (46 loci). We further tested amplification for the related T. adelaidensis and Egernia stokesii where 37 and 34 loci amplified respectively. The loci showed variability within T. rugosa (22 polymorphic loci) and at least 27 loci also exhibited variation among the three species, highlighting the usefulness of these markers for phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population genetic analyses in T. rugosa and related species.

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24

Bull, C. Michael, Clare L. Griffin, Elvira J. Lanham, and Gregory R. Johnston. "Recognition of Pheromones from Group Members in a Gregarious Lizard, Egernia stokesii." Journal of Herpetology 34, no. 1 (March 2000): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565244.

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25

Chapple, David G., and J. Scott Keogh. "Group Structure and Stability in Social Aggregations of White's Skink, Egernia whitii." Ethology 112, no. 3 (March 2006): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01153.x.

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26

Arida, Evy Ayu, and C. Michael Bull. "Optimising the design of artificial refuges for the Australian skink, Egernia stokesii." Applied Herpetology 5, no. 2 (2008): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075408784648826.

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27

CHAPPLE, DAVID G., and J. SCOTT KEOGH. "Complex mating system and dispersal patterns in a social lizard, Egernia whitii." Molecular Ecology 14, no. 4 (March 16, 2005): 1215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02486.x.

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28

Stampe, Karina, Ole Næsbye Larsen, and Stephanie S. Godfrey. "Ecto- and endoparasites of the King's skink (Egernia kingii) on Penguin Island." Parasitology 147, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 1094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000839.

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AbstractWildlife species are often host to a diversity of parasites, but our knowledge of their diversity and ecology is extremely limited, especially for reptiles. Little is known about the host-parasite ecology of the Australian lizard, the King's skink (Egernia kingii). In spring of 2015, we carried out a field-based study of a population of King's skinks on Penguin Island (Western Australia). We documented five species of parasites, including two ectoparasitic mites (an undescribed laelapid mite and Mesolaelaps australiensis), an undescribed coccidia species, and two nematode species (Pharyngodon tiliquae and Capillaria sp.). The laelapid mite was the most abundant parasite, infesting 46.9% of the 113 captured lizards. This mite species increased in prevalence and abundance over the course of the study. Infection patterns of both mites varied with lizard life-stage; sub-adults were more commonly infested with laelapid mites than adults or juveniles, and sub-adults and adults were infested by more laelapid mites than juveniles. By contrast, adults had a higher prevalence of M. australiensis than juveniles or sub-adults. Among the gastrointestinal parasites, P. tiliquae was relatively common among the sampled lizards (35.3%). These results give new important information about reptiles as parasite hosts and what factors influence infection patterns.

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Bull, Michael, Clare Griffin, Matthew Bonnett, Michael Gardner, and Steven Cooper. "Discrimination between related and unrelated individuals in the Australian lizard Egernia striolata." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2001): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650100348.

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30

Stow, A. J., and P. Sunnucks. "Inbreeding avoidance in Cunningham's skinks (Egernia cunninghami) in natural and fragmented habitat." Molecular Ecology 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2004): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.02060.x.

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31

FULLER, S. J., C. M. BULL, K. MURRAY, and R. J. SPENCER. "Clustering of related individuals in a population of the Australian lizard, Egernia frerei." Molecular Ecology 14, no. 4 (March 4, 2005): 1207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02478.x.

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32

Lanham, Elvira J., and C. Michael Bull. "Enhanced vigilance in groups in Egernia stokesii, a lizard with stable social aggregations." Journal of Zoology 263, no. 1 (May 2004): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836904004923.

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33

Yang, Rongchang, Belinda Brice, Mark D. Bennett, Aileen Eliott, and Una Ryan. "Novel Eimeria sp. isolated from a King’s skink (Egernia kingii) in Western Australia." Experimental Parasitology 133, no. 2 (February 2013): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012.11.004.

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34

Bell, Christopher J., Marci G. Hollenshead, Jim I. Mead, and Sandra L. Swift. "Presence of a urinary bladder in Egernia depressa (Squamata: Scincidae) in Western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum 25, no. 4 (2010): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.25(4).2010.459-462.

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35

Gardner, M. G., C. M. Bull, and S. J. B. Cooper. "High levels of genetic monogamy in the group-living Australian lizard Egernia stokesii." Molecular Ecology 11, no. 9 (September 2002): 1787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01552.x.

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36

O'Connor, D., and R. Shine. "Lizards in 'nuclear families': a novel reptilian social system in Egernia saxatilis (Scincidae)." Molecular Ecology 12, no. 3 (March 2003): 743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01777.x.

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37

Gardner, M. G., S. S. Godfrey, A. L. Fenner, S. C. Donnellan, and C. M. Bull. "Fine-scale spatial structuring as an inbreeding avoidance mechanism in the social skink Egernia stokesii." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 4 (2012): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12089.

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Egernia stokesii is a monogamous and group-living species of Australian scincid lizard. We used genotype data from 10 microsatellite loci to examine evidence for sex-biased dispersal and kin-based discrimination as mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance of E. stokesii within seven rocky outcrops in the southern Flinders Ranges of South Australia. We also examined the relatedness of individuals observed using the same crevice within groups. We found no evidence for sex-biased dispersal at these sites, but found that adult lizards of the opposite sex observed using the same crevice were less related to each other than expected by chance. Our results suggest a behavioural mechanism for minimising inbreeding in large related aggregations of this species.

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38

Brown, GW. "Ecological Feeding Analysis of South-Eastern Australian Scincids (Reptilia, Lacertilia)." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 1 (1991): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910009.

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The gut contents of 936 skinks, representing 15 species resident in south-eastern Australia, were examined. Multicategorisation of food items reveals that a wide variety of plant and invertebrate material is ingested, the proportions and types of which appear to be dependent upon several criteria. All species investigated are opportunistic and widely foraging generalists, although important determinants of food selection appear to be the size of the lizard and its vertical distribution. When the diets of individual species are amalgamated according to suprageneric groups, certain dietary traits emerge. Egernia-group species, which are relatively large, are generally herbivorous, with the degree of herbivory correlated directly to body size. Smaller species of the Leiolopisma (Eugongylus) and Sphenomorphus groups mainly eat insects.

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39

Hallas*, Gary, and C. Michael Bull. "Influence of Drying Time on Nematode Eggs in Scats of Scincid Lizard Egernia Stokesii." Journal of Parasitology 92, no. 1 (February 2006): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3531rn.1.

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Duckett, Paul E., Margaret H. Morgan, and Adam J. Stow. "Tree-Dwelling Populations of the Skink Egernia striolata Aggregate in Groups of Close Kin." Copeia 2012, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ce-10-183.

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41

Milton, DA. "Genetic-Evidence for Sympatric Differentiation Between 2 Color Morphs of the Skink Egernia-Whitii." Australian Journal of Zoology 38, no. 2 (1990): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900117.

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The viviparous skink Egernia whitii is dimorphic for dorsal colour pattern. Both patterned and plain morphs coexist throughout the species' range. Adults live in family groups beneath exfoliating granite rocks. The closely related E. modesta also coexists in similar habitats in the northern part of the range of E. whitii. The plain E. whitii morph is intermediate in colour pattern between patterned E. whitii and E. modesta. Three populations of E. whitii and two populations of E. modesta were examined electrophoretically to assess the status of the plain morph of E. whitii. There were no fixed differences between the two morphs of E. whitii at any of the 55 loci examined, and loci polymorphic in both rnorphs of E. whitii showed no evidence of linkage disequilibria. Although heterozygosity values (H=0.017�0.002) and the level of polymorphism (P 0.95=0.015) were low, there were highly significant allele frequency differences between sympatric samples of the two morphs of E. whitii. This indicated that the two morphs were conspecific, yet they were not interbreeding at random. The established frequency of gene exchange between the two colour morphs in the three populations sampled varied from 3.6 to 6 individuals per generation. Reproductive data confirmed that both colour morphs of E. whitii produced young of the same dorsal colour pattern as their own in much greater frequency than random. However, females of both colours can and do breed with males of the other colour in very low frequency. Analysis of the lateral colour pattern of the two E. whitii morphs and E. modesta suggests that the colour patterns of the two E. whitii morphs are very similar, yet differ slightly from the colour pattern of E. modesta in the region of geographic overlap of these species. These results suggest that behavioural or microhabit differences between the two morphs may be involved in mate recognition.

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Arena, P. C., and R. D. Wooller. "The reproduction and diet of Egernia kingii (Reptilia : Scincidae) on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 5 (2003): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02040.

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A population of King's Skinks, Egernia kingii, a large (220 g) scincid lizard, on Penguin Island, near Perth, Western Australia, contained mainly adults. Males were sexually mature at a snout–vent length of 190 mm and females at 185 mm. The sexes were similar in most dimensions, but males had proportionately wider heads than females. Females ovulated in late November and gave birth in mid–late April, after a 20–22-week gestation. Most litters comprised 4–6 (range 2–8) young that averaged 7�g and had a snout–vent length of 60–80 mm. Growth to adult size appeared slow and juvenile mortality heavy, so that most adults are probably long-lived. King's skinks were active throughout the year and consumed mainly soft plant material from the range of plants available, supplemented by insects and seabird eggs.

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Pearson, Sarah K., Gregory R. Johnston, C. Michael Bull, Aaron L. Fenner, and Michael G. Gardner. "Fine-scale genetic structuring in a group-living lizard, the gidgee skink (Egernia stokesii )." Austral Ecology 45, no. 4 (April 5, 2020): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12862.

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Pearson, S. K., T. M. Bradford, T. H. Ansari, C. M. Bull, and M. G. Gardner. "MHC genotyping from next-generation sequencing: detailed methodology for the gidgee skink, Egernia stokesii." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 140, no. 2 (July 2, 2016): 244–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03721426.2016.1216735.

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Godfrey, Stephanie S., C. Michael Bull, Kris Murray, and Michael G. Gardner. "Transmission mode and distribution of parasites among groups of the social lizard Egernia stokesii." Parasitology Research 99, no. 3 (March 16, 2006): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-005-0120-9.

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Pavey, Chris R., Chris J. Burwell, and Catherine E. M. Nano. "Foraging Ecology and Habitat Use of Slater's Skink (Egernia slateri): An Endangered Australian Desert Lizard." Journal of Herpetology 44, no. 4 (December 2010): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/09-102.1.

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Masters, C., and R. Shine. "Sociality in lizards: family structure in free-living King's Skinks Egernia kingii from southwestern Australia." Australian Zoologist 32, no. 3 (October 2003): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2002.015.

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Cartledge, Victoria A., and Susan M. Jones. "Does adrenal responsiveness vary with sex and reproductive status in Egernia whitii, a viviparous skink?" General and Comparative Endocrinology 150, no. 1 (January 2007): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.07.021.

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Fraser, Sharon P. "Variability of heating and cooling rates during radiant heating in a scincid lizard, Egernia cunninghami." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 80, no. 3 (January 1985): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(85)90037-4.

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Godfrey, Stephanie S., C. Michael Bull, Richard James, and Kris Murray. "Network structure and parasite transmission in a group living lizard, the gidgee skink, Egernia stokesii." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63, no. 7 (April 2, 2009): 1045–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-009-0730-9.

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