Journal articles on the topic 'Effusum'
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1
Li, Xiao-Hui, Jia-Hui Zhang, Yu Zhang, Ying-Tong Di, Yu-Cheng Gu, Mingming Cao, and Xiao-Jiang Hao. "Four new Myrioneuron alkaloids from Mycetia effusa (Myrioneuron effusum)." Phytochemistry Letters 53 (February 2023): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2022.12.007.
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Bennett, Simon T., and Michael D. Bennett. "Variation in nuclear DNA amount between wild and cultivated populations of Milium effusum (2n = 28)." Genome 35, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 1050–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-161.
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Mean 2C DNA amounts varied by 35.6%, ranging from 7.52 to 10.20 pg, between 10 populations of the grass Milium effusum L. Such intraspecific variation occurred despite a constant chromosome number (2n = 28) and no obvious differences in karyotype. Plants originating from botanic garden populations growing in cultivation had significantly (P < 0.001) larger DNA amounts than plants collected from wild populations. Moreover, variation in DNA amount within either the "cultivated" or the "wild" groups was not significant. As the environment in which plants are kept in botanic gardens is clearly different to the natural habitat for M. effusum, it seems likely that the difference in nuclear DNA amount is causally related, perhaps through its nucleotypic effects, to microclimate adaptation. These results suggest that at least some genotypes of M. effusum are fluid and sensitive to environmental change. Such data may have broad practical importance regarding plant responses to various environmental changes such as a nuclear winter and global warming, and implications for plant conservation and reintroduction. Milium effusum is a potentially useful plant material for studying the nature of intraspecific variation in DNA amount.Key words: Milium effusum, nuclear DNA amounts, nucleotype, environmental adaptation.
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Zhang, Jia-Hui, Mingming Cao, Yu Zhang, Xiao-Hui Li, Yu-Cheng Gu, Xiao-Nian Li, Ying-Tong Di, and Xiao-Jiang Hao. "Scalemic myrionsumamide A, tetracyclic skeleton alkaloids from Myrioneuron effusum." RSC Advances 12, no. 43 (2022): 28147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra05342j.
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Bock, C. H., B. W. Wood, K. L. Stevenson, and R. S. Arias. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Fusicladium effusum on Pecan in the United States." Plant Disease 98, no. 7 (July 2014): 916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-13-1229-re.
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Fusicladium effusum causes pecan scab, which is the most destructive disease of pecan orchards in the United States. Conidia of the pathogen are spread by rain splash and wind. The fungus is pathogenically diverse; yet there is no information on its genetic diversity or population genetics. Universally primed polymerase chain reaction (UP-PCR) was used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure on a hierarchical sample of 194 isolates collected from 11 orchard locations from Florida to Texas, consisting of three to four isolates from each of five to six trees at each location. Genetic variation was high throughout the region, with all but nine of the multilocus haplotypes being unique. Nei's average gene diversity ranged from 0.083 for a population from Mississippi to 0.160 for a population from Kansas. An analysis of molecular variance of the hierarchically sampled populations found that the majority of the genetic variability (82.6%) occurred at the scale of the individual tree and only relatively small amounts among populations in trees from an orchard (5.0%) or within groups (i.e., orchard location populations) (12.5%). The results suggest little population differentiation in F. effusum in the southeastern United States, although φpt values of genetic distance for pairwise comparisons indicated some populations could be differentiated from others. There was evidence of linkage disequilibrium in certain populations, and the common occurrence of asexual reproduction in F. effusum could lead to measurable linkage disequilibrium under certain circumstances. However, the degree of genetic diversity and the scale over which diversity is distributed is evidence that F. effusum undergoes regular recombination despite no known sexual stage.
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Bennett, Simon T., and Sandra M. Thomas. "Karyological analysis and genome size in Milium (Gramineae) with special reference to polyploidy and chromosomal evolution." Genome 34, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 868–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-134.
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Karyotypes, nuclear DNA amounts, and meiotic behaviour are presented for Milium effusum L. (2n = 28), Milium montianum Parl. (2n = 22), and two cytotypes of Milium vernale Bieb. (2n = 8, 10). The bimodal karyotype of M. montianum (8 large and 14 small chromosomes) is described for the first time. Evidence from C-banding and geographical distribution suggests an ancient interracial allopolyploid origin for M. effusum (2n = 28). Although M. montianum is undoubtedly allopolyploid, its parentage is unconfirmed. A strong resemblance between the M. vernale (2n = 8) karyotype and the eight large chromosomes in M. montianum suggests a common ancestry. It is possible that a diploid form of M. effusum contributed the remaining 14 chromosomes. A selective loss of DNA sequences from the smaller chromosomes during the subsequent reorganization of the allopolyploid genome may have enhanced the bimodality of the karyotype. Geographical distribution and a change in the breeding system support the direction of the change x = 5 to x = 4 in M. vernale. Allopolyploidy appears to have played a central role in the chromosome evolution and speciation of Milium.Key words: Milium (Gramineae), karyotype analysis, genome size, polyploidy, chromosome evolution.
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Standish, J. R., H. F. Avenot, T. B. Brenneman, and K. L. Stevenson. "Location of an Intron in the Cytochrome b Gene Indicates Reduced Risk of QoI Fungicide Resistance in Fusicladium effusum." Plant Disease 100, no. 11 (November 2016): 2294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-16-0658-re.
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Pecan scab, caused by Fusicladium effusum, is most effectively managed using multiple fungicide applications, including quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs). However, QoIs have a high risk for resistance developing in phytopathogenic fungi. QoI resistance is generally associated with amino-acid substitutions at positions 129, 137, and 143 of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene. A substitution at position 143 confers complete resistance, while an intron immediately downstream of this position prevents the substitution. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of QoI resistance by characterizing a partial fragment of the F. effusum cytb gene. Sequence analysis of the 1,919-bp fragment revealed the presence of a 1,407-bp intron immediately downstream of position 143. This intron was identified in 125 isolates collected from 16 counties across the state of Georgia. No substitutions were identified at positions 129 or 143 but, in seven of the isolates, glycine was replaced with serine at position 137. The ubiquitous nature of the detected intron provided strong evidence that the G143A substitution may not occur in F. effusum isolates, although resistance could still develop through intron loss events or the selection of intron-lacking genotypes, or as the result of other mutations in the cytb gene.
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De Frenne, Pieter, Jörg Brunet, Mathias Cougnon, Guillaume Decocq, Bente J. Graae, Jenny Hagenblad, Martin Hermy, et al. "Biological Flora of the British Isles:Milium effusum." Journal of Ecology 105, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 839–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12744.
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Medrano, E. G., L. J. Grauke, R. L. Stanford, and T. E. Thompson. "Evidence for the presence of a bacterial endosymbiont in the pecan scab pathogenVenturia effusa(basyonym:Fusicladium effusum)." Journal of Applied Microbiology 123, no. 2 (July 20, 2017): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.13503.
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Ji, Jing-Xin A., Zhuang Li, Yu Li, and Makoto Kakishima. "Notes on rust fungi in China 7. Aecidium caulophylli life cycle inferred from phylogenetic evidence and renamed as Puccinia caulophylli comb. nov." Mycotaxon 134, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/134.719.
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Spermogonial and aecial stages of Aecidium caulophylli on Caulophyllum robustum (Berberidaceae) were shown by phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 28S sequence data to be identical to a uredinial and telial rust on Milium effusum (Poaceae). A new combination, Puccinia caulophylli is proposed for this species, and an epitype is designated.
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Young, Carolyn A., Clive H. Bock, Nikki D. Charlton, Chakradhar Mattupalli, Nick Krom, Joanna K. Bowen, Matthew Templeton, Kim M. Plummer, and Bruce W. Wood. "Evidence for Sexual Reproduction: Identification, Frequency, and Spatial Distribution of Venturia effusa (Pecan Scab) Mating Type Idiomorphs." Phytopathology® 108, no. 7 (July 2018): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-17-0233-r.
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Venturia effusa (syn. Fusicladium effusum), causal agent of pecan scab, is the most prevalent pathogen of pecan (Carya illinoinensis), causing severe yield losses in the southeastern United States. V. effusa is currently known only by its asexual (conidial) stage. However, the degree and distribution of genetic diversity observed within and among populations of V. effusa are typical of a sexually reproducing fungal pathogen, and comparable with other dothideomycetes with a known sexual stage, including the closely related apple scab pathogen, V. inaequalis. Using the mating type (MAT) idiomorphs from V. inaequalis, we identified a single MAT gene, MAT1-1-1, in a draft genome of V. effusa. The MAT1-1-1 locus is flanked by two conserved genes encoding a DNA lyase (APN2) and a hypothetical protein. The MAT locus spanning the flanking genes was amplified and sequenced from a subset of 14 isolates, of which 7 contained MAT1-1-1 and the remaining samples contained MAT1-2-1. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction screen was developed to amplify MAT1-1-1, MAT1-2-1, and a conserved reference gene encoding β-tubulin, and used to screen 784 monoconidial isolates of V. effusa collected from 11 populations of pecan across the southeastern United States. A hierarchical sampling protocol representing region, orchard, and tree allowed for analysis of MAT structure at different spatial scales. Analysis of this collection revealed the frequency of the MAT idiomorphs is in a 1:1 equilibrium of MAT1-1:MAT1-2. The apparent equilibrium of the MAT idiomorphs provides impetus for a renewed effort to search for the sexual stage of V. effusa. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Chen, Wen-Ming, Ching-Ling Su, Soon-Wo Kwon, and Shih-Yi Sheu. "Flavobacterium effusum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 68, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 3111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.002944.
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Bock, C. H., C. Chen, F. Yu, K. L. Stevenson, R. S. Arias, and B. W. Wood. "Characterization of microsatellites inFusicladium effusum, cause of pecan scab." Forest Pathology 46, no. 6 (May 10, 2016): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12278.
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MENSA I VALLS, Jaume. "El tomismo de Martín de Ateca (†1306) según Arnau de Vilanova / he Thomism of Martin de Ateca (†1306) According to Arnold of Villanova." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 21 (October 1, 2014): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v21i.5915.
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The aragonese dominican Martin de Ateca is mostly known thanks to the works of Arnau de Vilanova.This paper edits, translates and analyzes one of the most significant fragments (hitherto unpublished)of Arnau de Vilanova’s Antidotum contra venenum effusum per fratrem Martinum de Atheca. Martinannouncement. The aragonese dominican appears to be the first Thomist from the Crown of Aragon tohave been explicitly designated as such.
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Wills, Karen E., R. D. B. Whalley, and Jeremy J. Bruhl. "Systematic studies in Paniceae (Poaceae): Homopholis and Whalleya gen. et sp. nov." Australian Systematic Botany 13, no. 3 (2000): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99007.
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The taxonomy ofHomopholis C.E.Hubb. is revised, and anew genus Whalleya K.E.Wills & J.J.Bruhl isdescribed. Relationships among the known species ofHomopholis (H. belsonii C.E.Hubb.,H. proluta F.Muell., and a putative species,H. sp. nov.), and the relationships betweenHomopholis and other genera within the Paniceae were investigated. Morphological and anatomical data forHomopholis and selected species ofDigitaria and Panicum were analysed phenetically and cladistically. The value and contribution ofcharacters to the findings were assessed. In the phenetic analyses, threedistinct clusters of species were formed. The first cluster includedDigitaria coenicola (F.Muell.) Hughes,D. divaricatissima (R.Br.) Hughes andD. papposa (R.Br.) P.Beauv.; the second,Panicum effusum R.Br.,P. queenslandicum Domin var.queenslandicum and P. simileDomin; and the third, H. sp. nov.,H. proluta, H. belsonii andP. subxerophilum Domin. Specimens ofH. belsonii noticeably separated from the other threespecies. For the cladistic analyses, species ofEntolasia and Thyridolepis were used as outgroup taxa. One most parsimonious tree was produced.Homopholis belsonii was well supported as the most basalmember of the ingroup. The three species ofDigitariaformed a well-supported clade.Panicum effusum, P. queenslandicumvar. queenslandicum and P. simileformed a well-supported clade, and were the sister group toEntolasia marginata (R.Br.) Hughes andE. stricta (R.Br.) Hughes.Panicum subxerophilum was in a clade (=Whalleya) with H. sp. nov. andH. proluta, with P. subxerophilumand H. proluta as sister species.
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Moulton, Ruth J., and Stephen J. Whittle. "The major flavonoids in the leaves of Milium effusum L." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 17, no. 3 (June 1989): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(89)90079-3.
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Yasin Eren. "Effects of Limonium effusum Ethanol Extracts on Cell Proliferation and Mutagenicity." Biology Bulletin 46, no. 6 (November 2019): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359019060141.
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Zhang, Jia-Hui, Jing-Jing Guo, Yu-Xi Yuan, Yan-Hui Fu, Yu-Cheng Gu, Yu Zhang, Duo-Zhi Chen, Shun-Lin Li, Ying-Tong Di, and Xiao-Jiang Hao. "Four new tetracyclic alkaloids with cis-decahydroquinoline motif from Myrioneuron effusum." Fitoterapia 112 (July 2016): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2016.06.006.
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Tyler, Torbjörn. "Geographic structure of genetic variation in the widespread woodland grass Milium effusum L. A comparison between two regions with contrasting history and geomorphology." Genome 45, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 1248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-079.
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Allozyme variation in the forest grass Milium effusum L. was studied in 2123 populations within each of two equally sized densely sampled areas in northern and southern Sweden. In addition, 25 populations from other parts of Eurasia were studied for comparison. The structure of variation was analysed with both diversity statistics and measures based on allelic richness at a standardised sample size. The species was found to be highly variable, but no clear geographic patterns in the distribution of alleles or in overall genetic differentiation were found, either within the two regions or within the whole sample. Thus, no inferences about the direction of postglacial migration could be made. Obviously, migration and gene flow must have taken place in a manner capable of randomising the distribution of alleles. However, there were clear differences in levels and structuring of the variation between the two regions. Levels of variation, both in terms of genetic diversity and allelic richness, were lower in northern Sweden as compared with southern Sweden. In contrast, different measures of geographic structure all showed higher levels of population differentiation in the northern region. This is interpreted as due to different geomorphological conditions in the two regions, creating a relatively continuous habitat and gene flow in the southern region as compared with the northern region where the species, although common, is confined to narrow and mutually isolated corridors in the landscape.Key words: Milium effusum, allozymes, geographic differentiation, population fragmentation, allelic richness.
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Jonasson, S., and B. Widerberg. "The resource balance of Milium effusum with emphasis on environmental resource supply." Oecologia 76, no. 1 (June 1988): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00379594.
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Wood, Bruce W., Charles C. Reilly, Clive H. Bock, and Michael W. Hotchkiss. "Suppression of Pecan Scab by Nickel." HortScience 47, no. 4 (April 2012): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.4.503.
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The economic cost of pecan scab, caused by Fusicladium effusum G. Winter, can substantially limit profitability of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivation in humid environments. Laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies found nickel (Ni) to inhibit growth of F. effusum and reduce disease severity on fruit and foliage of orchard trees. Nickel was toxic to the fungus in vitro at concentrations applied to orchard trees, and Ni sprays reduced scab severity on foliage of pecan seedlings in greenhouse experiments. Host genotype appears to influence Ni efficacy with fruit tissue of cultivars of intermediate resistance (i.e., ‘Desirable’) being most responsive to treatment and those most susceptible to scab (i.e., ‘Wichita’ and ‘Apache’) being least responsive. Addition of Ni as a nutritional supplement applied in combination with fungicides applied as air-blast sprays to commercial orchards reduced severity of scab on both leaves and fruit depending on cultivar and date of disease assessment (e.g., scab severity on fruit was reduced by 6% to 52% on ‘Desirable’ in an orchard setting). Nickel-supplemented fungicide sprays to ‘Desirable’ trees in commercial orchards also increased fruit weight and kernel filling, apparently from improved disease control. Although the efficacy of Ni was typically much less than that of triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH), a standard fungicide used in commercial orchards, Ni treatment of tree canopies for increasing tree Ni nutrition slightly lowered disease severity. These studies establish that foliar Ni use in orchards potentially reduces severity of scab on foliage and fruit in scab-prone environments. The inclusion of Ni with fungicides for management of pecan scab might reduce disease severity over that conferred by fungicide alone, especially if targeted cultivars possess at least a moderate degree of scab resistance. Similar benefit from Ni sprays might also occur in host–fungi interactions involving other crops.
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STEPHENSON, STEVEN L., and BARBARA C. STEPHENSON. "Distribution and ecology of myxomycetes on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Phytotaxa 416, no. 2 (September 10, 2019): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.416.2.2.
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A survey for myxomycetes was carried out on Christmas Island in May 2017. Specimens included those that had fruited in the field under natural conditions and those appearing in moist chamber cultures prepared with samples of dead plant material collected on the island. Fifty-nine species in 18 genera were recorded. Hemitrichia serpula was the most common species represented among field collections, whereas Arcyria cinerea, Diderma effusum, Lamproderma scintillans, Didymium squamulosum, Diderma hemisphericum and Diachea leucopodia were recorded the most often in moist chamber cultures. These new records bring the total number of species of myxomycetes known from Christmas Island to 68 species in 22 genera. The distribution and ecology of these species in relation to the various substrates available to them are discussed.
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Seyran, Murat, Timothy B. Brenneman, and Katherine L. Stevenson. "A rapid method to monitor fungicide sensitivity in the pecan scab pathogen, Fusicladium effusum." Crop Protection 29, no. 11 (November 2010): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.07.016.
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Orr, D. M., and P. J. O'Reagain. "Managing for rainfall variability: impacts of grazing strategies on perennial grass dynamics in a dry tropical savanna." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 2 (2011): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11032.
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Rainfall variability remains a major challenge to sustainable grazing management in northern Australia with perennial grasses the key to the stability of the resources that maintain a sustainable grazing industry. This paper describes the dynamics of five perennial grasses – Bothriochloa ewartiana (Domin) C.E. Hubb., Chrysopogon fallax S.T. Blake, Aristida spp., Panicum effusum R. Br. and Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. in relation to three grazing strategies – moderate stocking at long-term carrying capacity, heavy stocking and rotational wet season spelling. The research was conducted in permanent quadrats on the predominant land type in an extensive grazing study in an Aristida-Bothriochloa pasture in north Australia between 1998 and 2010. Summer rainfall was above average for two periods – 1998 – 2001 and 2008 – 2010 with drought and below-average rainfall from 2002 to 2007. Low rainfall affected the dynamics of all grasses by reducing survival and basal area through its effect on plant size; this impact was most noticeable for the shorter-lived Aristida spp., P. effusum and H. contortus. The impact of grazing was greatest on the long-lived B. ewartiana and C. fallax; this effect was accentuated by the 2002–07 drought. Heavy grazing during this period further reduced the survival and size of B. ewartiana in comparison with the moderate stocking and rotational spell treatments. In contrast, the survival of C. fallax was reduced in the moderate stocking and rotational spelling treatment during drought, relative to that under heavy grazing. The density of B. ewartiana declined even under moderate grazing and despite two sequences of above-average rainfall because seedling recruitment failed to offset mature plant death. Results from this study emphasised the importance of maintaining the existing populations of key long-lived species such as B. ewartiana through good management. These results also supported the overall findings from the grazing study indicating that stocking at the long-term carrying capacity is sustainable in managing for climate variability.
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Seyran, Murat, Timothy B. Brenneman, and Katherine L. Stevenson. "In vitro toxicity of alternative oxidase inhibitors salicylhydroxamic acid and propyl gallate on Fusicladium effusum." Journal of Pest Science 83, no. 4 (May 23, 2010): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0312-7.
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Barrett, Russell L., and Karen L. Wilson. "A review of the genus Lepidosperma Labill. (Cyperaceae: Schoeneae)." Australian Systematic Botany 25, no. 4 (2012): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb11037.
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Species diversity in the genus Lepidosperma Labill. is much greater than previously thought. On the basis of morphological and molecular data, we currently recognise 73 named species (mainly in Australia), with many more species yet to be described. As a precursor to a complete revision, we review the names published in Lepidosperma. All published names at infrageneric, specific and infraspecific rank are typified and their current taxonomic status is indicated. Brief distribution notes are given for the 73 named species recognised. We also give a list of names referrable to other genera. A summary of the taxonomic history of the genus is provided, as well as notes on the specimens collected by early collectors in Australia. Three new combinations are made in Lepidosperma: L. asperatum (Kük.) R.L.Barrett, L. neozelandicum (Kük.) R.L.Barrett & K.L.Wilson and L. rigidulum (Kük.) K.L.Wilson. L. sanguinolentum K.L.Wilson is a nomen novum based on L. drummondii var. floribundum Kük. Lectotypes are designated for eight infrageneric names and for 39 specific and infraspecific names, including the following: L. angustifolium Hook.f., L. angustatum R.Br., L. angustatum var. curvispiculum Benth., L. australe (A.Rich.) Hook.f., L. benthamianum C.B.Clarke, L. brunonianum Nees, L. brunonianum var. binuciferum Kük., L. canescens Boeckeler, L. carphoides Benth., L. concavum var. pyramidatum Benth., L. confine Nees, L. costale Nees, L. costale var. densispicatum Kük., L. drummondii Benth., L. effusum Benth., L. forsythii A.A.Ham., L. gladiatum Labill., L. globosum Labill., L. inops F.Muell. ex Rodway, L. laterale var. angustum Benth., L. laterale var. majus Benth., L. leptophyllum Benth., L. leptostachyum Benth., L. leptostachyum var. asperatum Kük., L. muelleri Boeckeler, L. neesii Kunth, L. perplanum Guillaumin, L. perteres C.B.Clarke, L. pruinosum Kük., L. pruinosum var. rigidulum Kük., L. quadrangulatum A.A.Ham., L. resinosum var. pleianthemum Kük., L. scabrum Nees, L. scabrum var. effusum Benth., L. sieberi Kunth, L. squamatum Labill., L. tenue Benth., L. viscidum R.Br. and L. viscidum var. subpyramidale Kük. Twenty-two excluded names are listed and new combinations are provided in Tricostularia for L. aphyllum R.Br. and L. exsul C.B.Clarke. A lectotype is selected for L. pauciflorum F.Muell. (= Tricostularia pauciflora (F.Muell.) Benth.).
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Bissett, John, George Szakacs, Carol Ann Nolan, Irina Druzhinina, Cornelia Gradinger, and Christian P. Kubicek. "New species of Trichoderma from Asia." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 570–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-051.
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Seven new species of Trichoderma, isolated from soil or tree bark from Siberia, Nepal, northern India, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, and Malaysia, are described based on morphological and physiological characters, and from their phylogenetic position inferred from parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rDNA cluster (ITS1 and 2) and partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α). Trichoderma sinensis sp. nov. and Trichoderma effusum sp. nov. are additions to Trichoderma section Longibrachiatum. Trichoderma helicum sp. nov., Trichoderma rossicum sp. nov., Trichoderma velutinum sp. nov., and Trichoderma cerinum sp. nov. are additions to section Pachybasium. Trichoderma erinaceum sp. nov. is described in section Trichoderma. The contribution of sequence data in resolving species in Trichoderma is demonstrated by Trichoderma helicum, which is morphologically indistinguishable from Trichoderma tomentosum Bissett, even though the two species are not phylogenetically closely related.Key words: Hypocrea, systematics, taxonomy, phylogeny.
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Eren, Y., A. Özata, M. Konuk, D. Akyil, and R. Liman. "A mutagenicity and cytotoxicity study on Limonium effusum aqueous extracts by Allium, Ames and MTT tests." Cytology and Genetics 49, no. 2 (March 2015): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0095452715020024.
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Malysheva, Vera, Nathan Schoutteten, Annemieke Verbeken, and Viacheslav Spirin. "Identity and typification of Achroomyces effusus (Pucciniomycotina, Basidiomycota)." Mycological Progress 20, no. 4 (April 2021): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01671-2.
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AbstractThe identity of Achroomyces effusus is re-established with the use of morphological and DNA methods, and a neotype is selected. The species is conspecific with Colacogloea peniophorae, the generic type of Colacogloea, and has a priority over it. A new combination, C. effusa, is proposed.
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Wang, Yang, Gui-Yun Li, Qian Fu, Tai-Sen Hao, Jian-Mei Huang, and Hai-Feng Zhai. "Two New Anxiolytic Phenanthrenes Found in the Medullae of Juncus effusus." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 8 (August 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900830.
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Six phenanthrenes, 2-methoxy-7-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-vinyl phenanthrene (1), juncusin (2), dehydroeffusol (3), juncusol (4), effusol (5), and dehydroeffusal (6), were isolated from the medullae of Juncus effusus L. Compounds 1 and 2 were identified as being new structures, and both of them showed anxiolytic activity at dosages of 10 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively.
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Bock, Clive H., Ted E. Cottrell, Mike W. Hotchkiss, and Bruce W. Wood. "Vertical Distribution of Scab in Large Pecan Trees." Plant Disease 97, no. 5 (May 2013): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-12-0453-re.
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Pecan scab (Fusicladium effusum) is a destructive disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. This study was conducted to investigate the vertical distribution of scab in tall pecan trees (14 to 16 m tall) in three experiments in 2010 and 2011. Although 2010 had average rainfall, a factor that drives scab epidemics, 2011 was a very dry year with a consequently low scab severity. A total of eight trees were included in each experiment, four were nontreated controls, and four were sprayed using a ground-based air-blast sprayer. Trees were assessed for foliar and fruit scab at 0-5.0, 5.0+-7.5, 7.5+-10.0, 10.0+-12.5, and 12.5+-15.0 m. Mixed model analysis showed main effects of height, fungicide treatment, and height*treatment interactions in all three experiments, although on foliage the effects were less consistent (P value = 0.003-0.8), perhaps due to delayed fungicide applications early in the season. However, fruit of nontreated trees had more severe scab low in the canopy compared to fungicide-treated trees, with a consistent height*treatment interaction (P value = <0.0001-0.04). Most often the severity of scab in the upper canopy was similar in trees on fungicide-treated and nontreated trees, suggesting that fungicide had less impact at heights ≥10.0 m compared to <10.0 m in the canopy. There was a consistent reduction in scab severity on foliage and on immature fruit in August due to fungicide treatment at heights ≤10.0 m. Above 10.0 m, the effect was inconsistent, but late in the season (October), the fungicide-treated trees showed lower scab severity throughout the canopy. A metallic tracer study using cerium (Ce) showed an exponential relationship between quantities of Ce recovered and sample height in the canopy, with the quantity of Ce at ≥10 m being statistically equal to background levels. The relationship between scab severity on fruit and sample height in the canopy of nontreated trees was most often described by a negative linear function, but there was no discernible relationship on fungicide-treated trees, as the severity of scab in the lower canopy was most often similar to that in the upper canopy. Gradients in fungicide coverage and scab severity have ramifications for scab management options and potentially for the development of fungicide resistance in F. effusum.
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Seyran, Murat, Claudia Nischwitz, Kippy J. Lewis, Ronald D. Gitaitis, Timothy B. Brenneman, and Katherine L. Stevenson. "Phylogeny of the pecan scab fungus Fusicladium effusum G. Winter based on the cytochrome b gene sequence." Mycological Progress 9, no. 2 (November 28, 2009): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-009-0638-9.
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Dengler, Nancy G., Ronald E. Dengler, and Paul W. Hattersley. "COMPARATIVE BUNDLE SHEATH AND MESOPHYLL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE LEAVES OF THE C4GRASSES PANICUM EFFUSUM AND P. BULBOSUM." American Journal of Botany 73, no. 10 (October 1986): 1431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1986.tb10889.x.
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Yokota, Katsuhiro, Kazuhiro Hatanaka, Takeshi Kura, Saichi Katayama, Mitsukazu Ochi, Mitsuaki Murakami, Akiyoshi Chayahara, and Mamoru Satho. "Effusion of hydrogen from proton implanted ceramic YBa2Cu3O7−x during annealing in oxygen atmosphere." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 7 (July 1992): 1652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.1652.
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Hydrogen implanted into ceramic YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) with a dose of 1 × 1017 H+ cm−2 started to effuse as molecular hydrogen from the YBCO to atmosphere at a temperature of 200 °C, effuse predominantly as water by reacting with oxygen at temperatures of 300–700 °C, and again effuse as molecular hydrogen at temperatures above 800 °C. The improvement of the superconducting properties of the proton implanted YBCO occurred at annealing temperatures for which implanted hydrogen effused predominantly as water by reacting with oxygen.
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Osei, Dr Addei, and Dr Elizabeth Osei Cynthia. "Thematic Analysis of the Aboakyer Festival Songs & Libation Texts." Journal of English Language and Literature 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 1070–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v11i1.403.
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This paper analyses the underlying themes in the songs and libation texts of the Aboakyer Festival of the Effutu in the Central Region of Ghana. The paper argues that the central theme and sub-themes of the songs and libation texts of the Aboakyer festival, reflect the worldview of the Effutu tribe of Ghana. The songs and libation texts reveal the Effutus as appreciative, religious, and haters of evil-doers.
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Araújo, Jéssica Conceição, Izabel Cristina Moreira, and Solange Xavier-Santos. "Myxobiota associada a resíduos de Mangueira (Mangifera indica l., Anacardiaceae)." Heringeriana 6, no. 1 (October 22, 2014): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/heringeriana.v6i1.13.
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Os Mixomicetos (Reino Protista, Filo Myxomycota) constituem um grupo homogêneo de organismos comumente encontrados em lugares sombrios, úmidos e frescos, onde haja matéria orgânica em decomposição. Apresentam como características distintivas em seu ciclo de vida uma fase em forma de massa protoplasmática, multinucleada, acelular e de vida livre chamada de plasmódio e uma fase propagativa, o corpo de frutificação. Esses organismos são capazes de se desenvolver sobre diversos tipos de substratos, tais como troncos, folhas, fungos e excrementos em decomposição. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as espécies que ocorrem em resíduos de mangueira (Mangifera indica). Foram realizadas coletas em amontoados residuais dessa planta, tanto em uma área urbana (quintal residencial) do município de Anápolis e em uma área rural (Fazenda Santa Rita), no município de Pirenópolis, Goiás, Brasil. Um total de nove espécies de mixomicetos foi encontrado; as quais estão distribuídas em duas famílias e uma única ordem: Physarales: Didymiaceae (Diderma hemisphaericum, D. saundersii, D. cf effusum e Diachea leucopodia) e Physaraceae (Craterium aureum, Didymium comatum, D. cf. flexuosum, Physarum melleume e P pusillum), demonstrando que os resíduos de mangueira constituem um substrato propício ao desenvolvimento e frutificação de mixomicetos.
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Conner, Patrick J. "Evaluation of Response to Pecan Scab Pathogen Race Using a Detached Leaflet Protocol." HortScience 48, no. 1 (January 2013): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.1.63.
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A detached leaflet protocol was developed for the evaluation of resistance to Fusicladium effusum in a seedling pecan population segregating for resistance. Leaflets at half to full expansion were detached from seedling trees, sprayed with a conidial suspension (isolate De-Tif-3), placed in a polyethylene bag in a growth chamber, and evaluated microscopically 7 and 14 days after inoculation. The percentage germinated conidia producing subcuticular hyphae was the best determinant of susceptibility with genotypes producing more than 15% subcuticular hyphae considered susceptible. Leaflets at half expansion had higher percentages of subcuticular hyphae and gave a clearer separation between susceptible and resistant genotypes than leaflets at full expansion. An evaluation period of 14 days was preferable to 7 days to allow slower reacting genotypes to be better evaluated. The detached leaflet protocol was evaluated in contrasting environments and was found to be robust to differences in shading and leaflet wetness. Detached leaflet tests gave similar results to field inoculations but were superior in consistently detecting susceptible genotypes. This protocol will be useful in evaluating the inheritance of pecan leaf scab resistance in breeding progenies.
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Sá, Camila Estelita Vogeley Alves de, Luiz Gonzaga Biones Ferraz, and Laise De Holanda Cavalcanti. "Assemblages of Myxomycetes associated with Cocos nucifera L. trees." Acta Brasiliensis 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22571/2526-4338587.
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Arecaceae plants provide favorable microhabitats for the development of myxomycetes, but researches focusing on myxomycetes associated with palm trees are scarce. The myxobiota present on Cocos nucifera L. was evaluated in coconut groves in the municipality of Bonito, Pernambuco, Brazil. The incidence of myxomycetes on coconut palms and substrates and their composition, richness, taxonomic diversity, constancy, abundance, and seasonality of sporulation were analyzed. During direct field collections, inspections were made of the stems, leaf sheaths, inflorescence bracts, and petiole bases of 60 adult individuals. Myxomycetes were present in 80% of the coconut palms and were more abundant during the rainy season (June). A total of 128 specimens were obtained (63% from leaf sheaths, 31% from stems, 4% from petiole bases, and 2% from bracts), representing 14 species, with species/genus ratio = 2.80. Hemitrichia serpula, Physarum decipiens and Diderma effusum characterize the myxobiota. This work presents the first record of Diderma chondrioderma, Didymium clavus, Physarum crateriforme and P. roseum on C. nucifera for Brazil. The ocurrence of Didymium megalosporum in Brazil is confirmed 107 years after its first and only record in ground litter in an undefined location.
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Bock, C. H., T. T. Endalew, B. K. Biswas, A. K. Yadav, V. Sitther, M. W. Hotchkiss, K. L. Stevenson, and B. W. Wood. "A comparison of UP-PCR and RAPD markers to study genetic diversity ofFusicladium effusum(G. Winter), cause of pecan scab." Forest Pathology 44, no. 4 (February 26, 2014): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12090.
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Li, Min, Gaowei Wang, Yang Gao, Mingzhu Dou, Ziqi Wang, Shuzhen Yan, and Shuanglin Chen. "Distribution and diversity of myxomycetes in Tiantangzhai National Forest Park, China." PeerJ 9 (August 25, 2021): e12059. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12059.
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Although myxomycetes are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems, studies on their distribution and diversity in subtropical humid forests are still lacking. Field collections and moist chamber cultures were conducted from May to October within a two-year period in the Tiantangzhai National Forest Park of China. A total of 1,492 records representing 73 species belonging to 26 genera were obtained, of which 243 records/37 species were from field collections, and 1,249 records/52 species were from moist chamber cultures. Among the specimens obtained by culturing, 896 records/38 species and 353 records/37 species were obtained from living bark and ground litter, respectively. ANOVA showed that the sampling months had significant impacts on collection of myxomycetes from field and those that inhabit litter. An LEfSe analysis indicated that Arcyria was significantly abundant in August, while Stemonitis and Physarum were more abundant in July when collected from field. An RDA analysis showed that temperature was the main factor that affected the litter-inhabiting myxomycetes. The ANOVA indicated that forest type was the significant factor for bark-inhabiting myxomycetes. Diderma effusum was primarily obtained from mixed forests, while Clastoderma debaryanum and Colloderma oculatum were more common in coniferous forests. The RDA analysis indicated that the vegetation, pH, water retention, and elevation were the primary factors that affected the bark-inhabiting myxomycetes.
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Baysal, Ipek, Melike Ekizoglu, Abdulselam Ertas, Burak Temiz, Hale Gamze Agalar, Samiye Yabanoglu-Ciftci, Hamdi Temel, Gulberk Ucar, and Fatma Pinar Turkmenoglu. "Identification of Phenolic Compounds by LC-MS/MS and Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Two Edible Halophytes: Limonium effusum and L. sinuatum." Molecules 26, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134040.
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This work aimed to evaluate the phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory activities of the methanol extracts and their fractions of two edible halophytic Limonium species, L. effusum (LE) and L. sinuatum (LS). The total phenolic content resulted about two-fold higher in the ethyl acetate fraction of LE (522.82 ± 5.67 mg GAE/g extract) than in that of LS (274.87 ± 1.87 mg GAE/g extract). LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that tannic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in both species (71,439.56 ± 3643.3 µg/g extract in LE and 105,453.5 ± 5328.1 µg/g extract in LS), whereas hyperoside was the most abundant flavonoid (14,006.90 ± 686.1 µg/g extract in LE and 1708.51 ± 83.6 µg/g extract in LS). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH and TAC assays, and the stronger antioxidant activity in ethyl acetate fractions was highlighted. Both species were more active against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram negatives and showed considerable growth inhibitions against tested fungi. Interestingly, selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed with LE and LS. Particularly, the water fraction of LS strongly inhibited AChE (IC50 = 0.199 ± 0.009 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate fractions of LE and LS, as well as the n-hexane fraction of LE, exhibited significant antityrosinase activity (IC50 = 245.56 ± 3.6, 295.18 ± 10.57 and 148.27 ± 3.33 µg/mL, respectively). The ethyl acetate fraction and methanol extract of LS also significantly inhibited pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 83.76 ± 4.19 and 162.2 ± 7.29 µg/mL, respectively). Taken together, these findings warrant further investigations to assess the potential of LE and LS as a bioactive source that can be exploited in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries.
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Kevey, Balázs. "A Kerka-vidék gyertyános-tölgyesei." Kaposvári Rippl-Rónai Múzeum Közleményei, no. 7 (2020): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26080/krrmkozl.2020.7.5.
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In this study, the phytosociological characteristics of oak-hornbeam forests in the Kerka valley, sW Hungary are summarized using 50 vegetation samples. These forests grow on alluvial soils affected by high groundwater table, and thus are best regarded as extrazonal communities exhibiting some characteristics of hardwood gallery forests. The high number of submontane elements are particularly typical of them: Aco-nitum vulparia,Adoxa moschatellina, Anemone nemorosa, Anemone ranunculoides, Asarum europaeum, Athyrium filix-femina, Cardamine bulbifera, Cerastium sylvaticum, Coryda-lis cava, Coridalis solida, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Gagea spathacea, Galanthus nivalis, Galeobdolon luteum, Isopyrum thalictroides, Knautia drymeia, Lathyrus vernus, Leucojum vernum, Lilium martagon, Luzula pilosa, Maianthemum bifo-lium, Mercurialis perennis, Milium effusum, Oxalis acetosella, Paris quadrifolia, Pulmonaria officinalis, Ranunculus lanugi-nosus, Sanicula europaea, Scilla drunensis, Stellaria holos-tea, Veronica montana, etc. The high frequency of Fritillaria meleagris is particularly noteworthy. These plants are likely to be relics of the cooler and wetter, and less extreme Beech I. phase of the Holocene. The occurrence of some sub-Med-iterranean species (Carex strigosa, Helleborus dumetorum, Knautia drymeia, Vicia oroboides) suggests some degree of relatedness to the oak-hornbeam forests in the zala Hills (Helleboro dumetorum-Carpinetum). The studied woods are sharply separated from the oak-hornbeam forests of Western Transdanubia (Cyclamini-Carpinetum), and exhibit relatively closer similarity to the oak-hornbeam forests of the Mura and Drava floodplains and the Raba River valley (Veronico montanae-Carpinetum). syntaxonomically, they are best identified with the latter under the name Veronico montanae-Carpinetum scilletosum drunensis.
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Bock, Clive H., Bruce W. Wood, Frank van den Bosch, Stephen Parnell, and Tim R. Gottwald. "The Effect of Horsfall-Barratt Category Size on the Accuracy and Reliability of Estimates of Pecan Scab Severity." Plant Disease 97, no. 6 (June 2013): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-12-0781-re.
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Pecan scab (Fusicladium effusum) is a destructive pecan disease. Disease assessments may be made using interval-scale-based methods or estimates of severity to the nearest percent area diseased. To explore the effects of rating method—Horsfall-Barratt (H-B) scale estimates versus nearest percent estimates (NPEs)—on the accuracy and reliability of severity estimates over different actual pecan scab severity ranges on fruit valves, raters assessed two cohorts of images with actual area (0 to 6, 6+ to 25%, and 25+ to 75%) diseased. Mean estimated disease within each actual disease severity range varied substantially. Means estimated by NPE within each actual disease severity range were not necessarily good predictors of the H-B scale estimate at <25% severity. H-B estimates by raters most often placed severity in the wrong category compared with actual disease. Measures of bias, accuracy, precision, and agreement using Lin's concordance correlation depended on the range of actual severity, with improvements increasing with actual disease severity category (from 0 to 6 through 25+ to 75%); however, the improvement was unaffected by the H-B assessments. Bootstrap analysis indicated that NPEs provided either equally good or more accurate and precise estimate of disease compared with the H-B scale at severities of 25+ to 75%. Inter-rater reliability using NPEs was greater at 25+ to 75% actual disease severity compared with using the H-B scale. Using NPEs compared with the H-B scale will more often result in more precise and accurate estimates of pecan scab severity, particularly when estimating actual disease severities of 25+ to 75%.
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Conner, Patrick J. "Performance of 19 Pecan Cultivars and Selections in Southern Georgia." HortTechnology 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.3.407.
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Nineteen pecan (Carya illinoinensis) clones were evaluated over a period of 18 years in a test orchard located in southern Georgia. Clones tested were primarily U.S. Department of Agriculture selections, but two grower-discovered cultivars, Jubilee and Surprize, were also trialed. Annual yields were measured for each tree in the test throughout the test period and the alternate bearing intensity of each cultivar was calculated. Average annual in-shell nut production in years 1–10 ranged from 12 lb in the precocious USDA 76-4-41 to 0 lb in the non-precocious USDA 72-8-4. Wide variation was seen in nut production of trees in years 11–18, averaging from 10 to 60 lb nut yield per year. A subsample of nuts was taken from each tree annually and percent kernel, nuts per pound, specific gravity, and nut volume were determined. Significant differences were found between clones for each of these traits. Differences were also found for the presence of damage from pecan scab [Fusicladium effusum (synonym Cladosporium caryigenum)] and black pecan aphid (Melanocallis caryaefoliae). Most clones were not acceptable for use in Georgia due to small nut size or poor kernel quality, but two clones merit further testing in this region. USDA 70-3-34 produced a large nut with good quality and scab resistance, but needs to be evaluated with mechanical crop thinning to improve kernel quality in high crop-set years. USDA 74-1-12 produced good yields of excellent quality, medium-sized pecans and should be trialed with greater tree numbers. Several other clones were found to have traits of interest to pecan breeding programs including: pecan scab resistance, large nut size, and high kernel percentage. Results of this trial suggest that cultivar development programs in Georgia should place greater selection emphasis on large nut size.
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Bock, Clive H., Larry J. Grauke, Patrick Conner, Susan L. Burrell, Michael W. Hotchkiss, Debbie Boykin, and Bruce W. Wood. "Scab Susceptibility of a Provenance Collection of Pecan in Three Different Seasons in the Southeastern United States." Plant Disease 100, no. 9 (September 2016): 1937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-15-1398-re.
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Pecan scab (caused by Fusicladium effusum) is the most economically destructive disease of pecan in the Southeast United States. Wet, humid conditions typical of the Southeast are known to provide conditions conducive to epidemics. A provenance collection of pecan from 19 locations representing the native range of the tree is located in Byron, Georgia, and was assessed for pecan scab severity in 1998, 2013, and 2014. There were significant differences among the 19 provenances (F = 5.6 to 62.5, P < 0.0001). Provenances from wetter locations (generally north of Texas) had the greatest proportion of scab resistant trees, while provenances from the drier southern areas (Texas and Mexico) tended to be the most susceptible to scab. The association with rainfall was borne out by correlation analysis (r = –0.625 to –0.823 [P < 0.0001 to 0.004]). Other factors consistently associated with scab severity included leaflet tilt and droop angle (r = –0.533 to –0.883 [P < 0.0001 to 0.02]). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that leaflet droop angle was a particularly good predictor of provenance susceptibility. Leaflet characteristics vary with provenance location, and whether there is a direct relationship between scab severity and leaflet characteristics is not established. Estimates of heritability were not entirely consistent among years, but different methods were used to assess scab severity in 1998 (a 1 to 5 category scale) compared with 2013 and 2014 (the percent ratio scale). Despite using different methods, there was generally good agreement among years in regard to severity of disease on individual trees. In conclusion, trees from more northern populations (in areas with greater annual rainfall) are most likely to provide valuable and diverse sources of resistance to scab. The provenance collection contains a range of scab-resistant genotypes from diverse locations that can contribute to genetic improvement regarding scab resistance.
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Bock, Clive H., Bruce W. Wood, and Tim R. Gottwald. "Pecan Scab Severity—Effects of Assessment Methods." Plant Disease 97, no. 5 (May 2013): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-12-0642-re.
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Pecan scab is caused by the fungus Fusicladium effusum, and is the most destructive disease of pecan in the United States. Accurate and reliable disease assessments are needed to ensure that data provide a measure of actual disease intensity. The Horsfall-Barratt (H-B) category scale and its derivatives are commonly used to assess disease. Estimates using the H-B scale were compared with nearest percent estimate (NPEs) for rating disease severity of pecan scab on valves of fruit. Both inexperienced and experienced raters were included in the experiment. Lin's concordance correlation showed that agreement using NPEs was variable (ρc = 0.57 to 0.96), whereas estimates of disease severity using the H-B scale had similar agreement among most raters (ρc = 0.59 to 0.98). Converted values of NPEs to the H-B midpoints (NPEH-B) also provided a similar range (ρc = 0.61 to 0.96). Neither experienced nor inexperienced raters were consistently better using any of the three methods. Bootstrap analysis indicated that, among experienced raters, precision (r) and agreement (ρc) were often reduced when using the H-B scale compared with NPEs. There was no consistent effect of converting NPEs to NPEH-B midpoint values compared with actual H-B values. Inter-rater reliability using the H-B scale was never better than NPEs. Bootstrap analysis indicated no difference in the length of time needed to assess disease but regression analysis suggested that raters who were inherently fast in assessing disease with NPEs were often slower when using the H-B scale; conversely, raters who were slow assessing with NPEs were often faster when using the H-B scale. Thus, there appears to be no advantage in accuracy or reliability or reduction in time when inexperienced or experienced raters used a category rating scale to assess pecan scab.
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Read, Tamara R., and Sean M. Bellairs. "Smoke affects the Germination of Native Grasses of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 4 (1999): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97124.
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The germination responses to plant-derived smoke of seeds of 20 native grass species from New South Wales, Australia, were tested under laboratory conditions. The species belonged to 14 genera including Bothriochloa, Chloris, Cymbopogon, Danthonia, Dichanthium, Digitaria, Eragrostis, Eriochloa, Microlaena, Panicum, Paspalidium, Poa, Stipa and Themeda. The interaction between smoke and husk-imposed dormancy was examined by removing the floral structures surrounding the seeds, when sufficient seeds were available. Smoke was shown to be an important environmental stimulus for breaking the dormancy of native grasses; however, the response differed considerably between different genera and between species of the same genus. For almost half of the species, smoke significantly increased the germination percentage. Panicum decompositum showed the greatest response, with germination increasing from 7.7 to 63.1% when smoke was applied. Panicum effusum had no germination in the absence of smoke, but 16.7% germination when smoke was applied. Stipa scabra subsp. scabra had germination significantly reduced by smoke from 30.2 to 19.9%. Five species had their germination rate, but not the final germination percentage, affected by smoke, and a third of the species were unaffected by smoke. For five of the species, Chloris ventricosa, Dichanthium sericeum, Panicum decompositum, Poa labillardieri and Stipa scabra subsp. falcata, this is the first report of a smoke-stimulated germination response. For those species with germination promoted by smoke, retention of the covering structures did not prevent smoke stimulation of germination. Sowing smoke-treated husked seeds is likely to be preferable as it would still promote greater germination, whereas dehusking seeds can result in the seeds being more susceptible to desiccation and fungal attack in the field. It is suggested that other grassland communities that respond to pyric conditions may also contain species that respond to smoke.
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Lashchinsky, N. N., and A. Yu Korolyuk. "Syntaxonomy of zonal dark-coniferous forests of southern taiga of the West Siberian plain and of humid low-mountains of the Altai-Sayan mounain region." Vegetation of Russia, no. 26 (2015): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2015.26.85.
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The dark-coniferous forests of the West Siberian southern taiga subzone are quite unique. They determine a specific of the Ob’-Irtysh geobotanical field in a sense of V. B. Sochava (1948) together with the West Siberian zonation type (Shumilova, 1979). The main features of zonal southern taiga forests are: dominance of Abies sibirica in a tree layer; species-rich shrub layer; poor ground moss cover; well developed herb layer with a constant presence of nemoral species. We consider the southern taiga forests as hemiboreal after L. Hдmet-Ahti (1963, 1981). We described the zonal dark-coniferous forests of southern taiga in Milio effusi–Abietetea sibiricae class first proposed by T. I. Zhitlukhina (1988) for the forests in the North-East Altai. Significant increasing of the area studied and existing syntaxa diversity make it necessary to change a diagnostic species group. A new combination of diagnostic species includes Abies sibirica, Padus avium, Lonicera xylosteum, Daphne mezereum, Rubus idaeus, Aconitum septentrionale, Dryopteris dilatata (incl. D. expansa), D. carthusiana, Urtica dioica, Milium effusum, Calamagrostis obtusata, Paris quadrifolia, Allium microdictyon, Stellaria bungeana, Oxalis acetosella, Circaea alpina. Most of Milio effusi–Abietetea sibiricae class communities occur in the West Siberian plain, which is relatively geologicaly young. Due to this fact a flora of southern taiga is mostly allochtonic formed by species migrations fr om the Eastern Europe and the Southern Siberian mountains. Among the diagnostic species the main dominants of tree layer (Abies sibirica) and herb layers (Calamagrostis obtusata and Aconitum septentrionale) have the North Asian distribution. Two shrub species Lonicera xylosteum and Daphne mezereum are European ones and two herbaceous species (Allium microdictyon and Stellaria bungeana) are represented in Europe by vicariant species. All other diagnostic species are Eurasian or Holarctic. Wide distribution of few species, in particular ferns, could be explained by the antiquity of taiga flora (Tolmachev, 1954). Typical habitats of Milio effusi–Abietetea sibiricae forests are the most humid areas with annual precipitation about 500–600 mm on plains and more than 800 mm in mountains. Soils on plains developed under these communities are deeply podzolised type with second humus horizon. In the low-mountains the deeply podzolised soddy-podzolic soils correlate to the area of Milio effusi–Abietetea sibiricae forests distribution. The northern lim it of southern taiga perfectly coincides with the southern border of the largest Pleistocene glaciations. The low mountains of Altai-Sayan system were never glaciated. The thick loess deposits help to survive some nemoral plant species in the isolated refuges. Milio effusi–Abietetea sibiricae class consists of two orders. The order Carici macrourae–Abietetalia sibiricae comprises zonal dark-coniferous forests of the West Siberian southern taiga subzone and their successional variants. Diagnostic species are the same as for Carici macrourae–Abietion sibiricae alliance and Aegopodio podagrariae–Abietetum sibiricae association: Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Rubus saxatilis, Carex macroura, Aegopodium podagraria, Viola selkirkii, Galium triflorum, Atragene sibirica, Actaea erythrocarpa, Ribes spicata, Stellaria holostea. It contains the alliance Carici macrourae–Abietion sibiricae and three associations. One of these was previously described by N. B. Ermakov but two others are new. Aegopodio podagrariae–Abietetum sibiricae association includes the primary zonal coniferous forests of the West Siberian southern taiga as well as successional stages after some catastrophic events (crown fires, windfall, etc.). Usually it is characterized by closed canopy with Abies sibirica dominance, species-rich shrub layer and well-developed herb layer with high coverage of Carex macroura, Aegopodium podagraria, Stellaria bungeana, Oxalis acetosella and Calamagrostis obtusata. Linnaeo borealis–Abietetum sibiricae association comprises the zonal coniferous forests grown in the northern part of southern taiga subzone. Its diagnostic species: Linnaea borealis, Trientalis europaea, Luzula pilosa, Orthilia secunda, Lycopodium annotinum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea are common for the Vaccinio-Piceetea class communities. In contrast with previous association Linnaeo borealis–Abietetum sibiricae communities are characterized by multi-dominant tree layer with slight predominance of Abies sibirica; shrub layer is sparse and not so species-rich, in herb layer the main dominants are Carex macroura, Oxalis acetosella, Calamagrostis obtusata, Gymnocarpium dryopteris and sometimes big ferns. Moss cover is about 20 to 40% of soil surface. The order Abietetalia sibiricae consists of low-mountain chernevaya taiga and dark-coniferous mountain forests of the Altai-Sayan humid sectors. A set of diagnostic species includes Ribes atropurpureum, Saussurea latifolia, Geranium albiflorom (incl. G. krylovii), Euphorbia lutescens, Myosotis krylovii, Viola uniflora, Dryopteris filix-mas, Heracleum dissectum, Trollius asiaticus, Anemonoides altaica, Corydalis bracteata, Erythronium sibiricum. The most of diagnostic species are north-Asian or south-Siberian ones. Many of them are mountainous restricted to the Altai-Sayan mountain system. This order includes one alliance Milio effusi–Abietion sibiricae previously described by T. I. Zhitlukhina and N. B. Ermakov. Seven associations belonging to this alliance were described and characterized by N. B. Ermakov (2003). When thinking about further development of the class syntaxonomy we expect the diversity increasing by serial communities of mixed and small-leaved forests and swampy forests on a plain. We do not discuss western and eastern class limits now. No doubt that distribution area of the new class is wider than the West Siberia but to describe its limits and an interaction with neighboring classes some additional materials are needed.
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Gill, Stanton, and Brian Kunkel. "Nursery Management of Two Major Below-Ground Feeding Plant Pests: Root Mealybug, Rhizoecus sp. and Rice Root Aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae and Aphididae)." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 39, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.4.131.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Root mealybug (Rhizoecus sp.) and rice root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufibdominalis) are below-ground feeding insects that are difficult to control and have become major pests as production of their host plants has grown. Field trials were designed to investigate the impact new insecticides and biopesticides have on root mealybugs and rice root aphids. In our first three trials, we investigated the effects of biopesticides, entomopathogenic nematodes or fungi on reflexed stonecrop (Sedum rupestre) and stonecrop (S. montanum) against root mealybug. We found that flupyradifurone (Altus), flonicamid (Aria), chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn), pymetrozine (Endeavor), Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol), Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo), Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate), cyantraniliprole (Mainspring) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Millenium) significantly reduced root mealybug populations compared to nontreated controls when applied as drenches in a curative manner. In our fourth trial, we evaluated biopesticides and Beauveria bassiana, on rice root aphid feeding on common rush (Juncus effusus) roots. Results showed pymetrozine significantly reduced populations as early as 14 days after treatment and continued to reduce their population throughout the remainder of the trial. However, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, Beauveria bassiana, M-306 and MBI-203 did not significantly reduce rice root aphid populations until 28 days after initial application. Predator activity on root balls of Juncus effusus plants was also noted during the trials and may provide an integrated pest management (IPM) approach in controlling populations. Index words: reflexed stonecrop, Sedum rupestre L, stonecrop, Sedum montanum Song. & Perr, common rush, Juncus effuses L, Beauveria bassiana, Mycotrol, Steinernema carpocapsae, Millenium, reduced-risk pesticides, Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo), flupyradifurone, Altus, flonicamid, Aria, chlorantraniliprole, Acelepryn, pymetrozine, Endeavor, Burkholderia spp. strain A396, Venerate, cyantraniliprole, Mainspring, M-306, MBI-203. Chemicals used in this study: flupyradifurone (Altus); flonicamid (Aria); chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn); cyantraniliprole (Mainspring); pyrometrozine (Endeavor); Burkholderia spp. strain 396 (Venerate); Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo); Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol); AMBI-203 WDG – 30% Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1T cells and spent fermentation media. EPA registration number 84059-27; MBI-206 EP – 94.46% Heat-killed Burkholderia spp. strain A396 cells and spent fermentation media. EPA registration number 84059-14; MBI-203 SC2 – 98% Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1T cells and spent fermentation media. Experimental; MBI-306 SC1 - 94.46% non-viable Burkholderia spp. strain A396 cells and spent fermentation media. Experimental. Species used in this study: Root mealybug, Rhizoecus sp; Rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki); reflexed stonecrop, Sedum rupestre; stonecrop, Sedum montanum; common rush, Juncus effusus.
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Payne, A. F., and D. L. Smith. "Development and Evaluation of Two Pecan Scab Prediction Models." Plant Disease 96, no. 1 (January 2012): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-11-0202.
Full textAbstract:
Fusicladium effusum (syn. Cladosporium caryigenum), causal agent of pecan scab, is the most economically important pathogen of pecan (Carya illinoinensis). A weather-based advisory is currently used in Oklahoma to assess the need for fungicide application and requires the accumulation of scab hours. A scab hour is defined as an hour of average temperature and relative humidity ≥ 21.1°C and 90%, respectively. To assess the validity of the thresholds in the advisory, repeated ratings of disease severity were taken on fruit each year during the 1994–96 and 2009–10 growing seasons. Hourly weather variables were also examined, including temperature, relative humidity, dew point, dew point depression, total solar radiation, and total rainfall. Rain and disease severity were converted to binomial variables where a rain event (≥2.5mm) and disease severity (≥25%) were coded as 1 and all other events as 0. Logistic regression models adjusted for correlated data were developed using generalized estimating equations. Two models were developed: a temperature/relative humidity model and a dew point/dew point depression model. For the temperature/relative humidity model, the best fitting model included all main effects. Using this model, validation exercises assuming no rain and total solar radiation of 22.5 MJ m–2 resulted in a 0.62 probability of pecan scab development when the temperature was 21°C and relative humidity was 90%. Findings of this model were further validated during field studies that evaluated different combinations of temperature and relative humidity thresholds for scheduling fungicide applications. These analyses indicated that the current thresholds of temperature and relative humidity are viable but a modification of the relative humidity component should be considered. For the dew point/dew point depression model, a reduced model, including dew point, dew point depression, and the binomial rain variable, was considered adequate for explaining scab events, which suggests that future model building to describe pecan scab epidemics should include dew point, dew point depression, rain, and total solar radiation as independent variables.
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Bock, Clive H., Michael W. Hotchkiss, Ted E. Cottrell, and Bruce W. Wood. "The Effect of Sample Height on Spray Coverage in Mature Pecan Trees." Plant Disease 99, no. 7 (July 2015): 916–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-14-1154-re.
Full textAbstract:
Pecan scab (caused by Fusicladium effusum) is the most damaging disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. Large air-blast sprayers for orchards are used to apply fungicide to control the disease but little quantitative information exists on the spray coverage achieved in the canopy of these trees. A series of experiments using water-sensitive spray cards to record spray coverage (percent area) at different heights and locations up to 15 m in the canopy of pecan trees showed a significantly greater percentage of card area covered at the lowest sample height when compared with the highest sample height. At the lowest height (5 m), spray coverage on individual cards ranged from 4.7 to 73.5% and, at the highest sample height (15 m), spray coverage ranged from 0.02 to 9.5%. In general, there was little significant difference in spray card coverage up to at least 10 m but, at 12.5 and 15 m, there was significantly less spray coverage compared with the coverage at 5 m. Regression analysis indicated a consistent linear relationship between sample height in the tree and the percent area covered. When spray cards were positioned at different heights without possible interference from pecan limbs and foliage, similar effects of sample height on spray coverage were noted. Wind speed measurements showed that air movement declined rapidly with distance from the sprayer fan. Whereas, at 2 m from the fan, wind speeds were approximately 26 m s−1, by 10 m, speeds had declined to 2 to 4 m s−1. At distances >12 m, wind speed was approaching ambient air movement of about 1 to 3 m s−1. Although aerial application resulted in numerically greater spray coverage at sample heights >10 m, it was not significant even though a weak linear relationship (R2 = 0.21 to 0.25) suggested an effect of height. Characterizing and understanding pesticide spray coverage in pecan will allow us to discern limits imposed by existing technology, and provide the basis for improving spray application methods (or tree management) for more efficacious disease control.