Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effluent ponds'

Wastewater stabilization ponds have gained popularity as a means of secondary wastewater treatment because of their low cost and simplicity of operation and maintenance, in addition to several other advantages. However, the presence of algae in the effluent from facultative ponds may cause undesirable environmental impacts, such as DO depletion or eutrophication, in water bodies to which this effluent is discharged. Thus, regulations and/or the adverse environmental impacts of effluents containing algae sometimes necessitate reduction or removal of algae from pond effluents. Many methods have been used for the purpose of removal of algae from wastewater stabilization pond effluent. Upflow rock filtration and coagulationsedimentation have been investigated in this research. In the past, mechanisms of removal of algae in rock filters and factors that affect the removal process have not been well explained. Design of these filters has not been related mathematically to the operating variables. Three pilot rock filters were built for the purpose of this research. The first filter was filled with rock of 1 cm average diameter, the second and third filters were filled with 5 cm and 10 cm average diameter rock, respectively. Five different hydraulic loadings were applied to these filters, with variable influent characteristics and under different environmental conditions. The results of this research have shown that gravitational settling and hydrodynamic forces are the most important mechanisms affecting removal of algae in upflow rock filters. Also, a method of design of unisize-media upflow rock filters for removal of algae from facultative pond effluent has been established. The cost of coagulant has been the main disadvantage of the process of coagulation-sedimentation for algae removal from wastewater stabilization pond effluent. In this research, jar tests were carried out to determine the effect of settling time and/or addition of kaolinite or bentonite with the primary coagulant, alum, on the optimum dose of this primary coagulant required for removal of algae from facultative pond effluent. Both increase in settling time and coagulant aids, namely kaolinite and bentonite, have reduced optimum alum dose. Kaolinite and bentonite, applied as low-cost primary coagulants, were also effective in removing algae from facultative pond effluent. From the very limited experiments carried out at the end of this research, it was shown that crossflow microfiltration has some potential as a process for algae removal from facultative pond effluent. A mathematical model has been developed in this work to describe the eutrophic state of King Talal Reservoir in Jordan. The model predicts that even elimination of phosphorus from the effluent of Al-Samra Wastewater Stabilization Ponds will not bring the reservoir into an oligotrophic state.

Odours caused by intensive piggery operations have become a major environmental issue in the piggery industry in Australia. Effluent ponds are the major source of odours in typical piggeries. It is assumed that the odour emissions from ponds are mainly driven by pond loading rate. However, there are few data to corroborate this concept. Allied to this is the need for a convenient and low cost method of odour measurement, which can be used as an alternative method for current olfactometry. The present odour measurement methods using olfactometry is time-consuming, expensive and often impractical because of its fundamental problem of using subjective human panels. In addition, one of the major problems in odour measurement lies in the air sampling method. Wind tunnels have been accepted as a preferred method for the sampling of odour from area sources. However, current wind tunnels do not consider meteorological factors, which directly affect the odour emission rates. A machine-based odour quantification method and a novel wind tunnel were developed and evaluated in this Ph D study. These methods were then used in a demonstration trial to investigate the effects of pond loading rate on odour emissions. The AromaScan A32S electronic nose, and an artificial neural network were used to develop the machine based odour quantification method. The sensor data analysed by the AromaScan were used to train an ANN, to correlate the responses to the actual odour concentration provided by a human olfactometry panel. Preprocessing techniques and different network architectures were evaluated through network simulation to find an optimal artificial neural network model. The simulation results showed that the two-layer back-propagation neural network can be trained to predict piggery odour concentrations correctly with a low mean squared error. The trained ANN was able to predict the odour concentration of nine unknown air samples with a value for the coefficient of correlation, r2 of 0.59. A novel wind tunnel was developed for odour sampling. The USQ wind tunnel was designed to have a capability to control wind speed and airflow rate. The tunnel was evaluated in terms of the aerodynamics of the airflow inside the tunnel, nd the gas recovery efficiency rate, in order to further improve the performance of the wind tunnel. The USQ wind tunnel showed that sample recovery efficiencies ranging from 61.7 to 106.8%, while the average result from the entire trial was 81.1%. The optimal sample recovery efficiency of the tunnel was observed to be 88.9% from statistical analysis. Consequently, it can be suggested that the tunnel will give estimates of the odour emission rate with significant level of precision. However, the tunnel needs to be calibrated to compensate for the error caused by different airflow rates and odour emission rates. In addition, the installation of a perforated baffle upstream of the sampling section was suggested to improve its performance. To investigate the relationship between the pond loading rate and odour emission rate, replicable experimental studies were conducted using a novel experimental facility and the machine based odour quantification method. The experimental facility consisted of reactor vessels to simulate the operation of effluent ponds and the USQ wind tunnel for odour sampling. A strong relationship between organic loading rate (OLR) and physical and chemical parameters was observed except pH and NH3-N. The pH was not affected by OLR due to the buffering capacity of piggery effluent. EC and COD were suggested as indicators to estimate the operating condition of the piggery effluent ponds because the regression results show that these two parameters can be predicted accurately by OLR. The time averaged odour emission rates from the reactor vessels showed a strong relationship with OLR. Consequently, it can be concluded that heavily loaded effluent ponds would produce more odours. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was examined. The HRT was increased from 30 days to 60 days, resulting in a significant decrease in odour emission rates from the reactor vessels. This decrease ranged from 59.1% to 54.9%, with an average of 57.1%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the increasing HRT will decrease the odour emission rate. This trial confirmed the value of the project methodology in obtaining unambiguous data on odour emission processes. However, more data are required for a wider range of OLR, HRT and other pertained variables before a usable model can be formulated.

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2008.
Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-08T22:52:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziele.pdf: 800609 bytes, checksum: a78917e56fee21a2cd42824b8e828291 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-08-21T17:14:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziele.pdf: 800609 bytes, checksum: a78917e56fee21a2cd42824b8e828291 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-21T17:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziele.pdf: 800609 bytes, checksum: a78917e56fee21a2cd42824b8e828291 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
As fazendas de cultivo de camarões com altas densidades, liberam efluentes com altas cargas de nutrientes, provocando a degradação da qualidade da água. Isto gera preocupação a respeito do lançamento de efluentes dos cultivos. Em vista disto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um sistema integrado de bacia de sedimentação e biofilme na remoção de nutrientes. O estudo foi realizado em ambiente aberto, durante 45 dias. Foram utilizados três tratamentos: a) tratamento TC, sem substrato vertical; b) tratamento T50, superfície interna das caixas aumentada em 50% e c) tratamento T100, superfície interna das caixas aumentada em 100%. As caixas foram abastecidas com o efluente de um cultivo de camarão. Diariamente foram medidos o pH, a salinidade, o oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e a temperatura. Durante os primeiros 15 dias as coletas foram feitas a cada 5 dias, após esse período as coletas de água foram a cada 2 dias, e de biofilme diariamente. As análises de amônia foram feitas em todos os dias de amostragem. As análises de nitrito, nitrato e fosfato, foram feitas de todas as coletas até o 15º dia, e após esse período a cada 6 dias. Do biofilme, a matéria seca foi determinada de todos os dias coletados. A clorofila a analisada a cada 5 dias. E a estimativa de ciliados e flagelados nos dias 5, 10, 15 e 20. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos TC e T50 reduziram mais de 80% da amônia e fosfato em 10 dias. O tratamento T100 nos primeiros dias apresentou os menores valores de OD, pH e clorofila a, provocando um pico nas concentrações de amônia e fosfato, retardando a remoção destes nutrientes. Para todos os tratamentos após o 15º dia a concentração de fosfato sofreu uma elevação que se manteve até o final do experimento. Concluindo que ao dobrar a área disponível para fixação de biofilme há uma dificuldade de circulação nos tanques, e um aumento da respiração microbiana, tornando o sistema menos eficiente. Já a bacia de sedimentação sem biofilme, ou com 50% de acréscimo de substrato, ambos são eficientes. Portanto, o efluente deve permanecer na bacia de sedimentação por um tempo mínimo de 10 dias, mas não ultrapassando 15 dias, para não haver elevação nos níveis de fosfato.
The shrimp farms with high densities, release effluents with high loads of nutrients, causing water quality degradation. This creates concern about the release of effluents of cultures. In this work, we aimed to assess the efficiency of an integrated system of settling ponds and biofilm in the nutrients removal. The study was conducted in an open environment, for 45 days. We used three treatments: a) treatment TC, without vertical substrate b) treatment T50, inner surface of the tanks increased by 50% and c) treatment T100, inner surface of the tanks increased by 100%. The tanks were supplied with the effluent of a shrimp culture. Daily were measured pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (OD) and temperature. During the first 15 days the collections were made every 5 days, after that period the collection of water were every 2 days, and biofilm daily. Analyzes of ammonium were performed on all days of sampling. Analyzes of nitrite, nitrate and phosphate, were made of all collections until the 15 th day, and after this period every 6 days. Of the biofilm, the dry matter was determined in every day collected. The chlorophyll-a reviewed every 5 days. And the estimate of ciliates and flagellates on days 5, 10, 15 and 20. The results showed that the treatments TC and T50 reduced more than 80% of ammonium and phosphate in 10 days. The treatment T100 in the first few days showed the lowest values of OD, pH and chlorophyll-a, causing a peak in the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate, delaying the removal of these nutrients. For all treatments after the 15 th day the concentration of phosphate has an elevation which remained until the end of the experiment. Concluding that to double the area available for setting biofilm there is a difficulty in circulation in tanks, and an increase in microbial respiration, making the system less efficient. Already the settlement ponds without biofilm, or with 50% increase in substrate, both are effective. Therefore, the effluent must remain in the basin settling ponds for a minimum time of 10 days but not exceeding 15 days, for no elevation in the levels of phosphate.

No presente trabalho foi empregada a aritmÃtica fuzzy com NFTs para o cÃlculo do Ãndice de ConcordÃncia Fuzzy (ICF) e do Risco Fuzzy (RF), com fins de anÃlise de aspectos operacionais, desempenho e qualidade dos efluentes de 14 ETEs do tipo lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo (6 lagoas facultativas primÃrias - LFPs e 8 sÃries- LSs) em escala real, tratando esgotos domÃsticos. A lÃgica fuzzy provou ser um recurso eficiente na avaliaÃÃo do desempenho de ETEs e suas compatibilidades ambientais. O estudo propiciou tambÃm uma melhor compreensÃo do funcionamento operacional de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo. Exceto por dois sistemas (LFP4 e a LS8) o ICF mostrou que as LFPs e LSs operaram em mÃdia 81,3 e 86,3% do tempo, abaixo do valor estipulado em projeto. Nestas seriam possÃveis incrementos mÃdios de vazÃo de 74,7 e 84,5%, respectivamente. Quanto Ãs cargas orgÃnicas afluentes () os valores de ICF mostraram a possibilidade de acrÃscimos de 91,8 e 71,9%, para as LSs e LFPs, respectivamente. Sobre a qualidade dos efluentes, o OD obteve os maiores valores de ICF (LSs = 0,945 e LFPs = 0,867). Os valores de ICF para qualidade do efluente tratado foram mais elevados nas sÃries, com maior concordÃncia fuzzy com as normas ambientais. O risco fuzzy concernente à sobrecarga (orgÃnica e hidrÃulica) foi maior nas sÃries. Individualmente, os sistemas LFP4 e LS8 apresentaram maior risco difuso de sobrecarga, por operarem sob condiÃÃes prÃximas Ãs estabelecidas em projeto. O RF para anÃlise de desempenho mostrou que as ETEs tiveram perfomance um pouco abaixo do que observa a literatura tÃcnica. Os menores valores de RF foram observados nos sistemas em sÃrie. O risco difuso para nÃo atendimento das expectativas de desempenho foi maior em relaÃÃo a SST (0,929 nas LFPs e 0,903 nas LSs), seguido de amostras nÃo filtradas de DQO (0,846 nas LFPs e 0,677 nas LSs). Na violaÃÃo das normas ambientais o RF tambÃm foi maior nas LFPs. Observou-se que nas sÃries, quanto maior o nÃmero de lagoas menor o RF. CorrelaÃÃes lineares positivas (nÃvel de significÃncia de 95%) mostraram que quanto menor o conteÃdo de DBO e DQO (amostras nÃo filtradas), e de SST, menor o risco difuso em relaÃÃo a CTm. No caso do RF para pH e CTm a correlaÃÃo foi negativa. Foi estabelecido um Ãndice de Desempenho Fuzzy (IFD) para lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, para comparar a qualidade dos efluentes das ETEs. O modelo propÃs uma escala (1 a 18) baseada nos parÃmetros DBOf, DQOf, SST, AMT, OD e CTm. Os resultados apresentaram o seguinte ordenamento: IFD LFP3 (2,09) < IFD LFP2 (2,15) < IFD LFP4 (2,30) < IFD LFP5 (3,49) < IFD LFP1 (3,62) < IFD LFP6 (4,96) < IFD LS5 (9,59) < IFD LS8 (9,67) < IFD LS4 (9,72) < IFD LS3 (10,01) < IFD LS1 (10,38) < IFD LS2 (13,57) < IFD LS6 (15,49) < IFD LS7 (15,69). A anÃlise do RF para ovos de helmintos mostrou que para uma margem e risco difuso de atà 10% seria necessÃrio um TDH de 28,8 dias com oH ≤ 1,0 ovo/L e 38,0 dias com oH ≤ 0,1 ovo/L. Em duas sÃries (LS5 e LS8) o cÃlculo de ICF e RF em relaÃÃo à qualidade do efluente de cada lagoa componente permitiu observar distinÃÃes impostas pela configuraÃÃo e condiÃÃo operacional de cada uma dessas ETEs. Nas citadas sÃries os NFTs foram empregados para avaliar r de DBO e AMT. As representaÃÃes mostraram taxas de remoÃÃo superficial com valores negativos, que ofereceram uma interpretaÃÃo anÃmala de geraÃÃo de poluente por via fÃsica ou biÃtica. A causa foi a assincronia entre as concentraÃÃes afluentes e efluentes, associadas à flutuaÃÃes nas vazÃes, e, de forma indireta, a fatores climÃticos e hidrÃulica das lagoas.
In the present study fuzzy arithmetic via triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) was applied to compute Fuzzy Agreement Index (FAI) and Fuzzy Risk (FR) for the evaluation of operational aspects, performance and effluent quality in 14 full-scale waste stabilization pond plants (6 primary facultative ponds â PFPs and 8 pond series- PSs) treating domestic sewage. Findings showed that fuzzy logic is an attractive approach for the evaluation of the performance of wastewater treatment plants and their environmental compatibilities. The study also provided a better understanding of operational aspects of waste stabilization ponds. Except for two pond systems (PFP4 and PS8) the FAI in PFPs and PSs showed that they operated on average 81.3 and 86.3% of the time below the value stipulated in their original designs. Results indicated average potential increments of 74.7 and 84.5% in influent flow rates to PFPs and PSs, respectively. With respect to organic load () FAI numbers indicated possible increases of 91.8 and 71.9% in PSs and PFPs respectively. In the case of the regulatory standards the FAI applied to effluent quality had best results for DO (PSs = 0.945 and PFPs = 0.867). In general pond series had higher numbers for FAI than PFPs. The fuzzy risk regarded to overloading (organic and hydraulic) was higher in pond series. Comparatively, systems PFP4 and PS8 showed higher fuzzy risk of overloading because these plants operated close to the design numbers. The FR on performance analysis showed that all ponds plants had actual performance slightly below that expected and reported by the literature. The lowest FR values were observed in pond series. On the performance analysis the highest fuzzy risk numbers were for TSS (0.929 in PFPs and 0.903 in PSs), followed by unfiltered COD (0.846 in PFPs and 0.677 in PSs). As expected, fuzzy risk regarded to the violation of environmental standards was higher in PFPs. In pond series by increasing number of cells FR was lower. Positive linear correlations (at a significance level of 95%) showed that lower content of BOD and COD (unfiltered samples), and TSS implied in lower FR with respect to termotolerant coliform concentrations (TTFC). Correlations between FR of pH and TTFC were negative. A Fuzzy Performance Index (FPI) was proposed to compare effluent quality with respect to the environmental standard regulation. The model considered a scale (1-18) based on the following parameters: BODf, CODf, TSS, TAN, DO and TTFC. The results showed the following order: FPI PFP3 (2.09) < FPI PFP2 (2.15) < FPI PFP4 (2.30) < FPI PFP5 (3.49) < FPI PFP1 (3.62) < FPI PFP6 (4.96) < FPI PS5 (9.59) < FPI PS8 (9.67) < FPI PS4 (9.72) < FPI PS3 (10.01) < FPI PS1 (10.38) < FPI PS2 (13. 57) < FPI PS6 (15.49) < FPI PS7 (15.69). The analysis of FR for helminth eggs showed that for a marginal fuzzy risk of 10% pond systems would require a HRT of 28.8 days for oH ≤ 1.0 egg/L, and 38.0 days for oH ≤ 0.1 egg/L. In two series (LS5 and LS8) the FAI and FR with respect to effluent quality from each pond component provided distinctions imposed by the configuration and operational status in each of these plants. Along pond cells in these series BOD and TAN surface removal rates (r) were represent by TFNs. These fuzzy numbers showed negative surface removal rates. They offered an anomalous interpretation for pollutant generation via physical or biotic means. The probable and reasonable cause was the asynchrony between affluent and effluent concentrations, associated with fluctuations in flow rates. Climatic factors and hydraulic behavior of ponds might also influence this.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoisesAFQ_DISSERT.pdf: 1322817 bytes, checksum: d69733a37de991cb265f0cf0939bee27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This research evaluated the microalgae removal produced in a stabilization pond system using biofilters as post-treatment, besides characterizing the effluents of stabilization ponds and filters in relation to concentrations of algal biomass (chlorophyll a and suspended solids), organic matter (BOD and COD), total phosphorus, orthophosphate, pH and dissolved oxygen, and tried to correlate physicochemical parameters with chlorophyll "a". It was held at the Ponta Negra ETE which is constituted by three stabilization ponds, with a primary facultative pond and two of maturation. For the algae removal were used two submerged bio-filters: the filter FPF (Facultative Pond Filter), fed with facultative pond effluent; and the filter MPF (Maturation Pond Filter), fed with second maturation pond effluent. The filling material of both filters was predominantly gravel no. 2, although it contains portions of gravel no. 1 and no. 3. The filters operating conditions were bad, they were nearly 10 years without maintenance, without cleaning or removal of sludge since the time of its construction, and part of the filling material may be obstruct. Despite poor operating conditions were obtained satisfactory results, in level of posttreatment. Removal efficiencies in relation to BOD and COD were 7 and 25% in FPF and 9 and 19% and in MPF, respectively. In relation to TSS efficiencies in MPF and FPF were 37 and 20%, respectively. As for the chlorophyll "a" removal, the FPF efficiency was 44% and the MPF was 40%. There was 50% of consumption of dissolved oxygen, on average, within the filters. Two profiles were performed in the filters, and it was possible to conclude that variations throughout the day were not statistically significant, and that, regardless of the time of collection, they would have the same representation comparing to the time of data collection (7 am) and the daily average, although individual variations throughout the day have been shown to be significant. Another important observation is that the correlations between Chlorophyll a and TSS were bigger and more significant in the effluent of the filters than in the effluent of the ponds
A pesquisa avaliou a remo??o das microalgas produzidas em um sistema de lagoas de estabiliza??o utilizando biofiltros como p?s-tratamento, al?m de caracterizar os efluentes de lagoas de estabiliza??o e dos filtros no tocante ?s concentra??es de biomassa algal (clorofila a e s?lidos suspensos), mat?ria org?nica (DBO e DQO), ortofosfato, f?sforo total, pH e oxig?nio dissolvido, e buscou correlacionar os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos com a clorofila a . Foi realizada na ETE Ponta Negra que ? constitu?da por tr?s lagoas de estabiliza??o, sendo uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria e duas de matura??o. Para a remo??o das algas, foram utilizados dois biofiltros submersos: o filtro FLF -alimentado com efluente da lagoa facultativa; e o filtro FLM - alimentado com efluente da segunda lagoa de matura??o. O material de enchimento de ambos os filtros foi predominantemente brita n? 2, apesar de conter por??es de brita n? 1 e n? 3. As condi??es operacionais dos filtros eram p?ssimas, pois estavam h? quase 10 anos sem manuten??o, sem limpeza ou remo??o do lodo desde a ?poca da constru??o, podendo parte do material de enchimento estar colmatado. Apesar das condi??es operacionais prec?rias foram obtidos resultados satisfat?rios, em n?vel de p?s-tratamento. As efici?ncias de remo??o em rela??o ? DBO e DQO foram de 7 e 25% no FLF e 9 e 19% no FLM, respectivamente. Em rela??o aos SST as efici?ncias no FLF e FLM foram de 37 e 20%, respectivamente. Quanto ? remo??o de clorofila a , a efici?ncia no FLF foi de 44% e no FLM foi de 40%. Houve o consumo de 50% do oxig?nio dissolvido, em m?dia, no interior dos filtros. Foram realizados dois perfis nos filtros, e foi poss?vel concluir que as varia??es ao longo do dia n?o foram estatisticamente significativas, e que, independentemente do hor?rio da coleta, teriam a mesma representatividade ao comparar com o hor?rio da coleta da pesquisa (7 horas da manh?) e a m?dia di?ria, embora as varia??es pontuais ao longo do dia tenham se mostrado expressivas. Outra importante observa??o foi que as correla??es entre Clorofila a e SST foram maiores e mais significativas nos efluentes dos filtros do que nos efluentes das lagoas

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T19:40:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Acelina Soares- 2013.pdf: 4480998 bytes, checksum: 897237b936fb021759ca673026bddec5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T20:20:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Acelina Soares- 2013.pdf: 4480998 bytes, checksum: 897237b936fb021759ca673026bddec5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T20:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Acelina Soares- 2013.pdf: 4480998 bytes, checksum: 897237b936fb021759ca673026bddec5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09
Water treatment plants (WTP) inevitably generates waste (WTPS) that must be disposed properly, however due to its characteristics can be reused in other processes such as polishing the effluent of stabilization ponds.This work was developed with the intention of use this waste in the wastewater treatment stabilization ponds, which have good characteristics of organic matter removal, but low efficiency in nutrient removal. Assays were performed in Jar Test equipment, wherethefactors: concentrations of the residue, gradient speed, pH and the time of mixing and sedimentation were varied. It was observed the influence of each factors in the removal of phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen organic, nitrate, COD, turbidity and true color. To obtain sufficient volume for analyze the residue formed after the addition of effluent from maturation pond with water treatment plant sludge (WTPS), sedimentation tests were performed on an acrylic column, using the natural pH of the effluent and a pH modified to 6,0. The residue formed in sedimentation test and the WTPS were characterized as structure and composition. The Jar Test assays showed that there was greater removal of total phosphorus (48,04%), COD (49,39%) and color (50,79%), and that the parameters and the factors had significantly influence in the removal.The waste from sedimentation tests and WTPS consist mainly of sand, silt and clay, and its structures are composed of the minerals kaolinite, halloysite and halite. It was concluded that the use of WTPS to polish the effluent from stabilization ponds proves to be a good alternative to the disposal of this waste, assisting in the removal of quality parameters of treated wastewater.
As estações de tratamento de água (ETAs) inevitavelmente geram resíduos que devem ser dispostos adequadamente, porém devido as suas características podem ser reutilizados em outros processos, como no polimento do efluente de lagoas de estabilização. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de utilizar esse resíduo no tratamento do efluente de lagoas de estabilização, que são sistemas que apresentam boa remoção de matéria orgânica, porém baixa eficiência na remoção de nutrientes. Os ensaios foram realizados em equipamento Jar Test onde foram variados as concentrações do resíduo, o gradiente de velocidade, o pH e os tempos de mistura e sedimentação. Foi observada a influência de cada um desses fatores na remoção de fósforo total, nitrogênio amoniacal orgânico, nitrato, DQO, cor verdadeira e turbidez. Para obter volume suficiente para a análise do resíduo formado após adição do resíduo da ETA (RETA) ao efluente da lagoa de maturação, foram realizados ensaios de sedimentação em coluna de acrílico, utilizando o efluente in natura e o efluente com pH modificado para 6,0. O resíduo formado nesse ensaio e o RETA foram caracterizados quanto a estrutura e composição. Os ensaios Jar Test demonstraram que houve maior remoção dos parâmetros fósforo total (48,04%), DQO (49,39%) e cor verdadeira (50,79%), e que os fatores analisados influenciam significativamente na remoção e interagem entre si. Os resíduos dos ensaios de sedimentação e o RETA são constituídos majoritariamente por areia, seguida de silte e argila e suas estruturas são compostas pelos minerais caulinita, haloisita e halite. Concluiu-se que a utilização do RETA para o polimento de efluentes de lagoas de estabilização demonstra ser uma boa alternativa para a disposição desse resíduo auxiliando na remoção de parâmetros de interesse de qualidade de esgoto tratado.

Introdução - A prática de reúso pela aplicação de esgotos tratados na agricultura atualmente é considerada parte integrante dos recursos hídricos por muitas nações. No entanto, oferece riscos à saúde da população pela presença de bactérias, cistos de protozoários, ovos de helmintos e vírus, capazes de sobreviver por longos períodos em ambientes desfavoráveis e apresentarem um curto tempo entre a infecção e o desenvolvimento da doença. Objetivo - Estabelecer medidas preventivas para o lançamento de efluentes nos ecossistemas aquáticos, controle sanitário na redução de patógenos transmitidos por águas contaminadas e a disposição de efluentes tratados em solos tropicais como ferramentas de auxílio do manejo integrado dos recursos hídricos em bacias hidrográficas, por meio do uso de metodologia de gerenciamento de risco com aplicação do Sistema APPCC, em um conjunto de tecnologias na produção de efluente tratado de esgoto de origem doméstica para avaliar o potencial de emprego em solos agrícolas. Métodos - A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na estação de tratamento de esgoto e no campo experimental para pesquisas de utilização de efluente na agricultura no município de Lins. Os indicadores biológicos estudados e os pontos de amostragem foram determinados através da utilização da metodologia de controle de qualidade Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC). Foram coletadas amostras do solo irrigado e dos poços de monitoramento do lençol freático. As amostras foram submetidas a análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e parasitológicas. Aos resultados obtidos foi aplicada a Avaliação Quantitativa do Risco Microbiológico, para a determinação do risco anual de infecção. Resultados - O efluente final apresentou concentrações médias de 8,13x105 NMP/100 mL de coliformes totais e 4,69x105 NMP/100 mL de Escherichia coli, não sendo observados ovos de helmintos. O solo apresentou maior concentração de coliformes totais e E. coli na camada superficial 1,01x106 e 8,70x103, diminuindo ao longo da profundidade. Os ovos de helmintos foram encontrados entre a superfície e os 15 cm de profundidade em concentrações entre 0,07 e 0,87 ovos/g de peso seco. Foi constatada a presença de adenovírus em concentração de 3,56x105 cópias genômicas/g entre os 5 e 10 cm de profundidade em 2015. Nos poços de monitoramento foram constatadas concentrações de coliformes totais variando entre < 1,00 e 1,01x103 NMP/100 mL e E. coli entre <1,00 e 1,00x100 NMP/100 mL. Não foi observada a presença de vírus entéricos. O risco anual de infecção estimado para E. coli no efluente final foi 1,02x10-2 pppa, no solo variou entre 2,68x10-3 e 7,59x10-3 pppa e nos poços de monitoramento variou entre 1,42x10-8e 4,38x10-9 pppa. Para os ovos de helmintos observados no efluente do tratamento primário o risco anual de infecção calculado foi 4,04x10-2 pppa e no solo variou entre 9,57x10-1 e 9,76x10-1 pppa. Conclusões No período da pesquisa, as amostras dos sistemas de tratamento de esgoto e de irrigação demonstraram atender as expectativas de remoção de patógenos condizentes aos seus parâmetros de projeto, havendo restrições para seu lançamento em corpos hídricos e aplicação na agricultura. O solo mostrou capacidade de retenção dos organismos patogênicos nos primeiros 60 cm de profundidade, reduzindo as suas concentrações a níveis inferiores a 1,00 NMP/100 mL nos aquíferos.
Introduction - Currently, the practice of reuse through the application of treated sewage in agriculture considers an integral part of water resources for many nations. However, threatens the health of the population by the presence of bacteria, protozoan cysts, helminth eggs and viruses able to survive for long periods in harsh environments and present a short time between infection and development of disease. Objective - Establish preventive measures for the release of effluents on aquatic ecosystems, sanitary control in the reduction of pathogens transmitted by contaminated water and the disposal of treated effluent in tropical soils as aid tools in integrated management of water resources in river basins. For this purpose it was employed as risk management methodology the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points system (HACCP) in a set of technologies in the treated effluent production of domestic sewage to assess the employment potential in agricultural soils. Methods - The study was conducted in the sewage treatment plant and in an adjoining experimental field situated at Lins city. The biological indicators and the sampling points were determined by using the quality control methodology Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). Samples of irrigated soil and groundwater monitoring wells were collected. The samples were subjected to analysis, physical-chemical, microbiological and parasitological. The results obtained was applied to Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QRMA), for determining the annual risk of infection. Results - The final effluent presented average concentrations of 8.13x105 MPN / 100 mL of total coliforms and 4.69x105 MPN / 100 mL of Escherichia coli, not being observed helminth eggs. The soil showed the highest concentration of total coliforms and E. coli in the surface layer and 1.01x106 8.70x103, decreasing along the depth. Eggs from helminths were found between the surface and 15 cm depth in concentrations from 0.07 to 0.87 eggs / g dry weight. It was found the presence of adenovirus in concentration 3.56x105 genomic copies / g between 5 and 10 cm depth in 2015. In monitoring wells total coliform concentrations were found ranging from <1.00 and 1.01x103 NMP / 100 mL and E. coli between <1.00 and 1.00x100 MPN / 100 mL. It was not observed the presence of enteric viruses. The estimated annual risk of infection to E. coli in the final effluent was 1.02x10-2 pppy, soil ranged from 2.68x10-3 and 7.59x10-3 pppy and monitoring wells ranged from 1.42x10-8 e 4.38x10-9 pppy. For helminth eggs observed in the effluent from the primary treatment, the annual risk of infection was calculated 4.04x10-2 pppy and soil ranged from 9.57x10-1 and 9.76x10-1 pppy. Conclusions - During the survey period, samples of sewage and irrigation treatment systems showed meet the expectation removal of pathogens consistent to its design parameters, with restrictions on its release in water and applied in agriculture bodies. The soil of pathogenic organisms showed retention capacity in the first 60 cm depth by reducing its concentration to levels below 1.00 MPN / 100 mL in aquifers.

The objective of this study is to remove turbidity originating from algae present in oxidation ponds effluents by an easy and inexpensive method. For this reason, a novel lab-scale Step Feed Dual Treatment (SFDT) process was constructed and the efficiency of trickling filter (TF) to remove algae and organic matter was investigated. SFDT process developed in this study is the unique, inexpensive and new system to scavenge algae from oxidation pond effluents. In this system, influent is first treated in a stabilization pond, and subsequently they directed to a TF, so as to provide a dual treatment. Moreover, some fraction of the raw influent was directly sent to TF to maintain a steady biofilm on the TF medium. Stabilization pond was not simulated in the experimental set-up as the main objective of the study is to observe TF ability to scavenge algae from pond effluent. To determine the magnitude of the effect of individual operational parameters (hydraulic loading rate, influent COD and chlorophyll-a concentration) and of their combinations on organics and particle removal efficacy an experimental design was followed. Experiments consistent with twolevel factorial design with three variables (23) were performed. Hydraulic loading rate (HLR) (0.5-2 m3/m2.day), influent COD (150-550 mg/l) and influent chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl-a) (250-600 µ
g/l) were selected as independent variables. The COD and algae removal (as Chl-a) were selected as dependent variables. Data obtained from the experiments showed that when HLR (m3/m2.day) was increased from 0.5 to 2, Chl-a, NTU, SS and COD removals were decreased, however, more than 85 % removal was attained in each case, except for COD. The lowest removal efficiencies were obtained for all the quality parameters when hydraulic loading was increased to 4 m3/m2.day. It was observed that in general removal percentages for turbidity, Chl-a, SS and COD increased considerably with the decreasing hydraulic loading rate. Highest removals were obtained at lowest HLR. The removal of algae in TF was presumably due to both flocculation (due to algal and bacterial EPS production) and degradation (through bacterial activity) of algae. In conclusion, trickling filter produced clear effluents, with less than 2 NTU, for most of the cases.

This study was carried out to characterize ponds and aquaculture systems, and also to determine both the potential and actual impacts of pond aquaculture effluents on receiving stream quality in the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions of Ghana. Water, fish and macroinvertebrate samples were collected from upstream, downstream and nearby reference streams of, and questionnaires administered to, 32 farms. Total settleable solids were higher in ponds than reference streams (p = 0.0166); suspended solids was higher in ponds than reference streams (p = 0.0159) and upstream (p = 0.0361); and total phosphorus was higher in ponds than reference (p = 0.0274) and upstream (p = 0.0269). Total nitrogen was most clearly higher in ponds than all other locations: p = 0.0016, 0.0086 and 0.0154 for the differences between ponds and reference, upstream, and downstream respectively. BOD5 level was also higher in ponds than all locations (p = 0.0048, 0.0009, and 0.0012 respectively). Also, non-guarding fish species were more abundant in reference streams than downstream (p = 0.0214) and upstream (p = 0.0251), and sand-detritus spawning fish were less predominant in reference streams than upstream (p = 0.0222) and marginally less in downstream locations (p = 0.0539). A possible subsidy-stress response within study streams was also observed. Hence, ponds are potential sources of these water quality variables to receiving streams. Effluent-receiving streams, generally, were not much different from reference streams in terms of most the metrics of community structure and function used in the comparisons. Hence, even though receiving streams in Central Ghana may not be severely impacted by aquaculture effluents at the moment, the management of pond effluents will determine the scale of future impact. Vegetable, cereal, and livestock farming could serve as additional sources of fecal streptococci and coliform bacteria and nutrient-enrichment within the study area, besides aquaculture, and so these industries must also be included in efforts to minimize pollution of these streams.
Master of Science

Waste Stabilisation Ponds (WSPs) are a relatively simplistic and non-intensive wastewater treatment technology; with various WSP configurations widely employed to treat a range of different wastewaters the world over. Whilst the advantages of WSP treatment are both numerous and well recognized, performance problems relating to the presence of occasionally large and unpredictable quantities of plankton (both algal and zooplankton) biomass in the final pond effluents have posed significant operational problems for WSP operators; with this suspended biomass representing the single biggest drawback associated with the technology. Research conducted during this project was concerned with assessing a selection of so-called ‘advanced’ in-pond treatment processes for the upgrading or polishing of a final WSP effluent. The particular research emphasis was on the removal of problematic algal and zooplankton biomass from WSP effluent prior to Dissolved Air Flotation/Filtration (DAF/F) treatment and wastewater reuse at the Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) north of Adelaide. The in situ WSP upgrade systems assessed in this thesis were: the native floating plant ‘Duckweed’ (DW); ‘Rock Filters’ (RFs); and an artificial ‘Attached-Growth Media’ (AGM); all of which were assessed for their relative treatment efficacies parallel to a non-interventional ‘Open Pond’ (OP) system which served as an effective control. These performance comparisons were assessed on a pilot-scale using a custom made pilot treatment plant which was located at the Bolivar WWTP. Performance monitoring was periodically carried out over a 12 month period from July 2005–August 2006, with algal and zooplankton populations monitored in addition to the more conventional wastewater quality parameters. Results from pilot plant investigations demonstrated that of the four pilot upgrade series, the RF and AGM systems displayed the greatest treatment potential in terms of both the magnitude and reliability of suspended solids, algal and zooplankton biomass removals. The DW system was also shown to be at least as effective and in some instances significantly more advanced than the uncovered OP system in terms of its ability to significantly improve the final effluent quality of the Bolivar WSPs. Both the RF and AGM upgrades (and to a lesser degree also the DW system) were found to offer considerable potential for producing a higher quality WSP effluent for more efficient processing by the Bolivar DAF/F plant; although there were various operational advantages and disadvantages as well as varying capital establishment costs associated with each of the candidate technologies. This part of the research represented the first direct performance comparison between two popular pond upgrade technologies (i.e. RFs and DW) and also constituted the first assessment of a novel AGM for the upgrading of tertiary-level WSP effluent. In addition to this, results from ecological performance monitoring also provided the first detailed insights into algal and zooplankton population dynamics within these WSP upgrade environments. In addition to these pilot-scale WSP upgrade performance investigations, another branch of the research project investigated additional research questions regarding the survival of algal cells within these pond upgrade environments. A series of laboratory experiments attempted to recreate the in situ conditions (in terms of light and oxygen availability) that might exist within the adopted upgrade environments. Using two common WSP algal species, long-term monitoring of the physiological status of phytoplankton cells during prolonged dark-exposure under conditions of reduced oxygen availability was performed in order to assess the likely effects of these particular environmental conditions on their survival potential in situ. Results from these laboratory-based experiments showed that both algal species were capable of quickly adjusting their cellular metabolism in response to dark incubation. Results also showed that a reduced environmental oxygen concentration (25% of saturation) had no bearing on the ability of either Chlorella or Chlamydomonas species to withstand long-term dark-exposure; with both species retaining what was essentially full biological viability following up to two months of continuous dark-exposure. In an applied context, these results suggested that subjecting algal cells to conditions of simultaneous darkness and reduced oxygen availability would be expected to have no significant adverse effects on algal survivorship within an advanced in-pond upgrade system such as a duckweed-covered WSP, a rock filter or an AGM system.

Stormwater runoff is a known pollutant source capable of causing surface water degradation, especially in highly populated areas such as Central Florida. Wet detention ponds manage this stormwater, but most of the ponds do not remove enough nutrients, specifically nitrogen and phosphorus, to meet TMDL regulations. This research provides a possible addition to a detention pond in Seminole County, Florida using a Chamber Upflow Filter and Skimmer (CUFS), which can increase the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen by the system. Water enters the system through the skimmer, which floats on the surface of the detention pond. It travels from the skimmer to the bottom of the chamber, where heavier particles settle out before entering the upflow filter. The upflow filter contains twenty-four inches of Black and GoldTM media to remove nitrogen and phosphorus under anoxic conditions. Water flows up through the filter and out of the system, and eventually travels to Lake Jesup, a eutrophic lake. A total of twenty-eight storm events and seven baseflows were sampled from the site in Seminole County, and ten storm events were sampled from a pilot study CUFS. The results of this research show significant reductions by the Seminole County CUFS in turbidity, orthophosphorus, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids when the means were compared at a 95% confidence interval. Reductions also occurred for total nitrogen, but could not be proved by the mean comparison. The pilot scale application of the CUFS significantly reduced total nitrogen at a 95% confidence interval.
M.S.Env.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engr MSEnvE

The accelerating pace of growth of aquaculture in sub-Saharan Africa has received much positive appraisal because of the potential of the industry to contribute to economic development and food security by providing jobs and animal protein. Adoption of best management practices (BMPs) holds the potential to ameliorate the related environmental impacts of aquaculture, such as in the amounts of nutrients and sediment that will enter natural water bodies from earthen pond effluents. The goals of this study were to characterize adoption of aquaculture BMPs on small-scale, pond-based farms in Ghana, and to assess selected economic, social, and environmental outcomes of BMP adoption. Two BMPs: 1) water reuse, and 2) commercial floating feeds, were investigated for adoption by pond-based fish farmers in Ghana. I conducted my study in Ghana using on-farm experiments involving intensive monitoring of water quality and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over two production cycles. Additionally, I administered a baseline survey to 393 (and a follow-up survey to 160) fish farmers. I determined the best model for modelling farmed Nile tilapia growth with multi-model inference based on Akaike information criterion (AIC), the profitability of adopting BMPs with stochastic enterprise budgets and, social welfare impact with the Economic-Surplus model. I used a Markov model to predict the equilibrium rate of adoption of the two BMPs and determined the impact of BMP adoption on the reduction of pollutant loading with the Minimum-Data method of the Tradeoffs Analysis (TOA-MD). My results showed that the logistic model is a better alternative to the von Bertalanffy model for modelling the growth of Oreochromis niloticus under pond aquaculture conditions. There were no significant differences in fish weight between the water re-use BMP and the use of new water. Adoption of the commercial floating feed BMP resulted in a 100% increase in fish final weight and yield, and in higher profitability, compared to the sinking feed type. Probability of making a profit was highest (72%) in the scenario with commercial feed and self-financing. Net present values (NPV) of about US$ 11 million and US$ 375 million could be obtained from the adoption of commercial floating feed and Genetically-Improved Farm Tilapia (GIFT) strain, respectively, in Ghana. Hence, any innovation that has a significant impact on fish yield also will have a significant impact on mean NPV and social welfare. However, I identified a number of potential negative ecological and genetic impacts exist from introducing the GIFT strain into Africa from Asia. Although considered low-intensity production systems, nutrients and solids in study ponds were found to be higher than levels expected in intensive culture ponds by wide margins. Pond water quality was significantly higher with commercial floating feed. The water-reuse BMP also prevented pollutants from leaving ponds altogether for the number of cycles for which pond water was reused, especially if associated BMPs such as rainfall capture and avoidance of water exchange are observed. Significant reductions in the loading of all water quality variables (nitrogen, phosphorus, solids, and BOD5) could be achieved with the adoption of the recommended feed type in Ghana. Adoption of the water reuse BMP has the potential to cause pollution reductions of 200% - 3,200% above that from the floating feed BMP. The strongest influence on the combined adoption of these BMPs were from : farmer's awareness of the feed BMP, perceived necessity and relative profitability of the water reuse BMP, and farmer's years of experience. A combination of central media (workshops), demonstrations, and lateral diffusion was found to be the most effective channel for disseminating these BMPs. Maximum adoption rate of the feed BMPs was estimated to be 38% - 58%. Also, US$ 6,000/year and US$12,000/year need to be paid per 0.6 ha pond surface area to push adoption of the feed BMP to 50% and 70%, respectively. Hence, to ensure the successful adoption of aquaculture BMPs, I recommend that regular well-planned workshops be organized to create awareness and a conducive atmosphere to target farmers at multiple stages of the innovation decision process. Incentives and effective dissemination will encourage the adoption of these and other environmental BMPs. Feed costs need to be lowered in order to encourage the adoption of commercial floating feed in Ghana. Future analyses could quantify the differences in production costs between using the two water types, to reveal the possible higher relative profitability of pond water reuse over draining ponds after each production cycle. Also, African governments are advised to commission rigorous baseline and ecological risk analyses before adoption of the GIFT strain. Improvements in management practices and infrastructure could increase the yield and profitability of the local strains even if genetically-improved strains are not introduced.
Ph. D.

Orientador: Denis Miguel Roston
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T13:06:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_EduMaxda_M.pdf: 12592705 bytes, checksum: fa560f6bfbe78ace9e89fc4061f0170c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Uma das maiores dificuldades no gerenciamento do confinamento de gado leiteiro é a grande quantidade de dejetos produzidos diariamente numa área reduzida, que pode ser uma ótima opção de fertilizantes ou um enorme potencial poluente, dependendo de como é feita a disposição destes dejetos, um dos principais desafios para criadores e especialistas. No Brasil, o destino dos efluentes brutos dos confinamentos de vacas leiteiras, foi e continua sendo os cursos d¿água usando o ultrapassado método da diluição, como única forma para eliminar os resíduos das instalações e com isso podendo provocar a eutrofização de rios, riachos, lagos e lagoas. Foi implantado um projeto piloto, no Sítio Nossa Senhora da Conceição, com as condições tanto opográficas como climáticas idênticas, para tratar 10% de um efluente similar ao produzido na UEP de bovinocultura leite da EAFI/MG. A ETE piloto era composta por três unidades, sendo uma lagoa anaeróbia, uma lagoa facultativa e um pós-tratamento utilizando um leito cultivado (¿constructed wetland¿). A lagoa anaeróbia não suportou o lançamento do efluente bruto lançado na ETE piloto para tratamento de águas residuárias oriundas da sala de ordenha da bovinocultura leite. Para reduzir a quantidade de sólidos flutuantes na lagoa anaeróbia, a recomendação apresentada foi a construção de um tanque tipo séptico capaz de reter os sólidos flotantes. O leito cultivado foi a unidade da ETE piloto que não aparentou mudanças externas. A ETE piloto registrou uma remoção média dos parâmetros analisados em torno de: fósforo na forma de (P) e (PO4) 80%; amônia (NH3-N) e nitrato (NO3) 88%; DQO 89%, pH médio das amostras analisadas em 6,23; sólidos (ST) e (STV) 67%; turbidez 60%. Em se tratando de resíduos líquidos da produção animal, pode-se afirmar que o resultado é positivo, demonstrando que está opção de sistema de tratamento tem grande potencial de aplicação
Abstract: One of the major concerns in dairy cattle lodging management is the great amount of manureproduced daily in a reduced area, that can be an excellent fertilizer option or an enormous pollutant potential, depending on the disposal procedures. In Brazil, the destination of raw effluent of lodged dairy cattle was in the past and continues nowadays being the water courses using the conventional and condemned method of the dilution, as only form to eliminate the residues of the installations which is one of the reasons for eutrophication of rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. A pilot plant was installed to treat 10% of the effluent produced in the dairy parlor installations of the EAFI/MG. The pilot plant was designed with three units: an anaerobic lagoon followed by a facultative pond and a subsurface constructed wetland. The pilot plant presented the following average removal: phosphorus, 80%; nitrate, 88%; COD, 89%; total solids, 67%; and turbidity, 60%. The pH during the whole operation maintained around the value of 6,2. The study conclued that the system presented a great potential for treatment of dairy parlor effluent
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

L'objectif de ce travail est d'expliquer la formation des pms refractaires et de caracteriser ces produits quantitativement et qualitativement lors du traitement d'une eru par boues activees. La premiere partie presente un bilan des connaissances sur des pms a la dco residuelle de boues activees. La deuxieme partie a permis d'evaluer la dco soluble produite dans la dco soluble residuelle de boues activees traitant une eru en mode continu. La troisieme partie presente la cinetique de la formation des pms lors de la degradation du glucose par boues activees en sbr. Dans la quatrieme partie et dans la cinquieme partie, la caracterisation quantitative et qualitative des pms et l'interpretation de matieres organiques dans une eru traite par boues activee. Toutes les experiences realisees ont demontre l'importance des pms formes lors du traitement d'une eau residuaire urbaine par boues activees

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SinaraCTSN_DISSERT.pdf: 2908664 bytes, checksum: ab5d0fd4fae3407675ed29d3bfa6ed5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Untreated effluents that reach surface water affect the aquatic life and humans. This study aimed to evaluate the wastewater s toxicity (municipal, industrial and shrimp pond effluents) released in the Estuarine Complex of Jundia?- Potengi, Natal/RN, through chronic quantitative e qualitative toxicity tests using the test organism Mysidopsis Juniae, CRUSTACEA, MYSIDACEA (Silva, 1979). For this, a new methodology for viewing chronic effects on organisms of M. juniae was used (only renewal), based on another existing methodology to another testorganism very similar to M. Juniae, the M. Bahia (daily renewal).Toxicity tests 7 days duration were used for detecting effects on the survival and fecundity in M. juniae. Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50%) was determined by the Trimmed Spearman-Karber; Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC50%) in fecundity was determined by Linear Interpolation. ANOVA (One Way) tests (p = 0.05) were used to determinate the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC). Effluents flows were measured and the toxic load of the effluents was estimated. Multivariate analysis - Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correspondence Analysis (CA) - identified the physic-chemical parameters better explain the patterns of toxicity found in survival and fecundity of M. juniae. We verified the feasibility of applying the only renewal system in chronic tests with M. Juniae. Most efluentes proved toxic on the survival and fecundity of M. Juniae, except for some shrimp pond effluents. The most toxic effluent was ETE Lagoa Aerada (LC50, 6.24%; IC50, 4.82%), ETE Quintas (LC50, 5.85%), Giselda Trigueiro Hospital (LC50, 2.05%), CLAN (LC50, 2.14%) and COTEMINAS (LC50, IC50 and 38.51%, 6.94%). The greatest toxic load was originated from ETE inefficient high flow effluents, textile effluents and CLAN. The organic load was related to the toxic effects of wastewater and hospital effluents in survival of M. Juniae, as well as heavy metals, total residual chlorine and phenols. In industrial effluents was found relationship between toxicity and organic load, phenols, oils and greases and benzene. The effects on fertility were related, in turn, with chlorine and heavy metals. Toxicity tests using other organisms of different trophic levels, as well as analysis of sediment toxicity are recommended to confirm the patterns found with M. Juniae. However, the results indicate the necessity for implementation and improvement of sewage treatment systems affluent to the Potengi s estuary
Efluentes sem tratamento pr?vio adequado, ao atingirem corpos d ?gua, afetam a biota aqu?tica e o ser humano. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a toxicidade dos efluentes (sanit?rios, industriais e de despesca) que atingem o Complexo Estuarino do Jundia?/Potengi, Natal/RN, atrav?s de testes cr?nicos qualitativos e quantitativos utilizando o organismo-teste Mysidopsis juniae, CRUSTACEA, MISIDACEA (Silva, 1979). Para isso, uma nova metodologia para visualiza??o de efeitos cr?nicos em organismos de M. juniae foi usada (renova??o ?nica), baseada em outra metodologia existente para outro organismo-teste bastante similar ao M. juniae, o M. Bahia (renova??o di?ria). Testes de Toxicidade cr?nicos com dura??o de 7 dias foram aplicados para detectar efeitos dos efluentes na sobreviv?ncia e na fecundidade dos organismos testados. Para a determina??o da Concentra??o Letal (CL50), utilizou-se o m?todo Trimmed Spearman-Karber; para a determina??o da Concentra??o de Inibi??o (CI50) da fecundidade, utilizouse o m?todo de Interpola??o Linear. M?todos de An?lise de Vari?ncia ?nico Fator (p=0,05) foram usados para a determina??o da Concentra??o de Efeito N?o Observ?vel (CENO) e da Concentra??o de Efeito Observ?vel (CEO). As vaz?es de descarga dos efluentes foram medidas e estimou-se a carga t?xica dos efluentes. Foram realizadas an?lises multivariadas de ordena??o - An?lise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e An?lise de Correspond?ncia (AC) - para identificar quais os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos dos efluentes que melhor explicam os padr?es de toxicidade encontrados na sobreviv?ncia e na fecundidade de M. juniae. Com esse trabalho verificou-se a viabilidade da aplica??o do sistema de renova??o ?nica nos testes cr?nicos com M. juniae. A maioria dos efluentes se mostrou t?xicos quanto ? sobreviv?ncia e fecundidade de M. juniae, com exce??o de alguns efluentes de despesca, sendo os mais t?xicos o efluente da ETE Lagoa Aerada (CL50, 6,24% e CI50, 4,82%), ETE Quintas (CL50, 5,85%), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro (CL50, 2,05%), CLAN (CL50, 2,14%) e COTEMINAS (CL50, 38,51% e CI50, 6,94%). Nos efluentes de carcinicultura foi verificada maior toxicidade em efluentes coletados ao final do per?odo de despesca, o que denota que ela foi causada pela excessiva carga org?nica. Os efluentes sanit?rios de maior carga t?xica foram os efluentes originados das ETEs ineficientes de alta vaz?o, enquanto que os industriais de maior carga t?xica foram, em geral, os efluentes t?xteis e o da CLAN. A carga org?nica relacionou-se com os efeitos t?xicos dos efluentes sanit?rios e hospitalar na sobreviv?ncia de M. juniae, assim como metais pesados, cloro residual total e fen?is. Nos efluentes industriais verificou-se rela??o entre toxicidade e carga org?nica, fen?is, ?leos e graxas e benzeno. Os efeitos sobre a fecundidade relacionaram-se, por sua vez, com cloretos e metais pesados. Testes de toxicidade utilizando outros organismos, bem como an?lises da toxicidade do sedimento, s?o recomendados para confirmar os padr?es encontrados com o M. juniae. Os resultados dos testes indicam a necessidade de implementa??o e melhoria dos sistemas de tratamento de efluentes que s?o conduzidos ao estu?rio do Rio Potengi

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Igrarapé (small streams) Grande, in Boa Vista, Roraima, is the receiving body of the wasterwater generated starting from the waste stabilization ponds, system of treatment of the sanitary sewers of part of the city. By the hypothesis that the spilling of those wasterwater in referred him body of water contributes so that the same presents physiochemical characteristics that you/they implicate in her degradation, lasting long in a similar way for good part of the course of water, mainly in the mount of nutrients, a manegament hydric resouses the behavior of physiochemical parameters was accomplished in that hydric body by the whole year 2005

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CeresVCD_DISSERT.pdf: 2077286 bytes, checksum: e92bca4faf414c0d0c184dc10f694c85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Experience in the use of stabilization ponds shows that this is a system with low cost, easy operation and maintenance and suitable for tropical countries. One of its disadvantages is due to high concentrations of suspended solids, mainly due to algal biomass in the effluents. Accordingly, the dissolved air flotation has been shown to be an efficient post-treatment technology. However, the efficiency of this process is related to coagulation and flocculation steps, as well as the adjustment of the involved variables in the process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the algae removal efficiency from wastewater stabilization ponds and the influence of the factors involved in the process using dissolved air flotation. For this, we used primary facultative and maturation effluents of ETE Ponta Negra in Natal. We did tests of coagulation, flocculation and flotation with the samples, using the equipment flotatest. In this process were tested coagulants aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, and varied the factors pH, coagulant concentration, polymer concentration and rate of recirculation. At the end of the experiments were analyzed turbidity, suspended solids, color, COD and chlorophyll "a". These results were submitted to descriptive statistics to verify the efficiency of the process in general, and regression analysis to identify models that describe the process and demonstrate the factors that have greater influence on flotation. After step methodology, high values were found removal efficiency of suspended solids, reaching values greater than 90% in the best cases. It was concluded that flotation is more efficient in the facultative pond effluent using ferric chloride, and the variability of algae may negatively influence the process. Regression analyzes showed that pH is the most influential variable in the coagulation-flocculation-flotation, and its optimal value among the tested is 5.5 for both coagulants
A experi?ncia no uso de lagoas de estabiliza??o mostra que esse ? um sistema que apresenta baixo custo, f?cil opera??o e manuten??o e adequado a pa?ses tropicais. Apesar disso, uma de suas desvantagens est? relacionada ?s elevadas concentra??es de s?lidos suspensos, devido principalmente ? biomassa das algas nos efluentes. Com o objetivo de remover tais algas, a flota??o por ar dissolvido tem se mostrado como uma eficiente t?cnica de p?s-tratamento. No entanto, a efici?ncia desse processo est? relacionada ?s etapas de coagula??o e flocula??o pr?vias, bem como ao ajuste das vari?veis envolvidas no processo. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a efici?ncia de remo??o de algas de efluente de lagoas de estabiliza??o bem como a influ?ncia dos fatores envolvidos utilizando o processo de flota??o por ar dissolvido. Para isso, foi utilizado efluente das lagoas facultativa prim?ria e de matura??o da ETE Ponta Negra, em Natal. As amostras coletadas foram submetidas a ensaios de coagula??o, flocula??o e flota??o com vistas ? remo??o de s?lidos suspensos, utilizando-se o equipamento flotateste. Nesse processo foram testados os coagulantes sulfato de alum?nio e cloreto f?rrico, e variados os fatores pH, concentra??o de coagulante, concentra??o de pol?mero e taxa de recircula??o da ?gua saturada. Ao fim dos experimentos, foram analisados turbidez, s?lidos suspensos, cor, DQO e clorofila a . Esses resultados foram submetidos a estat?stica descritiva para verifica??o da efici?ncia do processo em geral, e an?lise de regress?o para identificar modelos que descrevam o processo e demonstrem os fatores que apresentam maior influ?ncia na flota??o. Ap?s o desenvolvimento dos ensaios, foram encontradas altas efici?ncias de remo??o de s?lidos suspensos, chegando a valores superiores a 90% nos melhores casos. Concluiu-se que a flota??o ? mais eficiente no efluente de lagoa facultativa utilizando-se o cloreto f?rrico, e que a variabilidade de algas pode influenciar negativamente no processo. As an?lises de regress?o demonstraram que o pH ? a vari?vel de maior influ?ncia na coagula??o-flocula??o-flota??o, sendo que o seu valor ?timo dentre os testados foi 5,5 para os dois coagulantes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O corpo hídrico, objeto deste estudo, o igarapé Grande, localiza-se no Município de Boa Vista, Estado de Roraima, na região Norte do Brasil. O igarapé Grande possui como afluente à sua margem direita, o igarapé da Paca, tendo sua foz no rio Branco. O presente estudo visa avaliar, através da determinação de parâmetros físico-químicos e biológico (clorofila-a) o nível de contaminação do Igarapé Grande após receber efluente da ETE/Boa Vista-RR e o impacto ambiental causado pelo aporte de substâncias no igarapé e possivelmente no rio Branco. Na realização deste estudo foram selecionados seis pontos de coletas considerados estratégicos para o alcance dos objetivos propostos. Foram analisados os parâmetros: cor, turbidez, condutividade, pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrito, amônia, fósforo total, cloreto, DBO5, DQO, clorofila-a, cobre, manganês, zinco, ferro e níquel. As técnicas de coleta, transporte e preservação e análises das amostras obedeceram às recomendações da NBR n 9898 de junho de 1987 e os métodos padrões descritos no Standart Methods for Examination of Water and Wasterwater. Através das observações realizadas pode-se verificar que o igarapé sofre o impacto humano através da retirada da cobertura vegetal, impermeabilização do solo pela ocupação das imediações e lançamentos de agentes poluidores. Através dos resultados, com exceção das espécies metálicas, foi possível confirmar o impacto do lançamento do efluente sobre igarapé Grande. Parâmetros como fósforo, amônia, nitrito e clorofila-a demonstraram que o igarapé Grande não possui capacidade de assimilação, em especial nos períodos de seca, dos nutrientes e espécies contaminantes durante o percurso até a sua foz no rio Branco.
The water body, the object of this study, the creek Grande, located in the city of Boa Vista, Roraima, in northern Brazil. The river has as large tributary to the right bank of the creek Paca, and his mouth in the rio Branco. This study aims to evaluate, through the determination of physico-chemical and biological (chlorophyll-a) the level of contamination of the igarapé Grande after receiving STP effluent/Boa Vista-RR and the environmental impact caused by the injection of substances into the creek and possibly in rio Branco. In this study we selected six collection points considered strategic to the achievement of objectives. Parameters were assessed: color, turbidity, conductivity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, ammonia, total phosphorus, chloride, BOD5, COD, chlorophyll-a, copper, manganese, zinc, iron and nickel. The techniques of collection, transportation and preservation of samples and analysis followed the recommendations of the NBR N. 9898 of June 1987 and the standard methods described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wasterwater. Through the observations can be verified that the stream is impacted by human removal of vegetation, soil sealing by the occupation of the surroundings and releases of pollutants. Through the results, with the exception of metal species, it was possible to confirm the impact of effluent discharge on igarapé Grande. Parameters such as phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite and chlorophyll-a showed that the creek does not have great capacity to assimilate, especially in periods of drought, nutrient and contaminant species en route to its mouth on the rio Branco.

碩士
國立臺南大學
機電系統工程研究所
102
The aim of the research is by placing a pressure discharge port to remove the fodder and excrement of fish ponds instead of traditional one equipped with semi-structured bag-type. The mechanism of contaminants disposal in fish pond is by using the difference of water-level pressure to remove out all kinds of stuffs on the bottom of it. Methodology of this essay is though implementing COMSOL software to run out simulation analytical data outputs, and then in accordance with those outputs for reference while design discharge-port and materials of bag-type aquaculture fish pond. First of all is processing COMSOL for an analytical model and calculating the feasibility of pressure discharge port. Furthermore, the research is based on hypothesis with followed conditions: 5 different shapes of discharged port simulated, 4 kinds of plastics materials and 5 different pressures; those factors put into different acting forces to come out with the optimal automatic semi-closed bag-type module. The result of simulation analysis shows that the discharged port will follow the changes of water pressure to open-up in the fish pond. Besides, the discharged port in which with short sides of a square or a trapezium as a pivot, and with material HDPE will be the better designed module.

Population escalation in the developing world has been associated with increased poverty, food insecurity and environmental degradation. The situation in Rwanda, with 2.82% annual population increase is no exception. The objective of the present study was to investigate an innovative integrated system of sustainable production suitable for resource-poor rural farmers, the Integrated Rabbit–Fish–Rice (IRFR) system. The study was targeted towards contributing to Rwanda government’s goals of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, enhancing food security as well as abating environmental degradation. Three experiments, were carried out between 2008 and 2010, and designed to fertilise pond water with rabbit droppings and boost phytoplankton production. We also used results from our previous study, conducted in 2005 in the same ponds and under similar experimental conditions, especially rabbit and fish species and age, fishpond dimensions, as well as the fertilisation mode. The fishpond effluent was re-used to irrigate rice fields rather than being discharged into the environment. This study advocated the potential adaptation of rabbits to wetland conditions and the role of rabbit droppings as organic fertilisers in providing a better environment for fish production. On-farm resources, including rabbit droppings, were the main source of nutrients in the system. The analysis of nutrient flow revealed that 27% N and 79% P of the total nitrogen and phosphorus in fertilizing input in fishponds were supplied by rabbit droppings only. Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were able to recover 18.5–37.6% N and 16.9–34.3% P of the total nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, the rest being accumulated in the pond water and the sediment, making them useful for soil fertilisation. The re-use of nutrient-rich effluent in rice irrigation increased rice production, allowing a successful complete substitution of inorganic fertilisers. The irrigation also reduced environmental pollution as the water seeping through rice field was 31.8 and 83.3% less concentrated in total phosphorus and nitrite pollutants, respectively, than was the pond water. Economically, the IRFR generated up to 597% net return over that of the rice inorganically fertilised, thereby substantiating the sustainability of the system. Overall, it is concluded that the IRFR system works well, is readily applicable, and capable of high, diversified, and sustainable production on limited land. As such, the study demonstrates the potentialities of the IRFR system to contribute successfully to poverty reduction, and the enhancement of food security in rural areas. The system promises economic returns and is environmental friendly. The research recommends the optimal range of rabbit density, that is, 800–1200 rabbits per hectare of pond, and the best fish stocking density, that is, 3 fish.mˉ², for a sustainable IRFR culture system.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.