Journal articles on the topic 'Effluent'
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1
Adam, Abdeljalil, Nabil Saffaj, and Rachid Mamouni. "Classification of industrial wastewater discharged into effluent pits, an approach toward a sustainable recycling: case study of a water treatment facility in Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 364 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336402001.
Abstract:
Most water treatment facilities collect industrial wastewater in separated effluent pits. This discharge strategy has been proposed by several previous research as a solution to the problems of untreated wastewater being withdrawn further into open sea or rivers, which aims to prevent the pollution of water supplies. However, this solution might also have far-reaching ecological and environmental negative consequences. In this research we have assessed the effluent’s Physico-chemical characterization over the duration of one year, utilizing a specific statistical methodology for a water treatment plant located in Morocco that used effluent pits for retaining its wastewater. Effluents collected by the water treatment plant are tested in two effluent pits to determine the effects of the direct evaporation and storage, the results of this study reveal a significant increase in the Physico-chemical characteristics of these effluents kept inside effluent pits, which may be attributed to an uptick in water pollution in case of any accidental release or spill. Regression and correlation Explanatory variables from a statistical analysis have been assessed to determine which effluent variables were indeed strongly connected to each other. Effluent recycling is proposed to minimize the likelihood of environmental and ecological concerns.
2
Jibril Sani Mohammed, Yahaya Mustapha, Usman Abubakar, Eghobor Sunday, Bashir Mohammed Mayaki, Yahya Sadiq Abdulrahman, Mohammed Isa Auyo, and Aisha Wada Abubakar. "Evaluation of Cyto-Genotoxicity of Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluent in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria, Using Allium Cepa L. Assay." UMYU Scientifica 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2123.013.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT
An Allium cepa root cells assay was used to assess cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts on Pharmaceutical industrial effluent in Kano Metropolis. An industrial effluent's physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal composition were assessed, and the readings were found to be higher than the required levels, demonstrating that it had not been treated before disposal. A set of 45 onion bulbs were grown for 96 hours in pharmaceutical effluent that included 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% (v/v), with distilled water serving as the control. All three root tips from each replication's treated bulbs were plucked at 96 hours and prepared for cytogenetic analysis using the aceto-carmine squashed procedure. At higher doses of industrial effluents, the root tips were highly cytotoxic, and their growth was strongly retarded. Exposure to the effluents inhibited root growth with an EC50 value of 6.3%. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference (P 0.05) in the average root growth of Allium cepa subjected to various pharmaceutical effluent concentrations. Mitosis Index (MI) rapidly reduced when effluent concentrations rose compared to control, whereas mitotic inhibition rose with rising effluent concentrations compared to controls. The pharmaceutical effluent triggered chromosomal abnormalities in Allium cepa root tip cells, particularly sticky chromosomes, Binucleated cells, and Bridge chromosomes being most commonly seen at lower doses of 2.5%. It was discovered that the compounds present in effluent might harm living things and, if left untreated, could poison the environment. Industrialists need to be legally required to switch their operations to environmentally friendly technology after it was determined that industrial effluents pose an environmental danger and can result in a number of human illnesses.
3
Naidoo, V., M. du Preez, T. Rakgotho, B. Odhav, and C. A. Buckley. "Toxicity and biodegradability of high strength/toxic organic liquid industrial effluents and hazardous landfill leachates." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0230.
Abstract:
Industrial effluents and leachates from hazardous landfill sites were tested for toxicity using the anaerobic toxicity assay. This test was done on several industrial effluents (brewery spent grain effluent, a chemical industry effluent, size effluent), and several hazardous landfill leachates giving vastly different toxicity results. The brewery effluent, spent grain effluent and size effluent were found to be less toxic than the chemical effluent and hazardous landfill leachate samples. The chemical industry effluent was found to be most toxic. Leachate samples from the H:h classified hazardous landfill site were found to be less toxic at high concentrations (40% (v/v)) while the H:H hazardous landfill leachate samples were found to be more toxic even at low concentrations of 4% (v/v). The 30 d biochemical methane potential tests revealed that the brewery effluent, organic spent grain effluent and size effluent were 89%, 63%, and 68% biodegradable, respectively. The leachate from Holfontein hazardous landfill site was least biodegradable (19%) while the chemical effluent and Aloes leachate were 29% and 32% biodegradable under anaerobic conditions.
4
Raj, Abhay, Sharad Kumar, Izharul Haq, and Mahadeo Kumar. "Detection of Tannery Effluents Induced DNA Damage in Mung Bean by Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers." ISRN Biotechnology 2014 (March 11, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/727623.
Abstract:
Common effluent treatment plant (CETP) is employed for treatment of tannery effluent. However, the performance of CETP for reducing the genotoxic substances from the raw effluent is not known. In this study, phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of tannery effluents were investigated in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). For this purpose, untreated and treated tannery effluents were collected from CETP Unnao (UP), India. Seeds of mung bean were grown in soil irrigated with various concentrations of tannery effluents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for 15 days. Inhibition of seed germination was 90% by 25% untreated effluent and 75% treated effluent, compared to the control. Plant growth was inhibited by 51% and 41% when irrigated with untreated and treated effluents at 25% concentration. RAPD technique was used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of tannery effluents (untreated and treated) irrigation on the mung bean. The RAPD profiles obtained showed that both untreated and treated were having genotoxic effects on mung bean plants. This was discernible with appearance/disappearance of bands in the treatments compared with control plants. A total of 87 RAPD bands were obtained using eight primers and 42 (48%) of these showed polymorphism. Irrigating plants with untreated effluent caused 12 new bands to appear and 18 to disappear. Treated effluent caused 8 new bands and the loss of 15 bands. The genetic distances shown on the dendrogram revealed that control plants and those irrigated with treated effluent were clustered in one group (joined at distance of 0.28), whereas those irrigated with untreated effluent were separated in another cluster at larger distance (joined at distance of 0.42). This indicates that treated effluent is less genotoxic than the untreated. Nei’s genetic similarity indices calculated between the treatments and the control plants showed that the control and the plants irrigated with treated tannery effluent had a similarity index of 0.75, the control and plants irrigated with untreated 0.65, and between the treatments 0.68. We conclude that both untreated and treated effluents contain genotoxic substances that caused DNA damage to mung beans. CETP Unnao removes some, but not all, genotoxic substances from tannery effluent. Consequently, use of both untreated and treated wastewater for irrigation poses health hazard to human and the environment.
5
Dewi, Ratna Stia, Rina Sri Kasiamdari, Erni Martani, and Yekti Asih Purwestri. "Decolorization and detoxification of batik dye effluent containing Indigosol Blue-04B using fungi isolated from contaminated dye effluent." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 23, no. 2 (December 24, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.32332.
Abstract:
Fungi are capable of treating various synthetic dye effluents. Previously, we isolated seven strains of fungi from contaminated batik dye effluent at Banyumas, Central Java. The aims of this study were to screen the ability of these fungi to decolorize batik dye effluents containing Indigosol Blue-04B and to investigate the phytotoxicity effects of biodegraded effluent on the germination of corn seeds Zea mays L. and green bean seeds Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. In addition, the decolorized effluents were tested for toxic effect on the agriculturally important gram-positive and gram-negative soil bacteria Bacillus cereus and Azotobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Study of decolorization showed that fungi were able to decolorize Indigosol Blue-04B batik dye effluents by 21.04% to 99.89% at room temperature after three days of incubation. The assay of phytotoxicity showed that both plumule and radicle length of Z. mays and V. radiata grown on the decolorized effluent was longer than on untreated effluent. The percentage of Z. mays and V. radiata seed germination in decolorized effluent was higher than in untreated effluent. There was no inhibition zone found around the decolorized effluent samples after incubating the bacteria for 48 hours. Aspergillus sp. 3 was the most effective for degradation and could be used for batik effluent mycoremediation processes.
6
Ruas, D. B., A. H. Mounteer, A. C. Lopes, B. L. Gomes, F. D. Brandão, and L. M. Girondoli. "Combined chemical biological treatment of bleached eucalypt kraft pulp mill effluent." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (March 1, 2007): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.222.
Abstract:
Effectiveness of ozonation before and after biological treatment for removal of recalcitrant organic matter in bleached kraft pulp effluents was compared. Two industrial ECF bleached eucalypt kraft pulp effluents (E1 and E2) were pretreated with 100 mg O3/L. Raw and pretreated effluents were treated biologically in bench-scale sequencing batch reactors, under constant conditions. Following biological treatment, effluents were post-treated with 100 and 200 mg O3/L. Effluent pretreatment increased effluent biodegradability by 10% in E1 and 24% in E2. Combined O3-biological treated led to small but significant increases in COD, BOD and lignin removal over biological treatment alone, but pretreatment had no significant effect on effluent colour and carbohydrate removal. Ozone pretreatment did not affect biological activity during treatment of effluent E1 but resulted in a 38% lower specific oxygen uptake rate in effluent E2. At an equivalent dose of 100 mg/L, pre-ozonation produced better quality effluent than post-ozonation, especially with regard to COD and colour. Likewise, when an equivalent dose of 200 mg/L was applied, splitting the dose equally between pre- and post-treatments was more efficient than applying the entire dose in the post-treatment. The potential for combined chemical–biological treatment to improve effluent quality has been confirmed in this study.
7
Fitamo, Temesgen, Olli Dahl, Emma Master, and Torsten Meyer. "Biochemical methane potential of kraft bleaching effluent and codigestion with other in-mill streams." February 2016 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.2.80.
Abstract:
A biochemical methane potential assay was conducted to investigate the anaerobic digestibility of bleaching effluent from hardwood kraft pulping and the potential of codigestion with other effluents from an integrated pulp and paper mill. Four in-mill streams were tested individually and in combination: total bleaching effluent, alkaline bleaching effluent, kraft evaporator condensate, and chemithermomechanical pulping effluent. The total bleaching effluent, consisting of the chlorine dioxide bleaching and alkaline bleaching effluents, exhibited the highest potential for organic matter degradation and methane generation. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ranged from 57%–76%, and methane generation was 220–280 mL/g COD contained in the wastewater, depending on the degree of dilution. When codigestion was tested, the composite consisting of total bleaching effluent, chemithermomechanical pulping effluent, and kraft condensate was most efficient in terms of COD removal (51%) and methane generation (200 mL/g COD contained in the wastewater). The total bleaching effluent is the largest contributor to the overall amount of wastewater at this mill; it contains relatively low concentrations of anaerobic inhibitors such as adsorbable organic halogens (36 mg/L), total sulfur (170 mg/L), and resin and fatty acids (3.2 mg/L). Therefore, the total bleaching effluent from hardwood kraft pulping may be considered for full-scale anaerobic wastewater treatment, either as a singular stream or as part of a composite stream including other in-mill effluents.
8
Agbekodo, K. M., P. M. Huck, S. A. Andrews, and S. Peldszus. "Characterization of Treated Effluent from a Chemithermomechanical Pulping Process Using Macroporous Resins." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 795–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.043.
Abstract:
Abstract This study developed a characterization of the organic matter remaining in a chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) effluent after biological treatment and evaluated the potential impact of this effluent when discharged into the receiving environment. The methodology employed involved fractionation with macroporous resins to allow for the isolation of hydrophobic and hydro-philic organic materials. The study also examined the treated effluent’s reactivity with chlorine, a typical drinking water disinfectant, in order to assess the formation potential of chlorinated by-products and the chlorine demand in a downstream drinking water treatment plant. Results showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a treated effluent from a CTMP mill consisted of 87% hydrophobic material (primarily humic substances), 5% hydrophilic acids and 3 to 4% nitrogenous compounds. At least 95% of the DOC was isolated using three different macroporous resins. The chlorine demand of the biotreated CTMP effluent was two to three times higher than is typical for natural organic matter from surface water. This indicated that the organic material in the CTMP effluent was highly reactive with chlorine and will likely be reactive with other oxidants such as ozone, which is also applied in the drinking water industry. Moreover, the disinfection by-products chloroform and trichloroacetic acid were formed in high concentrations as a result of chlorination. The biotreated CTMP effluent had a high chemical oxygen demand (at least 1,100 mg/L) but a relatively low biochemical oxygen demand (less than 100 mg/L), which was to be expected after biological treatment. Hence, discharge of these effluents could release high concentrations of non- or slowly biodegradable organic matter into the downstream aquatic environment. Water pollution control policies should therefore consider the potential impact of treated effluents from CTMP mills with regard to their high DOC and the potential for chlorinated by-product formation upon drinking water disinfection.
9
Klein, Rodrigo Miguel, Éverton Hansen, and Patrice Monteiro de Aquim. "Water reuse in the post-tanning process: minimizing environmental impact of leather production." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.620.
Abstract:
Abstract Post-tanning wastewater is very diversified, as the post-tanning stage should meet the desirable properties of the leather for the final product, with low standardization of the process (compared to beamhouse and tanning). This makes post-tanning effluent reuse less feasible, and reuse in the post-tanning stage still needs to be explored. This work aims to evaluate the reuse of liquid effluents in the post-tanning process. The work methodology consisted of (i) characterization of water streams (groundwater, liquid effluent after primary treatment, and liquid effluent after secondary treatment); (ii) pilot-scale post-tanning tests using groundwater, primary effluent, and secondary effluent; (iii) characterization of the residual baths from pilot-scale tests (pH, conductivity, total solids, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, chloride, hardness and oil and grease); and (iv) testing the leather obtained for total sulfated ash and organoleptic properties. Results showed that the primary effluent and the secondary effluent could be reused in pilot-scale post-tanning tests. There was an increase in the conductivity of the residual baths when liquid effluents were reused, which confirms the accumulation of salts in the effluents after their reuse.
10
Aidar, Elizabeth, Teresa C. S. Sigaud-Kutner, Márcia C. Bicega, Katya P. Schinke, Sania M. F. Gianesella, and Elisabete S. Braga. "Evaluation of produced water toxicity from an oil maritime terminal through Skeletonema costatum toxicity tests." Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia 47, no. 2 (1999): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-77391999000200003.
Abstract:
The liquid effluent from an oil maritime terminal, with produced water as the main component, had its toxicity evaluated through toxicity tests with the diatom Skeletonema costatum. Two previously treated effluent samples (effluents A and B), were provided by PETROBRAS for the experiments. Both samples presented high salinity (67‰ for effluent A and 62‰ for effluent B) and low pH values (6.2), whereas total sulphide, phenol and nutrient content, dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbon concentration, BOD and COD values were quite different from each other. During the toxicity experiment, three replicate flasks with samples for each treatment were exposed to a light radiation of 266µE m² S-1 and maintained under a 10 h/14 h lightldark cycle, at a temperature of 24 :t 2ºC. The EC50 values could not be accurately estimated for effluent A: 60 h and 132 h after starting the experiment they were below 3% and between 3-6% effluent concentration, respectively. Synergistic effects between effluent toxicity and salinity on the growth of S. costatum were detected. The effluent B showed higher toxicity: the EC5O values were 0.17% and 0.40% of effluent concentrations, after 48 h and 96 h, respectively. These results evidenced the deleterious effects of residual organic compounds contained in the aqueous effluents from the oil terminal under the present pretreatment on S. costatum. In the light of the present data, the direct disposal ofthese effluents into São Sebastião Channel waters might be very hazardous to its indigenous biota.
11
Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah, and J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.
Abstract:
A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.
12
Casimiro, S., and M. L. Fidalgo. "Performance of the freshwater shrimp <i>Atyaephyra desmarestii</i> as indicator of stress imposed by textile effluents." Web Ecology 7, no. 1 (April 21, 2007): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-7-35-2007.
Abstract:
Abstract. Textile plants consume large volumes of water and produce a great amount of wastewaters, which can be important sources of toxic discharges in receiving environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of textile effluents on the freshwater shrimp A. desmarestii. A whole effluent toxicity test procedure was used to determine the aggregate toxicity of three samples taken before and after wastewater treatment in a textile mill. The following LC50 − 48 h values (%, v/v) were calculated: Untreated effluent −29% effluent (sample 1), 22% effluent (sample 2), and 47% (sample 3); Treated effluent −73% effluent (sample 1), 74% effluent (sample 2), and > 100% (sample 3). Based upon acute toxicity units (TUa = 100/LC50), untreated effluent varied from toxic in samples 1 and 3 (2.00 ≤ TUa ≤ 4.00) to very toxic in sample 2 (TUa > 4.0), whereas treated effluent varied from no toxic in sample 3 to moderately toxic in samples 1 and 2 (1.33 ≤ TUa ≤ 1.99). Despite some limitations and constraints related to innate variability of industrial effluents, our results suggested that A. desmarestii can be a promising and potential test organism for assessing toxicity of complex chemical mixtures.
13
Rahman, Md Arifur, Md Sohanur Rahman, K. M. Mohiuddin, Md Akhter Hossain Chowdhury, and Md Abul Khair Chowdhury. "Germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by varying concentrations of loom-dye effluent." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i2.41938.
Abstract:
Indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluent has become a serious problem for the agro-ecological environment in most of the areas of Bangladesh. The effects of loom-dye effluents on seed germination and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated by conducting an experiment in the laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Three types of loom-dye effluents were applied in sterilized petridishes at different loading ratios. Seven treatments (i.e., T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 with 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% effluent, respectively) of each effluent were used following completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three times. Subsequently, Pb, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cr accumulation were also investigated in the harvested rice seedlings. Rice seed showed a significant difference in germination percentage with varying levels of effluent application at different days after setting of germination. The decreased seed germination rate and seedling growth of rice were observed with increased concentration of loom-dye effluents. The highest germination speed (97.8%) was obtained from control whereas the lowest germination speeds were obtained from T5 of black, and T6 of both black and violet effluents. Phytotoxic effects of loom-dye effluents on germination and radical length were extreme at 100% effluent concentration having the order of black > violet > pink. The maximum radical length (6.4 cm) and plumule length (7.5 cm) were observed with T1 of pink dye effluent whereas the minimum length of radical and plumule were obtained from T6 treatment of the effluents. The highest fresh weight (39.8 mg petridish–1), dry weight (5.7 mg petridish–1) and seedling vigor index (746.7%) were also observed from T1 of pink dye effluent. The maximum uptake of Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn was 0.48, 3.81, 0.79 and 0.13 μg g−1, respectively. The uptake of Cr was below the detectable limit. Total heavy metal accumulation in rice was in the following order: Fe>Mn>Pb>Zn>Cr. Results showed that the higher concentration of loom-dye effluent showed the higher toxic effects on different parameters of germination and early seedling growth compared with the lower effluent concentrations.
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(2): 153–160, June 2019
14
Patterson, S. L., D. S. Chanasyk, M. A. Naeth, and E. Mapfumo. "Effect of municipal and pulp mill effluents on the chemical properties and nutrient status of a coarse-textured Brunisol in a growth chamber." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 3 (May 2, 2008): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07039.
Abstract:
Maximizing productive use and minimizing the environmental impacts of effluents require research on application rates. This study evaluated the effect of effluents from a Kraft pulp mill [a final effluent (KPME) and a waste activated sludge (WAS)], a municipality (ME) and tap water (TPW) applied at rates of 1.5, 3 and 6 mm d-1 on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L. cv. Vantage) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. petrowskyana var. Walker). The two pulp mill effluents significantly increased soluble soil SO4, Na and Cl. Soil solution electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) increased with pulp mill effluents compared with ME and TPW. Soil solution SAR increased from less than 1 to a range of 2.7 to 4.0 for the municipal effluent and 8.4 to 14.0 for the two pulp mill effluents. Soil solution EC increased from 1.1 to 2.3 dS m-1 to a range of 1.8 to 3.4 dS m-1 for municipal effluent and 5.1 to 6.1 dS m-1 as a result of pulp mill effluent applications. Under reed canarygrass, soils had lower concentrations of cations and anions than those under hybrid poplar, suggesting crop uptake and leaching. Thus, salt loadings of soils must be considered when determining application rates of effluents for irrigation. Key words: Electrical conductivity, hybrid poplar, effluent irrigation, sodium adsorption ratio
15
Kopchynski, T., P. Fox, B. Alsmadi, and M. Berner. "The effects of soil type and effluent pre-treatment on soil aquifer treatment." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0285.
Abstract:
A matrix of three different levels of effluent pre-treatment and four different soil types was used in a study on the effects of soil type and effluent pre-treatment on Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT). The objective of the study was to assess the feasibility of SAT for the recharge of groundwater and indirect potable reuse. The soils represented a wide range of hydrological and physicochemical characteristics from a proposed recharge site in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Effluents studied included denitrified and conventional secondary effluents. These effluents contain different levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), organic carbon, ammonia, and nitrate. Ten 2.6 m columns were operated under different wetting/drying cycles. For the effluents studied, resultsindicate that effluent pre-treatment does not impact organic carbon removal efficiencies. Under optimal wetting/drying cycle times, BOD5 can be removed efficiently although a residual organic carbon concentration of 5–6 mg/l persists. Ammonia is effectively nitrified under most conditions but denitrification does not readily occur even when denitrified effluent is applied. Soil Aquifer Treatment appears to be a robust treatment system for denitrified effluent producing total nitrogen concentrations less than 8 mg/l and organic carbon concentrations less than 6 mg/l.
16
Rowe, Will, David W. Verner-Jeffreys, Craig Baker-Austin, Jim J. Ryan, Duncan J. Maskell, and Gareth P. Pearce. "Comparative metagenomics reveals a diverse range of antimicrobial resistance genes in effluents entering a river catchment." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 7 (December 18, 2015): 1541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.634.
Abstract:
The aquatic environment has been implicated as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). In order to identify sources that are contributing to these gene reservoirs, it is crucial to assess effluents that are entering the aquatic environment. Here we describe a metagenomic assessment for two types of effluent entering a river catchment. We investigated the diversity and abundance of resistance genes, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and pathogenic bacteria. Findings were normalised to a background sample of river source water. Our results show that effluent contributed an array of genes to the river catchment, the most abundant being tetracycline resistance genes tetC and tetW from farm effluents and the sulfonamide resistance gene sul2 from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. In nine separate samples taken across 3 years, we found 53 different genes conferring resistance to seven classes of antimicrobial. Compared to the background sample taken up river from effluent entry, the average abundance of genes was three times greater in the farm effluent and two times greater in the WWTP effluent. We conclude that effluents disperse ARGs, MGEs and pathogenic bacteria within a river catchment, thereby contributing to environmental reservoirs of ARGs.
17
Ortolan, Maria da Graça Silva, and Marco Antônio Záchia Ayub. "Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of untreated hospital effluents." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50, no. 4 (July 2007): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132007000400009.
Abstract:
Untreated hospital effluent samples were tested for cytotoxic and genotoxicity in order to access whether they presented any serious health hazards. Results of umuC test suggested that the effluent from a large, general hospital could be considered weakly genotoxic. Comparatively, effluents from inpatient units presented higher frequency of genotoxicity than those coming from laboratory facilities. Although no cytotoxic activity was detected in laboratory effluent samples, cytotoxicity appeared to be an important problem of effluents from inpatient units.
18
Wang, Jianxing, Kun Li, Dawei Yu, Junya Zhang, Yuansong Wei, Meixue Chen, and Baoqing Shan. "Comparison of NF membrane fouling and cleaning by two pretreatment strategies for the advanced treatment of antibiotic production wastewater." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 9 (February 9, 2016): 2260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.011.
Abstract:
The nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling characteristics and cleaning strategies were investigated and compared for treating membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent and MBR-granular activated carbon (GAC) effluent of an antibiotic production wastewater by DK membrane. Results showed that the fouling of treating MBR effluent was more severe than that of treating MBR-GAC effluent. After filtering for 216 h, the difference of membrane flux decline was obvious between MBR effluent and MBR-GAC effluent, with 14.9% and 10.3% flux decline, respectively. Further study showed that organic fouling is the main NF membrane fouling in the advanced treatment of antibiotic production wastewater for both of the two different effluents. Soluble microbial by-product like and tyrosine-like substances were the dominant components in the foulants, whereas humic-like substances existing in the effluents had little contribution to the NF membrane fouling. A satisfactory efficiency of NF chemical cleaning could be obtained using combination of acid (HCl, pH 2.0–2.5) and alkali (NaOH + 0.3 wt% NaDS, pH 10.0–10.5). The favorable cleaning strategy is acid-alkali for treating the MBR-GAC effluent, while it is alkali-acid for treating the MBR effluent.
19
Kong, Tae, Siyoung Kim, Youngju Lee, and Jung Son. "Methodology for determination of alarm and warning set-points for radioactive effluent monitors in Korean pressurized water reactors." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 33, no. 4 (2018): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp181004002k.
Abstract:
All radioactive gaseous and liquid effluents discharged from Korean nuclear power plants are monitored by effluent monitors to prevent effluent releases to the environment under uncontrolled conditions. This paper provides the methodology and parameters used in the calculation of alarm (high) and warning (low) set-points for gaseous and liquid effluent monitors in Korean pressurized water reactors. Alarm set-points are determined to assure compliance with the Korean regulatory limits of concentration of radioactive effluents. Even though warning set-points are not required by the regulatory body, Korean pressurized water reactors determine the warning set-points of effluent monitors not only to take an active management of effluent discharge but also to keep radiation doses to members of the public living around nuclear power plants as low as reasonably achievable.
20
Sarker, MRH, A. Razzaque, MM Hoque, S. Roy, and MK Hossain. "Investigation of Effluent Quality from an Effluent Treatment Plant of a Textile Industry, Fakir Knitwear Ltd. Narayangonj, Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i2.26860.
Abstract:
Textile industries are the major contributor to environmental pollution and health hazards by generating huge amount of effluents that contain several pollutants and coloring agents. The concentration of these pollutants can be reduced to the permissible limit with the help of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The study was conducted to observe the textile effluent management techniques of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of Fakir Knitwear Limited (FKL), Narayanganj, Bangladesh. FKL set up a biological treatment plant to treat the effluent generated by the industry. Different effluent quality parameters were investigated at different stages in ETP. The effluent of the outlet was dark colored probably because of soluble coloring materials of the effluent but it is comparatively better than that of raw wastewater. There were found higher EC values than the standards which indicated that the greater amount of salts in the water due to dumping of solid wastes and discharging of industrial effluents. The highest TDS value 2054 ppm was observed at the screening pit unit than the other parts of the ETP. The highest DO was found 4.58 ppm in clarification tank which was within the standard value of aquaculture. The study also showed that the lowest BOD (24 ppm) and COD (145 ppm) was found at the outlet which was comparatively better than others. Although the effluent from the outlet contained pollutants, these effluent quality was comparatively good than the untreated waste water discharged from the industry. After treatment, the effluent of outlet moderately ensures the standard quality for aquaculture and irrigation. The results suggested that it is obvious to run the ETP regularly to improve the quality of effluents to save our native environment from the harmful effects of wastewater.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(2): 25-31 2015
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Keller, R., K. Perim, S. Semionato, E. Zandonade, S. Cassini, and R. F. Gonçalves. "Hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) using effluents from primary, secondary and tertiary +UV treatments." Water Supply 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0012.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) with domestic wastewater effluents with different levels of treatment from a compact WWTP in Brazil. Vegetables were grown in five treatments: nutrient solution (control), secondary effluent diluted 50%, secondary effluent not diluted, tertiary effluent UV irradiated, and UASB effluent. Microbiological analyses from leaves showed low levels of contamination with E. coli, thermotolerant coliforms and total coliforms. Salmonella spp. and helminth eggs were not detected. However, roots showed hardly any concentration of these microorganisms. These results shows that it is possible to cultivate leafy vegetables in a hydroponic system with treated effluents, taking care at the moment of harvesting vegetables.
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AMUSAT, M. A., F. M. BOLARIN, C. U. ONYEMIZE, O. O. POPOOLA, O. T. DADA-JOEL, A. IBRAHIM, Y. S. ADEMILUYI, and M. Y. KASALI. "EFFECTIVENESS OF AFRICAN LOCUST BEAN WASTEWATER AS A RESOURCE FOR PRESERVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (GRAIN AS A CASE STUDY)." FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 8, no. 1 (September 15, 2022): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2022.0801.086.
Abstract:
The use of synthetic chemicals for increasing shelf life of agricultural produces have been widely reported to have hazard effect to human health if not kill. This study investigated the re-use of locust bean effluents as a resource for preserving produces as alternative to synthetic chemicals. Physicochemical properties of Jimba-Oja and NCAM effluent locations were determined, bioassay was also performed on maize weevils to evaluate lethal concentration of effluents within 15 and 25 minutes duration of exposure. Data obtained and observed were subjected to descriptive statistics. Physicochemical parameters of effluents showed that pH was slightly acidic 5.94 - 6.54. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 2.59 - 3.02 mg/L, Biochemical oxygen demand from 0.33 - 0.40 mg/L, Total hardness from 471.82 - 542.34mg/L of NCAM and Jimba-Oja effluent respectively. Concentration of cadmium, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, Sulphate, phosphate and nitrate ranged from 0.15 - 0.24, 5.19 - 7.31, 0.12 - 0.33, 0.35 - 0.52, 46.94 - 57.18, 3.15 - 3.71, 87.32 - 96.57 and 2.19 - 2.47mg/L respectively. Lead concentration of 0.38mg/L was detected with NCAM effluent only. Toxicity evaluation showed that the mortality rate increased with increased in effluents concentration with respect to exposure time. Mortality rate of 2.2, 17.8 and 31.1% were recorded for Jimba-Oja effluent at concentration of 5, 10 and 15mL within 15 minutes of exposure while 11.1, 33.3 and 55.6% were recorded within 25 minutes. Mortality rate of 6.7, 31.1 and 46.7% were recorded within 15 minute while 17.8, 48.9 and 71.1% were recorded within 25 minute for NCAM effluent of the same effluent concentration. The study concluded that locust bean effluent as wastewater can be re-used as biopesticide.
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O’Riain, MJ, CS Armitage, T. Kutti, V. Husa, MD Skogen, T. Bekkby, MA Carvajalino-Fernández, et al. "Large-scale salmon farming in Norway impacts the epiphytic community of Laminaria hyperborea." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 13 (March 25, 2021): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00392.
Abstract:
Large-scale finfish farms are increasingly located in dispersive hard-bottom environments where Laminaria hyperborea forests dominate; however, the interactions between farm effluents and kelp forests are poorly understood. Effects of 2 levels of salmonid fish-farming effluents (high and low) on L. hyperborea epiphytic communities were studied by sampling canopy plants from 12 sites in 2 high-energy dispersive environments. Specifically, we assessed if farm effluents stimulated fast-growing epiphytic algae and faunal species on L. hyperborea stipes—as this can impact the kelp forest community composition—and/or an increased lamina epiphytic growth, which could negatively impact the kelp itself. We found that bryozoan biomass on the stipes was significantly higher at high-effluent farm sites compared to low-effluent farm and reference sites, resulting in a significantly different epiphytic community. Macroalgal biomass also increased with increasing effluent levels, including opportunistic Ectocarpus spp., resulting in a less heterogeneous macroalgae community at high-effluent farm sites. This habitat heterogeneity was further reduced by the high bryozoan biomass at the high-effluent sites. Such changes in the epiphyte community could have implications for the faunal community that relies on the epiphytes for food and refuge. On the kelp lamina, no clear response to farm effluents was found.
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Regar, Durga Lal, Pragya Dadhich, and Poonam Jaiswal. "Assay on the Impact of Vegetable Oil Mill Effluent on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Brassica compestris L. and Oryza sativa L." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 45, no. 2 (February 4, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2023/v45i22100.
Abstract:
Industries of any country are one of the key determinants of its economic wealth. Industries not only utilize a huge amount of water but also cause soil and water pollution by disposing of untreated industrial effluents in water bodies and agricultural land. The study aimed to test the impact of mustard oil effluent on seed germination and seedling growth of Brassica compestris L. and Oryza sativa L. and to evaluate the scope of industrial effluent as irrigation water. Different parameters like germination percentage, germination index, germination rate, and mean germination time were evaluated with different concentrations of effluent to analyze the impact effluent had on plant growth. The results of the study show that industrial effluents can be used for irrigation only after appropriate dilution, increasing the concentration of effluent in irrigation water can lead to a reduction in macro and micronutrients concentration as well as heavy metal accumulation which results in the inhibition of seed germination. Thus, careful monitoring of the effects of any industrial effluent on any particular crop is a must before its application as the response of crops may vary with single effluent also.
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Agarwal, Rageni. "The impact of industrial effluent on Growth of Cicer arietinum." Environment Conservation Journal 6, no. 1-3 (December 19, 2005): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2005.0612310.
Abstract:
The present paper deals with the study of Physico-chemical characteristics of a industrial effluents and effluent treated soil.The physico-chemical characteristics suggested that effluent was under the permissible limit as per ISI- guidelines. Therefore, there is no harm to use this water for irrigation purpose. The pot experiments reflected that there was increase in total biomass and chlorophyll content in effluent irrigation plants. The most encouraging results were observed in 60% of effluent than 40% and 100 % . The higher concentration of effluent restricts growth of plants like Cicer arietinum.
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Udoh, J. P., A. J. Otoh, and M. E. Udang. "Biotreatment of brewery effluents for aquaculture use using autochthonous fungi." Tropical Freshwater Biology 29, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tfb.v29i2.9.
Abstract:
The potential of reducing environmental impact of untreated brewery effluent was investigated. Although concentrations of pollutants in such effluents are usually considered low and inadvertently discharged into adjacent urban drainage facility, mycoremediation to remove dissolved inorganic nutrients in effluent was conducted with a view for aquaculture use in Uyo metropolis, southeast Nigeria. Raw brewery effluents were obtained and screened for indigenous microbial flora. Autochthonous fungi isolated included Aspergillus niger, Verticillium sp. and Mucor sp. The potential use of isolates as alternative treatment of brewery effluents was analyzed for treated and control groups. Treated group was inoculated with pure colonies of fungi isolates while the control group received no fungi treatment or modification. Both groups were incubated for seven (7) days. Thereafter, the physicochemical parameters of raw and remediated effluents were analysed and compared with National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and aquaculture standards. Results confirmed suitability of autochthonous fungi isolates in mycoremediation of brewery effluent for aquaculture and irrigation.
Key words: effluent toxicity, industrial pollution, mycoremediation, aquatic ecosystem, Uyo
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Momtaz, H., F. Alam, MA Ashan, AKMR Alam, N. Sultana, S. Siraj, MA Akbor, and MM Rashid. "Treatment of metal-containing effluents from textile-dyeing industries by aquatic macrophytes to improve surface water treatment systems." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 48, no. 2 (July 21, 2013): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15738.
Abstract:
The present study was carried out to determine the physicochemical parameters of industrial effluents and to find out suitable macrophytes in removing metals from wastewater in order to enhance surface water treatment systems. The effluent samples, effluent free water and aquatic macrophytes were collected from Savar region. Higher values of temperature (56°C), pH (12.32), electrical conductivity (12375 ?S/cm), biochemical oxygen demand (835 mg/L), total suspended solids (2187 mg/L), total dissolved solids (6952 mg/L), turbidity (89.53 NTU) and total organic carbon (421.6 mg/L) were recorded in industrial effluents comparing with control. The lowest concentration of DO in industrial effluents (0.12 mg/L) was much lower than the control (5.65 mg/L). The concentration of Cr (0.69 mg/L), Se (0.08 mg/L), Pb (0.23 mg/L) and Cu (0.71 mg/L) in the effluent exceeded the limit of DOE. Although the concentration of Cd (0.017 mg/L), Li (0.019 mg/L), Ni (0.7 mg/L) and Zn (0.38 mg/L) of effluent water were within the limit of DOE, but were much higher than the control water. The cultures of aquatic macrophytes, Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratoites and Salvinia cucullata using textile-dyeing effluent can efficiently uptake metals from the effluent. The uptake of metals increased with raising effluent concentration in relation to control culture. When cultured in 100% effluent, Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratoites and Salvinia cucullata can uptake relatively high amount of Cr, Cd, Cu, Li, Ni, Zn, Co, Se and Pb compared to other two cultures (control, 50% effluent). At 100% effluent water, Eichornia crassipes and Pistia stratoites can uptake more than 90% Co and 80% Se and Pb with low survival capacity. Salvinia cucullata can efficiently absorb Cr, Cd, Li, Ni and Pb with long time survival capacity. While individually Pistia stratoites is more effective in absorbing Cu, Zn and Eichornia crassipes for absorbing Co and Pb in order to enhance surface water treatment system. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2), 89-96, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15738
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Hamoda, Mohamed F., and Saed M. Al-Awadi. "Wastewater management in a dairy farm." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 11 (December 1, 1995): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0387.
Abstract:
Field sampling and laboratory experimentation were conducted on wastewater effluent generated at a dairy farm in order to characterise the wastewater, evaluate existing primary treatment facilities, and examine an appropriate wastewater treatment system to produce good quality effluents. It has been found that the farm contributes effluents containing considerable loads of organics, solids and nutrient pollutants. Existing treatment facilities which are limited to batch-operated primary settling tanks, are not capable of producing good quality effluent. Experimentation on an aerobic, suspended growth, biological system using sequencing batch reactors (SBR) indicated that the pollutant loads in the primary-treated effluent could be substantially reduced. The study showed that a wastewater treatment system involving primary settling tanks combined with additional aerobic biological treatment is capable of removing about 94% COD and 96% SS from the farm effluents. This system could be easily integrated and coordinated with existing facilities. A wastewater management scheme has been proposed to include waste minimisation, waste treatment and effluent reuse in irrigation.
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Kulkarni, Manjusha, and Pragati Thakur. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Real Textile Industrial Effluent under UV Light Catalyzed by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (February 16, 2015): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i2.12124.
Abstract:
The domestic use and industrial activity, especially in developing countries, produce large amount of wastewater. This wastewater when disposed into natural channels may lead to high pollution risk. There are different methods for wastewater treatment one of them is Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), still it has some limitations. The present work has been concentrated on the degradation of real textile industrial effluent named as Efluent1. The said Effluent1 was collected from textile industry from Echalkaranji; Maharashtra state was subjected to photocatalytic treatment using photocatalyst such as Degussa P-25 TiO2. Efluent1 was analyzed before and after the treatment for their physiochemical parameters like color, COD, TOC and presence of inorganic ions. Throughout the study it was observed that Degussa P-25 TiO2 effectively brought out the degradation of Effluent. Addition of optimum amount of H2O2 to the heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment was found to enhance the degradation of real textile effluents to a large extent. Hence, the photocatalytic degradation was found to be fruitful treatment for degradation of real textile industrial effluent as well as by adding oxidant the photocatalytic degradation has been enhanced.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12124Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 105-110
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Obukohwo, K., P. A. Vantsawa, D. M. Dibal, U. J. J. Ijah, G. B. Onwumere, and T. O. Ndibe. "Screening of Fungi Isolates from Kaduna Refinery Effluent and Romi River and Their Potential for Bioremediation." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 9 (October 19, 2020): 1655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i9.25.
Abstract:
The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generation with consequent effects on water quality and habitat since it is discharged into nearby receiving water body. These effluents contain heavy metals and other toxicants. Samples were collected from the effluent discharge point of the Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) and from Romi River located at Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna state. Standard methods were used to analyze the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of the effluents. A total of 14 fungi isolates were identified from the samples. These fungi isolates were screened for their bioremediation potential on some toxic components in refinery effluent and were identified using molecular techniques. Four fungi isolates (Chrysosporium tropicum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae) were selected for bioremediation. Carbon (IV) oxide evolution increased progressively during the period of bioremediation. There was a noticeable decline in the phenol, lead, cadmium and nickel in the entire bioremediation medium. There was a positive correlation between phenol and cadmium with a coefficient of 0.969. Consortia of fungi isolated from the refinery effluent and Romi River samples were effective in the bioremediation of refinery effluent. The mixed consortium of four fungi showed the most efficacies in the bioremediation of refinery effluent in terms of phenol, oil and grease, cadmium, lead and cadmium reduction. Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Corporation (KRPC) should adopt bioremediation as one of the techniques in treating effluents before being discharged into receiving water bodies
Keywords: Effluents, Fungi, heavy metal, bioremediation.
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Islam, M. Rafiqul, GKM Mustafizur Rahman, M. Abu Saleque, and MJ Uddin. "Effect of industrial effluents on seed germination and seedling growth of rice." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 26, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v26i1.46350.
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted during T. Aman 2010 and Boro 2010-11 seasons to determine the effect of industrial effluents on seed germination and seedling growth of rice. In both the seasons, all the effluents and city waste water (CWW) had no effect on rice seed germination except pharmaceutical effluent. Pharmaceutical effluent showed the lowest seed germination. City waste water gave the highest shoot length (8.40 and 5.38 cm) and root length (8.06 and 6.35 cm) in the T. Aman and Boro seasons, respectively. Pharmaceutical effluent gave the highest shoot-root ratio of 10.49 while tannery effluent gave lowest ratio of 0.91. In both T. Aman and Boro seasons, seedling weight with and without endosperm, seedlings dry weight, seedling strength were found higher with CWW. During T. Aman and Boro seasons, relative germination ratio showed higher with a beverage effluent but relative shoot and root elongation ratio were found higher with CWW managed treatment.
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 26(1): 59-68, 2017 (January)
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Mahmood, Raja Tahir, Muhammad Javaid Asad, Muhammad Asgher, Falak Sher Khan, Khursheed Muzammil, Nazim Nasir, Pervez Anwar, and Muhammad Awais. "First Report on the Bioremediation of Textile Industrial Effluents by Piptoporus Betulinus IEBL-3 by Using Response Surface Methodology." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031090.
Abstract:
The current study was performed to optimize three different industrial textile effluent biodegradation potentials of a brown rot fungus, Piptoporus betulinus IEBL-3, to reduce environmental pollution. The Response Surface Methodology under the Box Bhenken Design was used for the optimization steps. Three ligninolytic enzymes named lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase were also studied during the biodegradation process. The biodegradation rate of the 3 industrial effluents varied between 67 and 76% at the initially optimized conditions. There was a 10%, 7% and 9% increase in the biodegradation of Mujahid textile (MT), Five Star textile (FST) and Sitara textile (ST) effluent, respectively, after the addition of various additional carbon and nitrogen sources in different ratios. The biological treatment decreases the Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand values of the effluents well below the WHO-recommended values for the industrial effluents. The HPLC monitoring of the effluent’s biodegradation showed the appearance of new peaks, some of which may correspond to secondary amines. Study of ligninolytic enzymes during the biodegradation process confirmed their role in the biodegradation process, with lignin peroxidase having highest activity among the others. These findings suggest that P. betulinus is a potential fungus for the biodegradation of the dyes and effluents and can be a suitable candidate for this process.
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Porto, Bruna, Ana L. Gonçalves, Ana F. Esteves, Selene M. A. Guelli Ulson de Souza, Antônio A. Ulson de Souza, Vítor J. P. Vilar, and José C. M. Pires. "Microalgal Growth in Paper Industry Effluent: Coupling Biomass Production with Nutrients Removal." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093009.
Abstract:
Paper and pulp industries produce effluents with high phosphorus concentrations, which need to be treated before their discharge in watercourses. The use of microalgae for this purpose has attracted the attention of researchers because: (i) microalgae can assimilate phosphorus (one of the main nutrients for their growth); and (ii) growing on effluents can significantly reduce the costs and environmental impact of microalgal biomass production. This study evaluated the growth and ability of Chlorella vulgaris to remove the phosphorus from a secondary-treated effluent of a Portuguese paper company. Batch experiments were performed for 11 days using different dilutions of the effluent to evaluate its inhibitory effect on microalgae. Results showed that the non-diluted effluent inhibited microalgal growth, indicating that this bioremediation process is possible after a previous dilution of the effluent. Regarding phosphorus removal, promising results were achieved, especially in the experiments conducted with the most diluted effluent: removal efficiencies obtained in these conditions were (54 ± 1)%. Another interesting finding of this study was microalgal growth in flakes’ form (mainly due to the compounds present in the effluent and to the pH values achieved), which can be an important economic advantage for biomass recovery after the remediation step.
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Rahaman, Md Shiblur, Fozia Momotaz, Afrida Nurain, Protima Sarker, and Sahoko Ichihara. "INVESTIGATION OF ETP FACILITIES AND THE INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY IN NOAKHALI INDUSTRIAL AREA, BANGLADESH." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 14, no. 2 (October 14, 2020): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/pesd2020142012.
Abstract:
Untreated wastewater disposal from industries has been a crucial environmental issue for developing countries like Bangladesh. The current study aims to investigate the status of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) and the quality of effluents in the Noakhali industrial area, Bangladesh. Total 10 industries were surveyed and the ETP status showed that about 30% of industries do not have ETP facilities and only 30% of industries use their ETP for the treatment of the effluents where the rest of the industry’s ETPs were under construction or exit but not used. Effluent samples were collected from seven locations near the discharge points of various industries. All the physicochemical parameters were determined using standard analytical procedures and analyzed the values comparing with the guideline standard by the Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh. The average values of electric conductivity (EC) have exceeded the tolerable limit in maximum effluent samples. On the contrary, the temperature, pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) values were within the standard limit for all of the collected effluent samples. The chloride concentration of the three effluent samples surpassed the limit. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) limit were exceeded for the effluent sampling sites S-6 and S-7 collected near the food and beverage industry. Besides, the maximum dissolved oxygen (DO) values of the effluents were below the standard which indicates poor water quality. Environmental nuisance is producing in Noakhali industrial area as maximum industries have not enough wastewater treatment facilities. Present study demonstrated that it is obvious to operate the ETP regularly for improving the quality of effluents to save our native environment from the harmful effects of wastewater.
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O., Oluwole Surukite, Ogun Mautin L., Ewekeye Tolulope S., Tope-Akinyetun Racheal O., Asokere Simeon Y., and Usamot Q. "Effects of Electroplating Effluents on Growth, Heavy Metals Accumulation and Concentrations in Amaranthus viridis Lin." Journal of Botanical Research 5, no. 3 (July 18, 2023): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5730.
Abstract:
Pollution in recent times has become prevalent due to industrial expansion, hence, releasing pollutants into the environment. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the effects of effluents from electroplating companies on growth, heavy metals accumulation and concentrations in Amaranthus viridis. Seeds of A. viridis were obtained from the National Institute of Horticulture, Ibadan. Loam soils were collected from Lagos State University and two samples of electroplating effluents were obtained from Oregun, Lagos. Seeds were sown, nursed, and transplanted in a uniform bucket filled with 5 kg loam soil and transplanted seedlings were treated with Effluent A (5 and 10% conc.) and Effluent B (5 and 10% conc.) and control respectively. Growth parameters such as plant height and so on were measured and plant samples harvested were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Data collected were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. Results revealed that Effluents A and B are highly acidic and above discharge limits. Also, the result revealed that 5% conc. of Effluents A and B had more effects on growth (p < 0.05) of A. viridis across the harvests than 10% conc. in relation to control. This result showed that the effluent samples affect the growth rhythms of plants. Results further revealed vigorous accumulation of the heavy metals: Zn (241.66 µg kg–1 ± 0.10 at third harvest in Effluent A: 10%), Cu (68.25 µg kg–1 ± 0.23 at first harvest in Effluent B: 5%), Cr (500 µg kg–1 ± 0.90 in harvests at all concentrations.) and Ni (500 µg kg–1 ± 0.90 at third harvest in Effluent B: 5%) and all these metals are far above the control and permissible limits of WHO/FAO recommendations. From this study, it could be concluded that electroplating effluents had adverse effects on growth and increased metals’ bioaccumulation in A. viridis. Therefore, the treatment of effluents to enhance an eco-friendly environment should be done.
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Sogbanmu, T. O., A. A. Sosanwo, and A. A. A. Ugwumba. "Histological, microbiological, physicochemical and heavy metals evaluation of effluent from Kara Cow Market, Ogun State, Nigeria in guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata)." Zoologist (The) 17 (March 12, 2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v17i1.9.
Abstract:
The Ogun River is a sink for untreated effluents discharged from the Kara Cow Market, Ogun State. In this study, microbiological, physicochemical and heavy metals evaluation were carried out on effluent from the market. Standard methods were utilised for the examination of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the effluent. The histological effects of sublethal concentrations of the effluent were assessed in the gills, intestine and skin of Poecilia reticulata (guppy fish) over a period of 56 days following standard methods and international ethical guidelines. None of the physicochemical parameters were within the set limits by the National Environmental Standards and Enforcement Agency (NESREA) for effluent discharges into surface waters. Coliforms, pathogens and fungi were observed in the effluent with a total plate count of 2.14 x 107 cfu/mL. The median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) of the effluent to P. reticulata was 71.50 mL/L (7.15%). Histological alterations such as distorted mucosal architecture with shortening and widening of intestinal villi were observed in the intestine of exposed groups of P. reticulata at day 56. The observed adverse physicochemical parameters, histological alterations and pathogenic microbes may pose ecological and public health risks to aquatic organisms and humans respectively. It is recommended that an effluent treatment plant should be installed at the market to reduce the pollutants load of the effluent before discharge into the Ogun River.
Keywords: Effluents; histological effects; Kara Market; Ogun River; physicochemical parameters; pathogenic microorganisms; Poecilia reticulate
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Kakade, V. B. "Study of Physico- Chemical Parameters of Sugar Industry Effluent." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 7, no. 4 (2022): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.74.19.
Abstract:
Sugar mill effluents are responsible for deterioration of water quality, due to effluents physical and chemical characteristics of river water changes and become unfit for human consumption. The present study was undertaken on the physico-chemical parameters of Bhima-Patas sugar industry effluent in Daund Tahsil. The study was conducted during 2014-2017 in crushing season of sugar industry. During the study period we recorded the different Physical as well as chemical properties of sugar mill effluent like Temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, Hardness, BOD, COD, DO, SO4, PO4, Oil and Grease, Zn, Hg etc. The result from the analysis of sugar industry waste water (effluent) shows that most of the parameters were much higher than the Minimum Pollution Level (MPL). Hence the flow of this effluent into the river causes serious pollution problems for aquatic life as well as human and livestock.
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Martel, Pierre, Tibor Kovacs, and Virginie Bérubé. "The Benefits of Biotreatment for Reducing the Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents on Fish Reproduction in Laboratory Tests." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 2-3 (May 1, 2008): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.019.
Abstract:
Abstract Pulp and paper mill effluents have been reported to cause changes in reproductive indicators of fish in laboratory and field studies. These changes include reduced egg production and gonad size, and altered hormone levels and expression of secondary sex characteristics. We examined the performance of biotreatment plants for their potential in abating effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on fish reproduction under laboratory conditions. A bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) treated in an aerated lagoon and a thermomechanical pulp mill effluent (TMPE) treated by aerobic sludge in a sequential batch reactor were selected for study. Mature fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to effluents before and after biotreatment under continuous renewal conditions for 21 days. Egg production was monitored daily, while morphometric parameters (length, weight, gonad size), secondary sexual characteristics, and steroid hormone and vitellogenin levels were measured at the end of the effluent exposure. The effluent from both mills before biotreatment impaired the reproductive capacity of minnows (egg production) at concentrations of 10 and 20% vol/vol, but not at 2% vol/vol. Exposure to biotreated effluents from both mills at concentrations of 2, 10, 20, and 40% vol/vol caused no significant differences in overall reproductive capacity of minnows as compared with controls. These results indicate that biotreatment can significantly improve the quality of a BKME and an effluent from a TMP mill with respect to the reproductive capacity of fish as determined in laboratory tests.
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Rahaman, AA Abdul, OM Olaniran, and FA Oladele. "Growth and leaf epidermal response of three Sesamum indicum varieties to industrial effluent irrigation." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, no. 1 (April 8, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i1.32025.
Abstract:
The effect of industrial effluents was studied with respect to growth and leaf anatomy of three Sesamum indicum varieties (NGB 00931, NGB 00937 and NGB 00939). Industrial effluents (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) from two industries are used to irrigate the plants. Although, the control plants possessed larger leaves and longer stems than the effluent-treated plants, at lower concentration, the plant growth is relatively higher. Gradual decrease in the germination of seeds and seedling growth with increase in effluent concentration was observed. The best germination and seedling growth was observed at the 25% concentration. Leaf epidermal features (stomatal density, stomatal index, stomatal size, trichome density, tricome index, trichome size and number of epidermal cells) are more influenced in the effluent-treated plants than in the control plants from the Peace Standard Pharmaceutical Industry than in the effluent from the Global Soap & Detergent Industry. Thus the industrial effluents can be safely used for irrigation purposes with proper treatment and dilution at 25%.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(1), 1-6, 2017
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Ashraf, Sobia, Muhammad Naveed, Muhammad Afzal, Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Nasser A. Al-Suhaibani, Zahir A. Zahir, Adnan Mustafa, et al. "Unveiling the Potential of Novel Macrophytes for the Treatment of Tannery Effluent in Vertical Flow Pilot Constructed Wetlands." Water 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020549.
Abstract:
The phytoremediation potential of macrophytic species has made them an inevitable component of constructed wetlands (CWs) for the treatment of industrial effluents. The macrophytes must have tolerance for the harsh conditions imposed by effluents for an effective establishment of the CW system. In this context, the basic purpose of this work was to investigate the efficacy of five indigenous emergent macrophytes (Brachiaria mutica, Canna indica, Cyperus laevigatus, Leptochloa fusca, and Typha domingensis) for the remediation of tannery effluent in vertical subsurface flow CWs. The ability of each macrophytic species to tolerate pollution load and to remove pollutants from the effluent was assessed. The effect of tannery effluent on the survival and growth of macrophytes was also studied. The treated tannery effluent samples were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chlorides (Cl−), sulphates (SO42−), oil and grease, and Cr levels. All of the studied macrophytes significantly decreased the pollution load of tannery effluent, and the higher nutrient content of effluent stimulated their growth without any signs of negative health effects. Leptochloa fusca and T. domingensis performed better in removing pollutants and showed higher growth rates and biomass than other tested macrophytes and can be considered preferred species for use in CWs treating tannery effluent. Brachiaria mutica showed morphologically better results than C. indica and C. laevigatus.
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Karthika, T., S. Shalini, P. S. Kothai, and K. Arumugam. "Impact of dyeing industry effluents on geotechnical properties of soil." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012233.
Abstract:
Abstract In developing countries concentration on pollutants produced by industries such as dyeing, tanneries industries are exceptionally high. The disposal of untreated industrial waste water similar to dyeing effluent on soil is a widespread practice in developing nations. The unprocessed effluents severely deteriorate the soil properties. The study on dyeing effluents from industries affects engineering properties of soil. Hence the soil properties have to be improved for intensification of soil for the constructional activities. The soil properties are very much exaggerated by dyeing effluent which produces the soil and water pollution. In this study textile industry effluent is taken as pollutants and laboratory experiments are carried. The affected soils were treated with marble dusts as admixture to improve the soil properties. For assessment polluted and unpolluted soil samples are treated with 20% of dyeing effluent and tests were conceded out to identify an extent of the contamination. The cured samples show a decrease in strength values up to 30% with raise in the percentage of infectivity (dyeing effluent). The geotechnical properties and their stabilization using marble dust are determined with mixtures and explored.
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Dewi, Ratna Stia, Fitria Ayudi Ulfimaturahmah, and Khusnul Khotimah. "The decolorization effect by Aspergillus sp. 3 on Goldfish opercular beats." Journal of Microbial Systematics and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37604/jmsb.v1i2.29.
Abstract:
Batik effluent had high toxicity to aquatic organisms. Dye decolorization is a process used to reduce color density. Fungi which used for decolorization was Aspergillus sp 3. This study aimed to investigate the ability of fungi on decolorization of 3 kinds of batik effluents (Indigosol Green dye, Indigosol Purple dye, and Naphtol Black dye) and to investigate the ability of fungi on reducing TDS level. The study was also investigated the initial toxicity of batik effluents to Goldfish (Cyprinus carpio). Decolorization was measured by spectrophotometry, the pH value was measured by pH meter, and the TDS value was measured by TDS meter. In addition, the decolorized batik effluent was tested for toxic effect on C. carpio by total opercular beats. Decolorization assay showed that Aspergillus sp. 3 had the ability to decolorized only 2 kinds of batik effluents. The decolorization percentage of Indigosol Purple was 60.015% and Naphtol Black was 56.679%. The pH after treatment decreased from 8.5–9 to 5.3–6. The range of pH value of Indigosol Green, Indigosol Purple, and Naphtol Black 5.3–6. Besides that, Aspergillus sp. 3 also had the ability to reduce the TDS level in the effluent. The TDS level on Indigosol Green, Indigosol Purple, and Naphtol Black as 4,965%, 25,307%, and 15,129%, respectively. Initial toxicity assay of effluent to C. carpio showed that there was a difference of total opercular beats, which exposed by decolorized and before decolorized batik effluent. The total opercular beats of C. carpio on decolorized batik effluents showed high value than before decolorized batik effluents. It can be concluded that Aspergillus sp. 3 had the ability to decolorize and decreasing the initial toxicity of Indigosol Purple batik effluents on C. carpio.
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M. El-Feky, Ahmed, Mohamed Saber, Mahmoud M. Abd-el-Kader, Sameh A. Kantoush, Tetsuya Sumi, Faisal Alfaisal, and Amal Abdelhaleem. "Comprehensive environmental impact assessment and irrigation wastewater suitability of the Arab El-Madabegh wastewater treatment plant, ASSIUT CITY, EGYPT." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (February 29, 2024): e0297556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297556.
Abstract:
The presence of a wastewater treatment plant in the Arab El-Madabegh region, which discharges excessive amounts of raw effluent toward the nearby farming fields, is the area’s main issue. Examining the harmful implications of raw effluent releases on groundwater quality, determining if treated wastewater effluent complies with regulations for discharge into the aquatic environment, and assessing irrigation appropriateness by the effluent are the main goals of this work. In order to accomplish these targets, twelve treated effluent samples from the Arab El-Madabegh wastewater treatment plant were gathered every two weeks starting in January 2012 and finishing in June 2012. They were tested to determine pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Temperature (Temp), Conductivity (EC), Turbidity (Turb.), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+, PO43-, HCO3-, Na+, Mg2+, and heavy metals such as (Fe, Mn, K+, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cd). The outcomes revealed that all Egyptian and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) standards for unrestricted irrigation were met by the treated effluents, except for COD, which exceeded than the Egyptian allowed limit. The evaluation indices of the effluent’s EC, SAR, PI, MR, and MH were in the low-risk category according to indicators of water quality for irrigation, nevertheless, The SSP and RSC both showed slightly higher values (67.9% and 2.76, respectively). As well, The average values of heavy metals in treated wastewater effluent were found to be below permitted limits, with the exception of lead and phosphate, which exceeded permissible limits in Egypt. The environmental sustainability (ecological friendliness) of reusing and recycling tertiary treated wastewater can be achieved in agriculture to reduce the adverse impacts on the aquatic environment.
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Chaithra C, Hina Kousar, Dhanushree M.S, and Akshatha K.U. "A study on bioremediation potency of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus aculeatus in reduction of BOD concentration of dairy effluent and evaluation of phytotoxicity effect of treated effluent on Arachis hypogaea." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.052.
Abstract:
Water resources are of significant importance to human beings. The main sources of water contamination are toxic industrial waste, runoff from agricultural waste, and untreated home garbage discharge. During the processing of milk in dairy industry, a large amount of water is used, resulting in a large volume of effluent comprising dissolved sugars, proteins, lipids and other organic compounds. As a result, dairy effluent has a high organic matter concentration and a high BOD. Contaminants in effluents must be eliminated before they enter a water body, as they have a negative impact on aquatic ecosystems. One of the most effective strategies for treating industrial effluents is bioremediation. In the current study investigated the removal of biochemical oxygen demand in dairy effluent using fungal isolates such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus aculeatus. According to a phytotoxicity test, fungal strains have ability to eliminate BOD from the effluent.
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Zhang, Yi, P. A. Bicho, C. Breuil, J. N. Saddler, and S. N. Liss. "Resin acid degradation by bacterial strains grown on CTMP effluent." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1997): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0476.
Abstract:
All resin acids are diterpenoid carboxylic acids that are components of softwood extractives and they are known to contribute to much of the toxicity of pulp mill effluents. Although biological treatment systems can efficiently remove resin acids during normal operating conditions, resin acid breakthroughs occasionally occur. Recently we isolated five bacterial strains from bleach kraft effluents that degrade dehydroabietic acid (DHA), a resin acid commonly found in effluents. In this study we examined the ability of two bacterial strains (BKME 5 and BKME 9) to grow on chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) effluent and degrade DHA. Both of the strains could grow on CTMP effluents, but did not degrade DHA. COD measurement showed that both strains used other organic substrates in CTMP effluent. When nutrients (NH4⊕, PO43−, minerals and vitamins) were added to the effluent, both growth and DHA degradation increased significantly. The strains used DHA and other organic sources in the CTMP effluent simultaneously. The stimulated growth resulting from use of other organic material did not increase the rate of DHA degradation. It was found that ammonium played an important role in the DHA degradation of both strains. Without added ammonium, DHA degradation did not occur. Other nutrients also played important roles in DHA degradation by BKME 9.
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Oliveira, Thálison Dourado de, Daniella Costa Faria Nepomuceno, and Liliana Pena Naval. "Reuse of effluents from cattle slaughterhouses: multicriteria evaluation." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais 58, no. 2 (2023): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z2176-94781624.
Abstract:
Cattle slaughterhouses generate a large amount of effluent with a high concentration of organic and inorganic compounds. However, the choice of appropriate technologies can produce effluents with sufficient quality for the practice of reuse as a strategy for saving water. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of effluent treatment systems from cattle slaughterhouses to promote the reuse of effluents, specifically for fertigation. The multicriteria analysis was employed, adopting the ELECTRE I method. The effluent treatment alternatives, the definition of the degree of importance, and the weights of each established criterion were considered. The estimated volume of effluents generated in slaughterhouses in Brazil was 85.374 million m³/year, with a high concentration of biochemical/chemical oxygen demand, nutrients, oils, and greases, solids, and E. coli. The treatment technologies that showed the best performance were UASB reactor + ultrafiltration and activated sludge + ultrafiltration, producing effluents with compatible quality for agricultural reuse under Brazilian legislation.
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Albuquerque Soares, Haroldo Sávio, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Manoel Henrique Reis Nascimento. "PH Analysis of an Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in a Paper Recycling Industry." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 1062–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1967.
Abstract:
The paper industry in its production process consumes a large amount of water, and the flow of effluent is very variable, being related to the manufacturing process used in production capacity. Effluents are formed by complex mixtures of chemical compounds. The wide composition variability among the effluents from the most diverse origins, added to the market entry of numerous chemical substances every year, which will become part of the effluents, makes the complete characterization of its composition very difficult. To characterize the effluent, some parameters are analyzed, which may be physical, chemical or bacteriological. The pH, which is directly related to the coagulation efficiency, as it influences the chemistry of the coagulants, their reactions in the aqueous environment, the predominant hydrolysed species and the variation in surface charge of colloids present in the effluent, where in the aqueous system it is typically measured by use of a pH meter. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform an effluent treatment plant (ETE) analysis of a paper recycling industry, the inlet and outlet flow values of the WWTP, using the pH parameter, comparing the dry periods, flood and transition from August 2018 to July 2019. Initially, a survey of technical documents related to the effluent treatment process and the verification of the standard norms, in use in the Industry WWTP was carried out. The collections were performed bimonthly, observed at times that did not interfere in the results and identified according to CONAMA Resolution, nº 430/2011. The pH values obtained at the WWTP revealed an improvement in the quality of the effluent treated in accordance with current legislation. However, although the effluent was adequate for the release pattern, the high toxicity found in the inlet and outlet pH of the WWTP, evidences the need to define new treatment and / or control strategies to comply with the legislation regarding this parameter.
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Mary, C. Angel, and R. Leena. "A Comparative Study on Color Removal From Textile Industry Effluent Using Shrimp and Crab Shell Chitosan." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i02.027.
Abstract:
Effluent from the textile industry is a major source of water pollution. Textile effluents contain a high amount of color, turbidity, BOD, and COD, which are highly toxic and affect aquatic organisms as well as human beings. Physical and chemical treatments of these effluents are difficult and costly. Adsorption is an effective method to treat textile industry effluent. In the present study, chitosan is selected as an adsorbent, derived from the exoskeleton of marine crustaceans like shrimp and crab by chemical processing. The color was removed using chitosan from shrimp and crab shells separately. On the sixth day of treatment, shrimp shell chitosan removed 100% of color from textile industry effluent and proved to be a better adsorbent.
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ATUANYA, E. A., and V. C. KEME. "EFFLUENT QUALITIES AND B1ODEGRADATION POTENTIALS OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM HAIR-DRESSING SALON EFFLUENTS OBTAINED IN BENIN CITY." Nigerian Journal of Life Sciences (ISSN: 2276-7029) 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/njls.v1i2.53.
Abstract:
Both bacteria found on the hair and the ones found in the water used in hair treatment are the constituent of hair-dressing salon effluent. Effluent bacteriological and physico-chemical qualities together with biodegradation potentials of bacteria isolated from hair-dressing salon effluents generated in Benin City were examined. The toxicity of the effluent on test microorganism (Nitrobacter) was also determined. The mean physico-chemical values of hair-dressing salon effluent showed that salon liquid wastes can be characterized as slightly more ?industrial strength? than typical domestic waste-water. The pH values indicated the alkaline nature of the effluent (10.6 ± 0.2). The mean total suspended solid (21.5 ± 3.1mg/l) showed that the effluent contains some sludge. Major bacterial isolates isolated from the effluent include Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Data obtained showed that even though Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp had highest frequency of isolation (35.5 and 32.8% respectively), Bacillus spp. followed by Staphylococcus spp. demonstrated the highest ability to utilize salon effluent as sole carbon source. The toxicity level (24h LC50) of salon effluent was found to be very low to Nitrobacter (950 ± 50 mg/1). The ultimate biodegradable value of salon effluent (63.9 - 71.6%) indicate that effluent generally contain readily microbial oxidizable organic carbon.
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Régis, Gisela, and Ederio Dino Bidoia. "Electrolytic treatment applied to the industrial effluent containing persistent wastes monitored by Bartha respirometric assays." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 2 (March 2005): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000200020.
Abstract:
The effluent of a rubber chemical antioxidant and antiozonant producer industry, with high content of organic material was subjected to electrolytic process. To evaluate the speed of stabilization of the eletroctrolyzed effluents, and to evaluate the biodegradation the respirometric test of Bartha and Pramer was used. The monitoring of the biodegradation of the effluent, after different periods of electrolysis show that the ideal time of electrolysis was 10 and 25 min. It was concluded that the eletrolytic process was viable to diminish the adaptation time of the microorganism to the effluent and consequently increased the biodegradation of effluent.