Relevant bibliographies by topics / Effluent ponds

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Academic literature on the topic 'Effluent ponds'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Effluent ponds"

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Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0107.

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Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect a poor quality trickling filter effluent and were effective at removing parasite ova and reducing virus densities. Continued use of maturation ponds should be encouraged in developed and developing countries as they have low cost, operational, maintenance and skilled operator requirements and are an effective disinfection process. Pond designs should minimize short circuiting and thus the areal requirements of the ponds.
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Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0235.

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Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect a poor quality trickling filter effluent and were effective at removing parasite ova and reducing virus densities. Continued use of maturation ponds should be encouraged in developed and developing countries as they have low cost, operational, maintenance and skilled operator requirements and are an effective disinfection process. Pond designs should minimize short circuiting and thus the areal requirements of the ponds.
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Shelef, Gedaliah, and Adam Kanarek. "Stabilization ponds with recirculation." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0507.

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The first facultative pond in a series of stabilization ponds, or else the first part of a large pond, is sensitive to organic overloading creating anoxic or anaerobic conditions at the pond's surface, resulting in malodors and nuisances. Such adverse characteristics are usually manifested seasonally when climatic conditions change to lower temperatures and/or reduced solar irradiance. The design organic loadings on such ponds are therefore determined by the critical season and they are lowered accordingly. Introducing recirculation of effluent from a later pond in the series (usually from the second or third pond) back to the inlet of the first one, at a ratio of 1.0 - 2.5 (recirculated effluent) to 1 (raw sewage influent), can be most advantageous, as follows: (1) organic loadings on the first facultative pond in the series can reach 400-600 kg BOD5 per hectare per day (khd) during summer time and 300-400 khd as a yearly average, compared with a yearly average of 60-140 khd on ordinary facultative ponds, while still maintaining odor-free facultative conditions; (2) reseeding the first pond with active adapted algal biomass; (3) mixing the influent (which is often septic) with oxygen-rich recirculated effluent, thus enhancing the biological process in the first pond and suppressing septic odors, and (4) the increased inlet flow (by combining influent flow with the recirculated effluent) increases the area of solids (sludge) settling in the first pond. Altogether, the recirculation is manifested by reduced land requirements, better stability in pond operation, improved pond's performance and reduction or elimination of malodors and nuisances. Step feeding of the ponds further accentuates the effect of recirculation. Obviously, recirculation requires pumping (low head), energy, piping and connection to a power supply. The cost of operation and maintenance amount to US $0.01-0.02 per cubic metre of treated wastes. The advantages of recirculation nevertheless significantly outweigh the added costs. The paper describes the experience and data which have been gathered during the operation of 120 hectares of ponds with recirculation in the Dan Region (Greater Tel-Aviv) over a period of almost 20 years.
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OMOFUNMI, O. E. "THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE SUITABILITY OF AFRICAN CATFISH EFFLUENT AS IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 16, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v16i2.1712.

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The reuse of catfish pond effluent by irrigation can make a significant contribution to the integrated management of our water resources. The study was done to evaluate African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) quality pond effluent quality and its suitability for irrigation. Forty (40) samples were collected from five ponds. Physical and chemical parameters of catfish effluent samples from selected earthen ponds were determined in accordance with the American Public Health Association standards. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that there were variations in the chemical constituents of the effluent measured in the selected ponds. The mean values of physical and chemical parameters ranged as pH (6.2 – 8.1), total dissolved solids (140 -307 mg/l); suspended solids (32 – 78 mg/l), electrical conductivity of water (0.21 – 0.48 mmhos/cm), alkalinity (45 – 138 mg/l), total nitrogen (4.5 – 6.9 mg/l), total phosphorus (0.11 – 0.35 mg/l), sodium (11 -31 mg/l), calcium (24.1 – 69.0 mg/l), potassium (0.16 – 0.41 mg/l), magnesium (8.2 -12.0 mg/l), carbonate (8 -40 mg/l), bicarbonate (20 – 95 mg/l), chloride (10.4 – 25.8 mg/l), boron (0.2 – 0.4 mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (4.4 – 8.2 mg/l). All were within acceptable limits. The African catfish effluents in the studied earthen ponds are classified as C1 – S1 water. Hence there are none degree of restriction in the application of catfish effluent for irrigation.
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Passos, Ricardo Gomes, Marcos von Sperling, and Thiago Bressani Ribeiro. "Performance evaluation and spatial sludge distribution at facultative and maturation ponds treating wastewater from an international airport." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (May 7, 2014): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.215.

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This paper presents a performance evaluation of facultative and maturation ponds in series treating wastewater from a large and intensively used international airport in Brazil, based on 16 years of regular monitoring. The wastewater from the airport showed similar or slightly lower concentrations compared to typical domestic sewage for most of the quality parameters. The contribution of effluents with possible industrial features (aircraft toilets and hangar effluent) did not seem to have adversely affected the characteristics of the influent in terms of aptitude to biological treatment. Overall, the ponds operated under very underloaded conditions (mean loading rate of 44 kg biochemical oxygen demand/ha.d in the facultative pond) and presented a satisfactory quality in terms of effluent concentrations for most parameters. A bathymetric survey of the ponds was done manually by a low-cost measurer constructed specifically for this purpose. After 27 years of operation, only 25% and 18% of the volumes of the facultative and maturation ponds were occupied by sludge. Specific sludge accumulation rates were 0.0071 m³/passenger.year for the facultative pond and 0.00017 m³/passenger.year for the maturation pond.
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Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, and H. A. Arridge. "The influence of pond geometry and configuration on facultative and maturation waste stabilisation pond performance and efficiency." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0474.

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Differences in length:breadth ratios (in the range of 1:1 to 6:1) and depths (from 1 to 2 m) had little effect on the performance and effluent quality (i.e. BOD, SS and FC) of secondary facultative ponds. Shallow maturation ponds (0.4 m) were more efficient at microbiological disinfection than deeper ones and could actually reduce land area requirements. KT values for faecal coliforms, salmonellae and rotavirus differed from one another in the same ponds and for different pond types. The Marais design equation for predicting faecal coliform numbers in pond effluents, although not perfect, does provide a reasonable design approach for systems containing more than two ponds in series.
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von Sperling, M., and J. G. B. de Andrada. "Simple wastewater treatment (UASB reactor, shallow polishing ponds, coarse rock filter) allowing compliance with different reuse criteria." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.761.

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UASB reactors followed by polishing ponds comprise simple and economic wastewater treatment systems, capable of reaching very high removal efficiencies of pathogenic organisms, leading to the potential use of the effluent for unrestricted irrigation. However, for other types of reuse (urban and industrial), ponds are limited in the sense of producing effluents with high suspended solids (algae) concentrations. The work investigates a system with coarse rock filters for polishing the pond effluent. The overall performance of the system is analyzed, together with the potential for different types of reuse. The excellent results obtained (mean effluent concentrations: BOD: 27 mg/L; SS: 26 mg/L; E. coli: 450 MPN/100 mL) indicate the possibility of unrestricted use of the effluent for agriculture and restricted urban and industrial uses, according to WHO and USEPA.
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Lawty, Richard, John de B. Ashworth, and D. Duncan Mara. "Waste stabilisation pond decommissioning: a painful but necessary decision." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (March 1, 1996): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0128.

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The Mangere (Auckland, New Zealand) waste stabilisation ponds consist of three facultative ponds in parallel followed by a similarly sized maturation pond, covering a total area of 512 ha. The ponds were commissioned in 1960 and today serve a population equivalent of 685,000. The ponds are operated on a two-to-one effluent recirculation, which is considered to lead to an unstable treatment regime which results in occasional pond failure when they become anaerobic and smell. The ponds operate as tertiary treatment to a primary and secondary plant, the latter treating up to 40 percent of the flow; the combined stream is discharged to the ponds. The effluent from the ponds is discharged to the Manukau harbour, a partially closed tidal basin. To ensure the harbour does not suffer from algal blooms, a total nitrogen effluent standard of 10 mg 1−1 is being proposed by technical advisors. Although the ponds could be uprated to produce an effluent with < 1000 faecal coliforms per 100 ml, they will be unable to meet the nitrogen requirement. It is likely, therefore, that the ponds will be replaced by an activated sludge plant and UV disinfection.
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von Sperling, M., and L. C. A. M. Mascarenhas. "Performance of very shallow ponds treating effluents from UASB reactors." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0432.

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Polishing ponds are units conceived for the post-treatment of the effluents from anaerobic reactors, are designed as maturation ponds, and aim at a further removal of organic matter and a high removal of pathogenic organisms. The paper investigates the performance of four very shallow (H = 0.40 m) polishing ponds in series, with very low detention times (1.4–2.5 days in each pond), treating anaerobic effluent from the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The system was able to achieve excellent results in terms of BOD and E. coli removal, and good results in terms of ammonia removal, allowing compliance with European standards for urban wastewater and WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. The paper presents the values of BOD and E. coli removal coefficients, which were much higher than those found in conventional pond systems. No statistically significant difference was found in the effluent E. coli concentrations from a pond with low depth and low detention time, and another pond in parallel, with double the depth and approximately double the detention time. The results endorse the applicability of the system composed by UASB reactors followed by very shallow ponds in series, with low detention times.
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Silva, Ana Maria Dias da, Levy de Carvalho Gomes, and Rodrigo Roubach. "Growth, yield, water and effluent quality in ponds with different management during tambaqui juvenile production." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, no. 5 (May 2007): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2007000500017.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pond management on fish feed, growth, yield, survival, and water and effluent quality, during tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juvenile production. Fish were distributed in nine 600 m² earthen ponds, at a density of 8 fish per m²; the rearing period was 60 days. Three different pond management were applied: limed and fertilized (LimFer), limed (Lim), and natural (Nat). Fish were fed with a commercial ration containing 34% crude protein three times daily. There were no significant differences in fish growth or yield. Three main items found in tambaqui stomach were insect, zooplankton and ration, without a significant difference among treatments in proportion. Alkalinity, hardness, and CO2 were greater in LimFer and Lim ponds. Chlorophyll a, transparency, ammonia, nitrite, temperature, and dissolved oxygen of pond water were not significantly different among treatments. Biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, ammonia, and nitrite were significantly greater in effluents from LimFer ponds. Pond fertilization should be avoided, because growth and yield were similar among the three pond management systems tested; besides, it produces a more impacting effluent.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effluent ponds"

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Miqdadi, Issam Mahmoud Ahmad. "Removal of algae from facultative pond effluent." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/475.

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Wastewater stabilization ponds have gained popularity as a means of secondary wastewater treatment because of their low cost and simplicity of operation and maintenance, in addition to several other advantages. However, the presence of algae in the effluent from facultative ponds may cause undesirable environmental impacts, such as DO depletion or eutrophication, in water bodies to which this effluent is discharged. Thus, regulations and/or the adverse environmental impacts of effluents containing algae sometimes necessitate reduction or removal of algae from pond effluents. Many methods have been used for the purpose of removal of algae from wastewater stabilization pond effluent. Upflow rock filtration and coagulationsedimentation have been investigated in this research. In the past, mechanisms of removal of algae in rock filters and factors that affect the removal process have not been well explained. Design of these filters has not been related mathematically to the operating variables. Three pilot rock filters were built for the purpose of this research. The first filter was filled with rock of 1 cm average diameter, the second and third filters were filled with 5 cm and 10 cm average diameter rock, respectively. Five different hydraulic loadings were applied to these filters, with variable influent characteristics and under different environmental conditions. The results of this research have shown that gravitational settling and hydrodynamic forces are the most important mechanisms affecting removal of algae in upflow rock filters. Also, a method of design of unisize-media upflow rock filters for removal of algae from facultative pond effluent has been established. The cost of coagulant has been the main disadvantage of the process of coagulation-sedimentation for algae removal from wastewater stabilization pond effluent. In this research, jar tests were carried out to determine the effect of settling time and/or addition of kaolinite or bentonite with the primary coagulant, alum, on the optimum dose of this primary coagulant required for removal of algae from facultative pond effluent. Both increase in settling time and coagulant aids, namely kaolinite and bentonite, have reduced optimum alum dose. Kaolinite and bentonite, applied as low-cost primary coagulants, were also effective in removing algae from facultative pond effluent. From the very limited experiments carried out at the end of this research, it was shown that crossflow microfiltration has some potential as a process for algae removal from facultative pond effluent. A mathematical model has been developed in this work to describe the eutrophic state of King Talal Reservoir in Jordan. The model predicts that even elimination of phosphorus from the effluent of Al-Samra Wastewater Stabilization Ponds will not bring the reservoir into an oligotrophic state.
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Sohn, Jae Ho. "Process studies of odour emissions from effluent ponds using machine-based odour measurement." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2005. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001511/.

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Odours caused by intensive piggery operations have become a major environmental issue in the piggery industry in Australia. Effluent ponds are the major source of odours in typical piggeries. It is assumed that the odour emissions from ponds are mainly driven by pond loading rate. However, there are few data to corroborate this concept. Allied to this is the need for a convenient and low cost method of odour measurement, which can be used as an alternative method for current olfactometry. The present odour measurement methods using olfactometry is time-consuming, expensive and often impractical because of its fundamental problem of using subjective human panels. In addition, one of the major problems in odour measurement lies in the air sampling method. Wind tunnels have been accepted as a preferred method for the sampling of odour from area sources. However, current wind tunnels do not consider meteorological factors, which directly affect the odour emission rates. A machine-based odour quantification method and a novel wind tunnel were developed and evaluated in this Ph D study. These methods were then used in a demonstration trial to investigate the effects of pond loading rate on odour emissions. The AromaScan A32S electronic nose, and an artificial neural network were used to develop the machine based odour quantification method. The sensor data analysed by the AromaScan were used to train an ANN, to correlate the responses to the actual odour concentration provided by a human olfactometry panel. Preprocessing techniques and different network architectures were evaluated through network simulation to find an optimal artificial neural network model. The simulation results showed that the two-layer back-propagation neural network can be trained to predict piggery odour concentrations correctly with a low mean squared error. The trained ANN was able to predict the odour concentration of nine unknown air samples with a value for the coefficient of correlation, r2 of 0.59. A novel wind tunnel was developed for odour sampling. The USQ wind tunnel was designed to have a capability to control wind speed and airflow rate. The tunnel was evaluated in terms of the aerodynamics of the airflow inside the tunnel, nd the gas recovery efficiency rate, in order to further improve the performance of the wind tunnel. The USQ wind tunnel showed that sample recovery efficiencies ranging from 61.7 to 106.8%, while the average result from the entire trial was 81.1%. The optimal sample recovery efficiency of the tunnel was observed to be 88.9% from statistical analysis. Consequently, it can be suggested that the tunnel will give estimates of the odour emission rate with significant level of precision. However, the tunnel needs to be calibrated to compensate for the error caused by different airflow rates and odour emission rates. In addition, the installation of a perforated baffle upstream of the sampling section was suggested to improve its performance. To investigate the relationship between the pond loading rate and odour emission rate, replicable experimental studies were conducted using a novel experimental facility and the machine based odour quantification method. The experimental facility consisted of reactor vessels to simulate the operation of effluent ponds and the USQ wind tunnel for odour sampling. A strong relationship between organic loading rate (OLR) and physical and chemical parameters was observed except pH and NH3-N. The pH was not affected by OLR due to the buffering capacity of piggery effluent. EC and COD were suggested as indicators to estimate the operating condition of the piggery effluent ponds because the regression results show that these two parameters can be predicted accurately by OLR. The time averaged odour emission rates from the reactor vessels showed a strong relationship with OLR. Consequently, it can be concluded that heavily loaded effluent ponds would produce more odours. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was examined. The HRT was increased from 30 days to 60 days, resulting in a significant decrease in odour emission rates from the reactor vessels. This decrease ranged from 59.1% to 54.9%, with an average of 57.1%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the increasing HRT will decrease the odour emission rate. This trial confirmed the value of the project methodology in obtaining unambiguous data on odour emission processes. However, more data are required for a wider range of OLR, HRT and other pertained variables before a usable model can be formulated.
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Mogane, Mmathabo Lucretia. "Treatment of anaerobically digested brewery effluent in high rate algal ponds: an understanding of the microbial community structure in the ponds and the underlying mechanisms responsible for nutrient removal from the effluent." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4842.

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Triyono, Sugeng. "Continuous simulation of groundwater use and effluent discharge in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds at five locations in the Southeast U.S." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-05292007-185838.

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Ayres, Rachel M. "On the removal of nematode eggs in waste stabilisation ponds and consequent potential health risks from effluent reuse." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305847.

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Sheets, Johnathon P. "Cultivation of Nannochloropsis Salina in Diluted Anaerobic Digester Effluent under Simulated Seasonal Climatic Conditions and in Open Raceway Ponds." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373452229.

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Barboza, Graziele D'Avila. "Remoção dos nutrientes de sistemas de cultivo de camarões com biofilme associado a bacia de sedimentação." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2008. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2408.

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Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2008.
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As fazendas de cultivo de camarões com altas densidades, liberam efluentes com altas cargas de nutrientes, provocando a degradação da qualidade da água. Isto gera preocupação a respeito do lançamento de efluentes dos cultivos. Em vista disto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um sistema integrado de bacia de sedimentação e biofilme na remoção de nutrientes. O estudo foi realizado em ambiente aberto, durante 45 dias. Foram utilizados três tratamentos: a) tratamento TC, sem substrato vertical; b) tratamento T50, superfície interna das caixas aumentada em 50% e c) tratamento T100, superfície interna das caixas aumentada em 100%. As caixas foram abastecidas com o efluente de um cultivo de camarão. Diariamente foram medidos o pH, a salinidade, o oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e a temperatura. Durante os primeiros 15 dias as coletas foram feitas a cada 5 dias, após esse período as coletas de água foram a cada 2 dias, e de biofilme diariamente. As análises de amônia foram feitas em todos os dias de amostragem. As análises de nitrito, nitrato e fosfato, foram feitas de todas as coletas até o 15º dia, e após esse período a cada 6 dias. Do biofilme, a matéria seca foi determinada de todos os dias coletados. A clorofila a analisada a cada 5 dias. E a estimativa de ciliados e flagelados nos dias 5, 10, 15 e 20. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos TC e T50 reduziram mais de 80% da amônia e fosfato em 10 dias. O tratamento T100 nos primeiros dias apresentou os menores valores de OD, pH e clorofila a, provocando um pico nas concentrações de amônia e fosfato, retardando a remoção destes nutrientes. Para todos os tratamentos após o 15º dia a concentração de fosfato sofreu uma elevação que se manteve até o final do experimento. Concluindo que ao dobrar a área disponível para fixação de biofilme há uma dificuldade de circulação nos tanques, e um aumento da respiração microbiana, tornando o sistema menos eficiente. Já a bacia de sedimentação sem biofilme, ou com 50% de acréscimo de substrato, ambos são eficientes. Portanto, o efluente deve permanecer na bacia de sedimentação por um tempo mínimo de 10 dias, mas não ultrapassando 15 dias, para não haver elevação nos níveis de fosfato.
The shrimp farms with high densities, release effluents with high loads of nutrients, causing water quality degradation. This creates concern about the release of effluents of cultures. In this work, we aimed to assess the efficiency of an integrated system of settling ponds and biofilm in the nutrients removal. The study was conducted in an open environment, for 45 days. We used three treatments: a) treatment TC, without vertical substrate b) treatment T50, inner surface of the tanks increased by 50% and c) treatment T100, inner surface of the tanks increased by 100%. The tanks were supplied with the effluent of a shrimp culture. Daily were measured pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (OD) and temperature. During the first 15 days the collections were made every 5 days, after that period the collection of water were every 2 days, and biofilm daily. Analyzes of ammonium were performed on all days of sampling. Analyzes of nitrite, nitrate and phosphate, were made of all collections until the 15 th day, and after this period every 6 days. Of the biofilm, the dry matter was determined in every day collected. The chlorophyll-a reviewed every 5 days. And the estimate of ciliates and flagellates on days 5, 10, 15 and 20. The results showed that the treatments TC and T50 reduced more than 80% of ammonium and phosphate in 10 days. The treatment T100 in the first few days showed the lowest values of OD, pH and chlorophyll-a, causing a peak in the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate, delaying the removal of these nutrients. For all treatments after the 15 th day the concentration of phosphate has an elevation which remained until the end of the experiment. Concluding that to double the area available for setting biofilm there is a difficulty in circulation in tanks, and an increase in microbial respiration, making the system less efficient. Already the settlement ponds without biofilm, or with 50% increase in substrate, both are effective. Therefore, the effluent must remain in the basin settling ponds for a minimum time of 10 days but not exceeding 15 days, for no elevation in the levels of phosphate.
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Silva, Fernando Josà AraÃjo da. "INDICE DE CONCORDÃNCIA E RISCO FUZZY NA AVALIAÃÃO DO DESEMPENHO DE SISTEMAS DE LAGOAS DE ESTABILIZAÃÃO." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5264.

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No presente trabalho foi empregada a aritmÃtica fuzzy com NFTs para o cÃlculo do Ãndice de ConcordÃncia Fuzzy (ICF) e do Risco Fuzzy (RF), com fins de anÃlise de aspectos operacionais, desempenho e qualidade dos efluentes de 14 ETEs do tipo lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo (6 lagoas facultativas primÃrias - LFPs e 8 sÃries- LSs) em escala real, tratando esgotos domÃsticos. A lÃgica fuzzy provou ser um recurso eficiente na avaliaÃÃo do desempenho de ETEs e suas compatibilidades ambientais. O estudo propiciou tambÃm uma melhor compreensÃo do funcionamento operacional de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo. Exceto por dois sistemas (LFP4 e a LS8) o ICF mostrou que as LFPs e LSs operaram em mÃdia 81,3 e 86,3% do tempo, abaixo do valor estipulado em projeto. Nestas seriam possÃveis incrementos mÃdios de vazÃo de 74,7 e 84,5%, respectivamente. Quanto Ãs cargas orgÃnicas afluentes () os valores de ICF mostraram a possibilidade de acrÃscimos de 91,8 e 71,9%, para as LSs e LFPs, respectivamente. Sobre a qualidade dos efluentes, o OD obteve os maiores valores de ICF (LSs = 0,945 e LFPs = 0,867). Os valores de ICF para qualidade do efluente tratado foram mais elevados nas sÃries, com maior concordÃncia fuzzy com as normas ambientais. O risco fuzzy concernente à sobrecarga (orgÃnica e hidrÃulica) foi maior nas sÃries. Individualmente, os sistemas LFP4 e LS8 apresentaram maior risco difuso de sobrecarga, por operarem sob condiÃÃes prÃximas Ãs estabelecidas em projeto. O RF para anÃlise de desempenho mostrou que as ETEs tiveram perfomance um pouco abaixo do que observa a literatura tÃcnica. Os menores valores de RF foram observados nos sistemas em sÃrie. O risco difuso para nÃo atendimento das expectativas de desempenho foi maior em relaÃÃo a SST (0,929 nas LFPs e 0,903 nas LSs), seguido de amostras nÃo filtradas de DQO (0,846 nas LFPs e 0,677 nas LSs). Na violaÃÃo das normas ambientais o RF tambÃm foi maior nas LFPs. Observou-se que nas sÃries, quanto maior o nÃmero de lagoas menor o RF. CorrelaÃÃes lineares positivas (nÃvel de significÃncia de 95%) mostraram que quanto menor o conteÃdo de DBO e DQO (amostras nÃo filtradas), e de SST, menor o risco difuso em relaÃÃo a CTm. No caso do RF para pH e CTm a correlaÃÃo foi negativa. Foi estabelecido um Ãndice de Desempenho Fuzzy (IFD) para lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, para comparar a qualidade dos efluentes das ETEs. O modelo propÃs uma escala (1 a 18) baseada nos parÃmetros DBOf, DQOf, SST, AMT, OD e CTm. Os resultados apresentaram o seguinte ordenamento: IFD LFP3 (2,09) < IFD LFP2 (2,15) < IFD LFP4 (2,30) < IFD LFP5 (3,49) < IFD LFP1 (3,62) < IFD LFP6 (4,96) < IFD LS5 (9,59) < IFD LS8 (9,67) < IFD LS4 (9,72) < IFD LS3 (10,01) < IFD LS1 (10,38) < IFD LS2 (13,57) < IFD LS6 (15,49) < IFD LS7 (15,69). A anÃlise do RF para ovos de helmintos mostrou que para uma margem e risco difuso de atà 10% seria necessÃrio um TDH de 28,8 dias com oH ≤ 1,0 ovo/L e 38,0 dias com oH ≤ 0,1 ovo/L. Em duas sÃries (LS5 e LS8) o cÃlculo de ICF e RF em relaÃÃo à qualidade do efluente de cada lagoa componente permitiu observar distinÃÃes impostas pela configuraÃÃo e condiÃÃo operacional de cada uma dessas ETEs. Nas citadas sÃries os NFTs foram empregados para avaliar r de DBO e AMT. As representaÃÃes mostraram taxas de remoÃÃo superficial com valores negativos, que ofereceram uma interpretaÃÃo anÃmala de geraÃÃo de poluente por via fÃsica ou biÃtica. A causa foi a assincronia entre as concentraÃÃes afluentes e efluentes, associadas à flutuaÃÃes nas vazÃes, e, de forma indireta, a fatores climÃticos e hidrÃulica das lagoas.
In the present study fuzzy arithmetic via triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) was applied to compute Fuzzy Agreement Index (FAI) and Fuzzy Risk (FR) for the evaluation of operational aspects, performance and effluent quality in 14 full-scale waste stabilization pond plants (6 primary facultative ponds â PFPs and 8 pond series- PSs) treating domestic sewage. Findings showed that fuzzy logic is an attractive approach for the evaluation of the performance of wastewater treatment plants and their environmental compatibilities. The study also provided a better understanding of operational aspects of waste stabilization ponds. Except for two pond systems (PFP4 and PS8) the FAI in PFPs and PSs showed that they operated on average 81.3 and 86.3% of the time below the value stipulated in their original designs. Results indicated average potential increments of 74.7 and 84.5% in influent flow rates to PFPs and PSs, respectively. With respect to organic load () FAI numbers indicated possible increases of 91.8 and 71.9% in PSs and PFPs respectively. In the case of the regulatory standards the FAI applied to effluent quality had best results for DO (PSs = 0.945 and PFPs = 0.867). In general pond series had higher numbers for FAI than PFPs. The fuzzy risk regarded to overloading (organic and hydraulic) was higher in pond series. Comparatively, systems PFP4 and PS8 showed higher fuzzy risk of overloading because these plants operated close to the design numbers. The FR on performance analysis showed that all ponds plants had actual performance slightly below that expected and reported by the literature. The lowest FR values were observed in pond series. On the performance analysis the highest fuzzy risk numbers were for TSS (0.929 in PFPs and 0.903 in PSs), followed by unfiltered COD (0.846 in PFPs and 0.677 in PSs). As expected, fuzzy risk regarded to the violation of environmental standards was higher in PFPs. In pond series by increasing number of cells FR was lower. Positive linear correlations (at a significance level of 95%) showed that lower content of BOD and COD (unfiltered samples), and TSS implied in lower FR with respect to termotolerant coliform concentrations (TTFC). Correlations between FR of pH and TTFC were negative. A Fuzzy Performance Index (FPI) was proposed to compare effluent quality with respect to the environmental standard regulation. The model considered a scale (1-18) based on the following parameters: BODf, CODf, TSS, TAN, DO and TTFC. The results showed the following order: FPI PFP3 (2.09) < FPI PFP2 (2.15) < FPI PFP4 (2.30) < FPI PFP5 (3.49) < FPI PFP1 (3.62) < FPI PFP6 (4.96) < FPI PS5 (9.59) < FPI PS8 (9.67) < FPI PS4 (9.72) < FPI PS3 (10.01) < FPI PS1 (10.38) < FPI PS2 (13. 57) < FPI PS6 (15.49) < FPI PS7 (15.69). The analysis of FR for helminth eggs showed that for a marginal fuzzy risk of 10% pond systems would require a HRT of 28.8 days for oH ≤ 1.0 egg/L, and 38.0 days for oH ≤ 0.1 egg/L. In two series (LS5 and LS8) the FAI and FR with respect to effluent quality from each pond component provided distinctions imposed by the configuration and operational status in each of these plants. Along pond cells in these series BOD and TAN surface removal rates (r) were represent by TFNs. These fuzzy numbers showed negative surface removal rates. They offered an anomalous interpretation for pollutant generation via physical or biotic means. The probable and reasonable cause was the asynchrony between affluent and effluent concentrations, associated with fluctuations in flow rates. Climatic factors and hydraulic behavior of ponds might also influence this.
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Queiroz, Mois?s Andrade de Farias. "Emprego de biofiltro de pedra para remo??o de microalgas e s?lidos suspensos de efluentes de lagoas de estabiliza??o." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16011.

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This research evaluated the microalgae removal produced in a stabilization pond system using biofilters as post-treatment, besides characterizing the effluents of stabilization ponds and filters in relation to concentrations of algal biomass (chlorophyll a and suspended solids), organic matter (BOD and COD), total phosphorus, orthophosphate, pH and dissolved oxygen, and tried to correlate physicochemical parameters with chlorophyll "a". It was held at the Ponta Negra ETE which is constituted by three stabilization ponds, with a primary facultative pond and two of maturation. For the algae removal were used two submerged bio-filters: the filter FPF (Facultative Pond Filter), fed with facultative pond effluent; and the filter MPF (Maturation Pond Filter), fed with second maturation pond effluent. The filling material of both filters was predominantly gravel no. 2, although it contains portions of gravel no. 1 and no. 3. The filters operating conditions were bad, they were nearly 10 years without maintenance, without cleaning or removal of sludge since the time of its construction, and part of the filling material may be obstruct. Despite poor operating conditions were obtained satisfactory results, in level of posttreatment. Removal efficiencies in relation to BOD and COD were 7 and 25% in FPF and 9 and 19% and in MPF, respectively. In relation to TSS efficiencies in MPF and FPF were 37 and 20%, respectively. As for the chlorophyll "a" removal, the FPF efficiency was 44% and the MPF was 40%. There was 50% of consumption of dissolved oxygen, on average, within the filters. Two profiles were performed in the filters, and it was possible to conclude that variations throughout the day were not statistically significant, and that, regardless of the time of collection, they would have the same representation comparing to the time of data collection (7 am) and the daily average, although individual variations throughout the day have been shown to be significant. Another important observation is that the correlations between Chlorophyll a and TSS were bigger and more significant in the effluent of the filters than in the effluent of the ponds
A pesquisa avaliou a remo??o das microalgas produzidas em um sistema de lagoas de estabiliza??o utilizando biofiltros como p?s-tratamento, al?m de caracterizar os efluentes de lagoas de estabiliza??o e dos filtros no tocante ?s concentra??es de biomassa algal (clorofila a e s?lidos suspensos), mat?ria org?nica (DBO e DQO), ortofosfato, f?sforo total, pH e oxig?nio dissolvido, e buscou correlacionar os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos com a clorofila a . Foi realizada na ETE Ponta Negra que ? constitu?da por tr?s lagoas de estabiliza??o, sendo uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria e duas de matura??o. Para a remo??o das algas, foram utilizados dois biofiltros submersos: o filtro FLF -alimentado com efluente da lagoa facultativa; e o filtro FLM - alimentado com efluente da segunda lagoa de matura??o. O material de enchimento de ambos os filtros foi predominantemente brita n? 2, apesar de conter por??es de brita n? 1 e n? 3. As condi??es operacionais dos filtros eram p?ssimas, pois estavam h? quase 10 anos sem manuten??o, sem limpeza ou remo??o do lodo desde a ?poca da constru??o, podendo parte do material de enchimento estar colmatado. Apesar das condi??es operacionais prec?rias foram obtidos resultados satisfat?rios, em n?vel de p?s-tratamento. As efici?ncias de remo??o em rela??o ? DBO e DQO foram de 7 e 25% no FLF e 9 e 19% no FLM, respectivamente. Em rela??o aos SST as efici?ncias no FLF e FLM foram de 37 e 20%, respectivamente. Quanto ? remo??o de clorofila a , a efici?ncia no FLF foi de 44% e no FLM foi de 40%. Houve o consumo de 50% do oxig?nio dissolvido, em m?dia, no interior dos filtros. Foram realizados dois perfis nos filtros, e foi poss?vel concluir que as varia??es ao longo do dia n?o foram estatisticamente significativas, e que, independentemente do hor?rio da coleta, teriam a mesma representatividade ao comparar com o hor?rio da coleta da pesquisa (7 horas da manh?) e a m?dia di?ria, embora as varia??es pontuais ao longo do dia tenham se mostrado expressivas. Outra importante observa??o foi que as correla??es entre Clorofila a e SST foram maiores e mais significativas nos efluentes dos filtros do que nos efluentes das lagoas
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Soares, Lorena Acelina. "Utilização de resíduo de ETA no tratamento de efluente de lagoas de estabilização." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3233.

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Water treatment plants (WTP) inevitably generates waste (WTPS) that must be disposed properly, however due to its characteristics can be reused in other processes such as polishing the effluent of stabilization ponds.This work was developed with the intention of use this waste in the wastewater treatment stabilization ponds, which have good characteristics of organic matter removal, but low efficiency in nutrient removal. Assays were performed in Jar Test equipment, wherethefactors: concentrations of the residue, gradient speed, pH and the time of mixing and sedimentation were varied. It was observed the influence of each factors in the removal of phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen organic, nitrate, COD, turbidity and true color. To obtain sufficient volume for analyze the residue formed after the addition of effluent from maturation pond with water treatment plant sludge (WTPS), sedimentation tests were performed on an acrylic column, using the natural pH of the effluent and a pH modified to 6,0. The residue formed in sedimentation test and the WTPS were characterized as structure and composition. The Jar Test assays showed that there was greater removal of total phosphorus (48,04%), COD (49,39%) and color (50,79%), and that the parameters and the factors had significantly influence in the removal.The waste from sedimentation tests and WTPS consist mainly of sand, silt and clay, and its structures are composed of the minerals kaolinite, halloysite and halite. It was concluded that the use of WTPS to polish the effluent from stabilization ponds proves to be a good alternative to the disposal of this waste, assisting in the removal of quality parameters of treated wastewater.
As estações de tratamento de água (ETAs) inevitavelmente geram resíduos que devem ser dispostos adequadamente, porém devido as suas características podem ser reutilizados em outros processos, como no polimento do efluente de lagoas de estabilização. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de utilizar esse resíduo no tratamento do efluente de lagoas de estabilização, que são sistemas que apresentam boa remoção de matéria orgânica, porém baixa eficiência na remoção de nutrientes. Os ensaios foram realizados em equipamento Jar Test onde foram variados as concentrações do resíduo, o gradiente de velocidade, o pH e os tempos de mistura e sedimentação. Foi observada a influência de cada um desses fatores na remoção de fósforo total, nitrogênio amoniacal orgânico, nitrato, DQO, cor verdadeira e turbidez. Para obter volume suficiente para a análise do resíduo formado após adição do resíduo da ETA (RETA) ao efluente da lagoa de maturação, foram realizados ensaios de sedimentação em coluna de acrílico, utilizando o efluente in natura e o efluente com pH modificado para 6,0. O resíduo formado nesse ensaio e o RETA foram caracterizados quanto a estrutura e composição. Os ensaios Jar Test demonstraram que houve maior remoção dos parâmetros fósforo total (48,04%), DQO (49,39%) e cor verdadeira (50,79%), e que os fatores analisados influenciam significativamente na remoção e interagem entre si. Os resíduos dos ensaios de sedimentação e o RETA são constituídos majoritariamente por areia, seguida de silte e argila e suas estruturas são compostas pelos minerais caulinita, haloisita e halite. Concluiu-se que a utilização do RETA para o polimento de efluentes de lagoas de estabilização demonstra ser uma boa alternativa para a disposição desse resíduo auxiliando na remoção de parâmetros de interesse de qualidade de esgoto tratado.
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Books on the topic "Effluent ponds"

1

(Editor), H. W. Pearson, and Frank Bertangue Green (Editor), eds. Waste Stabilisation Ponds and the Reuse of Pond Effluents. Elsevier Science Pub Co, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effluent ponds"

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Yoo, Kyung H., and Claude E. Boyd. "Pond Effluents." In Hydrology and Water Supply for Pond Aquaculture, 438–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2640-7_15.

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Wahid, Marfiah Ab, Zummy Dahria Mohamed Basri, Azianabiha A. Halip, Fauzi Baharudin, Janmaizatulriah Jani, and Mohd Fozi Ali. "Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Coastal Shrimp Pond Water and Effluent." In InCIEC 2014, 1011–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-290-6_88.

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Maiti, Subodh Kumar, and Arindam Halder. "Treatment of Coke Oven Effluents by Duckweeds Ponds – A Laboratory Scale Study." In Geostatistical and Geospatial Approaches for the Characterization of Natural Resources in the Environment, 435–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18663-4_66.

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Robertson, A. I., and M. J. Phillips. "Mangroves as filters of shrimp pond effluent: predictions and biogeochemical research needs." In Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mangrove Ecosystems, 311–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0289-6_35.

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Billur, Necip, and Semra Siber. "A Laboratory Study to Determine the Acceptability of Oxidation Pond Effluent by Soil." In Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries, 549–61. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2457-7_39.

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Alcalde, L., G. Oron, L. Gillerman, M. Salgot, F. Trachtenberg, A. Amar, and J. Tapias. "Using Phages for Characterization of Effluent Quality in a Stabilization Pond and Reservoirs System in Arid Regions." In Water Resources Quality, 411–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56013-2_24.

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Chirapart, Anong, and Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont. "Growth and production of Thai agarophyte cultured in natural pond using the effluent seawater from shrimp culture." In Asian Pacific Phycology in the 21st Century: Prospects and Challenges, 117–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0944-7_15.

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"Improving Pond Effluent." In Wastewater Stabilization Ponds, 185–235. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16787-10.

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Pescod, M. B., and D. D. Mara. "Design, operation and maintenance of wastewater stabilization ponds." In Treatment and Use of Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, 93–115. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-408-02622-2.50012-2.

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Nageshwari, Krishnamoorthy, Dey Baishali, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Gaanty Pragas Maniam, Natanamurugaraj Govindan, Arunachalam Thirugnanam, and Paramasivan Balasubramanian. "Exploring the dynamics of microalgal diversity in high-rate algal ponds." In The Future of Effluent Treatment Plants, 615–60. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822956-9.00031-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effluent ponds"

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Bertoncini, Carlo. "Decommissioning of Magnox Ltd Fuel Cooling Pond Facilities in the UK." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96173.

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Magnox reactors were the first generation of nuclear power stations built in the UK; ten sites in total, of which, nine had wet fuel routes with cooling ponds. Five ponds are currently in a decommissioning phase; this paper will focus primarily on Hunterston-A (HNA) Site and the central programme of work which governs its management. During its operation, the Cartridge Cooling Pond at HNA was used to receive the spent fuel discharged from the Site’s two reactors, it was then stored for cooling purposes prior to dispatch off site. The current decommissioning phase focusses on draining the 6500m3 pond. Due to the Site’s limited caesium removal facilities, a stand-alone effluent treatment plant was constructed to improve abatement and reduce the pond activity from 200 to 0.7 Bq/ml (β). This was necessary due to increased environmental standards introduced since the site had ceased generation ten years previously. Early characterisation and experience from other sites concluded that if the pond were to be drained without any treatment to the walls, doses to the Operators, during subsequent decommissioning works, would routinely be in excess of 1mSv.hr−1(γ). An opportunity was realised within the Ponds Programme that if the surface layer of the pond walls were to be removed during drain-down, ambient dose rates would be reduced by a factor of 10; this would allow for more cost-effective decommissioning options in the future. Ultra-high pressure water jetting was tested and proved to yield a ∼95% total-activity reduction on treated surfaces. Challenges were overcome in providing safe and secure access to Decommissioning Operators to perform this operation by means of floating platforms on the surface of the pond. As strategies to clear facilities to exemption levels are becoming both cost prohibitive and not reasonably practicable, work is now underway in the Programme to determine the optimum condition for entry into long-term quiescent storage, prior to final demolition. This paper will discuss the strategy and techniques which led to Magnox Ltd ponds to be of national and international interest to the nuclear community.
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Le Clere, Stephen. "Magnox Swarf Storage Silo Liquor Effluent Management: Sellafield Site, Cumbria, UK." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59271.

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The Sellafield Magnox Swarf Storage Silo (MSSS) was constructed to provide an underwater storage facility for irradiated magnox cladding metal swarf, as well as miscellaneous beta-gamma waste from several sources. Liquid effluent arisings from hazard reduction activities at this facility represent the toughest effluent treatment challenge within the company’s Legacy Ponds & Silos portfolio. The key requirement for hazard reduction has generated many substantial challenges as the facility is readied for decommissioning. This has demanded the production of carefully thought out strategies for managing, and overcoming, the key difficulties to be encountered as hazard reduction progresses. The complexity associated with preparing for waste retrievals from the Magnox Swarf Storage Silo, has also generated the demand for a mix of creativity and perseverance to meet the challenges and make progress.
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"Assessing the Water Quality Improvement of Sewage Effluent Passage in a Natural Wetland: A Case Study of Makhado Oxidation Ponds, South Africa." In Nov. 16-17, 2020 Johannesburg (SA). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares10.eap1120271.

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Pakzadeh, Behrang, Jay Wos, and Jay Renew. "Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Treatment for Coal-Fired Power Industry." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32278.

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The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)’s announcement that it will revise the effluent limitation guidelines for steam electric power generating units could affect not only how power plants use water, but also how they discharge it. The revised guidelines may lower discharge limits for various contaminants in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater including mercury, selenium, arsenic, and nitrate/nitrite. Although the specific details of the guidelines are unknown at present, the power industry is evaluating various technologies that may address the new effluent limitation guidelines and promote water conservation. Moreover, the power industry is looking for avenues to increase water usage efficiency, reuse and recycle throughout its plant processes. Final rule approval is expected by the middle of 2014 and new regulations are expected to be implemented between 2017 and 2022 through 5-year NPDES permit cycles. discharge limits for various contaminants including arsenic, mercury, selenium, and nitrate/nitrite [1]. These pollutant limits may be below the levels achievable today with conventional treatment [2]. A growing interest exists in zero liquid discharge (ZLD) facilities and processes in power plant operations. Potentially stringent discharge limits along with water conservation and reuse efforts are two of the major drivers to achieve ZLD. Potential pollutant levels are so low that ZLD may be the best option, if not an outright requirement [1]. Thermal ZLD systems have been the subject of increased interest and discussion lately. They employ evaporating processes such as ponds, evaporators and crystallizers, or spray dryers to produce a reusable water stream and a solid residue (i.e. waste). Evaporators and crystallizers have been employed in the power industry for a number of years. However, typical A growing interest exists in zero liquid discharge (ZLD) facilities and processes in power plant operations. Potentially stringent discharge limits along with water conservation and reuse efforts are two of the major drivers to achieve ZLD. Potential pollutant levels are so low that ZLD may be the best option, if not an outright requirement. A key disadvantage of thermal ZLD is its high capital cost. One way to reduce this cost is to pre-treat the liquid stream using innovative membrane technologies and reverse osmosis (RO).
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Nanni, Bernardino P., Justin L. Bolender, and Spencer D. Whittier. "Wastewater Treatment in Support of Ash Pond Closures." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98091.

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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is evaluating rules that will not permit the storage of coal combustion residuals (CCRs) in surface impoundments, and require CCRs to be stored in Subtitle C or Subtitle D landfills. In addition, the EPA is evaluating more stringent effluent guidelines for water discharges which may impact NPDES permits in the future. To support these changes, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is evaluating the elimination of wet CCR handling and surface impoundments at their coal fired facilities. If CCR conveyance is converted to dry methods and the surface impoundments are closed, the other wastewater streams that utilize these impoundments as a point of discharge will also be affected. Therefore, TVA is investigating options to handle the miscellaneous wastewater streams that currently discharge to the impoundments, and meet more stringent effluent limits that may be implemented in the future. This investigation includes characterization of the existing wastewater streams, determining the effects on wastewater streams associated with future plant modifications and anticipated regulatory changes, developing methods to reduce and reuse wastewater streams to avoid discharge, and developing methods to treat the remaining wastewater streams that may be discharged in accordance with potential future effluent limits. TVA is in the forefront of addressing the pending EPA rules that may affect CCR handling and storage, and water discharges. This paper discusses and presents the process being used by TVA to address these changes, the results obtained to date, and how this may be applicable to others potentially impacted by these changes.
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But, Kanha, Ranjna Jindal, Nawatch Surinkul, and Kim N. Irvine. "Investigations of Effluent Quality of Cha-Am Municipality Wastewater Treatment Pond System." In Annual International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Sciences. Global Science & technology Forum ( GSTF ), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-189x_sees16.8.

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Cook, Margaret A., Carey W. King, and Michael E. Webber. "Impacts of Temperature Thresholds on Power Generation in the Upper Mississippi River Basin Under Different Climate Scenarios." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38908.

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Recent droughts and heat waves have revealed the vulnerability of some power plants to effects from higher temperature intake water for cooling. To avoid heating the cooling water beyond temperature thresholds set by the EPA, some plants have been forced to reduce their power generation. At the same time, future warming of water resources from heat waves, droughts, or climate change might increase ambient air temperature (one of the primary factors affecting intake temperature, and thus cooling effluent temperature) putting plants at risk of even greater de-rating. In this evaluation, we sought to model and predict which plants would have the greatest risk of de-rating due to thermal discharge limits. To do so, we created a regression model of average monthly intake temperatures for open loop and recirculating cooling pond systems for power plants in the Upper Mississippi River Basin using ambient air temperature, wind speed, historical intake temperatures, and historical effluent temperatures. We then integrate that information into a thermodynamic model of energy flows within each power plant to determine the change in cooling water temperature that occurs at each plant. We use these models in tandem to determine effluent temperature at 43 power plants in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. For the years modeled, 2010–2012, the model estimated the intake temperature using the linear regression within 2.2 °C of the observed values and estimated the effluent temperature within 5.0 °C of the observed values. For years outside of the estimation period, 2008–2009, the model estimated effluent temperature within 5.1 °C of the observed values.
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Cook, Margaret A., Carey W. King, and Michael E. Webber. "Implications of Thermal Discharge Limits on Future Power Generation in Texas." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65110.

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The recent drought in Texas revealed the vulnerability of curtailment for some power plants due to cooling water supplies being too hot. Assessing the risk of reduced operations at thermoelectric power plants associated with thermal discharge limits, as well the potential for cooperation between power plants, can increase the resiliency of the electricity grid in Texas and aid future planning. This evaluation compares the observed effluent discharge water temperatures from thermoelectric power plants in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) interconnection with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) discharge temperature limits. Results indicate that at least two major power plants representing over 3,000 MW of cumulative generation capacity have operated at or near these temperature limits in the past. Predicted warming from heat waves, droughts, or climate change might increase ambient air temperature (one of the primary factors affecting effluent temperature) causing even higher derating in the future. We modeled current and future average monthly cooling water effluent temperature for open loop and recirculating cooling pond systems in ERCOT using current climate data and predictions of ambient air temperature, electricity generation, dew point, and wind speed for 2027–2032. While there are some power plants that are projected to be exposed to thermal effluent-related curtailment, we estimate that there is six times as much electricity generation potential available from other existing generators that can meet demand without reaching thermal effluent temperature limits. That is, this work’s analysis indicates that other existing power plants could generate additional electricity to offset the curtailment of the particular power plants at greatest risk from derating to maintain grid reliability.
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Yunzhang Rao, Jianping Zhang, Jianping Pan, and Guoliang Chen. "Study on rules and its prediction of heavy metal pollution in tailings pond effluent." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5964393.

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Tatiana de Lima Tavares, Annemarie König, Beatriz Suzana Ovrusky de Ceballos, Márcia Rejane de Queiroz Almeida Azevedo, and Frederico Antônio Loureiro Soares. "Macronutrients in Soil and Lettuce After the Irrigation with Effluents of Stabilization Pond." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20701.

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Reports on the topic "Effluent ponds"

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Carlton, W. H., and D. M. Hamby. Radiological impact of Par Pond drawdown from liquid effluent pathways. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7067190.

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Carlton, W. H., and D. M. Hamby. Radiological impact of Par Pond drawdown from liquid effluent pathways. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10163860.

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Bill Batchelor, Dong Suk Han, and Eun Jung Kim. Novel Adsorbent-Reactants for Treatment of Ash and Scrubber Pond Effluents. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/979448.

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Closure plan for CAU No. 93: Area 6 steam cleaning effluent ponds, Nevada Test Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/674551.

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Closure report for CAU 93: Area 6 steam cleaning effluent ponds, Nevada Test Site. Volume 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/307989.

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Closure report for CAU 93: Area 6 steam cleaning effluent ponds, Nevada Test Site. Volume 2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/307990.

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act industrial site environmental restoration site characterization plan. Area 6 Steam Cleaning Effluent Ponds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/446332.

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act industrial site environmental restoration site characterization report - area 6 steam cleaning effluent ponds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/434441.

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Evaluation of the Rulison drilling effluent pond as trout habitat. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/292805.

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