Journal articles on the topic 'Effluent irrigation'
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1
Zhao, Q. L., J. N. Zhang, S. J. You, S. H. Wang, and L. N. Wang. "Effect of irrigation with reclaimed water on crops and health risk assessment." Water Supply 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.965.
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Irrigation with tertiary effluent, secondary effluent, and raw wastewater (sewage) were studied with tap water irrigation as the control. The effects of the irrigations on the qualities of three testing crops: cucumber, celery cabbage and maize were investigated. The contents of residual chloride ion, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and residual heavy metals in these irrigated crops were also examined. The results showed that the secondary and tertiary effluent had no significant effects on the crop qualities. However, irrigation with the sewage could lead to increase parts of nutrient components in the crops. Irrigation with the sewage caused accumulation of nitrate and heavy metals in the crops, indicating that sewage was not suitable for irrigation. The risk assessment results suggested that the health risk of the irrigations using sewage and secondary effluent exceeded the maximum acceptable risk level. Comparatively, the risk in the tertiary effluent irrigation was much lower than the acceptable level.
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Raj, Abhay, Sharad Kumar, Izharul Haq, and Mahadeo Kumar. "Detection of Tannery Effluents Induced DNA Damage in Mung Bean by Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers." ISRN Biotechnology 2014 (March 11, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/727623.
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Common effluent treatment plant (CETP) is employed for treatment of tannery effluent. However, the performance of CETP for reducing the genotoxic substances from the raw effluent is not known. In this study, phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of tannery effluents were investigated in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). For this purpose, untreated and treated tannery effluents were collected from CETP Unnao (UP), India. Seeds of mung bean were grown in soil irrigated with various concentrations of tannery effluents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for 15 days. Inhibition of seed germination was 90% by 25% untreated effluent and 75% treated effluent, compared to the control. Plant growth was inhibited by 51% and 41% when irrigated with untreated and treated effluents at 25% concentration. RAPD technique was used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of tannery effluents (untreated and treated) irrigation on the mung bean. The RAPD profiles obtained showed that both untreated and treated were having genotoxic effects on mung bean plants. This was discernible with appearance/disappearance of bands in the treatments compared with control plants. A total of 87 RAPD bands were obtained using eight primers and 42 (48%) of these showed polymorphism. Irrigating plants with untreated effluent caused 12 new bands to appear and 18 to disappear. Treated effluent caused 8 new bands and the loss of 15 bands. The genetic distances shown on the dendrogram revealed that control plants and those irrigated with treated effluent were clustered in one group (joined at distance of 0.28), whereas those irrigated with untreated effluent were separated in another cluster at larger distance (joined at distance of 0.42). This indicates that treated effluent is less genotoxic than the untreated. Nei’s genetic similarity indices calculated between the treatments and the control plants showed that the control and the plants irrigated with treated tannery effluent had a similarity index of 0.75, the control and plants irrigated with untreated 0.65, and between the treatments 0.68. We conclude that both untreated and treated effluents contain genotoxic substances that caused DNA damage to mung beans. CETP Unnao removes some, but not all, genotoxic substances from tannery effluent. Consequently, use of both untreated and treated wastewater for irrigation poses health hazard to human and the environment.
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Shelef, G., M. Juanico, and M. Vikinsky. "Reuse of Stabilization Pond Effluent for Agricultural Irrigation in Israel." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0160.
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Stabilization Pond (SP) effluent is the most immediately available additional water resource for irrigation in semiarid areas as Israel. Evolution of SP design in Israel has been directed by the needs of irrigation reuse, which led to the enlargement of the storage capacity and improvement of treatment efficiency. The use of raw sewage for irrigation nay endanger public health, but safe use of wastewater can be achieved by various degrees of treatment which can improve effluent quality to sanitary standards. Algae and Zooplankton in SP effluents may clog drip irrigation networks but there are several alternatives to overcome the problem. The future challenge is to transform wastewater from a potential pollutant with disposal problems, into reclaimed effluent of high quality fit for unrestricted irrigation, by means of a cheap or even economically profitable system which should include biomass production.
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Patterson, S. J., D. S. Chanasyk, M. A. Naeth, and E. Mapfumo. "Effluent effects on the nutrient concentrations and growth of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. Petrowskyana L.)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07063.
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Using effluent as a source of irrigation water and to provide nutrients for plant growth is gaining favour as an environmentally positive practice instead of discharging effluent into surface water bodies. A growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate pulp mill wastewater as an irrigation source. This study evaluated the effects of water (TPW), municipal effluent (ME), and Kraft pulp mill effluent (KPME) and waste activated sludge (WAS) at rates of 1.5, 3, and 6 mm d-1 on available soil nutrients, nutrient uptake, and growth of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. petrowskyana L.). Increasing the application rate significantly increased biomass for both crops, but the KPME treatment significantly decreased leaf biomass of the hybrid poplar. Effluent applications did not result in toxic accumulations of nutrients within the analyzed tissues for either reed canarygrass or hybrid poplar. Only the WAS treatment significantly increased soil available concentrations of P, K, S, B, Mn, and Zn. Results of the study found lower irrigation rates of Kraft pulp mill effluents could be used as supplementary source and provide nutrients for reed canarygrass and hybrid poplar. Key words: Biomass, effluent irrigation, hybrid poplar, nutrient concentration, reed canarygrass
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Barros, Kenia Kelly, Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento, and Lourdinha Florencio. "Nematode suppression and growth stimulation in corn plants (Zea mays L.) irrigated with domestic effluent." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.230.
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Treated wastewater has great potential for agricultural use due to its concentrations of nutrients and organic matter, which are capable of improving soil characteristics. Additionally, effluents can induce suppression of plant diseases caused by soil pathogens. This study evaluates the effect of irrigation with effluent in a UASB reactor on maize (Zea mays L.) development and on suppression of the diseases caused by nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne. Twelve lysimeters of 1 m3 each were arranged in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and three replicates. The following treatments were used: T1 (W+I), irrigation with water and infestation with nematodes; T2 (W+I+NPK), irrigation with water, infestation with nematodes and fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K); T3 (E+I), irrigation with effluent and infestation with nematodes; and T4 (E+I+P), irrigation with effluent, infestation with nematodes and fertilization with phosphorus. The plants irrigated with the effluent plus the phosphorus fertilizer had better growth and productivity and were more resistant to the disease symptoms caused by the nematodes. The suppression levels may have been due to the higher levels of Zn and NO3− found in the leaf tissue of the plants irrigated with the effluent and phosphorus fertilizer.
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Patterson, S. L., D. S. Chanasyk, M. A. Naeth, and E. Mapfumo. "Effect of municipal and pulp mill effluents on the chemical properties and nutrient status of a coarse-textured Brunisol in a growth chamber." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 3 (May 2, 2008): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07039.
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Maximizing productive use and minimizing the environmental impacts of effluents require research on application rates. This study evaluated the effect of effluents from a Kraft pulp mill [a final effluent (KPME) and a waste activated sludge (WAS)], a municipality (ME) and tap water (TPW) applied at rates of 1.5, 3 and 6 mm d-1 on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L. cv. Vantage) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. petrowskyana var. Walker). The two pulp mill effluents significantly increased soluble soil SO4, Na and Cl. Soil solution electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) increased with pulp mill effluents compared with ME and TPW. Soil solution SAR increased from less than 1 to a range of 2.7 to 4.0 for the municipal effluent and 8.4 to 14.0 for the two pulp mill effluents. Soil solution EC increased from 1.1 to 2.3 dS m-1 to a range of 1.8 to 3.4 dS m-1 for municipal effluent and 5.1 to 6.1 dS m-1 as a result of pulp mill effluent applications. Under reed canarygrass, soils had lower concentrations of cations and anions than those under hybrid poplar, suggesting crop uptake and leaching. Thus, salt loadings of soils must be considered when determining application rates of effluents for irrigation. Key words: Electrical conductivity, hybrid poplar, effluent irrigation, sodium adsorption ratio
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Musazura, W., A. O. Odindo, I. B. Bame, and E. H. Tesfamariam. "Effect of irrigation with anaerobic baffled reactor effluent on Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris cicla.) yield, nutrient uptake and leaching." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 4 (April 15, 2015): 592–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.011.
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The disposal of treated wastewater from an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) effluent into water bodies can cause pollution. Treated wastewater management through irrigation of crops has the potential of increasing crop production through nutrient uptake while reducing the risks of environmental pollution. However, this study aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation with ABR effluent on Swiss chard yield, nutrient (N and P) uptake and leaching. Field experiments were done over three seasons at Newlands, Durban, South Africa. The experiments were laid out in a randomised complete block design with three treatments: ABR effluent irrigation (ABR), tap water irrigation with fertiliser (TWF) and rain-fed with fertiliser (RFF). Data were collected on nutrient (N and P) leaching at 30 and 50 cm depths, crop growth, soil chemical properties and nutrient uptake. Effects of irrigation with ABR effluent on soil chemical properties, Swiss chard growth, plant nutrient uptake and leaching were comparable to TWF and RFF treatments. This implies that irrigating crops with ABR effluent is a potential method for wastewater management in a manner that will not cause environmental pollution while benefiting peri-urban farmers.
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Gabrielli, Giuliano, Jorge L. da Paixão, Bruno Coraucci, and Adriano L. Tonetti. "Ambiance rose production and nutrient supply in soil irrigated with treated sewage." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, no. 8 (August 2015): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n8p755-759.
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<title>ABSTRACT</title><p>Effluents from secondary sewage treatment plants may contain amount of nutrients with the potential to cause eutrophication of water bodies. One of the ways to decrease this influx of nutrients would be the agricultural reuse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the irrigation of roses of the Ambiance variety with the effluent from an anaerobic reactor and an intermittent sand filter (nitrified effluent). The trial lasted for 152 days. The dose of nitrogen applied via effluent was 91% of the crop requirement; of phosphorus, 3.5% (very low); and of potassium, 23%. There was no difference among treatments for the evaluated variables: diameter and length of stem, diameter and length of bud, and fresh weight of flower buds. The production of floral stems was higher in treatments with effluents without conventional fertilization. It is concluded that the irrigation with a treated effluent is an alternative for the fertilization of ambiance roses.</p>
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Choi, C., I. Song, S. Stine, J. Pimentel, and C. Gerba. "Role of irrigation and wastewater reuse: comparison of subsurface irrigation and furrow irrigation." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0089.
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Two different irrigation systems, subsurface drip irrigation and furrow irrigation, are tested to investigate the level of viral contamination and survival when tertiary effluent is used in arid and semi-arid regions. The effluent was injected with bacteriophages of PRD1 and MS2. A greater number of PRD1 and MS2 were recovered from the lettuce in the subsurface drip-irrigated plots as compared to those in the furrow-irrigated plots. Shallow drip tape installation and preferential water paths through cracks on the soil surface appeared to be the main causes of high viral contamination in subsurface drip irrigation plots, which led to the direct contact of the lettuce stems with the irrigation water which penetrated the soil surface. The water use efficiency of the subsurface drip irrigation system was higher than that of the furrow irrigation system. Thus, subsurface drip irrigation is an efficient irrigation method for vegetable crops in arid and semi-arid regions if viral contamination can be reduced. Deeper installation of drip tapes, frequent irrigations, and timely harvests based on cumulative heat units may further reduce health risks by ensuring viral die-off under various field conditions.
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Abusam, Abdallah, Andrzej Mydlarczyk, Fadila Al-Salamain, and Moh Ahmed. "Impact of activated sludge bulking and foaming on the quality of Kuwait’s irrigation water." E3S Web of Conferences 158 (2020): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015804001.
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Treated municipal wastewater produced in Kuwait is used mainly in agricultural and landscape irrigations. However, there are strong doubts that severe sludge bulking and foaming problems, particularly during winter seasons, may render this water unsuitable for irrigation purposes. To assess the impact of these problems on the quality of irrigation water in Kuwait, samples of secondary and tertiary effluents and sludge-mixed liquor were collected weekly from two wastewater treatment plants for nine months. Routine wastewater quality parameters were then determined for the collected influent and effluent samples. Further, dominant filamentous bacteria in the sludge-mixed liquor samples collected from the aeration tanks were also identified and quantified using a molecular method called Vermicon Identification Technology (VIT). Obtained results of the effluents’ qualities were then statistically analyzed and compared to Kuwait’s irrigation water standards. Statistical results indicated that secondary effluents were greatly impacted by sludge bulking and foaming problems, while tertiary effluents were slightly affected. This finding highlights the importance of having tertiary treatment units in plants to encounter sludge bulking and foaming problems.
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Rahaman, AA Abdul, OM Olaniran, and FA Oladele. "Growth and leaf epidermal response of three Sesamum indicum varieties to industrial effluent irrigation." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, no. 1 (April 8, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i1.32025.
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The effect of industrial effluents was studied with respect to growth and leaf anatomy of three Sesamum indicum varieties (NGB 00931, NGB 00937 and NGB 00939). Industrial effluents (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) from two industries are used to irrigate the plants. Although, the control plants possessed larger leaves and longer stems than the effluent-treated plants, at lower concentration, the plant growth is relatively higher. Gradual decrease in the germination of seeds and seedling growth with increase in effluent concentration was observed. The best germination and seedling growth was observed at the 25% concentration. Leaf epidermal features (stomatal density, stomatal index, stomatal size, trichome density, tricome index, trichome size and number of epidermal cells) are more influenced in the effluent-treated plants than in the control plants from the Peace Standard Pharmaceutical Industry than in the effluent from the Global Soap & Detergent Industry. Thus the industrial effluents can be safely used for irrigation purposes with proper treatment and dilution at 25%.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(1), 1-6, 2017
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Pavione, D. M. S., R. K. X. Bastos, and P. D. Bevilacqua. "Quantitative microbial risk assessment applied to irrigation of salad crops with waste stabilization pond effluents." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 6 (March 1, 2013): 1208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.674.
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A quantitative microbial risk assessment model for estimating infection risks arising from consuming crops eaten raw that have been irrigated with effluents from stabilization ponds was constructed. A log-normal probability distribution function was fitted to a large database from a comprehensive monitoring of an experimental pond system to account for variability in Escherichia coli concentration in irrigation water. Crop contamination levels were estimated using predictive models derived from field experiments involving the irrigation of several crops with different effluent qualities. Data on daily intake of salad crops were obtained from a national survey in Brazil. Ten thousand-trial Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate human health risks associated with the use of wastewater for irrigating low- and high-growing crops. The use of effluents containing 103–104E. coli per 100 ml resulted in median rotavirus infection risk of approximately 10−3 and 10−4 pppy when irrigating, respectively, low- and high-growing crops; the corresponding 95th percentile risk estimates were around 10−2 in both scenarios. Sensitivity analyses revealed that variations in effluent quality, in the assumed ratios of pathogens to E. coli, and in the reduction of pathogens between harvest and consumption had great impact upon risk estimates.
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Walden, Ronald F., and Alex X. Niemiera. "An Irrigation Management Method to Reduce the Nitrogen Content of Effluent from Nursery Containers." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 659c—659. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.659c.
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Container nurseries often irrigate daily with a fixed amount of water that exceeds the water-holding capacity of the container substrate, thus, leaching a portion of the applied water and nutrients. We compared the influence of daily container irrigation based on substrate moisture tension (SMT) to that of daily irrigation with a set amount on irrigation volume, container effluent volume, total effluent N content, and plant growth. Rhododendron, Ilex, and Juniperus were grown outdoors in 11.3-L containers in a pine bark-based substrate at four rates of fertilization with a controlled-release fertilizer. Drip irrigation was applied each morning until an electronic tensiometer signaled an irrigation controller that SMT was less than a set value corresponding to container capacity. Irrigation at 1.5 cm·d–1 served as the control. Irrigation treatment had little influence on growth and no influence on growth response to fertilizer rate. Irrigation volume, effluent volume, and total effluent N content were lower for each species when irrigation was based on SMT. For Juniperus, irrigation volume, effluent volume, and total effluent N content were 62%, 69%, and 60% less, respectively, for tension-based irrigation than for irrigation with a set amount.
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Wei, Liangliang, Kena Qin, Qingliang Zhao, Kun Wang, Felix Tetteh Kabutey, and Fuyi Cui. "Utilization of artificial recharged effluent for irrigation: pollutants' removal and risk assessment." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.134.
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The reclaimed water from soil aquifer treatment (SAT) column was reused for irrigation as the source water, pollutants' removal and health risk assessment was analyzed via the comparison with secondary and tertiary effluents. The effect of the SAT pre-treatment on the qualities and growth of different crops (Lachca sativa – lettuce, Brasica rapa var chinensis – pak choi, Cucumis sativus – cucumber, Brassica oleracea – cabbage, and Zea mays – maize) were evaluated. Experimental results demonstrated that the tertiary and SAT treatments had no significant effect on the crop qualities, and could efficiently decrease the accumulation of heavy metals (especially for SAT pre-treatment). Moreover, the carcinogenic risk of the chemical carcinogens for the 1.5 m SAT effluent irrigation declined roughly an order of magnitude as compared with the secondary effluent, and three to four orders of magnitude decreasing of the virus risk. These findings are significant for the safe and cheap reuse of secondary effluent for irrigation purposes.
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Balks, M. R., W. J. Bond, and C. J. Smith. "Effects of sodium accumulation on soil physical properties under an effluent-irrigated plantation." Soil Research 36, no. 5 (1998): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97064.
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Effluent irrigation commonly results in increased soil sodicity, because of the medium-to-high salinity and high sodium concentrations of many effluents. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soils at the Wagga Wagga Effluent Plantation Project increased from <2% to >25% at some depths within the surface 0·6 m of soil, after 5 seasons of irrigation with either (i) treated sewage effluent or (ii) bore water with similar salinity and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). A survey of dispersion index (DI) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was carried out to investigate the effects of increased soil sodicity on soil physical properties. The Ksat was measured after 5 irrigation seasons at 2 depth intervals (0·15-0·45 m and 0·5-0·8 m) using both bore water and distilled water, and compared with measurements made at the same sites using bore water before irrigation commenced. Both DI and ESP were measured at each of 3 depths in the surface 0·6 m of soil. The DI in distilled water was positively correlated with ESP, with finer soil textures having higher DI for the same ESP. When measured in bore water or effluent, DI was very low and not related to ESP. Ksat was significantly lower after 5 irrigation seasons, and significantly lower in distilled water than in bore water. However, there was no relationship between Ksat and ESP. It was concluded that the increased ESP caused an increased tendency for soil dispersion but was not shown unequivocally to lead to decreased Ksat. The increased sodicity does not seem likely to affect continued use of the land for effluent irrigation, but may affect its suitability for alternative uses that involve physical disturbance of the soil, for example, by cultivation.
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Oron, Gideon, Yoel DeMalach, Zafrir Hoffman, and Yosi Manor. "Effluent Reuse by Trickle Irrigation." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 9 (November 1, 1991): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0240.
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Trickle systems can be implemented for domestic effluent disposal and reuse for irrigation of edible crops. This hypothesis was examined in field experiments conducted recently with the treated domestic wastewater of the city of Beer-Sheva, Israel. The results indicate that minimal soil surface and plant contamination was detected under subsurface trickle irrigation and maximal under sprinkler irrigation.
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Hogg, T. J., L. C. Tollefson, and G. Weiterman. "EFFLUENT IRRIGATION: THE SASKATCHEWAN PERSPECTIVE." Canadian Water Resources Journal 22, no. 4 (January 1997): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2204445.
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Sopper, William E. "Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent." Soil Science 153, no. 3 (March 1992): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199203000-00010.
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Bouma, J. "Irrigation with treated sewage effluent." Agricultural Water Management 20, no. 4 (February 1992): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(92)90008-k.
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Sheikh, B. "Irrigation with treated sewage effluent." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 47, no. 1 (October 1993): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(93)90137-e.
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Armon, R., C. G. Dosoretz, Y. Azov, and G. Shelef. "Residual contamination of crops irrigated with effluent of different qualities: a field study." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 9 (November 1, 1994): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0488.
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Unrestricted crop irrigation with wastewater effluents is a major concern for public health. The aim of this investigation was to compare two wastewater effluent reservoirs used for irrigation of a variety of vegetables. The study covers the period from January to the end of July, with sprinkle irrigation starting in mid-April. Lettuce, parsley, cabbage, onion, carrots, fennel, radish and tomato irrigated with highly polluted effluents, displayed elevated numbers of indicator microorganisms. In contrast, vegetables irrigated with slightly polluted effluents, showed significantly lower numbers of indicator microorganisms. Although a low background of microbial indicators was detected in both cases before irrigation started, a significant increase of residual contamination was observed on vegetables irrigated with the polluted effluents, following the irrigation onset in mid-April. Independently of the need to correlate quality standards for unrestricted crop irrigation with epidemiological data, irrigation with poorly managed wastewater, based on microbiological and chemical parameters, results in highly contaminated vegetables. Vegetables often eaten raw or with rich dressings (which may result in regrowth of some pathogenic bacteria) may threaten the public health, without clear outbreaks. It must be borne in mind that drinking water that does not differ much from these vegetables in the way of consumption, has very restrictive quality standards. Similar restrictive standards should be applied for vegetables irrigated with reused water. The results of this study strongly suggest the necessity to treat wastewater effluents to an extent in which no residual contaminants will be detected on irrigated crops.
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Johns, GG, and DM McConchie. "Irrigation of bananas with secondary treated sewage effluent. I. Field evaluation of effect on plant nutrients and additional elements in leaf, pulp and soil." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941601.
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The effects of irrigating banana plants in the field with secondary treated sewage effluent were examined, using plots watered with sprinklers and drippers at a site on the north coast of N.S.W. A total of 1030 mm of effluent was applied over 19 months during which rainfall totalled 3231 mm. Water budget calculations indicated that c. 57% of the irrigation applied would have been lost as profile overflow, and only c. 43% transpired. An 84 year water budget indicated that profile overflow could average 751 mm/year without irrigation, and 929 mm/year if irrigated according to a slightly drier schedule than used in this study. Compared to typical characteristics of secondary treated effluent, the material used in this study was towards the dilute extreme of the normal range, and failed to supply the plants' requirements for most nutrients. Soil sodium increased by up to 5 x on the effluent plots during the trial, and remained at double the control level at the end. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values reached 4% during the trial, and remained at 2.5% at the end. No other soil parameters were affected substantially. Size of mature banana plants and number of bunches produced were not measurably affected by irrigation with effluent. The only plant chemistry parameter affected was leaf lamina boron concentration, which increased by almost 100% at times during the trial, and remained significantly elevated at the end. A possible hazard from irrigating with the effluent used may be the displacement from the profile of other cations by sodium. A separate lysimeter trial is underway to check for such an effect. Heavy metal and trace element concentrations in the effluent were such that it could take between 270 and 5000 years to exceed recommended cumulative loading limits if effluent use was appropriate to crop water requirements.
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Patterson, S. J., D. S. Chanasyk, and V. S. Baron. "Growth of winter wheat irrigated with diluted kraft pulp mill effluent on soils amended with gypsum and wood ash." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, no. 5 (November 1, 2009): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss08018.
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Supplementing irrigation water with effluents could reduce the need for potable water for irrigation and promote nutrient recycling, but may require additional amendments to deal with Na. In a growth chamber experiment, winter wheat was seeded into a control soil and to soil amended with either gypsum or wood ash applied at an equivalent rate of 15 dry t ha-1. Wheat was irrigated at a rate of 6 mm d-1 with distilled water (DW), kraft pulp mill effluent (KPME) and waste-activated sludge (WAS), and three KPME/WAS combinations. This included two KPME/WAS combinations diluted with DW to 25 and 50% (KPME/WAS:DW) to evaluate the effect on the nutrient uptake and biomass and the impact on soluble ions in the soil. Effluent applications increased wheat biomass up to 70%, and increases of 97 and 140% were observed in soils amended with gypsum and ash, respectively. Effluent applications increased soluble Na, Ca, and SO4, but only on the gypsum-amended soils, except those irrigated with WAS, had lower sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) than control soils by 0.7 to 3 units. Effluent combinations at the lower dilutions in combination with gypsum could be used to provide supplemental water with moderate increases in electrical conductivity (ECe) and SAR that would still be within tolerable limits of many crops.Key words: Effluent irrigation, electrical conductivity, gypsum, sodium adsorption ratio, wood ash
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OMOFUNMI, O. E. "THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE SUITABILITY OF AFRICAN CATFISH EFFLUENT AS IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 16, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v16i2.1712.
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The reuse of catfish pond effluent by irrigation can make a significant contribution to the integrated management of our water resources. The study was done to evaluate African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) quality pond effluent quality and its suitability for irrigation. Forty (40) samples were collected from five ponds. Physical and chemical parameters of catfish effluent samples from selected earthen ponds were determined in accordance with the American Public Health Association standards. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that there were variations in the chemical constituents of the effluent measured in the selected ponds. The mean values of physical and chemical parameters ranged as pH (6.2 – 8.1), total dissolved solids (140 -307 mg/l); suspended solids (32 – 78 mg/l), electrical conductivity of water (0.21 – 0.48 mmhos/cm), alkalinity (45 – 138 mg/l), total nitrogen (4.5 – 6.9 mg/l), total phosphorus (0.11 – 0.35 mg/l), sodium (11 -31 mg/l), calcium (24.1 – 69.0 mg/l), potassium (0.16 – 0.41 mg/l), magnesium (8.2 -12.0 mg/l), carbonate (8 -40 mg/l), bicarbonate (20 – 95 mg/l), chloride (10.4 – 25.8 mg/l), boron (0.2 – 0.4 mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (4.4 – 8.2 mg/l). All were within acceptable limits. The African catfish effluents in the studied earthen ponds are classified as C1 – S1 water. Hence there are none degree of restriction in the application of catfish effluent for irrigation.
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Bharti, Pawan Kr, and Pawan Kumar. "Effect of textile industrial effluents on seed germination of Lentil (Lens esculentum)." Environment Conservation Journal 15, no. 1&2 (June 18, 2014): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2014.151230.
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Textile industrial effluents are highly polluted in nature and vary in its compositions. In the adjoining agricultural area of textile industries sector, there is immense degradation of crops productivity being contaminated by irrigation through tubewells or directly from the effluent drain or village pond. The present paper deals with the physico-chemical parameters of textile industrial effluents and its impacts on germination and growth performance of Lentil (Masoor) Lens esculentum, (Family: Leguminoceae, Sub-family: Papillionateae). Seeds were found more tolerant against 25% concentrated effluent.
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Meuler, S., S. Paris, and T. Hackner. "Membrane bio-reactors for decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 2 (August 1, 2008): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.356.
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Decentralized wastewater treatment is the key to sustainable water management because it facilitates effluent (and nutrient) reuse for irrigation or as service water in households. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) can produce effluents of bathing water quality. Septic tanks can be retrofitted to MBR units. Package MBR plants for wastewater or grey water treatment are also available. Systems for decentralized treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater or grey water are also feasible for hotels, condominiums and apartment or office complexes. This paper presents the effluent qualities of different decentralized MBR applications. The high effluent quality allows infiltration even in sensitive areas or reuse for irrigation, toilet flushing and cleaning proposes in households. Due to the reusability of treated water and the possibility to design the systems for carbon reduction only, these systems can ideally and easily serve to close water and nutrient loops.
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Kumar, Vinod, and A. K. Chopra. "Influence of sugar mill effluent on physico-chemical characteristics of soil at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v2i2.134.
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The influence of seven rates of Sugar mill effluent (viz. 0, 5, 10 25, 50, 75 and 100 ml/kg soil) along with control (Bore-well water, BWW) on the physical and chemical properties of soils revealed that among various concentrations of the effluents, the irrigation with 100% effluent concentration decreased moisture content (20.44%),WHC (13.80%), BD (4.14%) and increased pH (9.56%), EC (64.28%), ECEC (149.25%), Cl- (194.71%), OC (3228.89%), HCO3- (22.34%), CO3-2 (29.38%), Na + (185.48%), K+(53.40%), Ca2+ (1262.24%), Mg2+ (1818.24%), TKN (1206.36%), NO32- (80.87%), PO43- (236.04%), SO42- (72.08%), Fe2+ (234.34%), Zn (317.72%), Cd (404.35%), Cu (374.90%), Pb (645.71%) and Cr (1024.80%) in the soil when compared to control. There was a significant (P<0.001) effect on EC, pH, Cl-, OC, HCO3- , CO32- , Na + , K + , Ca2+, Mg 2+, Fe 2+, TKN, NO3 2- , PO4 3- and SO42- , Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb and insignificant (P>0.05) effect on moisture content, WHC and bulk density after sugar mill effluent irrigation when compared to control. There was no momentous change in the soil texture of the soil. The enrichment factor (Ef) of various micronutrients in the soil was recorded in order of Cr>Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn after irrigation with sugar mill effluent.
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Guo, Lijun, Jiusheng Li, Yanfeng Li, and Di Xu. "Nitrogen Availability of Sewage Effluent to Maize Compared to Synthetic Fertilizers under Surface Drip Irrigation." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 4 (2018): 1365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12779.
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Abstract. Field experiments on maize ( L.) under surface drip irrigation were carried out during two consecutive growing seasons to examine the influence of water quality (groundwater and secondary sewage effluent) and nitrogen (N) application rate on growth and yield, N agronomic efficiency, and N availability of effluent. Pot experiments were conducted using the 15N isotope tracer method and the fertilizer equivalence (FE) approach to provide direct evidence of the effluent N availability derived from the field experiments. Four N application rates ranging from 0 to 180 kg ha-1 for field experiments and from 0 to 2.64 g pot-1 (0 to 210 kg ha-1 equivalent) for pot experiments were investigated with secondary sewage effluent (SW) and groundwater (GW). Results showed that either irrigation with sewage effluent or increasing N application rates from 0 to 120 kg ha-1 were conducive to increasing maize productivity. Nonetheless, SW irrigation reduced the agronomic efficiency of applied N compared to GW irrigation supplemented with fertilizers, suggesting greater potential N losses under SW irrigation. Effluent N that was absorbed by maize was negatively correlated to increasing N application rates. On average, the N contained in effluent was only 51% to 69% as available as an equivalent application rate of urea N in improving maize production. The organic N fraction of effluent (20%) and higher potential N losses from SW irrigation primarily explained the lower effluent N availability in comparison to fertilizer urea. Overall results recommended an economic and ecological N application rate of 107 kg ha-1 for maize under drip irrigation when applying SW, with an approximate 14% urea N reduction to attain a satisfactory yield in comparison to GW irrigation. Keywords: Agronomic efficiency, Fertilizer equivalence approach, Isotope tracer method, Secondary treated wastewater.
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Hamoda, Mohamed F., and Saed M. Al-Awadi. "Wastewater management in a dairy farm." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 11 (December 1, 1995): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0387.
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Field sampling and laboratory experimentation were conducted on wastewater effluent generated at a dairy farm in order to characterise the wastewater, evaluate existing primary treatment facilities, and examine an appropriate wastewater treatment system to produce good quality effluents. It has been found that the farm contributes effluents containing considerable loads of organics, solids and nutrient pollutants. Existing treatment facilities which are limited to batch-operated primary settling tanks, are not capable of producing good quality effluent. Experimentation on an aerobic, suspended growth, biological system using sequencing batch reactors (SBR) indicated that the pollutant loads in the primary-treated effluent could be substantially reduced. The study showed that a wastewater treatment system involving primary settling tanks combined with additional aerobic biological treatment is capable of removing about 94% COD and 96% SS from the farm effluents. This system could be easily integrated and coordinated with existing facilities. A wastewater management scheme has been proposed to include waste minimisation, waste treatment and effluent reuse in irrigation.
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Nasser, A. M., H. Paulman, O. Sela, T. Ktaitzer, H. Cikurel, I. Zuckerman, A. Meir, A. Aharoni, and A. Adin. "UV disinfection of wastewater effluents for unrestricted irrigation." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.452.
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Wastewater reuse in arid regions is important for the production of a water resource to be utilised for non-potable purposes and to prevent the environmental transmission of disease-causing agents. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of water quality on the comparative disinfection efficiency of viruses, bacteria and spores by UV irradiation. Furthermore, the microbial quality of effluent produced by coagulation, high rate filtration (HRF) and either UV irradiation or chlorination was determined. Using low pressure collimated beam, a UV dose of 80 mWs/cm2 was needed to achieve a 3-log10 inactivation of either rotavirus SA-11 or coliphage MS2, whereas over 5-log10 inactivation of E. coli was reached with a dose of only 20 mWs/cm2. B. subtilis inactivation was found to be linear up to a dose of 40 mWs/cm2 and then a tailing up to a UV dose of 120 mWs/cm2 was observed. It is worth noting that effluent turbidity of <5 NTU did not influence the inactivation efficiency of UV irradiation. Operation of a pilot plant to treat secondary effluent by coagulation, HRF and UV disinfection at a UV dose of 80 mWs/cm2 resulted in the production of high quality effluent in compliance with the Israel standards for unrestricted irrigation (<10 CFU/100 mL faecal coliform and turbidity of <5 NTU). Sulphite reducing clostridia (SRC) were found to be more resistant than coliphages and F coliform for UV irradiation. The results of this study indicated that UV disinfection is suitable for the production of effluents for unrestricted irrigation of food crops.
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Udoh, J. P., A. J. Otoh, and M. E. Udang. "Biotreatment of brewery effluents for aquaculture use using autochthonous fungi." Tropical Freshwater Biology 29, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tfb.v29i2.9.
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The potential of reducing environmental impact of untreated brewery effluent was investigated. Although concentrations of pollutants in such effluents are usually considered low and inadvertently discharged into adjacent urban drainage facility, mycoremediation to remove dissolved inorganic nutrients in effluent was conducted with a view for aquaculture use in Uyo metropolis, southeast Nigeria. Raw brewery effluents were obtained and screened for indigenous microbial flora. Autochthonous fungi isolated included Aspergillus niger, Verticillium sp. and Mucor sp. The potential use of isolates as alternative treatment of brewery effluents was analyzed for treated and control groups. Treated group was inoculated with pure colonies of fungi isolates while the control group received no fungi treatment or modification. Both groups were incubated for seven (7) days. Thereafter, the physicochemical parameters of raw and remediated effluents were analysed and compared with National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and aquaculture standards. Results confirmed suitability of autochthonous fungi isolates in mycoremediation of brewery effluent for aquaculture and irrigation.
Key words: effluent toxicity, industrial pollution, mycoremediation, aquatic ecosystem, Uyo
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Andrade, Marcelo da S., Josiani F. de Sousa, Marciana B. de Morais, and Cynthia C. de Albuquerque. "Saline pisciculture effluent as an alternative for irrigation of Croton blanchetianus (Euphorbiaceae)." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 27, no. 4 (April 2023): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n4p256-263.
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ABSTRACT The use of saline effluents from fish farming in agricultural activities has been increasing, especially in semiarid regions. This study was to evaluate the use of saline effluents from fish farming for the irrigation of Croton blanchetianus and to analyze the physiological and biochemical responses. After the cuttings were planted, irrigation with the effluent began. Treatments included four salinity levels (control, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 dS m-1). The control treatment was the supply water (0.56 dS m-1). The evaluated variables were growth, relative water content, dry biomass, and levels of proteins, proline, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and photosynthetic pigments. Physiological and biochemical adjustments ensured the maintenance of relative water content and osmotic adjustment under saline conditions without increasing lipid peroxidation. The salinity levels did not affect C. blanchetianus, indicating the lack of saline stress. The fish farm effluents are rich in organic matter, from food, and excrement, which was beneficial for the development of C. blanchetianus. The reuse of saline effluents from fish farming for the irrigation of C. blanchetianus can be a viable environmental alternative, avoiding direct disposal into the environment.
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OLIVEIRA, HERISON ALVES DE, RAFAEL OLIVEIRA BATISTA, FRANCISCO VANIES DA SILVA SÁ, NILDO DA SILVA DIAS, and ANA KALINE DA COSTA FERREIRA. "GROWTH AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF PAPAYA AND PASSION FRUIT SEEDLINGS IRRIGATED WITH GRAY WATER." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 4 (October 2020): 1037–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n419rc.
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ABSTRACT The semi-arid region has long periods of drought, so reusing water is an important alternative to enable irrigated agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and mineral composition of papaya and passion fruit seedlings irrigated with gray water effluents. Two experiments were carried out with papaya and passion fruit seedlings. For nondestructive analyses, the experimental arrangement was in splitplots in time, with plots consisting of three types of irrigation water (gray water effluent; supply water and mixture of gray water and supply water, at 1:1 ratio) and subplots formed by the evaluation times 30, 60 and 75 days after sowing, with three replicates and five plants per replicate. For destructive analyses, the experimental arrangement was a simple randomized block design, with three treatments, corresponding to the irrigation waters, with three replicates and five plants per replicate. The seedlings irrigated with gray water effluent had higher values of plant height, stem diameter, length of the largest root, shoot dry mass and root dry mass. N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn contents in the tissue of papaya seedlings, cv. ‘Golden’, were not altered by irrigation with gray water effluent. N, Fe and Zn contents in the tissue of passion fruit seedlings, cv. ‘Redondo Amarelo’, were increased by the application of gray water effluent, while P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn contents were not influenced.
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Lombardi, Banira, Luciano Orden, Patricio Varela, Maximiliano Garay, Gastón Alejandro Iocoli, Agustín Montenegro, José Sáez-Tovar, María Ángeles Bustamante, María Paula Juliarena, and Raul Moral. "Is Dairy Effluent an Alternative for Maize Crop Fertigation in Semiarid Regions? An Approach to Agronomic and Environmental Effects." Animals 12, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12162025.
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The reuse of effluents from intensive dairy farms combined with localized irrigation techniques (fertigation) has become a promising alternative to increase crop productivity while reducing the environmental impact of waste accumulation and industrial fertilizers production. Currently, the reuse of dairy effluents through fertigation by subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems is of vital importance for arid regions but it has been poorly studied. The present study aimed to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil properties, and crop yield of a maize crop fertigated with either treated dairy effluent or dissolved granulated urea applied through an SDI system at a normalized N application rate of 200 kg N ha−1. Fertilizer application was divided into six fertigation events. GHG fluxes were measured during fertigation (62-day) using static chambers. Soil properties were measured previous to fertilizer applications and at the harvest coinciding with crop yield estimation. A slight increase in soil organic matter was observed in both treatments for the 20–60 cm soil depth. Both treatments also showed similar maize yields, but the dairy effluent increased net GHG emissions more than urea during the fertigation period. Nevertheless, the net GHG emissions from the dairy effluent were lower than the theoretical CO2eq emission that would have been emitted during urea manufacturing or the longer storage of the effluent if it had not been used, showing the need for life-cycle assessments. Local-specific emission factors for N2O were determined (0.07%), which were substantially lower than the default value (0.5%) of IPCC 2019. Thus, the subsurface drip irrigation systems can lead to low GHG emissions, although further studies are needed.
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Oron, Gideon, Leonid Gillerman, Amos Bick, Yossi Manor, Nisan Buriakovsky, and Joseph Hagin. "Membrane technology for sustainable treated wastewater reuse: agricultural, environmental and hydrological considerations." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 9 (May 1, 2008): 1383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.243.
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Field experiments were conducted in agricultural fields in which secondary wastewater of the City of Arad (Israel) is reused for irrigation. For sustainable agricultural production and safe groundwater recharge the secondary effluent is further polished by a combined two-stage membrane pilot system. The pilot membrane system consists of two main in row stages: Ultrafiltration (UF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO). The UF stage is efficient in the removal of the pathogens and suspended organic matter while the successive RO stage provides safe removal of the dissolved solids (salinity). Effluents of various qualities were applied for agricultural irrigation along with continuous monitoring of the membrane system performance. Best agricultural yields were obtained when applying effluent having minimal content of dissolved solids (after the RO stage) as compared with secondary effluent without any further treatment and extended storage. In regions with shallow groundwater reduced soil salinity in the upper productive layers, maintained by extra membrane treatment, will guarantee minimal dissolved solids migration to the aquifers and minimize salinisation processes.
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Brissaud, F., E. Blin, S. Hemous, and L. Garrelly. "Water reuse for urban landscape irrigation: aspersion and health related regulations." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 5 (April 1, 2008): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.162.
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The Mediterranean seaside resort of Le Grau du Roi includes 40 hectares of landscaped areas spray irrigated with river water supplied through a separate network. Wastewater collected from several municipalities is treated in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and polished in waste stabilization ponds (WSPs). Planned substitution of treated wastewater for river water is hindered by spray irrigation prohibition within a 100 m distance from houses and recreational areas. WWTP and WSP effluents were monitored for pathogens with a particular attention to Legionella in Spring and Summer 2006. Helminth eggs, salmonellae and enteroviruses were never detected neither in WWTP effluent nor in the ponds. Legionella spp content was slightly higher or of the order of magnitude of river water contents. Regarding Legionella pneumophila contents, WSP effluent did not significantly differ from the river water. E.coli and enterococci contents in WSP effluents complied with the “excellent quality” criteria of the European Directive for coastal bathing waters. Therefore, substituting WSP effluents to river water is unlikely to alter health risks related to spray irrigation and, in this case, the buffer zone required by the French water reuse guidelines appears being short of support.
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Kim, Minyoung, Hyejin Lee, Minkyeong Kim, Donghyeon Kang, Dongeok Kim, YoungJin Kim, and Sangbong Lee. "Wastewater retreatment and reuse system for agricultural irrigation in rural villages." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 12 (November 4, 2014): 1961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.430.
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Climate changes and continuous population growth increase water demands that will not be met by traditional water resources, like surface and ground water. To handle increased water demand, treated municipal wastewater is offered to farmers for agricultural irrigation. This study aimed to enhance the effluent quality from worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages, retreat effluent to meet water quality criteria for irrigation, and assess any health-related and environmental impacts from using retreated wastewater irrigation on crops and in soil. We developed the compact wastewater retreatment and reuse system (WRRS), equipped with filters, ultraviolet light, and bubble elements. A pilot greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate lettuce growth patterns and quantify the heavy metal concentration and pathogenic microorganisms on lettuce and in soil after irrigating with tap water, treated wastewater, and WRRS retreated wastewater. The purification performance of each WRRS component was also assessed. The study findings revealed that existing worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages could meet the water quality criteria for treated effluent and also reuse retreated wastewater for crop growth and other miscellaneous agricultural purposes.
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Bastos, R. K. X., P. D. Bevilacqua, C. A. B. Silva, and C. V. Silva. "Wastewater irrigation of salad crops: further evidence for the evaluation of the WHO guidelines." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.244.
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This paper presents the results of an experiment on salad crop irrigation with waste stabilisation pond effluents, conducted in Southeast Brazil. Over about 18 months several trials were carried out using different effluent qualities to irrigate lettuce, kale, arugula, spinach, and green pepper. Equations for predicting the bacterial quality of irrigated crops (E.coli per gram) based on the irrigation water quality (E.coli per 100 mL) were derived for low and high growing crops. The quantitative microbial risk analysis (QMRA) technique, using pathogen-ingestion scenarios based on these field data and on official statistics of vegetables consumption in Brazil, was used to estimate infection risks arising from the consumption of wastewater irrigated crops. It is inferred that irrigation with effluents complying with the WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation should result in salad crops acceptable for consumption.
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Houlbrooke, D. J., D. J. Horne, M. J. Hedley, V. O. Snow, and J. A. Hanly. "Land application of farm dairy effluent to a mole and pipe drained soil: implications for nutrient enrichment of winter-spring drainage." Soil Research 46, no. 1 (2008): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07124.
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Spray irrigation of farm dairy effluent (FDE) to artificially drained land in accordance with deferred irrigation criteria causes minimal direct drainage of partially treated FDE at the time of irrigation. The influence of deferred irrigation of FDE on the subsequent nutrient enrichment of winter–spring drainage from mole and pipe systems is unknown. Research was conducted in the Manawatu region, New Zealand, to investigate the influence of deferred irrigation of FDE on the quality of water in artificial drainage. The experimental site was established on a Pallic soil (Tokomaru silt loam) at the No. 4 dairy farm at Massey University, Palmerston North. There were 6 plots (each 40 m by 40 m), each with an isolated mole and pipe drainage network. Four of the plots received fertiliser according to the farm’s fertiliser program (non-effluent plots), while the other 2 plots received applications of FDE according to the deferred irrigation scheduling criteria (effluent plots). All of the plots were subject to the farm’s standard grazing management.The average concentrations of N and P in the 2003 winter drainage (average 236 mm) from both the non-effluent and FDE irrigated plots were well above the threshold concentrations that stimulate aquatic weed growth in fresh water bodies. Annual nutrient losses of 31.4 kg N ha/year and 0.65 kg P ha/year in drainage were recorded for non-effluent plots. Deferred irrigation of FDE in the summer period did not increase the loss of N in winter–spring drainage (N loss from effluent plots was 31.1 kg N ha/year) but did cause a significant increase (P < 0.001) in total P in drainage (an additional 1.03 kg P/ha, c. 160% of losses from non-effluent plots, a loss of 3.3% of applied P). Furthermore, an irrigation of FDE to near-saturated soil in mid September resulted in the direct drainage of partially treated effluent, and hence, N and P concentrations in drainage were 6–10-fold greater than those that would normally be expected from drainage events induced by winter–spring rainfall. This illustrates the importance of scheduling FDE irrigation in accordance with deferred irrigation principles.
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Fox, Laurie J., J. Norman Grose, Bonnie L. Appleton, and Stephen J. Donohue. "Evaluation of Treated Effluent as an Irrigation Source for Landscape Plants." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.4.174.
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Abstract Treated effluent from the Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) Virginia Initiative Plant (VIP) was evaluated in 2000 and 2001 as an irrigation source for landscape plants. Landscape plants common to eastern Virginia were installed in raised beds and overhead irrigated at the rate of 2.5 cm (1 in) per week for five months. Aesthetic quality ratings, and soil and water analyses, were conducted monthly. Aesthetic quality ratings were lower on certain plants irrigated with treated effluent in both years of the study. Damage appeared to result from foliar contact by irrigation water high in dissolved salts. Soil tests showed salt accumulation in the planting soil. Damage that occurred on plants irrigated with treated effluent was species specific and included leaf burn, chlorosis, defoliation, stunting, and death. All symptoms were consistent with and typical of salt damage. Salt concentrations in this treated effluent were too high to allow use of this water as an overhead irrigation source for many landscape plants without further treatment or dilution. Irrigation with treated effluent should be based on landscape species composition, local climate conditions, and irrigation method.
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Sivakumar, PV, and M. Lenin. "Destruction of Moth Bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) Morphological Aspect and Biochemical Constituents During Dairy Effluent Irrigation." Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 9, no. 6 (June 23, 2021): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2021.v09i06.003.
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The current exploration is being fetched out to evaluate the consequence of dairy effluent on morphological aspect and biochemical constituents in Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal). For this, experimentation work dairy effluents were amassed from the outlet of milk processing plants. The diverse concentrations used for the effluent were Control (normal water), 5, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The growth parameters viz., shoot length (SL), roots length (RL), number of leaves (NL), total leaf area (TLA), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), and the biochemical issue like viz., chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, reducing, non-reducing sugar, total sugars, starch, amino acid, and protein content were analysed and tabulated at 30th days after sowing (DAS). As stated by the investigational results obtained all the morphological strictures, biochemical elements, were establishing to enhance at 5% concentrations of dairy effluent and drop off in 50% effluent concentration. So these outcomes imitate that the dairy effluent is noxious nature to moth bean. Thus the dairy effluent is exceptionally alkaline in environment and contains gigantic amounts of suspended solids and dissolved solids consequent in soaring of BOD and COD and other enormous chemical constituents.
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Fanelli, Eileen, Ronald W. Crites, and Roy C. Fedotoff. "UPCOUNTRY EFFLUENT REUSE – PERCOLATION VERSUS IRRIGATION." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2003, no. 7 (January 1, 2003): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864703784641306.
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Ross, C., and A. Donnison. "Campylobacter and farm dairy effluent irrigation." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 3 (September 2003): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2003.9513551.
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Hu, Xiandeng, and John Pigram. "Computer-aided design of effluent irrigation." Environmental Modelling & Software 16, no. 1 (January 2001): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-8152(00)00063-3.
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Silva, Alex A. da, Simara S. Melo, Bianca F. Umbelino, Francisco V. da S. Sá, Nildo da S. Dias, and Miguel Ferreira Neto. "Cherry tomato production and seed vigor under irrigation with saline effluent from fish farming." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, no. 6 (June 2021): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n6p380-385.
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HIGHLIGHTS Irrigation with saline effluent from fish farming does not reduce cherry tomato fruit production. The use of saline effluent from fish farming in irrigation reduces production and vigor of cherry tomato seeds. Application of effluent in the appropriate stages promotes production of fruits and seeds of cherry tomato equal to those of the control.
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Neilsen, G. H., D. S. Stevenson, J. J. Fitzpatrick, and C. H. Brownlee. "Yield and Plant Nutrient Content of Vegetables Trickle-irrigated with Municipal Wastewater." HortScience 24, no. 2 (April 1989): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.2.249.
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Abstract Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and melon (Cucumis melo L.) were grown from 1983 through 1986 with trickle irrigation using either well water or secondary effluent. Yields with effluent irrigation were greater than or similar to yields obtained with well water. Effluent irrigation resulted in decreased Zn, increased P, and variable results for other nutrients in plant tissues. After 4 years of effluent irrigation, the exchangeable Na content of the 0.0 to 0.3-m depth increased, but soil chemical changes were of little practical significance. No major limitations were found for the production of high yields of vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater on the loamy sand soil at the experimental site after 4 years.
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Araujo, Izabela R. C., Silvio C. Sampaio, Antonio Paz-Gonzalez, Márcio A. Vilas-Boas, Affonso C. Gonçalves Junior, and Flávio D. Szekut. "Reforested soil under drip irrigation with treated wastewater from poultry slaughterhouse." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 6 (June 2019): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n6p439-445.
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ABSTRACT The disposal of treated effluents on soil is the main final use of wastewater in Brazil. Although this practice can promote improvements of some soil attributes, there is a need for monitoring in order to ensure that potential environmental impacts are not harmful. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of treated effluent from a poultry slaughterhouse on the chemical attributes of an Oxisols, in Matelândia-PR, Brazil under drip irrigation. The soil attributes P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, pH in CaCl2, H + Al, Al, Ca, Mg, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and percent base saturation (V) were evaluated under four effluent application rates, 0, 100, 200 and 300 m³ ha-1 d-1 with treated effluents on three successive sampling dates. As main results it was observed that high irrigation rates increased soil phosphorus and potassium concentrations. In addition, an association between the increase of soil potential acidity and exchangeable acidity was detected, although pH did not vary significantly either between treatments or between sampling dates.
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Johns, GG, and DM McConchie. "Irrigation of bananas with secondary treated sewage effluent. II. Effect on plant nutrients, additional elements and pesticide residues in plants, soil and leachate using drainage lysimeters." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941619.
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The effects of irrigating banana plants with secondary treated sewage effluent were examined using lysimeters at Woolgoolga, N.S.W. Lysimeters were sheltered from rain so that they received only effluent or tap water without substantial leaching occurring. Total application was c. 4700 mm over c. 30 months, equivalent to about 8 years field requirements for supplementary irrigation. At the end of the growth period, plants and soils were analysed for a wide range of chemical parameters. Soil profiles were then leached and the collected leachate was also analysed. Irrigation with effluent had no effect on plant size. Plants watered with effluent contained 225% more sodium, 81% more boron, 43% more copper, 26% more chloride, and about 16% more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium than plants watered with tap water. Soils watered with effluent accumulated more phosphorus, sulfate, chloride, calcium and sodium than soils watered with tap water. Phosphorus sorption results indicated that it would take over 200 years of supplementary watering with effluent to saturate the profile with P. Leachate collected after the growth period from lysimeters watered with effluent contained negligible phosphorus, but considerable sodium, chloride, sulfate, and magnesium. There was no evidence of sodium in effluent displacing calcium from the profile. The high concentration of magnesium in leachate from both treatments indicated that magnesium was displaced by the high levels of potassium fertilizer applied to ensure adequacy for growth of banana plants. Boron concentrations in the leachate indicated that boron would not accumulate in the profile under natural rainfall conditions. Other trace elements were also most unlikely to accumulate to problem levels. Pesticide residue testing of banana pulp, soils and leachate indicated minimal likelihood of problems associated with such residues in local effluent. It was concluded that supplementary irrigation of bananas with the effluent tested was unlikely to cause any problems with either soil or plant chemistry, given the considerable surplus of rainfall which occurs locally in most autumns.
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Smiles, D. E., and C. J. Smith. "A survey of the cation content of piggery effluents and some consequences of their use to irrigate soils." Soil Research 42, no. 2 (2004): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03059.
Full textAbstract:
Piggery effluent contains high concentrations of potassium, and its repeated irrigation raises soil exchangeable potassium to levels, relative to divalent cations, that may degrade soil structure. We surveyed 6 big piggeries extending from south-eastern Queensland on a self-mulching Vertosol, to an Arenic Rudosol in south-eastern South Australia. We sampled effluent used for irrigation and also soil profiles to permit 'fenceline' comparisons between soils that had and had not been irrigated. The major water-soluble cations sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) were measured in the effluent and the soil saturation extracts, and also their exchangeable forms on air-dried soil samples. Ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) was also assayed. The effluents were similar, with pH values between 7.5 and 8 together with very high water-soluble NH4-N, lower values for K+ and Na+, and quite low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Cation concentrations varied across effluents; sodium and potassium adsorption ratios (SAR and KAR) were relatively constant but smaller than an ammonium adsorption ratio (Am-AR), which we conceive to estimate the influence of NH4+-N relative to the divalent cations in the effluent. Exchangeable K+ ratios in all profiles that had been irrigated were greater than their non-irrigated partners, as were the KAR values in their saturation extracts. Despite high concentrations of NH4+-N and high values of Am-AR in the effluents, there was no evidence of exchangeable NH4+ in the soils when sampled, which, we presume, is rapidly taken up by plants or oxidised. We present data that support a useful relationship between total cation content and effluent and the soil saturation extract electrical conductivity (EC), We also observed a modest increase in the EC of the saturation extract of irrigated soils. Farm records were insufficient to permit material balance calculations.
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Mara, D. D., and H. W. Pearson. "Sequential Batch-Fed Effluent Storage Reservoirs: A New Concept of Wastewater Treatment Prior to Unrestricted Crop Irrigation." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0589.
Full textAbstract:
A modification of the Israeli system of holding pond effluents in single storage reservoirs prior to restricted irrigation is presented which enables the treated wastewater to be used for unrestricted irrigation. The modification comprises the use of 3 or 4 sequential batch-fed effluent storage reservoirs, each of which is operated on a cycle of fill, rest, use. The rest period permits the faecal coliform levels to drop below 1000 per 100 ml, in accordance with the current WHO recommendations for unrestricted irrigation. The number of storage reservoirs and the timing of the fill/rest/use cycle depends on the length of the irrigation season; design examples are presented for irrigation seasons of 12, 6 and 4 months, and these are compared with a conventional pond design.