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1
Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0107.
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Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect a poor quality trickling filter effluent and were effective at removing parasite ova and reducing virus densities. Continued use of maturation ponds should be encouraged in developed and developing countries as they have low cost, operational, maintenance and skilled operator requirements and are an effective disinfection process. Pond designs should minimize short circuiting and thus the areal requirements of the ponds.
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Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0235.
Full textAbstract:
Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect a poor quality trickling filter effluent and were effective at removing parasite ova and reducing virus densities. Continued use of maturation ponds should be encouraged in developed and developing countries as they have low cost, operational, maintenance and skilled operator requirements and are an effective disinfection process. Pond designs should minimize short circuiting and thus the areal requirements of the ponds.
3
Shelef, Gedaliah, and Adam Kanarek. "Stabilization ponds with recirculation." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0507.
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The first facultative pond in a series of stabilization ponds, or else the first part of a large pond, is sensitive to organic overloading creating anoxic or anaerobic conditions at the pond's surface, resulting in malodors and nuisances. Such adverse characteristics are usually manifested seasonally when climatic conditions change to lower temperatures and/or reduced solar irradiance. The design organic loadings on such ponds are therefore determined by the critical season and they are lowered accordingly. Introducing recirculation of effluent from a later pond in the series (usually from the second or third pond) back to the inlet of the first one, at a ratio of 1.0 - 2.5 (recirculated effluent) to 1 (raw sewage influent), can be most advantageous, as follows: (1) organic loadings on the first facultative pond in the series can reach 400-600 kg BOD5 per hectare per day (khd) during summer time and 300-400 khd as a yearly average, compared with a yearly average of 60-140 khd on ordinary facultative ponds, while still maintaining odor-free facultative conditions; (2) reseeding the first pond with active adapted algal biomass; (3) mixing the influent (which is often septic) with oxygen-rich recirculated effluent, thus enhancing the biological process in the first pond and suppressing septic odors, and (4) the increased inlet flow (by combining influent flow with the recirculated effluent) increases the area of solids (sludge) settling in the first pond. Altogether, the recirculation is manifested by reduced land requirements, better stability in pond operation, improved pond's performance and reduction or elimination of malodors and nuisances. Step feeding of the ponds further accentuates the effect of recirculation. Obviously, recirculation requires pumping (low head), energy, piping and connection to a power supply. The cost of operation and maintenance amount to US $0.01-0.02 per cubic metre of treated wastes. The advantages of recirculation nevertheless significantly outweigh the added costs. The paper describes the experience and data which have been gathered during the operation of 120 hectares of ponds with recirculation in the Dan Region (Greater Tel-Aviv) over a period of almost 20 years.
4
OMOFUNMI, O. E. "THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE SUITABILITY OF AFRICAN CATFISH EFFLUENT AS IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 16, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v16i2.1712.
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The reuse of catfish pond effluent by irrigation can make a significant contribution to the integrated management of our water resources. The study was done to evaluate African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) quality pond effluent quality and its suitability for irrigation. Forty (40) samples were collected from five ponds. Physical and chemical parameters of catfish effluent samples from selected earthen ponds were determined in accordance with the American Public Health Association standards. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that there were variations in the chemical constituents of the effluent measured in the selected ponds. The mean values of physical and chemical parameters ranged as pH (6.2 – 8.1), total dissolved solids (140 -307 mg/l); suspended solids (32 – 78 mg/l), electrical conductivity of water (0.21 – 0.48 mmhos/cm), alkalinity (45 – 138 mg/l), total nitrogen (4.5 – 6.9 mg/l), total phosphorus (0.11 – 0.35 mg/l), sodium (11 -31 mg/l), calcium (24.1 – 69.0 mg/l), potassium (0.16 – 0.41 mg/l), magnesium (8.2 -12.0 mg/l), carbonate (8 -40 mg/l), bicarbonate (20 – 95 mg/l), chloride (10.4 – 25.8 mg/l), boron (0.2 – 0.4 mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (4.4 – 8.2 mg/l). All were within acceptable limits. The African catfish effluents in the studied earthen ponds are classified as C1 – S1 water. Hence there are none degree of restriction in the application of catfish effluent for irrigation.
5
Passos, Ricardo Gomes, Marcos von Sperling, and Thiago Bressani Ribeiro. "Performance evaluation and spatial sludge distribution at facultative and maturation ponds treating wastewater from an international airport." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (May 7, 2014): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.215.
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This paper presents a performance evaluation of facultative and maturation ponds in series treating wastewater from a large and intensively used international airport in Brazil, based on 16 years of regular monitoring. The wastewater from the airport showed similar or slightly lower concentrations compared to typical domestic sewage for most of the quality parameters. The contribution of effluents with possible industrial features (aircraft toilets and hangar effluent) did not seem to have adversely affected the characteristics of the influent in terms of aptitude to biological treatment. Overall, the ponds operated under very underloaded conditions (mean loading rate of 44 kg biochemical oxygen demand/ha.d in the facultative pond) and presented a satisfactory quality in terms of effluent concentrations for most parameters. A bathymetric survey of the ponds was done manually by a low-cost measurer constructed specifically for this purpose. After 27 years of operation, only 25% and 18% of the volumes of the facultative and maturation ponds were occupied by sludge. Specific sludge accumulation rates were 0.0071 m³/passenger.year for the facultative pond and 0.00017 m³/passenger.year for the maturation pond.
6
Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, and H. A. Arridge. "The influence of pond geometry and configuration on facultative and maturation waste stabilisation pond performance and efficiency." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0474.
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Differences in length:breadth ratios (in the range of 1:1 to 6:1) and depths (from 1 to 2 m) had little effect on the performance and effluent quality (i.e. BOD, SS and FC) of secondary facultative ponds. Shallow maturation ponds (0.4 m) were more efficient at microbiological disinfection than deeper ones and could actually reduce land area requirements. KT values for faecal coliforms, salmonellae and rotavirus differed from one another in the same ponds and for different pond types. The Marais design equation for predicting faecal coliform numbers in pond effluents, although not perfect, does provide a reasonable design approach for systems containing more than two ponds in series.
7
von Sperling, M., and J. G. B. de Andrada. "Simple wastewater treatment (UASB reactor, shallow polishing ponds, coarse rock filter) allowing compliance with different reuse criteria." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.761.
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UASB reactors followed by polishing ponds comprise simple and economic wastewater treatment systems, capable of reaching very high removal efficiencies of pathogenic organisms, leading to the potential use of the effluent for unrestricted irrigation. However, for other types of reuse (urban and industrial), ponds are limited in the sense of producing effluents with high suspended solids (algae) concentrations. The work investigates a system with coarse rock filters for polishing the pond effluent. The overall performance of the system is analyzed, together with the potential for different types of reuse. The excellent results obtained (mean effluent concentrations: BOD: 27 mg/L; SS: 26 mg/L; E. coli: 450 MPN/100 mL) indicate the possibility of unrestricted use of the effluent for agriculture and restricted urban and industrial uses, according to WHO and USEPA.
8
Lawty, Richard, John de B. Ashworth, and D. Duncan Mara. "Waste stabilisation pond decommissioning: a painful but necessary decision." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (March 1, 1996): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0128.
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The Mangere (Auckland, New Zealand) waste stabilisation ponds consist of three facultative ponds in parallel followed by a similarly sized maturation pond, covering a total area of 512 ha. The ponds were commissioned in 1960 and today serve a population equivalent of 685,000. The ponds are operated on a two-to-one effluent recirculation, which is considered to lead to an unstable treatment regime which results in occasional pond failure when they become anaerobic and smell. The ponds operate as tertiary treatment to a primary and secondary plant, the latter treating up to 40 percent of the flow; the combined stream is discharged to the ponds. The effluent from the ponds is discharged to the Manukau harbour, a partially closed tidal basin. To ensure the harbour does not suffer from algal blooms, a total nitrogen effluent standard of 10 mg 1−1 is being proposed by technical advisors. Although the ponds could be uprated to produce an effluent with < 1000 faecal coliforms per 100 ml, they will be unable to meet the nitrogen requirement. It is likely, therefore, that the ponds will be replaced by an activated sludge plant and UV disinfection.
9
von Sperling, M., and L. C. A. M. Mascarenhas. "Performance of very shallow ponds treating effluents from UASB reactors." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0432.
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Polishing ponds are units conceived for the post-treatment of the effluents from anaerobic reactors, are designed as maturation ponds, and aim at a further removal of organic matter and a high removal of pathogenic organisms. The paper investigates the performance of four very shallow (H = 0.40 m) polishing ponds in series, with very low detention times (1.4–2.5 days in each pond), treating anaerobic effluent from the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The system was able to achieve excellent results in terms of BOD and E. coli removal, and good results in terms of ammonia removal, allowing compliance with European standards for urban wastewater and WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. The paper presents the values of BOD and E. coli removal coefficients, which were much higher than those found in conventional pond systems. No statistically significant difference was found in the effluent E. coli concentrations from a pond with low depth and low detention time, and another pond in parallel, with double the depth and approximately double the detention time. The results endorse the applicability of the system composed by UASB reactors followed by very shallow ponds in series, with low detention times.
10
Silva, Ana Maria Dias da, Levy de Carvalho Gomes, and Rodrigo Roubach. "Growth, yield, water and effluent quality in ponds with different management during tambaqui juvenile production." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, no. 5 (May 2007): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2007000500017.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pond management on fish feed, growth, yield, survival, and water and effluent quality, during tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juvenile production. Fish were distributed in nine 600 m² earthen ponds, at a density of 8 fish per m²; the rearing period was 60 days. Three different pond management were applied: limed and fertilized (LimFer), limed (Lim), and natural (Nat). Fish were fed with a commercial ration containing 34% crude protein three times daily. There were no significant differences in fish growth or yield. Three main items found in tambaqui stomach were insect, zooplankton and ration, without a significant difference among treatments in proportion. Alkalinity, hardness, and CO2 were greater in LimFer and Lim ponds. Chlorophyll a, transparency, ammonia, nitrite, temperature, and dissolved oxygen of pond water were not significantly different among treatments. Biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, ammonia, and nitrite were significantly greater in effluents from LimFer ponds. Pond fertilization should be avoided, because growth and yield were similar among the three pond management systems tested; besides, it produces a more impacting effluent.
11
dos Santos, Silvânia Lucas, and Adrianus van Haandel. "Transformation of Waste Stabilization Ponds: Reengineering of an Obsolete Sewage Treatment System." Water 13, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091193.
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Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are commonly used for sewage treatment. These systems are composed of a series of ponds: (1) anaerobic ponds, (2) facultative ponds, and (3) maturation ponds. WSPs generally produce good-quality effluent in terms of organic matter and pathogen removal, but their application has disadvantages. The most serious disadvantages are a long retention time, the release of biogas, and the impossibility of removing nutrients. A promising alternative to the use of WSPs is replacing the anaerobic pond and facultative pond with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, with the advantages of greatly reducing the retention time and the biogas capture. The post-treatment ponds of the UASB reactor effluent involve oxygen production and the biological consumption of carbon dioxide, which raises the pH. An experimental investigation showed that it is possible to use polishing ponds in a sequential batch regime instead of continuous flow. This modification accelerates the decay of pathogens and accelerates the increase in pH, which, in turn, facilitates the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. This produces a good-quality effluent with low concentrations of biodegradable organic material, nutrients, and pathogens. This good-quality effluent is obtained in a system without energy consumption or auxiliary materials and with a much smaller area than conventional stabilization ponds.
12
Thomas, P. R., and H. O. Phelps. "Aeration and Water Hyacinths in Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0155.
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The investigation was based on two facultative stabilization ponds initially designed to operate in parallel, and now receive wastewater in excess of their capacities from a fast expanding housing estate in the Caribbean Island of Trinidad. Because of the deterioration of the effluent quality relative to acceptable standards, an attempt was made to upgrade the ponds using water hyacinths at the early stages. However, from the results, it was clear that the introduction of water hyacinths in the test pond did not lead to any substantial improvement in the effluent because of the high loading on the pond. Therefore the ponds were modified to operate in series with surface aerators installed in the first pond. Initially, the effluent quality was monitored in terms of total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, faecal coliform bacteria, pH and dissolved oxygen with aeration in the first pond and no aquatic plants in the second pond. Although there was a significant improvement in the effluent quality, the values remained above the standards. As a result, water hyacinths were introduced in the second pond and the effluent quality monitored together with aeration in the first pond. The effluent quality improved with total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand values both as low as 10 mg/l in certain months, but additional treatment was needed to reduce faecal conforms.
13
Raper, W. G., and J. M. Green. "Simple process for nutrient removal from food processing effluents." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0127.
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Food processing effluents often contain high levels of nutrients, particularly N. Conventionally, anaerobic ponds are used to purify these effluents in Australia, giving cost-effective removal of BOD but little nutrient removal. It has become apparent that disposal by irrigation as presently practised normally exceeds sustainable N application rates, thus reduction of nutrient levels before irrigation is becoming mandatory. Meatworks effluent is often discharged to country town sewers, frequently accounting for 50-75% of the nutrient load. Meatworks effluents contain 1,000-4,000 mg/L BOD, 200-400 mg/L TKN and 20-50 mg/L P. Conventional BNR technology can readily remove nutrients from such effluents, either alone or in combination with anaerobic ponds but sludge handling on such a small scale poses economic problems. Laboratory scale trials showed that both BOD removal from meatworks effluent and sludge disposal could be achieved readily in conventional anaerobic ponds. The pond effluent, together with the town sewage if required, could be treated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) designed for nitrification/denitrification service. Optimisation of the anaerobic pond operation was required to ensure production of the minimum BOD:N ratio needed for N removal. This paper will describe the design and commissioning of two plants; a demonstration plant installed at a typical sized meatworks in Gippsland, Victoria, and a full scale plant for treatment of combined domestic sewage and effluent from a large meatworks at Longford, Tasmania. In neither case (for different reasons) has P removal yet been required. It was demonstrated that 98% of BOD and up to 95% N removal may be cheaply and readily achieved in the SBR. Where lagoons are used, levels of N suitable for river discharge can be achieved. P can be readily removed by alum treatment when required.
14
Grimason, A. M., H. V. Smith, G. Young, and W. N. Thitai. "Occurrence and removal of Ascaris sp. ova by waste stabilisation ponds in Kenya." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (March 1, 1996): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0124.
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A study was conducted to determine the occurrence of Ascaris sp. ova in municipal wastewater and their removal by a variety of waste stabilisation pond systems in the republic of Kenya. A total of 52 wastewater samples were examined for the presence of ova, comprising 10 raw wastewater and 42 pond effluent samples over a two month period during 1990. Ascaris sp. ova were detected in 6 out of 10 designated pond systems examined. In raw wastewater, ova concentrations ranged from 17.5 to 133.3 ova/l and in pond effluents from 0.7 to 88.9 ova/l. Although the majority of ova were removed in primary ponds that received raw wastewater, ova were detected in pond effluents with estimated hydraulic retention times far in excess of estimated settling rates for Ascaris. The occurrence of ova in pond effluent samples suggested that in these multi-pond systems, estimated cumulative retention periods of 12.4 (Eldoret), 26.2 (Dandora) and 17.8 (Nakuru) days, respectively, were required to achieve an effluent free of Ascaris sp. ova. Laboratory experiments were performed to assess physico-chemical and microbiological parameters to provide an indication of pond performance.
15
Cavalcanti, P. F. F., A. van Haandel, and Gatze Lettinga. "Polishing ponds for post-treatment of digested sewage part 1: flow-through ponds." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0229.
Full textAbstract:
Polishing ponds are used to improve the quality of effluents from efficient anaerobic sewage treatment plants like UASB reactors, so that the final effluent quality becomes compatible with legal or desired standards. The residual organic material and suspended solids concentrations in the digested sewage are reduced, but often the main objective of polishing ponds is to improve the hygienic quality, measured by the concentration of two indicator organisms: helminth eggs and faecal coliforms (FC). The FC removal is normally the slowest process and for that reason becomes the main design criterion for a polishing pond. By contrast in conventional waste stabilisation pond (WSP) systems the organic material removal is the governing design parameter. The feasibility of operating a single polishing pond for the post-treatment of UASB effluent is shown in this paper and the final effluent quality as a function of the retention time is discussed. Even under the most adverse weather conditions (several weeks of rain) the population of algae remained stable and produced enough oxygen to maintain a predominantly aerobic environment. The final effluent TSS and BOD concentrations were not very low for retention times of less than 1 week, but this could be attributed to the presence of algae in the final effluent. Filtered effluent BOD and TSS concentrations were very low. For retention times of more than 1 week algae were efficiently removed from the liquid phase by the action of predators and algae flocculation and settling, so that a final effluent with a very low BOD and TSS concentrations was produced. To maximise the FC removal efficiency the polishing pond was constructed with the objective of approaching a plug flow regime. However, the observed efficiency was well below the expected value for all retention times, which was attributable to imperfections of the flow regime. From tracer studies it was established that the dispersion number was in the range of 0.14 to 0.16, which means that moderate mixing occurred, even though the pond was designed to avoid mixing as much as possible. Also the dead volume fraction ranging from 0.12 to 0.15 was quite considerable. Due to these imperfections the required retention time for an effluent to be used in unrestricted irrigation was produced for a retention time of about 10 days, twice the value of the minimum retention time for a batch or true plug flow pond. Although the plug flow regime could not be approached in practice, the required retention time of 10 days is still very much shorter than the value used in conventional WSPs (20 to 30 days).
16
Zhoorov, Vladimir, and Dmitri Zhookov. "Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater in Biological Ponds." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0110.
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Stabilization ponds for tertiary treatment of wastewater are characterised by low concentration of biomass and low rates of biodegradation processes.As in such condition the power requirements for effective mixing of the pond's content are 10–15 times superior to those necessitated by oxygen supply, it is sometimes considered that the introduction of artificial aeration into the pond's system is uneconomical. Nevertheless, analysis of the factors determining performance and efficiency of ponds shows that power requirement for aeration could be significantly increased by raising the oxidation capacity of the pond, while those for mixing purposes could be noticeably reduced by choosing the suitable equipment and appropriate manner of aeration. The first becomes possible through maintaining the highest concentration of biomass admissible from the standpoint of better separation of suspended solids from the effluent and by intensifying biochemical processes of treatment. The second is achievable by using intermittent aeration, dependent on the settleability of biomass, and suitable aerating equipment. This paper considers some analytical and practical aspects of such approach to the problem of determining detention time and capacity of an artificially aerated pond that could ensure required quality of the effluent expressed in terms of BOD and SS concentration parameters. All the main engineering features of this approach,such as the arrangement of a pond in three units(operated in series), two of which are aerated and the third one is designated for SS separation; the augmentation of pond's depth up to 5–6 m in order to reduce its surface area and, subsequently, the heat losses through it; the determination of biomass concentration on the basis of its settleability and of admissible SS concentration in the effluent; the employment of floating mechanical aerators designed to perform “ to and fro motion ” in its zone of influence, are reflected in a proposed series of equations, forming the method of calculation of aerated stabilization ponds.
17
Ouazzani, N., K. Bouhoum, L. Mandi, L. Bouarab, Kh Habbari, F. Rafiq, B. Picot, J. Bontoux, and J. Schwartzbrod. "Wastewater treatment by stabilization pond: Marrakesh experiment." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0462.
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This paper presents results of two years of investigations on three types of wastewater stabilization pond treatment systems, purifying a raw urban wastewater, in the arid climate of Marrakesh. The systems tested were: two lined water hyacinth ponds, two lined facultative ponds and one anaerobic pond. During the course of the experiment, organic load, nutrients and parasitical load were studied. Results show that the macrophytic ponds were more efficient to reduce organic load (90% of TSS and 78% of COD) that the microphtic ponds; these ones were more efficient to eliminate nutrients (NTK 71%, NH4 60%, Ptotal 80% and PO4 62%). The anaerobic pond presents a lower efficiency, less than 40% for organic and less than 20% for nutrients. About sanitary concerns, all of the year, the macrophytic and microphytic pond effluents correspond to B category (WHO, 1989). The anaerobic pond yields B category effluent except in autumn when it corresponds to C category.
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Barzily, Ahuva, and Yehuda Kott. "Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Elevated Temperature Oxidation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0012.
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Oxidation ponds are commonly used as an inexpensive method for wastewater treatment. The overall treatment results are measured in terms of pH, oxygen concentration, number and type of algae, and order of magnitude of coliform bacteria reduction. It is often found that pond water temperatures, especially in the summer, reach levels which cause a rapid die-off of pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of the current study was to follow the die-off of pathogenic bacteria in an elevated temperature experimental oxidation pond. Raw wastewater was pumped from a suburban main sewer to the Environmental Engineering Department's pilot plant installations and was introduced daily into two experimental oxidation ponds to give a detention time of 10 - 12 days. One pond was held at 42 - 45°C whilst the other served as a control at ambient temperatures. Salmonellatyphimurium was introduced daily into the two ponds. In another set of experiments, the Salmonella were kept in dialysis bags placed in the ponds. The dialysis bags were filled with saline, control pond effluent, or raw wastewater. The results showed that it is very difficult to isolate the bacteria from the pond effluent. The number of Salmonella bacteria in the dialysis bags in the elevated temperature pond decreased by a few orders of magnitude within days. The Salmonella in the control pond survived for longer. It is thought that the high temperature and adverse environmental conditions caused the rapid die-off of the bacteria in the elevated temperature pond. Taking into account the fact that the numbers of the various pathogenic bacteria in nature are much smaller than the numbers introduced into the experimental ponds, it is thought that effluents from oxidation ponds operating at temperatures in the range 40 - 45°C will not contain any pathogenic bacteria.
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Johnson, M., and D. D. Mara. "Aerated rock filters for enhanced nitrogen and faecal coliform removal from facultative waste stabilization pond effluents." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0436.
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Facultative waste stabilization ponds in the UK, loaded at 80 kg BOD/ha day, produce effluents which comply with the European Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (i.e., ≤25 mg filtered BOD/l and ≤150 mg SS/l). However, the Environment Agency of England and Wales typically requires a higher effluent quality of ≤40 mg/l unfiltered BOD and ≤60 mg/l SS, both on a 95-percentile basis. An ammonium-nitrogen requirement might also be applied. Traditionally, maturation ponds and reedbeds have been used to upgrade facultative pond effluents, requiring large land areas. This paper describes and compares aerated and unaerated rock filter performance for BOD, SS, nitrogen and faecal coliform removals, and highlights the land-saving opportunities as maturation ponds and reedbeds become redundant.
20
Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, A. Konig, R. de Oliveira, S. W. Mills, D. J. Smallman, and S. A. Silva. "Water Column Sampling as a Rapid and Efficient Method of Determining Effluent Quality and the Performance of Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0134.
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Diurnal series of samples of the effluent and the total in-pond water column of facultative and maturation ponds were analysed for COD, suspended solids, faecal coliforms, chlorophyll and ammonia with a view to finding the most efficient way of obtaining reliable mean daily effluent quality data. The results show that individual samples representative of the entire depth of the pond water column taken at any time of day provided reasonably accurate mean daily effluent values for all the parameters measured when compared with the mean values for effluent quality calculated from a series of grab effluent samples collected throughout the day. The same could not be said for the individual grab effluent samples since they varied considerably. The reasons for these differences are discussed as are the benefits of pond water column sampling for monitoring a number of series of ponds at different locations.
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Grimason, A. M., H. V. Smith, W. N. Thitai, P. G. Smith, M. H. Jackson, and R. W. A. Girdwood. "Occurrence and Removal of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts and Giardia spp. Cysts in Kenyan Waste Stabilisation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0329.
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This study was designed to determine tlie occurrence and removal of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts, in municipal waste-water by waste stabilisation ponds in tlie Republic of Kenya. Eleven waste stabilisation pond systems located in towns across Kenya were included. A total of 66 waste-water samples were examined for the presence of oocysts and cysts, comprising 11 raw waste-water and 55 pond effluent samples over a two month period. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in 6 and Giardia spp. cysts in 9 of the designated pond systems analysed demonstrating their ubiquitous nature throughout Kenya. Oocyst levels detected in raw waste-water samples ranged from 12.5 - 72.97 oocysts/l and various pond effluents between 2.25 - 50 oocysts/l. Cyst levels detected in raw waste-water samples ranged from 212.5 to 6212.5 cysts/l and in various pond effluents from 3.125 to 230.7 cysts/l. No Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in the final effluent from any pond systems studied (11/11). Whereas no Giardia spp. cysts were detected in the final effluent from 10 of 11 waste stabilisation pond systems studied, one pond system was found to be consistently discharging cysts in the final effluent at concentrations ranging from 40 to 50 cysts/l. The minimum retention period for the removal of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts was 37.3 days. Laboratory experiments were performed to assess physico-chemical and microbiological parameters to express relationships between pond performance and protozoa removal.
22
Smith, E., S. Hegazy, and N. El-Aassar. "Pond treatment and effluent reuse of sewage from an oil production site in an arid coastal environment." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0082.
Full textAbstract:
A pond system consisting of two lines each of an anaerobic followed by facultative and maturation ponds is used to treat site sewage from oil and gas production operations in an arid coastal environment. The performance of the pond system was evaluated together with the suitability of treated effluent for reuse in local irrigation. Effluent from the pond system by-and-large satisfies criteria for irrigation of non-food crop plants with respect to chemical parameters. The primary problem is coliform bacteria levels which are an order of magnitude higher than preferred values. First-order decay rate constants for each pond were calculated from a mass balance model that assumes complete mixing and incorporates the considerable evaporation that occurs in this setting. While the anaerobic ponds of both lines exhibit suitable performance, rate calculations indicate that the facultative and maturation ponds of the East Line are performing better than the West. A tracer study of the facultative and maturation ponds indicates that some short-circuiting is occurring in the West Line. A field experiment of coliform transport in irrigated soil gives indications of short- and long-term risks associated with reuse of the effluent.
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Bucksteeg, K. "German Experiences with Sewage Treatment Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0121.
Full textAbstract:
In Germany there are both highly industrialized regions with large towns as well as extended rural areas with small communities. Most of these communities need regular sewage disposal systems. Sewage treatment plants have to be adapted to special situations in rural villages. Ponds fulfil the requirements in an excellent way. Many hundred of ponds are in operation and three kinds of pond systems are in use:▸facultative ponds (more than 1000 plants) for serving less than about 1000 i+ie*;▸artificially aerated ponds (more than 300 plants) for treating sewage of about 1000 to 10000 i+ie especially when food industries are connected or as an individual solution for those industries;▸ponds combined with trickling filters or rotating bio-filters (more than 100 plants) as a solution for treating preferably domestic sewage from about 1000 to 4000 i+ie. Lay out, design figures, recommendations for construction and operation, effluent results anc costs are presented on the basis of experiences with numerous plants. Actual effluent results are considerably below German Effluent Quality Standards. Facultative ponds with 10 m2/ie specific surface area produce the following effluent quality: COD ≤ 90 mg/L, BODr ≤ 25 mg/L, NH4≤N = 15 mg/L, PO4-P ≤ 6 mg/L. Heavy algae blooms cause an increase of effluent concentrations: 100 µg Chlorophyll-α represent about 9 mg COD and 3 mg BOD5 on the average.
24
Lopez, Ernesto R., Rao Y. Surampalli, Shankha K. Banerji, and Charles J. Pycha. "Phosphorus removal in ponds." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0502.
Full textAbstract:
The municipal lagoon treatment systems which remove phosphorus by chemical addition are the subject of this special study. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of success of lagoon treatment systems in removing phosphorus and to identify any operational problems. In order to obtain basic data for this study, thirty-two lagoon treatment systems in Michigan and Minnesota were investigated. Chemicals typically used for phosphorus removal include metal salts such as aluminium sulfate (alum), ferrous and ferric chloride, lime, and various polymers. The overall experience with these lagoon systems is that the technology, in its various configurations, has been working very well. Of the thirty-two lagoon treatment facilities reviewed, only two facilities were having problems meeting consistently the effluent phosphorus limits. Generally, the permitted effluent phosphorus limit is 1 mg/l. The influent phosphorus concentrations varied between 0.5 and 15 mg/l. Alum and ferric chloride applications produced consistently high quality effluents while lime applications were not as effective in removing phosphorus. None of these lagoon treatment systems experienced problems with build-up of sludges to levels which affected the effluent concentrations. Accumulated amounts were an inch or less per year, consistent with solids build-up in the primary lagoon cells.
25
Escalante, V., G. Moeller, and A. Rivas. "Pond evaluation and upgrading in Mexico." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0605.
Full textAbstract:
Half of the wastewater facilities constructed in Mexico for wastewater treatment and projected to be constructed in the next ten years, are waste stabilisation pond systems. The existing facilities have several problems in their operation. A national programme was developed by federal and local authorities responsible for sanitation and treatment for the monitoring and evaluation of the existing pond systems. The aim of the programme was the monitoring and evaluation of pond performance and effluent quality of a number of waste stabilisation ponds systems in different regions in Mexico and to upgrade and expand them if necessary. The programme was developed during 1998 and the specific sites selected were distributed within the country in the southern, central and northern part of Mexico. The evaluation of the specific ponds led to the production of a series of case studies on the various pond systems selected, that were discussed and jointly developed with local technicians in charge of the operation of the facilities. The case studies developed were: Gómez Portugal pond system located in the state of Aguascalientes, constituted by a baffled facultative pond; Guadalupe Victoria pond system located inthe State of Durango and constituted by a primary facultative, a secondary facultative and a third facultative pond; La Reforma pond system in Sinaloa, with two facultative ponds in series; González Ortega pond system in the State of Baja California Norte, with four anaerobic and four facultative ponds, and Chapilla pond system, located in the state of Chiapas. Plant effluents are intended for several purposes: irrigation and for discharge into receiving bodies. Effluent quality complies only with BOD limits, but not with microbiological limits established in national standards. For each pond, an upgrading plan is presented to comply with microbiological standards for discharge or for its use in irrigation.
26
Oliveira, S. M. A. C., and M. von Sperling. "Reliability analysis of stabilisation pond systems." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.343.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents a reliability analysis of 116 full-scale pond systems in Brazil, comprising 73 primary facultative ponds and 43 anaerobic–facultative pond systems. A methodology developed by Niku et al. (1979) is used for the determination of the coefficients of reliability, in terms of the compliance of effluent BOD, COD, TSS and FC to discharge standards or effluent quality targets. The design concentrations necessary to meet the prevailing discharge standards and the expected compliance percentages have been calculated from the coefficients of reliability obtained. The results showed that few units, under the observed operating conditions, would be able to present reliable performances in terms of compliance with the analyzed standards. For the four constituents (BOD, COD, TSS and FC) and both systems (facultative ponds and anaerobic-facultative systems), the variability of the effluent quality was very large, leading to a high variability of the coefficient of variation (CV) and the coefficient of reliability (COR). The effluent quality from the facultative ponds showed a larger distance to both the desired values and the discharge standard values, compared with the anaerobic–facultative systems.
27
Pearson, H. W., S. T. Silva Athayde, G. B. Athayde, and S. A. Silva. "Implications for physical design: the effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0429.
Full textAbstract:
Studies on experimental primary facultative ponds showed that varying the depth from 1.25 m to 2.3 m had no effect on the rates of BOD removal. In contrast k values for FC removal rates were higher in the shallower (1.25 m) facultative ponds. The risk of odour release via H2S production was higher in the 2.2 m ponds than the 1.25 m ponds and NH3 removal was much better in the 1.25 m facultative ponds. A comparison of the efficiency of shallow 5-pond series (1.0 m and 0.61 m deep) with a 2.2 m deep series showed that the shallow systems were more efficient at FC removal, but the deeper series actually saved land area for the same FC final effluent quality under tropical conditions. However, efficient nutrient removal (N and P) only occurred in the shallow series and effluent standards for nutrient concentrations are unlikely to be met by 2.2 m deep 5-pond series in contrast to the norms for pathogen removal.
28
Dixo, N. G. H., M. P. Gambrill, P. F. C. Catunda, and A. C. van Haandel. "Removal of pathogenic organisms from the effluent of an upflow anaerobic digester using waste stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0496.
Full textAbstract:
A series of four pilot-scale, shallow waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), comprising one facultative followed by three maturation ponds with a total design retention time of 20 days, was monitored to observe its ability to remove pathogenic organisms from the effluent of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) digester. The UASB reactor received strong domestic wastewater from the shanty district of a city in north-east Brazil. The raw wastewater had a very high concentration of intestinal nematode eggs of which, on average, 89.6 percent were removed in the UASB reactor. No intestinal nematode eggs were recovered in the effluent of the first maturation pond, making it suitable for restricted irrigation. The removal of eggs in the first pond exceeded predictions made using a recently published model. Faecal coliforms (FC) were reduced by 4.7 log units on average in the pond series -- the final effluent being suitable for unrestricted irrigation. pHs exceeding 10 were attained in the final maturation pond at the sunniest time of day. There was a significant correlation between levels of pH and FC in the ponds, the latter being ≤ 1000 per 100 ml when the former was ≥ 9.1. The removal of FC in the ponds was linear over the range of pH encountered. The findings are consistent with recent work by others suggesting that FC removal in ponds is multi-factorial. The UASB reactor, with a retention time of 7 h, is an efficient primary treatment alternative to an anaerobic pond in a WSP series receiving an extremely strong domestic wastewater. There are potential advantages of using the former in preference to the latter in a series of ponds.
29
Thomas, P. R., and H. O. Phelps. "A Study of Upgrading Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0190.
Full textAbstract:
A study was carried out in one of the two facultative stabilization ponds operating in parallel and receiving domestic sewage in excess of their capacities. Effluent quality from the pond was monitored in terms of the parameters total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, dissolved oxygen and faecal coliform bacteria before and after the introduction of water hyacinths. No significant improvement in effluent quality was observed after the introduction of the water hyacinths. High loading on the pond did not permit to upgrade the effluent quality to acceptable standards by the use of water hyacinths. Although the research is continuing some results and recommendations are given.
30
Bastos, R. K. X., E. N. Rios, F. L. Dornelas, F. A. L. Assunção, and L. E. Nascimento. "Ammonia and phosphorus removal in polishing ponds: a case study in Southeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.344.
Full textAbstract:
Ammonia and phosphorus removal were evaluated over four years monitoring of an experimental wastewater treatment plant in Brazil: initially a UASB reactor (real scale) + three shallow polishing ponds (pilot scale), afterwards a UASB + submerged aerated biofilter (BF) (real scale) + the same pond series. Shallow ponds (h < 0.90m) provided considerable ammonia removal, but phosphorus removal was somewhat poorer. An equation was derived for the estimation of ammonia pond effluent, based on the same assumptions of the well known Pano and Middlebrooks model. According to the experimental data, an effluent suitable for aquaculture should be achieved with retention time of 25 days.
31
Boutin, P., A. Vachon, and Y. Racault. "Waste Stabilization Ponds in France: An Overall Review." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0122.
Full textAbstract:
In 1983 and 1986, surveys were conducted all over France on wastewater stabilization by “natural” ponds (lagoons), including an almost exhaustive inventory of the 1400 plants then operating. The statistical interpretation of collected data made it possible to analyse the spread of this technique, which became truly popular only ten years ago, and to discern the usual design basis and regional features. With a mean plant area of 5500 m2, lagoons are usually restricted to the treatment of effluents from rural communities, with the exception of large plants in coastal touristic areas. Partially planted ponds are a competing alternative to conventional algal lagooning. Current conditions of pond management are reviewed, with results of effluent quality.
32
Craggs, R. J., R. J. Davies-Colley, C. C. Tanner, and J. P. Sukias. "Advanced pond system: performance with high rate ponds of different depths and areas." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0129.
Full textAbstract:
Many domestic Wastewater Stabilisation Ponds (WSPs) or oxidation ponds in New Zealand require upgrading to reduce pollution of receiving waters. Advanced Pond Systems (APS) consisting of an Advanced Facultative Pond, High Rate Pond, Algae Settling Pond and Maturation Pond may provide a cost effective upgrade option. This paper presents the results of a 2-year study of the performance of two pilot APS systems with High Rate Ponds of different depths and areas. The HRPs of the APS systems both had the same flow rate (5 m3 d-1), volume (37.5 m3) and thus hydraulic retention time (7.5 d). However, the East HRP had an operating depth of 0.30 m and a surface area of 128 m2, and the West HRP had an operating depth of 0.45 m and a surface area of 85 m2. APS system performance was compared in terms of improvement of water quality. For nearly all parameters measured, there was little difference in performance between the two systems suggesting that the system with the smaller area could be used without affecting treatment. Comparison of final effluent with typical effluent of New Zealand WSPs showed that APS effluent was of higher quality and much less variable over time.
33
Mohedano, R. A., R. H. R. Costa, S. M. Hofmann, and P. Belli Filho. "Using full-scale duckweed ponds as the finish stage for swine waste treatment with a focus on organic matter degradation." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 10 (March 14, 2014): 2147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.136.
Full textAbstract:
The rapid increase in the number of swine has caused pronounced environmental impacts worldwide, especially on water resources. As an aggregate, smallholdings have an important role in South American pork production, contributing to the net diffusion of pollution. Thus, duckweed ponds have been successfully used for swine waste polishing, mainly for nutrient removal. Few studies have been carried out to assess organic matter degradation in duckweed ponds. Hence, the present study evaluated the efficiency of two full-scale duckweed ponds for organic matter reduction of swine waste on small pig farms. Duckweed ponds, in series, received the effluent after an anaerobic biodigester and storage pond, with a flow rate of 1 m3 day−1. After 1 year of monitoring, an improvement in effluent quality was observed, with a reduction in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), respectively, of 94.8 and 96.7%, operating at a loading rate of approximately 27 kgBOD ha−1 day−1 and 131 kgCOD ha−1 day−1. Algae inhibition due to duckweed coverage was strongly observed in the pond effluent, where chlorophyll a and turbidity remained below 25 μg L−1 and 10 NTU. Using the study conditions described herein, duckweed ponds were shown to be a suitable technology for swine waste treatment, contributing to the environmental sustainability of rural areas.
34
Chin, K. K., S. L. Ong, and S. C. Foo. "A Water Treatment and Recycling System for Intensive Fish Farming." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0034.
Full textAbstract:
Rain water was collected from storm drains and after filtration was stored at an earth pond. The pond water was the main source of fresh water supply for intensive fish cultivation. To conserve the limited water resources, effluent from fish cultivating ponds was treated and recycled for reuse. With proper blending of water from the storing earth pond and recycling of the water between the fish ponds and the fish lagoon, water quality at the fish ponds and the lagoon was maintained at acceptable levels. Although fresh water replenishing rate was low there was no serious buildup of metals and total solids in the fish ponds.
35
Babu, M. A., M. M. Mushi, N. P. van der Steen, C. M. Hooijmans, and H. J. Gijzen. "Nitrification in bulk water and biofilms of algae wastewater stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.354.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen removal in wastewater stabilization ponds is poorly understood and effluent monitoring data show a wide range of differences in ammonium. For effluent discharge into the environment, low levels of nitrogen are recommended. Nitrification is limiting in facultative wastewater stabilization ponds. The reason why nitrification is considered to be limiting is attributed to low growth rate and wash out of the nitrifiers. Therefore to maintain a population, attached growth is required. The aim of this research is to study the relative contribution of bulk water and biofilms with respect to nitrification. The hypothesis is that nitrification can be enhanced in stabilization ponds by increasing the surface area for nitrifier attachment. In order to achieve this, transparent pond reactors representing water columns in algae WSP have been used. To discriminate between bulk and biofilm activity, 5-day batch activity tests were carried out with bulk water and biofilm sampled. The observed value for Rnitrbulk was 2.7 × 10−1 mg-N L−1 d−1 and for Rbiofilm was 1,495 mg-N m−2 d −1. During the 5 days of experiment with the biofilm, ammonia reduction was rapid on the first day. Therefore, a short-term biofilm activity test was performed to confirm this rapid decrease. Results revealed a nitrification rate, Rbiofilm, of 2,125 mg-N m−2 d−1 for the first 5 hours of the test, which is higher than the 1,495 mg-N m−2 d−1, observed on the first day of the 7-day biofilm activity test. Rbiofilm and Rnitrbulk values obtained in the batch activity tests were used as parameters in a mass balance model equation. The model was calibrated by adjusting the fraction of the pond volume and biofilm area that is active (i.e. aerobic). When assuming a depth of 0.08 m active upper layer, the model could describe well the measured effluent values for the pond reactors. The calibrated model was validated by predicting effluent Kjeldahl nitrogen of algae ponds in Palestine and Colombia. The model equation predicted well the effluent concentrations of ponds in Palestine.
36
Possmoser-Nascimento, Thiago Emanuel, Valéria Antônia Justino Rodrigues, Marcos von Sperling, and Jean-Luc Vasel. "Sludge accumulation in shallow maturation ponds treating UASB reactor effluent: results after 11 years of operation." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (May 19, 2014): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.224.
Full textAbstract:
Polishing ponds are natural systems used for the post-treatment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) effluents. They are designed as maturation ponds and their main goal is the removal of pathogens and nitrogen and an additional removal of residual organic matter from the UASB reactor. This study aimed to evaluate organic matter and suspended solids removal as well as sludge accumulation in two shallow polishing ponds in series treating sanitary effluent from a UASB reactor with a population equivalent of 200 inhabitants in Brazil, operating since 2002. For this evaluation, long-term monitoring of biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids and bathymetric surveys have been undertaken. The ponds showed an irregular distribution of total solids mass in the sludge layer of the two ponds, with mean accumulation values of 0.020 m3 person−1 year−1 and 0.004 m3 person−1 year−1 in Ponds 1 and 2, leading to around 40% and 8% of the liquid volume occupied by the sediments after 11 years of operation. The first pond showed better efficiency in relation to organic matter removal, although its contribution was limited, due to algal growth. No simple input–output mass balance of solids can be applied to the ponds due to algal growth in the liquid phase and sludge digestion in the sludge.
37
Saidam, M. Y., S. A. Ramadan, and D. Butler. "Upgrading waste stabilization pond effluent by rock filters." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0505.
Full textAbstract:
Pilot-scale rock filters were constructed at the outlet of a large waste stabilization pond facility in Jordan. Their viability in upgrading the ponds' effluent was studied over a period of eleven months. This was done through studying the efficiency of four different types of locally available inexpensive materials placed in six filters and configured in three trains. The efficiency of each filter and the three combinations was evaluated. Results show that the filters can reduce the ponds' effluent content of TSS and BOD5 by 60%, TFCC by a maximum of 94% and T-P by 46%. This was achieved with a loading of 0.033-0.044 kgTSS/m3.d at an average temperature of 25 °C. Of the four media, the wadi gravel medium (3-23 cm) performed best. It was concluded that rock filters constitute a promising upgrading technique for pond effluent.
38
Frassinetti, Paula, Cavalcanti Catunda, and Adrianus C. van Haandel. "Improved performance and increased applicability of waste stabilisation ponds by pretreatment in a UASB reactor." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (March 1, 1996): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0133.
Full textAbstract:
Traditionally waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) are built as flow-through systems with an anaerobic, a facultative and one or more maturation ponds in series. The anaerobic pond can be substituted with great advantage by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The practical advantages are that the required volume for the UASB reactor is much smaller than the anaerobic pond (20 to 30 times) and that the biogas in the UASB reactor is captured, so that odour problems can be eliminated. The UASB reactor is neighbour friendly and can be used in densely populated areas. The UASB reactor is more efficient than the anaerobic pond, so that the residual organic load is small and the subsequent pond configuration can be designed with the specific purpose of eliminating pathogens. By adopting a plug flow regime, the required area for a particular hygienic effluent quality can be greatly reduced. Also, since the UASB effluent has good transparency, photosynthesis in the ponds is intense and pH increases due to biological carbon dioxide consumption, accelerating the death rate of pathogens and opening the possibility of reducing nutrients: Nitrogen by desorption of gaseous NH3 and phosphorus by phosphate precipitation. The fact that an odour free system with a high quality effluent can be produced in relatively small system composed by a UASB reactor + maturation ponds, increases the applicability of this system for sewage treatment in urban areas. As operation of both UASB and ponds is very simple, several small treatment plants instead of one large central unit may be constructed. Thus a very significant of the sewerage network may be achieved.
39
Banerji, Shankha K., and Brent Ruess. "Evaluation of Waste Stabilization Pond Performance in Missouri and Kansas, U.S.A." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0124.
Full textAbstract:
Twenty waste stabilization ponds in Missouri and Kansas were evaluated as to their ability to meet the State effluent requirements. It was found that a large number of these ponds were violating the BOD or the suspended solids requirements on many occasions. The performance of these ponds did not correlate well with the traditional design parameters, such as BOD loading rates or mean hydraulic detention time. The use of multiple cells was also not found to be advantageous in all situations. Some of the pond design equations did not provide a valid method of estimating their performance. Effluent polishing methods are necessary to remove excess suspended solids during the critical summer months.
40
Pearson, H. W. "Expanding the horizons of pond technology and application in an environmentally conscious world." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (March 1, 1996): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0116.
Full textAbstract:
Waste stabilisation pond technology has advanced greatly in terms of application and reliability and this has come from the wealth of modern research. Pond technology can be designed to meet exacting effluent standards and can treat both domestic sewage and a wide range of industrial wastewaters. They are now very much on a par with other wastewater treatment technologies. A wide range of pond types now exist allowing for flexibility in design and optimisation of the process to meet a particular applications or set of conditions. Ponds can be made to combine treatment and effluent storage and are the best and cheapest option for treating wastewaters for subsequent reuse in aquaculture and agriculture. Ponds can be designed to produce large quantities of algal biomass for animal and potential human consumption and for energy production via methane. Ponds are thus a modern wastewater reclamation and resource recovery technology in tune with current environmental thinking.
41
Guttman-Bass, N., N. M. Noe, and B. Fattal. "Microbiological Content and Health Effect of Fishponds Enriched with Wastewater Effluent." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0131.
Full textAbstract:
During July to December 1980, a study was carried out on kibbutzim (cooperative agricultural settlements) in Israel, to determine the microbiological quality and health effect of fishponds enriched with human wastewater. Ponds on seven kibbutzim were sampled, two of which were chosen for intensive study: one (B231) used domestic wastewater effluent as a fish pond supplement, while the other (C252) used only animal wastes as a supplement. Thirty-eight (38) water samples were assayed for total and fecal coliform. The use of wastewater in the ponds did not consistently increase the levels of the indicator bacteria, in comparison with unenriched ponds. Fish were assayed for coliform and fecal coliform levels in their intestinal tracts and muscle tissue. No consistent difference was found as a result of wastewater enrichment. Salmonella strains were isolated from ponds or fish not exposed to human wastewater, while enteroviruses (poliovirus) were isolated from water from a pond enriched with human wastewater. Analysis of morbidity data showed no significant excess in enteric disease rates among the total population or among fishpond workers on kibbutzim using wastewater for fishpond enrichment, in comparison with kibbutzim not using human wastewater in their fishpond.
42
Ødegaard, H., P. Balmer, and J. Hanæus. "Chemical Precipitation in Highly Loaded Stabilization Ponds in Cold Climates: Scandinavian Experiences." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0129.
Full textAbstract:
Results both from a pilot-plant investigation and from full-scale stabilization ponds operating with phosphate precipitation are presented. Since the removal of organic matter by coagulation is more important than that by biodegradation, the ponds may be heavily loaded. Biodegradation, during winter can be improved by pond aeration, and chemical precipitation in an aerated pond may give a very good and stable effluent.
43
Shelef, G., and Y. Azov. "Meeting stringent environmental and reuse requirements with an integrated pond system for the twenty-first century." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0666.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIt is a long sought desire to modernize stabilization pond systems by increasing their efficiency to control malodors, to save land requirements and to improve their effluent quality, particularly for reuse purposes, while still capitalizing on natural energy saving processes such as anaerobiosis and photosynthesis. A full-scale demonstration modern integrated pond system was constructed in the town of Arad (22,000 inhabitants) located in the Negev desert of Israel. The integrated pond system is composed of the following units: (1) anaerobic covered ponds of which one is of the “submerged tent” novel design, including biogas collection and utilization for heating the bottom sludge; (2) two facultative ponds with internal recirculation; (3) a two stage rock filter to biologically remove excess algal biomass from the effluent; (4) three storage reservoirs operating in a sequential array of “fill, stay, draw”, and (5) a seasonal reservoir. The final effluent is aimed at irrigation of various agricultural crops.
44
García, J., R. Mujeriego, A. Bourrouet, G. Peñuelas, and A. Freixes. "Wastewater treatment by pond systems: experiences in Catalonia, Spain." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0603.
Full textAbstract:
An evaluation of the 24 existing pond systems for treatment of urban wastewater in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain) was conducted in 1997-1998. The evaluation covered 13 aerated ponds, 7 waste stabilization ponds (WSP), and 4 maturation ponds added to conventional biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The technical characteristics of the pond systems were obtained through a survey completed during several visits to the plants. Performance data was supplied by the Catalonia Wastewater Agency and the monthly monitoring campaigns conducted during 12 months in five WWTP. The average ratio of water surface to population equivalent (p-e) is 1.3 m2/p-e for aerated ponds, 9.6 m2/p-e for WSP and 1.7 m2/p-e for maturation ponds added to conventional WWTP. Average electrical energy consumption is 0.5 kW.h/m3 for aerated ponds and 0.04 kW.h/m3 for WSP (when wastewater has to be pumped from the sewer). Most of the WSP show an inadequate level O & M, because the very limited operator attendance (0.6 h/dayon average) as compared to aerated ponds (3.2 h/day on average). Effluent quality of aerated ponds (31 mg SS/l and 22 mg BOD5/l, on average) is usually better that of WSP (100 mg SS/l and 67 mg BOD5/l, on average). Most of the WSP are overloaded, with only two of the pond systems receiving less than 50 kg BOD5/ha. Facultative WSP show a better performance than anaerobic WSP; anaerobic WSP have very high overloading conditions (with more than 250 kg BOD5/ha.d). Average effluent quality of all the pond systems studied comply with European Union standards.
45
de Assunção, Fernando Augusto Lopes, and Marcos von Sperling. "Importance of the ammonia volatilization rates in shallow maturation ponds treating UASB reactor effluent." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 6 (September 1, 2012): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.303.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed at determining the influence of ammonia volatilization on nitrogen removal in polishing (maturation) ponds treating sanitary effluent from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. An apparatus for the capture and absorption of volatilized ammonia in three polishing ponds in series was installed. Volatilized ammonia was captured by a chamber on the surface of the ponds and dissolved in boric acid solution, in order to estimate the amount of ammonia per unit surface area of each pond. Low rates of volatilization, below 0.2 kg/ha.d, in about 75% of samples from all the ponds, were observed. The mass balance of ammonia nitrogen of the ponds showed that the volatilization represented only about 2% of the total removal of nitrogen from the polishing ponds. The results obtained suggest that ammonia volatilization was a mechanism of little importance in nitrogen removal in the investigated polishing ponds.
46
Puskas, K., I. I. Esen, I. Banat, and R. Al-Daher. "Performance of an Integrated Ponding System Operated in Arid Zones." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 7-9 (April 1, 1991): 1543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0608.
Full textAbstract:
This research project was aimed at developing a ponding system for municipal wastewater treatment adapted to arid regions. High-rate algal ponds preceded by facultative ponds create a combined biological system that can provide treated effluent suitable for landscape irrigation or, after being upgraded, for agricultural irrigation; the system can also provide algae for soil conditioning or animal feed. A pilot plant was designed and constructed to study the operation and performance of the system, an intensive experimental program was introduced with in-situ measurements of the daily pond conditions and laboratory analysis of the pond effluents to evaluate the system and determine the design parameters. The algal-bacterial ponding system performed satisfactorily providing treated effluent with less than 20 mg/l BOD, 130 mg/l COD, 40 mg/l total nitrogen and 25 mg/l NH3N. The average production of algal biomass was 250 kg/ha.d. Proper disinfection was achieved, indicated by average bacterial count of 5 N/ml total coliforms and 1000 N/ml total bacteria. The area's seasonal weather variations, dense wastewater and fluctuating organic and hydraulic load, did not adversely effect the system. The pilot operation proved the advantages and efficiency of the algal-bacterial pond system in arid regions.
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Henry-Silva, Gustavo Gonzaga, and Antonio Fernando Monteiro Camargo. "Efficiency of aquatic macrophytes to treat Nile tilapia pond effluents." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 5 (October 2006): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000500003.
Full textAbstract:
The effluents from fish farming can increase the quantity of suspended solids and promote the enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of three species of floating aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta) to treat effluents from Nile tilapia culture ponds. The effluent originated from a 1,000-m² pond stocked with 2,000 male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The treatment systems consisted of 12 experimental tanks, three tanks for each macrophyte species, and three control tanks (without plants). Water samples were collected from the: (i) fish pond source water, (ii) effluent from fish pond and (iii) effluents from the treatment tanks. The following water variables were evaluated: turbidity, total and dissolved nitrogen, ammoniacal-N, nitrate-N, nitrite-N, total phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus. E. crassipes and P. stratiotes were more efficient in total phosphorus removal (82.0% and 83.3%, respectively) and total nitrogen removal (46.1% and 43.9%, respectively) than the S. molesta (72.1% total phosphorus and 42.7% total nitrogen) and the control (50.3% total phosphorus and 22.8% total nitrogen), indicating that the treated effluents may be reused in the aquaculture activity.
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Fallowfield, H. J., N. J. Cromar, and L. M. Evison. "Coliform die-off rate constants in a high rate algal pond and the effect of operational and environmental variables." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0273.
Full textAbstract:
High rate algal ponds (HRAPs) are an adaptation of waste stabilisation ponds, in which increased treatment efficiency and reduced pond area are achieved by optimising conditions for algal photosynthetic oxygen production. If the treated effluent is subsequently to be reused for irrigation of crops and recreational areas, from a public health viewpoint it is important to reduce the risk of contamination by pathogenic organisms. The microbiological quality of effluents is traditionally assessed by enumerating the coliform group of organisms. Die-off rate constants (Kb) of 0.35 − 2.34 d−1 were measured for E.coli in outdoor ponds operating on synthetic sewage mix with acetate as the carbon source (260 kg COD ha−1 d−1) at a range of depths from 12 to 34 cm. There were significant positive effects of pH, irradiance and pond depth on Kb. Light penetration throughout the pond depth was calculated and shown to be a useful parameter for the prediction of Kb. Multiple regression equations describing the influence of these environmental parameters on die-off rate constant were derived. Dry matter concentration negatively affected light penetration but had a positive influence upon pH. Pond operating conditions to maximise E.coli die-off are discussed.
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Dias, D. F. C., M. P. de Matos, R. G. Passos, V. A. J. Rodrigues, and M. von Sperling. "Upgrading and evaluation of a simple pond system for small communities with simple interventions to reduce land requirements and increase performance." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.004.
Full textAbstract:
The study covers different investigations related to the upgrading of a post-treatment system for the effluent from a upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. The original post-treatment scheme comprised three ponds in series and a small coarse rock filter inserted in the last pond. Upgrading involved reducing the pond depths, applying baffles in the second pond and converting all of the third pond into a rock filter (three decreasing grain sizes). The system was conceived for 250 population equivalents, occupied an area of only 1.5 m2/inhabitant and aimed at very good removals of all major wastewater constituents. Overall final effluent concentrations for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were very good, and lower than those from the previous treatment line. Hydraulic flow patterns in both ponds showed daily thermal stratification and destratification periods. The conversion of the third pond into a rock filter increased the removal capacity of TSS (algae), but could potentially result in clogging, a phenomenon that was evaluated by a geophysical method called Georadar. The influence of accumulated sludge on treatment performance was tested before starting the operation of the upgraded system by operating the two ponds in parallel (one with sludge accumulated after 11 years of operation and the other without sludge). In this test, ammonia removal was virtually the same in both ponds.
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Oron, Gideon, Louw R. Wildschut, and Dan Porath. "Waste Water Recycling by Duckweed for Protein Production and Effluent Renovation." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1985): 803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0181.
Full textAbstract:
Waste water treatment and recycling facilities are becoming increasingly necessary in arid zones, especially in the light of the shortage of conventional water sources. The simultaneous treatment of waste water and the production of duckweed in a pond system, as an alternative protein source, is an attractive proposition for solving the feed and water shortage problem. Outdoor experiments conducted in mini-ponds showed that duckweed ponds may be highly competitive with existing secondary treatment methods. The duckweed biomass, with a crude protein content of above 30% (dry weight), may be used as an alternative source for animal feed. The ease of the duckweed harvesting makes the system even more economically attractive. The work describes the basic outdoor biotechnology aimed at eliminating the superior organic loading in the pond as given by the ratio of COD and NH+4 in the raw domestic sewage. This ratio was examined in respect to the retention time of the wastes in the ponds and protein production by the floating vascular plant biomass.