Relevant bibliographies by topics / Effluent

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Academic literature on the topic 'Effluent'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Effluent"

1

Adam, Abdeljalil, Nabil Saffaj, and Rachid Mamouni. "Classification of industrial wastewater discharged into effluent pits, an approach toward a sustainable recycling: case study of a water treatment facility in Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 364 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336402001.

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Most water treatment facilities collect industrial wastewater in separated effluent pits. This discharge strategy has been proposed by several previous research as a solution to the problems of untreated wastewater being withdrawn further into open sea or rivers, which aims to prevent the pollution of water supplies. However, this solution might also have far-reaching ecological and environmental negative consequences. In this research we have assessed the effluent’s Physico-chemical characterization over the duration of one year, utilizing a specific statistical methodology for a water treatment plant located in Morocco that used effluent pits for retaining its wastewater. Effluents collected by the water treatment plant are tested in two effluent pits to determine the effects of the direct evaporation and storage, the results of this study reveal a significant increase in the Physico-chemical characteristics of these effluents kept inside effluent pits, which may be attributed to an uptick in water pollution in case of any accidental release or spill. Regression and correlation Explanatory variables from a statistical analysis have been assessed to determine which effluent variables were indeed strongly connected to each other. Effluent recycling is proposed to minimize the likelihood of environmental and ecological concerns.
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Jibril Sani Mohammed, Yahaya Mustapha, Usman Abubakar, Eghobor Sunday, Bashir Mohammed Mayaki, Yahya Sadiq Abdulrahman, Mohammed Isa Auyo, and Aisha Wada Abubakar. "Evaluation of Cyto-Genotoxicity of Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluent in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria, Using Allium Cepa L. Assay." UMYU Scientifica 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2123.013.

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ABSTRACT An Allium cepa root cells assay was used to assess cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts on Pharmaceutical industrial effluent in Kano Metropolis. An industrial effluent's physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal composition were assessed, and the readings were found to be higher than the required levels, demonstrating that it had not been treated before disposal. A set of 45 onion bulbs were grown for 96 hours in pharmaceutical effluent that included 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% (v/v), with distilled water serving as the control. All three root tips from each replication's treated bulbs were plucked at 96 hours and prepared for cytogenetic analysis using the aceto-carmine squashed procedure. At higher doses of industrial effluents, the root tips were highly cytotoxic, and their growth was strongly retarded. Exposure to the effluents inhibited root growth with an EC50 value of 6.3%. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference (P 0.05) in the average root growth of Allium cepa subjected to various pharmaceutical effluent concentrations. Mitosis Index (MI) rapidly reduced when effluent concentrations rose compared to control, whereas mitotic inhibition rose with rising effluent concentrations compared to controls. The pharmaceutical effluent triggered chromosomal abnormalities in Allium cepa root tip cells, particularly sticky chromosomes, Binucleated cells, and Bridge chromosomes being most commonly seen at lower doses of 2.5%. It was discovered that the compounds present in effluent might harm living things and, if left untreated, could poison the environment. Industrialists need to be legally required to switch their operations to environmentally friendly technology after it was determined that industrial effluents pose an environmental danger and can result in a number of human illnesses.
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Naidoo, V., M. du Preez, T. Rakgotho, B. Odhav, and C. A. Buckley. "Toxicity and biodegradability of high strength/toxic organic liquid industrial effluents and hazardous landfill leachates." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0230.

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Industrial effluents and leachates from hazardous landfill sites were tested for toxicity using the anaerobic toxicity assay. This test was done on several industrial effluents (brewery spent grain effluent, a chemical industry effluent, size effluent), and several hazardous landfill leachates giving vastly different toxicity results. The brewery effluent, spent grain effluent and size effluent were found to be less toxic than the chemical effluent and hazardous landfill leachate samples. The chemical industry effluent was found to be most toxic. Leachate samples from the H:h classified hazardous landfill site were found to be less toxic at high concentrations (40% (v/v)) while the H:H hazardous landfill leachate samples were found to be more toxic even at low concentrations of 4% (v/v). The 30 d biochemical methane potential tests revealed that the brewery effluent, organic spent grain effluent and size effluent were 89%, 63%, and 68% biodegradable, respectively. The leachate from Holfontein hazardous landfill site was least biodegradable (19%) while the chemical effluent and Aloes leachate were 29% and 32% biodegradable under anaerobic conditions.
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Raj, Abhay, Sharad Kumar, Izharul Haq, and Mahadeo Kumar. "Detection of Tannery Effluents Induced DNA Damage in Mung Bean by Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers." ISRN Biotechnology 2014 (March 11, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/727623.

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Common effluent treatment plant (CETP) is employed for treatment of tannery effluent. However, the performance of CETP for reducing the genotoxic substances from the raw effluent is not known. In this study, phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of tannery effluents were investigated in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). For this purpose, untreated and treated tannery effluents were collected from CETP Unnao (UP), India. Seeds of mung bean were grown in soil irrigated with various concentrations of tannery effluents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for 15 days. Inhibition of seed germination was 90% by 25% untreated effluent and 75% treated effluent, compared to the control. Plant growth was inhibited by 51% and 41% when irrigated with untreated and treated effluents at 25% concentration. RAPD technique was used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of tannery effluents (untreated and treated) irrigation on the mung bean. The RAPD profiles obtained showed that both untreated and treated were having genotoxic effects on mung bean plants. This was discernible with appearance/disappearance of bands in the treatments compared with control plants. A total of 87 RAPD bands were obtained using eight primers and 42 (48%) of these showed polymorphism. Irrigating plants with untreated effluent caused 12 new bands to appear and 18 to disappear. Treated effluent caused 8 new bands and the loss of 15 bands. The genetic distances shown on the dendrogram revealed that control plants and those irrigated with treated effluent were clustered in one group (joined at distance of 0.28), whereas those irrigated with untreated effluent were separated in another cluster at larger distance (joined at distance of 0.42). This indicates that treated effluent is less genotoxic than the untreated. Nei’s genetic similarity indices calculated between the treatments and the control plants showed that the control and the plants irrigated with treated tannery effluent had a similarity index of 0.75, the control and plants irrigated with untreated 0.65, and between the treatments 0.68. We conclude that both untreated and treated effluents contain genotoxic substances that caused DNA damage to mung beans. CETP Unnao removes some, but not all, genotoxic substances from tannery effluent. Consequently, use of both untreated and treated wastewater for irrigation poses health hazard to human and the environment.
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Dewi, Ratna Stia, Rina Sri Kasiamdari, Erni Martani, and Yekti Asih Purwestri. "Decolorization and detoxification of batik dye effluent containing Indigosol Blue-04B using fungi isolated from contaminated dye effluent." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 23, no. 2 (December 24, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.32332.

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Fungi are capable of treating various synthetic dye effluents. Previously, we isolated seven strains of fungi from contaminated batik dye effluent at Banyumas, Central Java. The aims of this study were to screen the ability of these fungi to decolorize batik dye effluents containing Indigosol Blue-04B and to investigate the phytotoxicity effects of biodegraded effluent on the germination of corn seeds Zea mays L. and green bean seeds Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. In addition, the decolorized effluents were tested for toxic effect on the agriculturally important gram-positive and gram-negative soil bacteria Bacillus cereus and Azotobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Study of decolorization showed that fungi were able to decolorize Indigosol Blue-04B batik dye effluents by 21.04% to 99.89% at room temperature after three days of incubation. The assay of phytotoxicity showed that both plumule and radicle length of Z. mays and V. radiata grown on the decolorized effluent was longer than on untreated effluent. The percentage of Z. mays and V. radiata seed germination in decolorized effluent was higher than in untreated effluent. There was no inhibition zone found around the decolorized effluent samples after incubating the bacteria for 48 hours. Aspergillus sp. 3 was the most effective for degradation and could be used for batik effluent mycoremediation processes.
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Ruas, D. B., A. H. Mounteer, A. C. Lopes, B. L. Gomes, F. D. Brandão, and L. M. Girondoli. "Combined chemical biological treatment of bleached eucalypt kraft pulp mill effluent." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (March 1, 2007): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.222.

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Effectiveness of ozonation before and after biological treatment for removal of recalcitrant organic matter in bleached kraft pulp effluents was compared. Two industrial ECF bleached eucalypt kraft pulp effluents (E1 and E2) were pretreated with 100 mg O3/L. Raw and pretreated effluents were treated biologically in bench-scale sequencing batch reactors, under constant conditions. Following biological treatment, effluents were post-treated with 100 and 200 mg O3/L. Effluent pretreatment increased effluent biodegradability by 10% in E1 and 24% in E2. Combined O3-biological treated led to small but significant increases in COD, BOD and lignin removal over biological treatment alone, but pretreatment had no significant effect on effluent colour and carbohydrate removal. Ozone pretreatment did not affect biological activity during treatment of effluent E1 but resulted in a 38% lower specific oxygen uptake rate in effluent E2. At an equivalent dose of 100 mg/L, pre-ozonation produced better quality effluent than post-ozonation, especially with regard to COD and colour. Likewise, when an equivalent dose of 200 mg/L was applied, splitting the dose equally between pre- and post-treatments was more efficient than applying the entire dose in the post-treatment. The potential for combined chemical–biological treatment to improve effluent quality has been confirmed in this study.
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Fitamo, Temesgen, Olli Dahl, Emma Master, and Torsten Meyer. "Biochemical methane potential of kraft bleaching effluent and codigestion with other in-mill streams." February 2016 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.2.80.

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A biochemical methane potential assay was conducted to investigate the anaerobic digestibility of bleaching effluent from hardwood kraft pulping and the potential of codigestion with other effluents from an integrated pulp and paper mill. Four in-mill streams were tested individually and in combination: total bleaching effluent, alkaline bleaching effluent, kraft evaporator condensate, and chemithermomechanical pulping effluent. The total bleaching effluent, consisting of the chlorine dioxide bleaching and alkaline bleaching effluents, exhibited the highest potential for organic matter degradation and methane generation. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ranged from 57%–76%, and methane generation was 220–280 mL/g COD contained in the wastewater, depending on the degree of dilution. When codigestion was tested, the composite consisting of total bleaching effluent, chemithermomechanical pulping effluent, and kraft condensate was most efficient in terms of COD removal (51%) and methane generation (200 mL/g COD contained in the wastewater). The total bleaching effluent is the largest contributor to the overall amount of wastewater at this mill; it contains relatively low concentrations of anaerobic inhibitors such as adsorbable organic halogens (36 mg/L), total sulfur (170 mg/L), and resin and fatty acids (3.2 mg/L). Therefore, the total bleaching effluent from hardwood kraft pulping may be considered for full-scale anaerobic wastewater treatment, either as a singular stream or as part of a composite stream including other in-mill effluents.
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Agbekodo, K. M., P. M. Huck, S. A. Andrews, and S. Peldszus. "Characterization of Treated Effluent from a Chemithermomechanical Pulping Process Using Macroporous Resins." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 795–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.043.

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Abstract This study developed a characterization of the organic matter remaining in a chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) effluent after biological treatment and evaluated the potential impact of this effluent when discharged into the receiving environment. The methodology employed involved fractionation with macroporous resins to allow for the isolation of hydrophobic and hydro-philic organic materials. The study also examined the treated effluent’s reactivity with chlorine, a typical drinking water disinfectant, in order to assess the formation potential of chlorinated by-products and the chlorine demand in a downstream drinking water treatment plant. Results showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a treated effluent from a CTMP mill consisted of 87% hydrophobic material (primarily humic substances), 5% hydrophilic acids and 3 to 4% nitrogenous compounds. At least 95% of the DOC was isolated using three different macroporous resins. The chlorine demand of the biotreated CTMP effluent was two to three times higher than is typical for natural organic matter from surface water. This indicated that the organic material in the CTMP effluent was highly reactive with chlorine and will likely be reactive with other oxidants such as ozone, which is also applied in the drinking water industry. Moreover, the disinfection by-products chloroform and trichloroacetic acid were formed in high concentrations as a result of chlorination. The biotreated CTMP effluent had a high chemical oxygen demand (at least 1,100 mg/L) but a relatively low biochemical oxygen demand (less than 100 mg/L), which was to be expected after biological treatment. Hence, discharge of these effluents could release high concentrations of non- or slowly biodegradable organic matter into the downstream aquatic environment. Water pollution control policies should therefore consider the potential impact of treated effluents from CTMP mills with regard to their high DOC and the potential for chlorinated by-product formation upon drinking water disinfection.
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Klein, Rodrigo Miguel, Éverton Hansen, and Patrice Monteiro de Aquim. "Water reuse in the post-tanning process: minimizing environmental impact of leather production." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.620.

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Abstract Post-tanning wastewater is very diversified, as the post-tanning stage should meet the desirable properties of the leather for the final product, with low standardization of the process (compared to beamhouse and tanning). This makes post-tanning effluent reuse less feasible, and reuse in the post-tanning stage still needs to be explored. This work aims to evaluate the reuse of liquid effluents in the post-tanning process. The work methodology consisted of (i) characterization of water streams (groundwater, liquid effluent after primary treatment, and liquid effluent after secondary treatment); (ii) pilot-scale post-tanning tests using groundwater, primary effluent, and secondary effluent; (iii) characterization of the residual baths from pilot-scale tests (pH, conductivity, total solids, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, chloride, hardness and oil and grease); and (iv) testing the leather obtained for total sulfated ash and organoleptic properties. Results showed that the primary effluent and the secondary effluent could be reused in pilot-scale post-tanning tests. There was an increase in the conductivity of the residual baths when liquid effluents were reused, which confirms the accumulation of salts in the effluents after their reuse.
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Aidar, Elizabeth, Teresa C. S. Sigaud-Kutner, Márcia C. Bicega, Katya P. Schinke, Sania M. F. Gianesella, and Elisabete S. Braga. "Evaluation of produced water toxicity from an oil maritime terminal through Skeletonema costatum toxicity tests." Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia 47, no. 2 (1999): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-77391999000200003.

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The liquid effluent from an oil maritime terminal, with produced water as the main component, had its toxicity evaluated through toxicity tests with the diatom Skeletonema costatum. Two previously treated effluent samples (effluents A and B), were provided by PETROBRAS for the experiments. Both samples presented high salinity (67‰ for effluent A and 62‰ for effluent B) and low pH values (6.2), whereas total sulphide, phenol and nutrient content, dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbon concentration, BOD and COD values were quite different from each other. During the toxicity experiment, three replicate flasks with samples for each treatment were exposed to a light radiation of 266µE m² S-1 and maintained under a 10 h/14 h lightldark cycle, at a temperature of 24 :t 2ºC. The EC50 values could not be accurately estimated for effluent A: 60 h and 132 h after starting the experiment they were below 3% and between 3-6% effluent concentration, respectively. Synergistic effects between effluent toxicity and salinity on the growth of S. costatum were detected. The effluent B showed higher toxicity: the EC5O values were 0.17% and 0.40% of effluent concentrations, after 48 h and 96 h, respectively. These results evidenced the deleterious effects of residual organic compounds contained in the aqueous effluents from the oil terminal under the present pretreatment on S. costatum. In the light of the present data, the direct disposal ofthese effluents into São Sebastião Channel waters might be very hazardous to its indigenous biota.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effluent"

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Silva, Marcos Erick Rodrigues da. "Post-Treatment for effluents of anaerobic reactors treating domestic effluent by natural and unnatural coagulants." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=266.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
The current investigation aimed to study post-treatments for effluents of anaerobic sludge blanket reactors by using both natural (Moringa oleifera, Lam) and unnatural coagulants. For that, many jar-tests were conducted either using sewage or effluent of a lab-scale UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor. Many dosages of natural (Moringa oleifera) and unnatural (ferric chloride) coagulants were tested with sewage. Afterwards, the coagulants effect associated to a polymer (FO 4140) was assessed in the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of the UASB reactor effluent. The results indicated that the natural coagulant moringa provided low turbidity removal in comparison with the unnatural coagulant ferric chloride, for both sewage and UASB effluent, questioning the real application of moringa in the physical-chemical treatment of sewage. Additionally, a negative effect of the moringa seeds was verified after the detection of a considerably increase of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and turbidity, while testing the UASB effluent. The results show that, in general, the moringa seeds were inefficient on the removal of physical-chemical and microbiological contaminants present in sewage and anaerobic effluents.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar pÃs-tratamentos de efluentes provenientes de reatores anaerÃbios de manta de lodo pelo uso de coagulantes naturais (Moringa oleifera, Lam) e nÃo naturais. Para tanto, foram realizados vÃrios ensaios de jar-test utilizando tanto esgoto sanitÃrio bruto quanto efluente de um reator UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) em escala de laboratÃrio. Foram testadas vÃrias dosagens dos coagulantes natural (Moringa oleifera) e nÃo-natural (cloreto fÃrrico) utilizando esgotos brutos domÃsticos. Em seguida foram estudados os efeitos dos coagulantes associados ao auxiliar de coagulaÃÃo (FO 4140), nos parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos e microbiolÃgicos do efluente do reator UASB. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que o coagulante natural moringa forneceu baixas remoÃÃes de turbidez na comparaÃÃo com o coagulante nÃo-natural cloreto fÃrrico, tanto para o esgoto bruto como para o efluente do reator UASB, questionando-se a real aplicaÃÃo da moringa no tratamento fÃsico-quÃmico de esgoto sanitÃrio. Adicionalmente, verificou-se um efeito negativo do uso das sementes de moringa, mediante a detecÃÃo de um aumento considerÃvel nas concentraÃÃes finais de DQO e turbidez, quando o efluente anaerÃbio era testado. Os resultados mostraram que, de uma forma geral, a semente de moringa se mostrou ineficiente na remoÃÃo de contaminantes fÃsico-quÃmicos e microbiolÃgicos presentes em esgotos sanitÃrios brutos e efluentes anaerÃbios.
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Peterson, Mark. "Electrodisinfection of Municipal Wastewater Effluent." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/294.

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To avoid the spread of disease from sewage treatment effluents, pathogenic microorganisms present must be destroyed by one or a combination of disinfection methods. Chlorine remains the predominant disinfectant used although it consumes considerable amounts of energy and has associated exposure risks from production, transportation and storage of this poisonous gas. In addition to bacteria and other objectionable microorganisms, color, suspended and colloidal solids also require removal from water for reuse. Aluminum and iron additions have been used to coagulate and remove non-settleable solids. By electrically dissolving aluminum to form solids-bridging aluminum hydroxide, the water itself can also be disinfected by the effects of electrical fields and its reactions to form disinfectant chemicals and direct destruction of microorganisms in the water. This research investigated the effects of electrical current, time, and chloride concentration on the electrochemical disinfection of sewage treatment plant effluent using aluminum electrodes to substitute for chlorine disinfection.
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Santos, Bruno Alexandre Quistorp. "Continuous bioremediation of electroplating effluent." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/865.

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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae: Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013
There are significant quantities of free cyanide (F-CN) and heavy metal contaminated effluent being discharged from electroplating operations globally. However, there is an overwhelming tendency in the industry to use physical and/or chemical treatment methods for cyanides (CNs) and heavy metals in effluent. Although these methods may be effective for certain CNs and heavy metals, they produce toxic by-products and also involve high operational and capital investment costs when compared to bioremediation methods. In this study, the design of a two-stage membrane bioreactor (MBR) system was conceptualised for the bioremediation of CNs and heavy metals in the effluent which was collected from an electroplating facility located in the Western Cape, South Africa. The design included a primary inactive bioremediation stage, to reduce the impact of contaminate concentration fluctuations, and a secondary active bioremediation stage, to remove the residual contaminants, in the effluent under alkaline pH conditions which typify most industrial effluent containing these contaminants. An analysis of the electroplating effluent revealed that the effluent contained an average of 149.11 (± 9.31) mg/L, 5.25 (± 0.64) mg/L, 8.12 (± 4.78) mg/L, 9.05 (± 5.26) mg/L and 45.19 (± 25.89) mg/L of total cyanide (T-CN), F-CN, weak acid dissociable cyanides (WAD-CNs), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), respectively. An Aspergillus sp., which displayed the characteristic black conidiophores of the Aspergillus section Nigri, was isolated from the electroplating facilities’ effluent discharge using a selective pectin agar (PA) and subcultured on 2% (v/v) antibiotic (10,000 units/L penicillin and 10 mg streptomycin/mL) potato dextrose agar (PDA). The isolate was tolerant to F-CN up to 430 mg F-CN/L on F-CN PDA plates which were incubated at 37 ˚C for 5 days. However, a significant decline in microbial growth was observed after 200 mg F-CN/L, thus indicating that the isolate was suitable for the bioremediation of the electroplating effluent. The identification of the isolate as Aspergillus awamori (A. awamori) was definitively determined using a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, utilising ITS (internal transcribed spacer), -tubulin and calmodulin gene regions. Although an anomaly in the morphology of the conidia of the isolate was observed during the morphological analysis, indicating a possible morphological mutation in the isolate. A comparative study between “sweet orange” (Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis)) pomace, “apple” (Malus domestica (M. domestica)) pomace, “sweetcorn” (Zea mays (Z. mays)) cob and “potato” (Solanum tuberosum (S. tuberosum)) peel, i.e. waste materials considered to be agricultural residues, was conducted in order to assess their potential and as a sole carbon source supplement for A. awamori biomass development for the bioremediation of CNs and heavy metals. The suitability of these agricultural residues for these activities were as follows: C. sinensis pomace ˃ M. domestica pomace ˃ Z. mays cob ˃ S. tuberosum peel. For purpose of the sensitivity analysis, a temperature range of 20 to 50 ˚C and an alkaline pH range of 7 to 12 showed that: (1) optimal conditions for the uptake of Ni, Zn and Cu occurred at pH 12 and a temperature of 37.91 and 39.78 ˚C using active and inactive A. awamori biomass and unhydrolysed and hydrolysed C. sinensis pomace, respectively; (2) F-CN conversion increased linearly with an increase in pH and temperature using unhydrolysed and hydrolysed C. sinensis pomace; and (3) optimal conditions for the F-CN conversion and the respective by-products and sugar metabolism using active A. awamori biomass occurred at 37.02 ˚C and pH 8.75 and at conditions inversely proportional to F-CN conversion, respectively. The heavy metal affinity was Ni > Zn > Cu for all the biomaterials used and with the heavy metal uptake capacity being inactive A. awamori biomass > active A. awamori biomass > hydrolysed C. sinensis pomace > unhydrolysed C. sinensis pomace, respectively. Hydrolysed C. sinensis pomace had a 3.86 fold higher conversion of F-CN compared to the unhydrolysed C. sinensis pomace. The use of C. sinensis pomace extract as a nutrient media, derived from the acid hydrolysis of C. sinensis pomace, showed potential as a rich carbon-based supplement and also that low concentrations, < 0.1% (v/v), were required for the bioremediation of CNs and heavy metals. The two-stage MBR system was operated at 40 ˚C since this temperature was conducive to the bioremediation of CN and heavy metals. The primary bioremediation stage contained hydrolysed C. sinensis pomace while the secondary bioremediation stage contained active A. awamori biomass, supplemented by the C. sinensis pomace extract. After the primary and secondary bioremediation stages, 76.37%, 95.37%, 93.26% and 94.76% (primary bioremediation stage) and 99.55%, 99.91%, 99.92% and 99.92% (secondary bioremediation stage) average bioremediation efficiencies for T-CN, Ni, Zn and Cu were achieved. Furthermore, the secondary bioremediation stage metabolised the CN conversion by-products with an efficiency of 99.81% and 99.75% for formate (CHOO-) and ammonium (NH4+), respectively. After the first, second and third acid regeneration cycles of the hydrolysed C. sinensis pomace, 99.13%, 99.12% and 99.04% (first regeneration cycle), 98.94%, 98.92% and 98.41% (second regeneration cycle) and 98.46%, 98.44% and 97.91% (third regeneration cycle) recovery efficiencies for Ni, Zn and Cu were achieved. However, the design only managed to treat the effluent for safe discharge and the use of a post-treatment stage, such as reverse osmosis, is recommended to remove the remainder of the trace contaminants and colour from the effluent to ensure that the effluent met the potable water standards for reuse. There was a relatively insignificant standard deviation (≤ 3.22%) detected in all the parameters measured in the continuous operation and this indicates the reproducibility of the bioremediation efficiency in this continuous system.
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Uhlman, Kristine, Susanna Eden, Channah Rock, Erin Westfall, and Terry Sprouse. "Effluent Dependent Streams of Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/225865.

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Long, Xiaoping. "Minimum effluent process for pulp mill." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11825.

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Santoyo-Gutierrez, Socrates. "Absorption heat pump assisted effluent purification." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245055.

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McClure, P. J. "The biodegradation of pharmaceutical effluent constituents." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233071.

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Hariyadi, Hari Rom. "Microbiological treatment of prochloraz process effluent." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366913.

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Wrigley, Timothy John. "Water quality improvement of piggery effluent." Thesis, Wrigley, Timothy John (1999) Water quality improvement of piggery effluent. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1999. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52406/.

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An experimental wetland system was constructed to upgrade the water quality of piggery wastewater. Transplanted aquatic macrophytes were successfully established within the wetland. The wetland experiment was concluded prematurely because of continual pipework blockages which prevented wastewater flow into the wetland. The precipitate in the pipework was identified as Struvite, MgNH4PO4.6H2O, a precipitate widely associated with wastewaters and kidney stones. The formation of struvite in the piggery wastewaters indicated that struvite may be an important process in the removal of nutrients. X-ray diffraction of lagoon sludge confirmed that struvite precipitation occurred in the three wastewater lagoons at the piggery. Magnesium, essential for the formation of struvite, entered the waste water system via groundwater used for wash down. Magnesium was also an important food supplement in the feed provided for the pigs. Magnesium coupled with ammonia and phosphorus at pH values greater than nine (9) can produce struvite. Up to 250 tonnes/annum of struvite could be removed from the final piggery effluent under correct pH and dosing conditions. Struvite is a valuable slow release fertilizer, and its formation and removal from wastewaters may be important in the reduction of eutrophication in receiving waters. Laboratory-scale batch and continuous anaerobic digestion of piggery effluent was undertaken. The removal of struvite from solution by chemical dosing with MgSO4 after digestion was determined. During anaerobic digestion of piggery wastewater, COD was reduced by 50%- 90%, as measured by biogas production. Concentrations of PO4-P in the supemate increased during batch digestion (21 to 33 mg/L) while a marked reduction in PO4-P concentration of the supemate from the continuous digestion (21 to 10 mg/L) occurred. The addition of MgSO4 to the supernate reduced PO4-P concentrations from 33 to 7 mg/L (batch) and from 10 to 0.1 mg/L (continuous). Struvite, aphthitalite (K3Na(SO4)2) and thermardite (Na2SO4) were precipitated from solution. A computer model was developed to describe struvite solubility chemistry; this included the electro-neutrality equation which allowed for greater variability in the input components. Relationships between the major ions were retained without approximation. The model results fitted data from both our laboratory results and published values. Equilibrium constants which markedly affect the output were identified and solubility constants derived. The computer model of the solution chemistry of struvite was then improved. Firstly, the algorithm was smaller and faster with ammonia as the prime calculation point in the liquid phase. Secondly, the incorporation of dissolved magnesium hydrogen phosphate (dMHP) in the model significantly increased concentrations in solution. Thirdly, estimates of activity coefficients were included. These improvements made a 5-10% improvement in the fit. This flexible modeling procedure allowed for the ready inclusion of all possible species. The addition of associated ammonium phosphates improved the fit. Estimates of the association constants were included. Applications of the model include waste-water treatment and the formation of kidney stones.
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Chan, Kwok Ho. "Potential Reuse of wastewater effluent in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1944060.

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Books on the topic "Effluent"

1

Ogden, Graham. Zero effluent papermaking. Manchester: UMIST, 1997.

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King County (Wash.). Dept. of Metropolitan Services., ed. Effluent transfer system. Seattle, Wash: King County Dept. of Metropolitan Services, Water Pollution Control Dept., Technical Publications Section, 1994.

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Cussion, Sylvia. N-nitrosodimethylamine in industrial effluents and sewage influent and effluent: Report. [Toronto]: Quality Management Unit, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1991.

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Municipal Industrial Strategy for Abatement Program (Ontario), ed. Draft effluent monitoring and effluent limits regulation, electric power generation sector. [Toronto, Ont.]: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1994.

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Chowdhury, M. D. H. Effluent-free yarn dyeing. Manchester: UMIST, 1992.

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Post, L. E. Effluent mixing zone studies. Toronto: Water Resources Branch, 1985.

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Baumgartner, D. J. Dilution models for effluent discharges. 2nd ed. [Washington, D.C.]: Standards and Applied Science Division, Office of Science and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993.

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Perry, Maria. The handbook of brewery effluent. [South Africa]: Brewery Effluent Services, 1997.

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Baumgartner, D. J. Dilution models for effluent discharges. 3rd ed. Newport, OR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecosystems Branch, 1994.

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Feigin, Amos, Israela Ravina, and Joseph Shalhevet. Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74480-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effluent"

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Kaushik, Garima. "Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents: Distillery Effluent." In Applied Environmental Biotechnology: Present Scenario and Future Trends, 19–32. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2123-4_2.

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Rawat, Shweta, and Sanjay Kumar. "The Feasibility Study of Green Microalgae Assisted Coal Mine Effluent Desalination." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 255–67. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_25.

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AbstractCarbon-neutral sustainable approaches are highly demanding in the coal energy sector. Coal mine effluent disposal is a severe challenge with crucial concern issues of salinity hazard and heavy metal contamination due to long-duration water and coal interaction. The medium to the high salinity of coal mine effluent leads towards irrigation unsuitability due to the negative impact upon infiltration and permeability of nutrients from the soil to plant. Focusing on the international irrigation water quality standards given by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, most coal mine effluents are considered negatively impacting crops, soil fertility, groundwater, and aquatic life. Therefore, the current study investigates the direct cultivation suitability of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to simultaneously treat coal mine effluent for salinity removal and biomass production. Initially, C. pyrenoidosa culture adaptation in varying concentrations of coal mine effluents (25%–100%) in coal mine effluent, which are collected from two different points of coal mine named as coal mine effluent 1 (CME1) and coal mine effluent 2 (CME2). Evaluating C. pyrenoidosa growth kinetics, it was observed that the doubling time extended from 2.25 days (100% BG-11 as a medium; control) to 4.33 days (100% CME as a medium). Interestingly, the highest value for biomass production was 1.78 ± 0.12 g/ L with 25% CME 1 supplemented with essential growth nutrients; this value lies near 100% BG11 supplemented growth, 1.81 ± 0.05 g/L. In the current study, taking salinity removal as a prime concern, 100% utilization of CME-2 in place of BG-11 medium was very significant for salinity reduction from 4.80 ± 0.50 mS/cm (initial) to 0.98 ± 0.02 mS/cm (final) during 14 days batch growth. In continuation of that, the significant finding was salinity reduction of both samples (50% and 75% sample) to the level of 0.7 mS/ cm, which lies under the FAO guidelines for irrigation. Present findings also revealed an alternative to conventional processes, i.e., thermal and membrane desalination. Microalgae-assisted desalination is a novel, energy-efficient, eco-sustainable, cost-effective, and long-term operational approach. It has good potential to treat medium to sub-optimal salinity of coal mine effluent coupled with high-value biomass production.
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Whitman, W. E. "Effluent Treatment." In Handbook of Food Factory Design, 443–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7450-0_18.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Effluent Limitations." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 254. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4215.

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Dash, Sanjaya K., Pitam Chandra, and Abhijit Kar. "Effluent Treatment." In Food Engineering, 507–12. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003285076-39.

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Kusui, Takashi, Yasuyuki Itatsu, and Jun Jin. "Whole Effluent Toxicity Assessment of Industrial Effluents." In Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 331–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7425-2_17.

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Majozi, Thokozani. "Zero Effluent Methodologies." In Batch Chemical Process Integration, 173–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2588-3_8.

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Golwalkar, Kiran. "Effluent Treatment Plants." In Process Equipment Procurement in the Chemical and Related Industries, 199–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12078-2_14.

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Höhn, Wolfgang. "Textile Industry Effluent." In Sustainable Textile and Fashion Value Chains, 123–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22018-1_8.

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Aggarangsi, Pruk, Sirichai Koonaphapdeelert, Saoharit Nitayavardhana, and James Moran. "Processing Biogas Effluent." In Biogas Technology in Southeast Asia, 115–33. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8887-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effluent"

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Arhin-Andoh, C. "Assessing Existing Effluent Analysis Requirements to Improve Effluent Quality Reporting." In SPE African Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/183594-ms.

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Hamid, Shahul, and W. N. Yeo. "Effluent Water Quality Improvement." In SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27316-ms.

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Wei, Liqiang, Feng Xie, Jian Zheng, Ling Liu, and Chuangguo Hu. "Improvement of the Total Beta Monitoring Channel of the Radioactive Gaseous Effluent in HTR-10." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66652.

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The radiation monitoring for the gaseous and liquid effluents from a nuclear facility has received more and more attention in recent years since it can indicate the discharge characteristic of the radioactive substance which is used for the environmental impact assessment. In the 10MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-10), the stationary differential ionization chamber detector and single chip processor controlled circuit board were adopted to monitor the total β activity of the gaseous effluent from the stack. In the current paper, the design principle, structure composition, function declaration and technical characteristic of the total β monitoring channel of the radioactive gaseous effluent in HTR-10 are presented. The problems in operation of this installation are analyzed and discussed in detail. The digitized improvement of the analog processing circuit is implemented. The stability and reliability of the total β monitoring channel of the radioactive gaseous effluent in HTR-10 are enhanced after the improvement and recalibration.
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Xie, Feng, Wenqian Li, Zhihui Li, Jianzhu Cao, Hong Li, Jiejuan Tong, and Haitao Wang. "Design of the Process and Effluent Radiation Monitoring System of HTR-PM." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-61008.

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The process and effluent radiation monitoring system can provide information about kinds of the radionuclide and activity concentrations, which is indispensable, important, and peculiar for a nuclear power station compared to a regular thermal power station. On the basis of knowledge about pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs), the process and effluent radiation monitoring system of HTR-PM has been designed. It mainly contains several monitoring channels for concerned process systems, certain important areas, and gaseous and liquid effluents. For the coolant is helium and spherical fuel elements containing tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated particles are adopted in HTR-PM, the source terms are different from those of PWRs. Not only fission or activation products in the gaseous or liquid form are monitored, but also the radioactive dust in the primary loop is sampled for analysis. The tritium (H-3) and carbon-14 (C-14) are taken a key consideration, which will be sampled in the primary loop, in certain important areas, in the secondary loop, and in the gaseous effluent in the stack. Design features of the process and effluent radiation monitoring system of HTR-PM are introduced and discussed compared to those of PWRs.
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Marcus N. Allhands. "Large Scale WWTP Effluent Reuse." In 2005 Tampa, FL July 17-20, 2005. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.18898.

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Kacenjar, Steve T., Davina F. Gill, John A. Lelii, Jack Foreman, and Cynthia B. Batroney. "Spectral effluent detection sensitivity study." In Aerospace/Defense Sensing and Controls, edited by Sylvia S. Shen and Michael R. Descour. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.312599.

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Peir, Jinn-Jer, Chun-Kuan Shih, Bau-Shei Pei, Yuh-Ming Ferng, and Wen-Sheng Hsu. "Power Uprate Impact Evaluations on Waste Heat of Nuclear Power Plants in Taiwan." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75885.

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Power uprate is currently being considered by several nuclear power plant (NPP) utilities as a way to improve plant economy since 1970s. In general there are three types of power uprate: measurement uncertainty recapture (<2%), stretch power uprate (2 to 7%), and extended power uprate (7 to 20%). Prior to the uprate, a thorough evaluation of existing plant equipments and environmental impact must be assessed before a final decision and an optimal selection are made. Upon a power uprate, the power density and thermal release of a nuclear reactor would increase immediately, followed by the impact due to the waste heat from the thermal effluent to the environment. In Taiwan, two BWR NPPs and one PWR NPP are now planning for power uprate. These plants are all located by the side of the seacoast and using marine water as the coolant due to that fact that there is no rivers can supply enough light water near the site of the NPPs in Taiwan. The marine water temperature is high during summer time due to the weather of Taiwan is marine tropical. According to the Effluent Standards of Taiwan’s Environmental Law: for effluents discharged directly into marine waters, the temperature at the discharge point shall not exceed 42 °C; and the temperature difference should not exceed 4 °C for surface water at 500 meters from the discharge point. Therefore, the impact from the waste heat is always a very crucial issue to the power uprate of NPPs in Taiwan. This paper focuses on the environmental impact of power uprate due to waste heat release of NPPs in Taiwan. The evaluations are based on the thermal equilibrium of 100%, 105%, and 110% rated power, respectively. The long term monitor data of marine water temperature are also used to evaluate the impact level from waste heat during normal operation of NPPs. To comply with the Effluent Standards of Taiwan’s Environmental Law, especially in summer, it is needed to solve the thermal effluent’s problem before performing the power uprate of NPP. Adding the dilution pump at each reactor unit is assessed to be a practicable way for resolving such trouble.
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Gowtham, M., S. Kamalakannan, and L. Karthick. "Effluent treatment analysis using solar distiller." In 2011 International Conference on Green Technology and Environmental Conservation (GTEC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gtec.2011.6167682.

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Juan Enciso, Naomi Assadian, George Di Giovanni, and Jaime Iglesias. "Using filtered wastewater effluent with SDI." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13995.

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Czerwinski, Richard N., Kristine E. Farrar, Michael K. Griffin, and John P. Kerekes. "Spectral quality requirements for effluent quantification." In Defense and Security, edited by Sylvia S. Shen and Paul E. Lewis. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.544011.

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Reports on the topic "Effluent"

1

Graber, Ellen R., Linda S. Lee, and M. Borisover. An Inquiry into the Phenomenon of Enhanced Transport of Pesticides Caused by Effluents. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570559.bard.

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The objective of this collaborative research project was to determine the factors that may cause enhanced pesticide transport under effluent irrigation. For s-triazines, the potential for enhanced transport through association with effluent dissolved organic matter (OM) was shown to be small in batch and column studies and in numerical simulations. High alkalinity and pH of treated effluents increased soil-solution pH for selected soil-effluent combinations, promoting the dissolution of soil OM and mobilizing otherwise OM-retained pesticides. Evapotranspiration in column studies resulted in increased pore-water concentrations of dissolved OM and some pesticide transport enhancement with the greatest effect observed with OM-poor soils. For ionogenic pesticides, effluent-induced increases in soil-solution pH increased the mobility of pesticides with acid dissociation constants within 2 pH units of the initial soil-solution pH. Effluents high in suspended solids and/or monovalent cations resulted in blockage of soil pores reducing water-flow velocity and/or changing flow paths. Reduced flow resulted in an increase in desorption time of soil sorbed pesticides, increasing the amount available for further transport with the net effect being soil texture dependent. In terms of pesticide degradation in soils, effluents appeared to have only a minor effect for the few pesticides investigated.
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Simiele, G. A. Liquid Effluent Retention Facility/Effluent Treatment Facility Hazards Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10189591.

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Gleckler, B. P. Facility effluent monitoring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/433022.

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Chou, C. J. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. Effluent variability study for the 200 area treated effluent disposal facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/663162.

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Major, C. A. INEEL Liquid Effluent Inventory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5731.

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BROWN, M. J. 200 Area Treated Effluent Disposal Facility (TEDF) Effluent Sampling and Analysis Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/803701.

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Bolling, Stacey D. Effluent Treatment Facility Catalyst Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1482798.

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Sommer, D. J., D. L. Flyckt, V. G. Johnson, A. G. Law, and J. C. Sonnichsen. Liquid effluent study project plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6110566.

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Taylor, R. W. Effluent Treatment Facility emissions monitoring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6131931.

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Chou, Charissa J., and Vernon G. Johnson. Statistical Evaluation of Effluent Monitoring Data for the 200 Area Treated Effluent Disposal Facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/782071.

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