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Journal articles on the topic "Efficiency index of use"
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Lordkipanidze, Nazibrola, and Loren W. Tauer. "Farmer Efficiency and Technology Use with Age." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 29, no. 1 (April 2000): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001404.
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Productivity of U.S. farmers by age is measured by non-parametric programming using 1992 Census data, decomposed into efficiency and technology Malmquist index components.Productivity increases slightly with age and then decreases. In most states productivity variations are from technology use rather than efficiency differences.
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Якупова, Nailya Yakupova, Андреев, and Aleksey Andreev. "EFFICIENCY AND POTENCY INDEX OF ENERGY USAGE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 4 (December 25, 2014): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7760.
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This article discusses the current state and problems of energy usage, provides an overview of the state energy efficiency programs, analyzes and identifies the most important index of energy use and suggests methods for assessing the effectiveness of energy use and efficiency of budget spending on energy efficiency programs.
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Granato, Ítalo Stefanine Correia, Felipe Pereira Bermudez, Gabriel Gonçalves dos Reis, Julio César Dovale, Glauco Vieira Miranda, and Roberto Fritsche-Neto. "Index selection of tropical maize genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency." Bragantia 73, no. 2 (June 2014): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/brag.2014.021.
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Nitrogen (N) limitation in maize crops is related to the fact that the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization in maize does not exceed 50%, primarily due to volatilization, denitrification and soil leaching. Therefore, the development of new nitrogen use efficient (NUE) cultivars is necessary. The aim of the present study was to develop indices for the accurate selection of NUE maize genotypes for use in conditions of both high and low N availability. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse (20º45'14"S; 42º52'53"W) at the Federal University of Viçosa during October 2010. A total of 39 experimental hybrid combinations and 14 maize lines differing in NUE were evaluated under two N availability conditions. We determined the relative importance of the studied characters using principal component analysis, factor analysis and by developing efficient selection indices. We conclude that indirect and early selection of tropical maize genotypes can be performed using the indices I HN = 0.022 SDM + 0.35 RSDM + 0.35 RL A + 0.35 NUE for high N availability environments and I LN = -0.06 RSDM + 0.35 RSA A + 0.35 RL A + 0.39 SDM for low N availability environments.
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Zhang, Hong Wu, and Zi Rui Lan. "Study on the Evaluation Index System of Regional Energy Use Efficiency." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 1757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1757.
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Regional energy efficiency evaluation stands for the analysis of regional energy efficiency whose aim is to figure out the low– and high– efficient parts in energy consumption, providing most economic suggestions to improve energy efficiency. Based on the energy balance sheet, this paper decomposed the energy efficiency of one entire region into different sub-regional values and then got the energy efficiency index of each sub-region through standardized treatment. Further, the overall energy efficiency index was calculated out through weighting to lay the foundation of energy efficiency analysis and energy saving potential evaluation. Besides, this paper analyzed and compared the 2010 and 2006 energy efficiency data of China (including 30 provincial-level administrative regions) with a result that the evaluation index system of regional energy efficiency could satisfy the energy saving and managing demands, like location and analysis of regional energy efficiency level .
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Stachura, Paulina. "Measuring energy efficiency - structural and index decomposition analysis." Central European Review of Economics and Management 2, no. 4 (December 22, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.584.
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Aim: The aim is to recognize the main determinants of the energy efficiency improvement in transport in Poland in the years 2000-2014 using structural and index decomposition analysis, and to identify areas where there is still potential for further reduction of energy consumption.Design / Research methods: Techniques used to analyse changes in energy use are: structural decomposition analysis and index decomposition analysis. Each of these two methods is characterized by distinctive, unique techniques and approaches, as they have developed quite independently. Index decomposition analysis measures the impact of energy efficiency gains on the level of energy consumption, at the most detailed sector disaggregation level allowed by the available data. Whereas structural decomposition analysis allows to analyse the impact of the external factors, such as technological, demand, and demographic effects, on the fluctuations of the total energy consumption. The similarities and differences between the two approaches are summarized and illustrated with a numerical example of Polish transport.Conclusions / findings: The article recognizes the main determinants of the energy efficiency improvement in transport sector in Poland in the years 2000-2014. In case of Poland ODEX shows an overall progress of energy efficiency in transport by 24.3%. Results obtained with decomposition analysis indicate large divergences in energy efficiency improvements between modes of transport and vehicle types and identify areas where there is still potential for further reduction of energy consumption. Results from decomposing structure of energy use, show activity effect to be main reason for energy use growth. The distribution of each mode in total traffic of passengers and goods changes toward less energy efficient modes. The only factor driving down the energy use is energy savings.Originality / value of the article: Using two methods of decomposition analysis and comparing obtained outcomes allows to get a broader view on energy use trends. Results presented in this article are a good starting point for further detailed analysis of changes in energy use of transport.
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Arnall, Daryl B., Brenda S. Tubaña, Starr L. Holtz, Kefyalew Girma, and W. R. Raun. "Relationship between Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Response Index in Winter Wheat." Journal of Plant Nutrition 32, no. 3 (February 12, 2009): 502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160802679974.
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Moudon, Anne Vernez, Sarah E. Kavage, Jean E. Mabry, and D. W. Sohn. "A Transportation-Efficient Land Use Mapping Index." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1902, no. 1 (January 2005): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190200116.
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Land use and transportation are linked by complex, yet identifiable, relationships. Tools are needed to formalize this relationship and to take it into account when decisions are made about urban and suburban transportation systems. This paper reviews foundational concepts of performance measures of metropolitan transportation systems. It offers a rationale for the types of tools needed to measure and assess land use and transportation system efficiency. One tool being developed by the Washington State Department of Transportation–-the Transportation-Efficient Land Use Mapping Index (TELUMI)–-illustrates how research findings can be applied in metropolitan transportation planning. TELUMI uses cartographic modeling (CM) techniques and parcel-level geographic information system data. The fine resolution of the data measures microscaled land use conditions associated with travel patterns in built-up areas. CM generates maps of zones in a region that match land use conditions with travel behaviors. Zones are defined by land use variables, such as density of activities, presence and agglomeration of destinations, block size, and transportation infrastructure attributes. CM also performs advanced quantitative analyses of map attributes, and it is effective with lay and professional audiences. TELUMI's use of individual land use variables makes it possible to target intervention strategies, such as augmenting density or building sidewalks, and to evaluate their effectiveness in improving transportation efficiency. TELUMI assists transportation and local planning authorities in allocating transportation investments appropriate to multimodal travel.
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HU, Da-wei, Zhou-ping SUN, Tian-lai LI, Hong-zhi YAN, and Hua ZHANG. "Nitrogen Nutrition Index and Its Relationship with N Use Efficiency, Tuber Yield, Radiation Use Efficiency, and Leaf Parameters in Potatoes." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 13, no. 5 (May 2014): 1008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(13)60408-6.
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Crookston, Bradley, Brock Blaser, Murali Darapuneni, and Marty Rhoades. "Pearl Millet Forage Water Use Efficiency." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111672.
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Pearl millet (Pennisitum glaucum L.) is a warm season C4 grass well adapted to semiarid climates where concerns over scarce and depleting water resources continually prompt the search for water efficient crop management to improve water use efficiency (WUE). A two-year study was conducted in the Southern Great Plains, USA, semi-arid region, to determine optimum levels of irrigation, row spacing, and tillage to maximize WUE and maintain forage production in pearl millet. Pearl millet was planted in a strip-split-plot factorial design at two row widths, 76 and 19 cm, in tilled and no-till soil under three irrigation levels (high, moderate, and limited). The results were consistent between production years. Both WUE and forage yield were impacted by tillage; however, irrigation level had the greatest effect on forage production. Row spacing had no effect on either WUE or forage yield. The pearl millet water use-yield production function was y = 6.68 × x (mm) − 837 kg ha−1; however, a low coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.31) suggests that factors other than water use (WU), such as a low leaf area index (LAI), had greater influence on dry matter (DM) production. Highest WUE (6.13 Mg ha−1 mm−1) was achieved in tilled soil due to greater LAI and DM production than in no-till.
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Kuboń, Maciej, Ireneusz Kaczmar, and Sławomir Kocira. "Application of the OEE index in assessing the efficiency of vehicle use." E3S Web of Conferences 132 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913201011.
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Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a Key Performance Indicator (KPI), which describes the efficiency of using technical resources. The index allows improving the efficiency of the production process, and also reflects the potential of the unused production capacity. In the presented case, new possibilities were proposed for the application of this model in public transport. First, the theoretical foundations of machine reliability, as well as the principles of comprehensive maintenance were presented. This discussion presents how to implement the OEE index to assess the effectiveness of vehicle use in a public transport company. Weaknesses were identified in the use of vehicles and changes were proposed to improve the OEE index.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Efficiency index of use"
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Van, Der Walt Johannes Tinus. "Development of a sustainability index for South African dwellings incorporating green roofs, rainwater harvesting and greywater re-use." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20138.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African water service providers experience major problems with providing adequate water services to consumers. Water service providers in South African urban areas rely on traditional centralised infrastructure, such as bulk supply networks, to provide water services. Alternative supply and stormwater drainage methods should be encouraged to help mitigate these problems. The researcher thus aims to quantify the potential impact that three alternative methods may have on a given dwelling in terms of its dependence on traditional bulk water services. The three alternatives considered in this thesis are the construction of green roofs, rainwater harvesting and greywater re-use. An efficiency of dwelling water use index (EDWI) was developed during this research project. It was designed in such a way as to show what portion of municipal water services could be replaced within the given dwelling by using the proposed techniques. The final EDWI-rating is obtained by using the EDWI-software tool developed as a part of this research. The derived EDWI-rating ranges from 0 to 100, with a rating of 100 indicating a dwelling requiring only the removal of a portion of sewage by a municipality, but no external water supply. Such a dwelling would also not require any water from a municipal network to meet domestic demand and all stormwater from its roof would be utilised within the plot boundaries. Results presented in this thesis illustrate how different geographical regions require different system specifications to obtain optimal EDWI-ratings, thereby lowering their dependence on the respective municipal water services. Validation of the EDWI-system proved difficult as no similar index could be found during the literature review. It was therefore decided to benchmark the EDWI-system using three model dwellings with nine configurations producing a total of 27 analyses. The EDWI-system provides a conceptual foundation for sustainable water services to South African households in serviced urban areas. Future work could further improve the EDWI-system by testing its practical application so that it may be extended to act as a national barometer, used to compare decentralised water services in terms of sustainability.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Suid-Afrikaanse waterdiensverskaffers ondervind groot probleme met die voorsiening van voldoende waterdienste aan verbruikers. Waterdiensverskaffers in Suid-Afrikaanse stedelike gebiede maak staat op tradisionele gesentraliseerde infrastruktuur, soos grootmaatvoorsienings netwerke, om waterdienste te verskaf. Alternatiewe voorsienings- en stormwater dreineringsmetodes moet aangemoedig word om hierdie probleme aan te spreek. Die studie poog dus om die potensiële impak wat drie alternatiewe moontlikhede kan hê op 'n gegewe woning in terme van sy afhanklikheid van die tradisionele waterdienste te kwantifiseer. Die drie alternatiewe moontlikhede wat in hierdie studie ingesluit word is die konstruksie van groendakke, reënwater oes en grys water hergebruik. 'n Huishoudelike water gebruik doeltreffendheids indeks (EDWI) is ontwikkel gedurende hierdie navorsingsprojek. Die indeks is ontwerp om aan te dui watter gedeelte van munisipale waterdienste deur die voorgestelde tegnieke vervang kan word. Die finale EDWI-gradering is verkry deur gebruik te maak van die EDWI-programmatuur wat ontwikkel is gedurende die navorsing. Die afgeleide EDWI- gradering wissel tussen 0 en 100, met 'n telling van 100 wat ‘n woning voorstel wat slegs die verwydering van 'n gedeelte van die riool deur die munisipaliteit vereis, maar wat geen eksterne watervoorsiening benodig nie. So 'n woning vereis dus geen water van ‗n munisipale netwerk nie, en alle stormwater van die dak word binne die erf gebruik. Resultate wat in hierdie studie voorgelê word illustreer hoe verskillende geografiese streke ander stelsel spesifikasies vereis om optimale EDWI-gradering te verkry. Die navorser kon geen indeks kry wat soortgelyk is aan die EDWI-stelsel om dit mee te vergelyk nie. Dit was gevolglik besluit om die indeks te standardiseer deur gebruik te maak van drie model huise met nege samestellings van alternatiewe, waardeur 27 ontledings ontwikkel was. Die EDWI-stelsel bied 'n konseptuele grondslag vir volhoubare waterdienste vir Suid-Afrikaanse huishoudings in gedienste stedelike gebiede. Toekomstige navorsing kan die EDWI-stelsel verder verbeter deur die praktiese toepassing te toets. Die stelsel kan uitgebrei word om ‗n nationale barometer vorm wat gebruik kan word om desentralisasie van waterdienste te meet in konteks van volhoubaarheid.
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Borges, Bernardo Melo Montes Nogueira [UNESP]. "Efficiency of nitrogen sources and rates on growth and dry matter yield of tifton 85." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138169.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Forrageiras do gênero Cynodon são conhecidas por sua capacidade de resposta a altas doses de nitrogênio (N). Em condições tropicais o N pode se tornar um problema ambiental e financeiro devido à sua baixa eficiência de uso pelas plantas, principalmente como resultado de perdas por volatilização e/ou lixiviação. Portanto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar fontes e doses de N no crescimento e produção de matéria seca do Tifton 85, bem como mudanças nas frações do carbono (C) no solo. Um experimento foi conduzido de 2012 a 2014, e constituiu de um fatorial em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso, onde os tratamentos foram a associação de duas fontes de N (nitrato de amônio [NA] e ureia), e cinco doses do nutriente (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1 N por corte) aplicadas a cada 30 dias. Neste experimento foram utilizados NA e ureia enriquecidos com 15N como uma ferramenta para quantificar a recuperação do N advindo do fertilizante, nas plantas e no sistema solo-planta. As plantas foram cortadas para avaliar a produção de matéria seca, concentração de N na parte aérea e recuperação. O índice de área foliar (LAI), radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada (PARi) e índice de clorofila (CI) foram mensurados no dia anterior ao corte. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas parcelas que receberam NA e foram fracionadas em carbono orgânico particulado (POC), fração leve livre (FLF) e fração mineral (C-min); O teor de C nas frações foi quantificado. Os resultados demonstraram que o NA pode ser uma fonte mais eficiente somente quando a quantidade de precipitação é insuficiente para incorporar o fertilizante ao solo, resultando em maior produção de forragem, na somatória dos dois anos ambas as fontes produziram a mesma quantidade de matéria seca onde a maior produtividade 37,2 Mg ha-1, foi atingida com a dose de 210 kg ha-1 N por corte. Por outro lado, a quantidade de N recuperado pelo sistema de planta+solo foi maior quando a ureia foi utilizada, com destaque para a quantidade de N no solo, onde a ureia foi capaz de manter 10% mais N que o NA, a recuperação do nutriente diminuiu à medida que as doses foram elevadas. Nenhuma alteração no conteúdo de C foi notada devido às diferentes doses de N utilizadas, no entanto o POC e o C-min foram mais sensíveis às mudanças na camada de 0-0,1 m do que na camada de 0,1-0,2 m.
Cynodon hybrids are known by their ability to respond to high rates of nitrogen (N). In tropical conditions, N may become an environmental and financial issue due to its low efficiency of use by plants, mainly as a result of losses by volatilization and/or leaching. Therefore, the aims with this work were to evaluate N sources and rates on growth and dry matter yield of Tifton 85 and to determine changes in soil carbon (C) fractions in response to N fertilization. The 2-yr field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014, and consisted of a factorial design. Treatments were a combination of two sources of N (ammonium nitrate [AN] and urea) and five rates of the nutrient (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1 N per cut) applied broadcast every 30 days. This study used AN and urea enriched with 15N as a tool to quantify the recovery of N derived from fertilizer in plants and the soil-plant system. Forage was cut at 30-d intervals for dry matter yield, shoot N concentration determinations and N recovery. The leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic active radiation intercepted (PARi) and chlorophyll index (CI) were evaluated on the day before clipping. Soil samples were collected in plots receiving AN and they were fractionated in to particulate organic carbon (POC), free light fraction (FLF) and mineral fraction (C-min); The C concentration of the various fractions was determined. Results showed that AN was a more efficient source only when the amount of precipitation is insufficient to incorporate the fertilizer to the soil, resulting in increased production, in the sum of the two years both sources produced the same amount of dry matter in which the highest productivity, 37.2 t ha-1 , was achieved at the rate of 210 kg ha-1 N per cutting. On the other hand, the amount of N recovered by the plant+soil system was higher when urea was used, especially the amount of N in the soil, where urea was able to maintain 10% more N than AN, the nutrient recovery decreased as the rates were increased. No change in soil C concentration was detected in response to the different N rates used, however the POC and the C-min were more sensitive to changes in the layer of 0-0.1 m than the layer from 0.1-0.2 m.
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Hmimina, Gabriel. "Apports de la télédétection rapprochée et de la modélisation à l’étude de la structure et du fonctionnement des couverts végétaux." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112274/document.
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L’anticipation des effets des changements climatiques nécessite une bonne compréhension dufonctionnement carboné des écosystèmes continentaux. L’une des principales contraintes liées àl’étude de ces écosystèmes est la forte variabilité à la fois spatiale et temporelle de leurs flux decarbone et de leurs réponses aux contraintes abiotiques. L’usage de méthodes de télédétectionoptiques pourrait permettre de suivre de façon spatialisée le fonctionnement des couverts végétaux.Ce travail vise à évaluer le potentiel de méthodes de télédétection pour décrire la structure et lefonctionnement de couverts végétaux à des échelles spatiales et temporelles variées. Pour ce faire,les relations entre indices optiques et phénomènes biologiques ont été étudiées en suivant unedémarche de transfert d’échelle, des échelles les plus fines aux plus larges. Il a été montré que le PRI(Photochemical Reflectance Index), utilisé en tant qu’indicateur du LUE (Light Use Efficiency), est parnature un signal composite qui reflète principalement la régulation du rendement de laphotosynthèse sur des échelles de temps fines, et la structure et composition biochimique ducouvert à l’échelle de la saison. L’analyse de courbes de réponse du PRI au PAR (PhotosyntheticallyActive Radiation) a permis de déconvoluer ces deux sources de variabilité, via l’introduction duconcept de PRI0 ou PRI d’une feuille idéalement adaptée à l’obscurité. Ce PRI0, capturant la variabilitédu PRI indépendante du LUE, a pu être mesuré à l’échelle de la feuille, et estimé à l’échelle de jeunescouverts végétaux et de la parcelle. Cette variabilité a pu être expliquée à l’échelle de la feuille et dejeunes couverts végétaux par les variations du contenu en pigment des feuilles. A l’échelle depeuplements adultes et de l’année, elle résulte cependant d’effets combinés de la compositionbiochimique et de la structure des couverts qui n’ont pu être séparés. Ces effets sont susceptiblesaux échelles larges de masquer en bonne partie, voire de biaiser la relation entre PRI et LUE. Il a enoutre été montré que la représentativité du PRI est limitée aux strates supérieures des canopées etdépend de la structure du couvert et du climat lumineux, ce qui peut limiter son intérêt en tantqu’estimateur du LUE à l’échelle de l’écosystème. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité de prendre encompte la structure et la composition biochimique des couverts végétaux dans le cadre d’uneutilisation du PRI en tant que proxy du LUE de l’écosystèmeIn order to assess the effect of global warming, a good understanding of carbon functioning ofterrestrial ecosystems is needed. The study of terrestrial ecosystem carbon fluxes and responses toabiotic stress remain challenging due to their high spatial and temporal variability. The use of remotesensing may help us to describe those sources of variability. The aim of this work is to assess thepotential of remote sensing as a way to describe canopy structure and functioning over a broadrange of temporal and spatial scales. The relationships between optical indices and biologicalphenomenon were investigated over a range of increasing scales. The PRI (PhotochemicalReflectance Index), used as a proxy of the LUE (Light Use Efficiency) was shown to be a compositesignal, mainly impacted by the regulation of the LUE at short time scales, and by canopy structureand pigment content at seasonal scale. The analysis of PRI response to PAR (PhotosyntheticallyActive Radiation) allowed us to deconvolve those two sources of variability thanks to theintroduction of the PRI0 defined as the PRI of ideally dark adapted leaves. The PRI0 was shown toefficiently describe the LUE unrelated PRI variability, and could be measured at leaf scale, andestimated at the leaf, canopy and stand scales. This variability could be explained by changes in leafpigment content over the growing season at leaf and canopy scales. At the stand scale and over theyear, this LUE independent PRI variability resulted from combined effects of canopy structure andpigment content, which could not be separated. These effects may result in biased or masked PRIversus LUE relationships at larges scales. Moreover, it was shown that the in-situ PRI measurementsmainly responded to the LUE of sunlit leaves, depending on canopy structure and sky conditions. Thismay considerably hamper the use of the PRI as a proxy of the whole ecosystem LUE. These resultsillustrate the need to take canopy structure and pigment content into account while using the PRI asa proxy of the ecosystem LUE
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Castro, Gabriel Y. "Eficiência de absorção e utilização de fósforo em batata cultivada in vitro." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4994.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoPhosphorus (P) restriction to plants is one of major limiting factors for crop productivity. Alternatively to application of P-containing fertilizer, this obstacle to the vegetal production can be surmounted by developing of efficient plants in P-uptake and use. The objective of this work was to verify if there is behavior difference for Puptake and use efficiency and response to P-supply in 22 potato clones (Solanum tuberosum e S. microdontum) cultivated in vitro, as well as to report which characteristics of the plants are related to this ability. Concentrations of 10 and 100% of the concentration of P in standard MS medium were applied. Growth parameters and P-accumulation were determinated and P-uptake and use efficiency indexes in roots, shoot and plant were calculated. A wide behavior variation among tested potato clones for P-uptake and use efficiency was found. Dry matter production and P-accumulation had together a fundamental role to show the differences in Pefficiency among clones. P-use efficiency indexes showed same trend among clones and had an inverse relation with the uptake efficiency. The characteristics of root and shoot length and leaf number had secondary importance to the characterization of Pefficiency, and these were associated with only a few clones classified as efficient. Dry matter and P content distribution between root and shoot was not related with Pefficiency in potato. Moreover, these characteristics corroborate the exposure of the variability among potato clones according to the supply of P. Potato clones were classified using P-use efficiency index under low P and response to P-supply for shoot dry matter production: efficient-responsive: SMIC148-A, SMIB106-7, SMIG227- 2 and Michigan Purple; non-efficient-responsive: SMID040-4RY, SMIF313-3, SMIG145-1 and Macaca; non-efficient-non-responsive: S. microdontum, SMIJ319-7, SMIG274-3, SMIE040-6RY, SMIF212-3, SMIJ461-1 and Asterix; and efficient-nonresponsive: SMINIA793101-3, SMIJ456-4Y, Dakota Rose, SMINIA00017-6, SMINIA90244-1, SMIJ319-1 and SMINIA97145-2. These results are a valuable tool for genetic improvement of potato to P-use efficiency and response to P-supply.
O estresse causado pela restrição de fósforo (P) às plantas é um dos principais fatores limitantes à produtividade das culturas. Alternativamente à aplicação de fertilizantes fosfatados, este obstáculo à produção vegetal pode ser vencido pelo desenvolvimento de plantas eficientes na absorção e utilização de P. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar diferença de comportamento para a eficiência de absorção e utilização de P, bem como a resposta à aplicação em 22 clones de batata (Solanum tuberosum e S. microdontum) cultivados in vitro, e relacionar quais características das plantas estão ligadas a estas habilidades. Aplicaram-se as concentrações de 10 e 100% da concentração padrão de P do meio MS. Determinaram-se variáveis de crescimento e acumulação de P, bem como índices de eficiência de absorção de P e de utilização de P nas raízes, na parte aérea e na planta. Foi verificada ampla variação no comportamento entre os clones de batata testados para eficiência de absorção e utilização de P. A produção de matéria seca juntamente com a acumulação de P foram fundamentais para elencar as diferenças na eficiência ao P entre os clones. Os índices de eficiência de utilização de P mostraram a mesma tendência entre os clones e tiveram relação inversa com a eficiência de absorção. As características de comprimento de raízes e da parte aérea e número de folhas emitidas foram de importância secundária à caracterização da eficiência ao P, estando associadas a somente alguns clones classificados como eficientes. A partição de matéria seca e do conteúdo de P entre raízes e parte aérea não foi relacionada à eficiência ao P em batata. Por outro lado, estas características corroboram com a exposição da variabilidade existente entre clones de batata em função do fornecimento de P. Através da construção de um diagrama para eficiência de utilização de P e resposta à aplicação para a produção de matéria seca de parte aérea, os clones foram classificados como eficientes e responsivos: SMIC148-A, SMIB106-7, SMIG227-2 e Michigan Purple; não-eficientes e responsivos: SMID040-4RY, SMIF313-3, SMIG145-1 e Macaca; não-eficientes e não-responsivos: S. microdontum, SMIJ319-7, SMIG274-3, SMIE040-6RY, SMIF212-3, SMIJ461-1 e Asterix; e eficientes e não-responsivos: SMINIA793101-3, SMIJ456-4Y, Dakota Rose, SMINIA00017-6, SMINIA90244-1, SMIJ319-1 e SMINIA97145-2. Estes resultados são indícios da existência de variabilidade genética e, por isso, consistem numa valiosa ferramenta ao melhoramento genético da batata quanto à eficiência de utilização de P e responsividade a adubação fosfatada.
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Mills, Annamaria. "Understanding constraints to cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) based pasture production." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20070717.161658/.
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This research examined the mechanisms by which temperature, water availability and nitrogen (N) affect the dry matter (DM) yield potential of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) dominant pastures. The experiment was a split plot design with main plots of fully irrigated (I) or dryland (D), sub-plots of N fertiliser at 800 kg N/ha in 2003/04; and 1600 kg N/ha in 2004/05 (+N) or 0 kg N/ha (-N). The potential environmental yield of an established 8 year old cocksfoot dominant pasture was 21.9 t DM/ha/y from I+N pastures compared with 9.8 t DM/ha by I-N pastures and 15.1 t DM/ha/y by D+N pastures. The lowest yields were from dryland pastures with no N which produced 7.5 t DM/ha/y in 2003/03 and 5.0 t DM/ha/y in 2004/05.
The effect of seasonal temperatures on the DM production, when periods of water stress were excluded, was quantified using thermal time accumulated above a base temperature of 3°C as 7.0 kg DM/°Cd/ha for N fertilised pastures and 3.3 kg DM/°Cd/ha for pastures with no N.
The 2.5 t DM/ha difference in yields of D-N pastures in 2003/04 and 2004/05 was the result of the duration, extent and timing of the water stress period. In both years the critical limiting deficit (DL) was calculated as 78 mm from the soil moisture deficit in the 0-0.8 m soil layers. Beyond DL yield decreased at a rate of 1.45%/mm in +N and N pastures, relative to fully irrigated control pastures.
Yields of D+N and D-N pastures were similar during periods of water stress with 0.4±0.1 t/DM/ha produced during the rotation ending 30/12/2003. This was less than from either the I-N (1.2 t DM/ha) or I+N (3.5 t DM/ha) pastures due to the reduction in the amount of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the canopies of the dryland pastures. However, in the rotation ending 2/5/2004, after autumn rain alleviated drought conditions, yield of the D+N pasture was 2.1 t DM/ha compared with 1.7 t DM/ha by I+N pastures.
The effect of N on yield was described using a nutrition index which showed that as DM yield increased N% in the herbage declined. This is a function of the ratio between metabolic and structural N requirements rather than caused by ontogeny alone. Specific leaf N was determined at two harvests and appeared constant at a given point in time (1.0-1.6 g N/m² leaf). In contrast, specific pseudostem N increased from 0.8-1.0 g N/m² pseudostem at an NNI of 0.4 in N pastures to 2.6-3.0 g N/m² pseudostem at an NNI of 1.2 in the +N pastures.
Differences between the yields of +N and N pastures were caused by differences in radiation use efficiency (RUE) as determined by the linear relationship (R²=0.76) between RUE and the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI).
In this thesis, empirical relationships for the effects of temperature, water availability and N were derived and the physiological mechanisms which underlie these descriptions were identified. These relationships provide clear and simple explanations of the effects of environmental variables on the productivity of cocksfoot based pastures which will enhance understanding of the benefits and limitations of cocksfoot, particularly in dryland farming systems.
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Mattos, Eduardo Moré de. "Caracterização da sazonalidade do crescimento do lenho, da copa e da eficiência do uso da luz em clones do gênero Eucalyptus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-20102015-164358/.
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Fotossíntese é o processo biofísico pelo qual energia luminosa é transformada em energia química armazenada em compostos de carbono. A taxa fotossintética instantânea possui um forte padrão assintótico em resposta ao incremento da intensidade luminosa, porém quando integramos a fotossíntese em escalas espaciais e temporais maiores, observa-se um padrão linear de resposta entre radiação interceptada e produção. Esta abordagem permitiu o surgimento de modelos baseados nas taxas de conversão de energia radiante em biomassa seca, ou eficiência do uso da luz (ε). Valores publicados para o Eucalyptus estão na faixa de 0,5-2,5 g MJ-1, porém se faz necessário um entendimento mais profundo a respeito da sensibilidade destes valores às flutuações do clima e sua sazonalidade. Para isso, as taxas de crescimento, uso e eficiência do uso da luz foram monitoradas quinzenalmente durante 16 meses em parcelas de 18 clones de Eucalyptus, dos 1,3 aos 2,7 anos de idade. Foram testadas as hipóteses de que a produção de madeira aumentaria em função de incrementos no uso e/ou eficiência de uso da luz, assim como estes valores aumentariam respectivamente com incrementos no índice de área foliar e por uma alocação de carbono para o fuste, respectivamente. Os clones apresentaram uma grande amplitude de produtividade (9,9-22,7 Mg ha-1 ano-1) e arquiteturas de copa, capturando entre 65-95% da radiação incidente. Tais valores resultaram em uma eficiência do uso da luz média de 1,5 g MJ-1, variando entre 0,16-3,14 g MJ-1. Apesar de patamares distintos, os valores de eficiência de uso dos clones oscilaram de maneira similar, de modo que a radiação incidente foi a principal variável afetando a eficiência de uso da luz, estando ε positivamente relacionada a variáveis que expressam períodos de maior disponibilidade hídrica e negativamente relacionado a períodos de menor disponibilidade. Maiores valores de índice de área foliar efetivo (Le) acarretaram em maior interceptação de luz, porém as distintas arquiteturas de copa revelaram diferentes estratégias de captura de luz (0,3 < κ < 0,6). Apesar de uma maior interceptação, não houve correlação significativa com a produtividade, no entanto observou-se uma forte correlação entre eficiência do uso da luz e crescimento em madeira, resultado de uma maior alocação para o fuste. Apesar de evidenciar a relação entre alocação e eficiência, existem outros mecanismos associados às alterações observadas em ε que apenas uma caracterização completa dos fluxos de carbono pode elucidar.Photosynthesis is the biophysical process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. The instantaneous photosynthetic rate has a strong asymptotic pattern in response to increases in light intensity, however when we integrate photosynthesis in larger spatial and temporal scales, there is a linear pattern of response between intercepted radiation and production. This approach has allowed the appearance of models based on radiant energy conversion rates into dry biomass, or light use efficiency (ε). Published values for Eucalyptus range from 0.5 to 2.5 g MJ-1, but a deeper understanding of the sensitivity of these values to climate fluctuations and seasonality is necessary. For this reason, wood growth rates, light use and efficiency were monitored every two weeks for 16 months at 18 Eucalyptus clones plots, from 1.3 to 2.7 years of age. Our hypothesis was that wood production would be positively related to light use and efficiency, as well these values would increase respectively with increases in leaf area index and carbon allocation to the stem. Clones showed a wide range of productivity (9.9 to 22.7 Mg ha-1 yr-1) and canopy architectures, capturing between 65-95% of incident radiation. Such values resulted in an average light use efficiency of 1.8 g MJ-1, ranging from 0.16 to 3.14 g MJ-1. Although different levels, light use efficiency values for the clones fluctuated similarly. Incident radiation was the main variable affecting the efficiency of dry matter conversion, and ε values were positively related variables expressing periods of greater water availability and negatively related to periods of lower availability. Larger effective leaf area index (Le) values resulted in higher light interception, but the different canopy architectures revealed different light capture strategies (0.3 < κ < 0.6). Despite a higher interception, there was no significant correlation with productivity; however there was a strong correlation between light use efficiency and wood growth, as a result of increased allocation to the stem. While evidencing the relationship between allocation and efficiency, there are other mechanisms associated with changes in ε observed that only one full characterization of the carbon fluxes can elucidate.
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Campoe, Otávio Camargo. "Efeito de práticas silviculturais sobre a produtividade primária líquida de madeira, o índice de área foliar e a eficiência do uso da luz em plantios de restauração da Mata Atlântica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-25072008-122441/.
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Os objetivos do estudo foram identificar o melhor modelo de restauração pela manipulação da composição florística e práticas silviculturais, e compreender como este melhor desenvolvimento é explicado pelos fatores que controlam o uso e a eficiência do uso da luz pelo dossel florestal. Com esta fundamentação foi instalado em 2004, na Estação Experimental de Anhembi/ESALQ/USP, o ensaio \"Modelos de restauração de áreas degradadas da Mata Atlântica visando o seqüestro de carbono\", com 20 espécies nativas e oito sistemas de restauração florestal, baseados em um delineamento fatorial 23, com três fatores, e dois níveis por fator: i) Composição florística, com maior (67%) ou menor (50%) percentagem de pioneiras; ii) Espaçamento de plantio (3x1m e 3x2m); e iii) Manejo silvicultural, com manejo usual (maior estresse ambiental) e manejo máximo (minimização do estresse ambiental), referentes ao controle da matocompetição e fertilização. Em todos os tratamentos, até os 42 meses, foram determinados: produtividade primária líquida de madeira (PPLM), com base em inventários semestrais, determinação da densidade básica da madeira e fator de forma de todas as espécies, índice de área foliar (IAF, com calibração de fotos hemisféricas), radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada (RFAI, de postos meteorológicos e o IAF), eficiência do uso da luz (EUL=PPLM/RFAI) e o conteúdo de nitrogênio no dossel. Em relação ao fator Composição, as proporções de 50% ou 67% de pioneiras foram equivalentes, em todas as idades, para PPLM, IAF e EUL. Em relação ao fator Espaçamento, o plantio mais adensado (3x1m) propiciou maior estoque de biomassa aos 42 meses, comparativamente ao espaçamento 3x2m (13,0 Mg.ha-1 versus 10,3 Mg.ha-1), devido às suas maiores produtividades até os 24 meses. Porém, as PPLMs de ambos os espaçamentos não diferiram estatisticamente a partir dos 36 meses (5,5 Mg.ha-1ano-1). A maior produtividade do espaçamento 3x1m foi diretamente relacionada ao seu maior índice de área foliar entre os 36 e 42 meses, comparativamente ao espaçamento 3x2m (0,98 m2m-2 versus 0,71 m2m-2). Em relação ao fator Manejo, o manejo máximo proporcionou aumento de 4 vezes na biomassa de madeira aos 42 meses, comparativamente ao manejo usual (18,6 Mg.ha-1 versus 4,6 Mg.ha-1). Este maior estoque foi explicado por maiores IAFs (1,34 m2m-2 versus 0,34 m2m-2), levando a maiores produtividades primárias de madeira (8,5 Mg.ha-1ano-1 versus 2,4 Mg.ha-1ano-1, aos 42 meses). A interação Espaçamento x Manejo foi significativa para as três variáveis de estudo: IAF, EUL, e PPLM, mostrando que as respostas dos espaçamentos 3x1m e 3x2m à aliviação do estresse ambiental são distintas, e que o espaçamento 3x2m requer uma silvicultura mais intensiva para expressar sua máxima produtividade. Finalmente, a PPLM mostrou-se altamente relacionada com o IAF no verão (36 meses) (r2=0,96), sendo que a incorporação do conteúdo de nitrogênio no dossel elevou ainda mais tal relação (r2=0,99), evidenciando o alto potencial de utilização destas duas variáveis como diagnóstico da qualidade e produtividade de florestas de restauração. Assim, para as condições deste estudo o melhor modelo seria: Composição com 50%:50% de pioneiras:não-pioneiras, espaçamento 3x2m, e necessariamente, manejo máximo, com controle da matocompetição das gramíneas (Brachiaria decumbens) e fertilização.The purpose of this study was to indentify the most appropriated restoration model by manipulating floristic composition and silvicultural practices, and to understand how the best development was explained by the factors that controls light use and light use efficiency at the canopy. A \"Restoration models for Atlantic Forest disturbed lands aiming carbon sequestration\" experiment was installed in 2004 using 20 Brazilian woody species and 8 forest restoration systems, in a factorial 23 design, with 3 factors and two levels per factor: i) Floristic composition with 67% and 50% of pioneer species; ii) Plant spacing (3x1m e 3x2m); and iii) Silvicultural management with usual (higher environmental stress level); and maximum (lower environmental stress level) silvicultural practices due to weed control and fertilization. Wood net primary production (WNPP), based on inventory surveys and wood density of all 20 species, leaf area index (LAI, with hemispherical pictures), absorbed photossintetically active radiation (APAR, on meteorological stations and LAI), light use efficiency (LUE=WNPP/APAR) and canopy nitrogen content was measured or estimated up to 42 months-old. The floristic composition proportion, with 50% and 67% of pioneers, were statistically equivalent, in all ages, for WNPP, LAI and LUE. The 3x1m spacing provided larger biomass stock at age of 42 months, comparatively to the 3x2m planting (13.0 Mg.ha-1 versus 10.3 Mg. ha-1), due a higher productivity until 24 months. However, WNPP of both spacing were equivalent after 36 months (5.5 Mg.ha-1year-1). The higher productivity of the 3x1m spacing was directly related to its greater leaf area index comparatively to the 3x2m spacing (0,98 m2m-2 versus 0.71 m2m-2). The maximum silvicultural practices provided a 4-fold increase on wood biomass at age 42 months, comparatively to the usual practices (18.6 Mg.ha-1 versus 4.6 Mg.ha-1). This larger stock was explained by a higher LAI (1.34 m2m-2 versus 0.34 m2m-2) leading to higher WNPP (8.5 Mg.ha-1year-1 versus 2.4 Mg. ha-1year-1, at 42 months). The Spacing x Management interaction was significant for LAI, LUE and WNPP, meaning that 3x2m and 3x1m spacing had distinct responses to environmental stress levels, showing that 3x2m depends on intensive silvicultural practices to express its maximum productivity. Finally, the WNPP was strongly related to LAI during summer months (at 36 months) (r2=0,96), and this relationship increased by the inclusion of canopy nitrogen content, showing that these two variables have a potential to be used to evaluate forest restoration quality and productivity. Thus, for the study conditions, the best model was: Composition 50%:50% of pioneer:non-pioneer species, 3x2m spacing, and the maximum silvicultural practices, with total weed control (Brachiaria decumbens) and fertilization.
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Фонарьова, Тетяна Анатоліївна. "Формування ринкового потенціалу металургійних підприємств на основі оцінки використання їх людського капіталу." Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2020. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/44612.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 "Економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності)". Національна металургійна академія України, м. Дніпро. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", м. Харків, 2019. У дисертаційній роботі здійснено постановку та запропоновано вирішення важливого для економіки України завдання формування ринкового потенціалу металургійних підприємств з врахуванням оцінки використання їх людського капіталу. На основі аналізу характеру і тенденцій розвитку досліджень ринкового потенціалу запропоноване авторське визначення в якому під ринковим потенціалом підприємства розуміються можливості й ризики розвитку підприємства під впливом керованих та некерованих чинників ринку. Для підтвердження змісту отриманого визначення виконано аналіз можливостей оцінки ринкового потенціалу підприємства та чинників, що впливають на його величину. Запропоновано оціночний механізм капіталізації ринкового потенціалу підприємства, який включає: аналіз цільового ринку; визначення загальних та специфічних характеристик його складових; вибір оціночного підходу з обґрунтуванням вартісних та інтегральних показників (зокрема ринкової позиції), а також визначення ефективності капіталізації ринкового потенціалу (коефіцієнта капіталізації). Доведено, що поняття "ринкового потенціалу" та "людського капіталу" є взаємозв'язаними. Кількісною характеристикою цього зв'язку є параметр "вартість капіталу", аналітична база якого побудована на методах капіталізації підприємства. Розроблено структурно-логічну схему взаємозв'язку основних наукових понять розглянутих у дослідженні ("людський капітал – капіталізація – вартість підприємства – ринковий потенціал"). У роботі з'ясовано, що для ефективного функціонування та розвитку підприємства на ринку необхідно реалізувати його ринковий потенціал, а результатом реалізації ринкового потенціалу підприємства виступають як отримані доходи та ринкова вартість підприємства, так й інтегральні критерії, які відображують ринкову частку підприємства, його ринкову позицію та конкурентну репутацію. Для обґрунтування та визначення майбутніх стратегічних перспектив розвитку підприємства сформовано оціночну базу ринкового потенціалу підприємства, яка складається з відповідних ресурсів – активів підприємства, витрат та не фінансових показників діяльності. Встановлено що, оцінка людського капіталу здійснюється в процесі капіталізації його складової – трудового потенціалу, величина якого, в свою чергу, виступає вартісною оцінкою трудових ресурсів підприємства. Для вдосконалення оціночного інструментарію людського капіталу, як елементу ринкового потенціалу підприємства, в роботі досліджено, етапи розвитку сутності поняття людського капіталу. На основі проведених досліджень, сформований підхід, в якому людський капітал розглядається, як частка вартості підприємства та враховуються відмінності окремих форм капіталу, а саме економічна форма – частка, яка може безпосередньо визначатися вартісними показниками); культурна – частка, яка конвертується в економічний капітал частково – здатності, компетенції людини тощо; соціальна – у вигляді різного роду соціальних атрибутів, "зв'язків", connections); символічна – вид капіталу, що має визнання у суспільстві – престиж, репутація, честь тощо. У роботі досліджено економічна форма людського капіталу (тобто вона може безпосередньо визначатися вартісними показниками), як частка вартості підприємства і як реальне джерело коштів, які можуть бути безпосередньо інвестовані у розвиток конкретної людини або групи команди, колективу, нації тощо. Доведено, що кожна особа за час свого життя накопичує власний людський капітал. При цьому, ринкова вартість її праці та дохід, від вкладених в її розвиток підприємством коштів, і є та ціна, яку сплачує підприємство за можливість використання (запозичення) індивідуального людського капіталу і, згідно теорії відсотка, визначається як частка від основної суми капіталу, та виражає вартість послуги, яка забезпечується цим капіталом у момент його участі у виробничому процесі, як його тимчасового чинника. На основі запропонованої оціночної бази ринкового потенціалу, сформовано підходи до урахування людського капіталу, як його елементу. Для цього спеціально розроблені облікові документи, інформація з яких, є базою для формування балансу людського капіталу в системі управлінського обліку підприємства. На прикладі ринкової історії ПАТ "ЄВРАЗ – Дніпровський металургійний завод" встановлена сумарна недооцінка ринкової вартості підприємства за рахунок накопиченої вартості людського капіталу. Для визначення галузевих характеристик ринкового потенціалу сучасних вітчизняних металургійних підприємств в роботі сформовано поняття трансформаційного розвитку. Розрахована та представлена динаміка основних вартісних показників людського капіталу та проаналізовано тенденції трансформаційних процесів в гірничо-металургійному комплексі України, що впливають на ефективність використання людського капіталу металургійними підприємствами і, як наслідок, на реалізацію їх ринкового потенціалу. Сформовано блок-схему аналізу чинників формування ринкового потенціалу металургійного підприємства на основі якої досліджено значущість впливу показників вартості людського капіталу на ринковий потенціал металургійних підприємств групи Металургпрому (16 металургійних та феросплавних заводів цієї групи виготовляють понад 50% усієї продукції гірничо-металургійного комплексу). За допомогою кластерного аналізу визначено інтегральну характеристику – ринкову позицію металургійного підприємства серед своїх найближчих конкурентів на цільовому ринку. Результати досліджень, підтверджують наявність взаємозв'язку та обґрунтовують вплив показників оцінки використання людського капіталу на ринкову позицію металургійних підприємств та, відповідно, й на реалізацію їх ринкового потенціалу.Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences in specialty 08.00.04 – economy and management of the enterprises (by types of economic activity). – National metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Dnipro, 2019. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. In the dissertation the formulation is made and the solution of the problem of formation of the market potential of metallurgical enterprises important for the economy of Ukraine taking into account the estimation of the use of their human capital is offered. On the basis of the analysis of the nature and tendencies of the development of market potential research, the proposed author's is defined in which under the market potential of the enterprise are understood the opportunities and risks of the enterprise development under the influence of managed and unmanaged factors of the market. In order to confirm the content of the obtained definition, an analysis of the possibilities of assessing the market potential of the enterprise and the factors that may affect its value was performed. The author's conception of the evaluation mechanism by capitalization of the market potential of the enterprise is proposed, which includes: analysis of the industry market and determination of the structure of the market potential; determination of general and specific characteristics of market potential components; choice of valuation approach: determination of value and integral indicators (in particular market position), and determination of capitalization efficiency of market potential (capitalization ratio). In order to substantiate the relationship between "market potential" and "human capital" within the logical chain "human capital – capitalization – enterprise value – market potential", a quantitative characteristic, which determines the homogeneity of this chain, is considered to be the parameter "cost of capital", the analytical base of which built on enterprise capitalization methods. In the work it is proved that for the effective functioning and development of the enterprise in the market it is necessary to realize its market potential, and as a result of realization of the market potential of the enterprise act both the received income and market value of the enterprise, as well as integral criteria that reflect the market share of the enterprise, its market position and competitive position. reputation. In order to substantiate and determine the future strategic prospects of the enterprise development, an estimation base of the market potential of the enterprise is formed, which consists of the corresponding resources and assets of the enterprise, expenses and non-financial indicators of activity. It is established that, as the potential of an enterprise cannot be determined and managed solely on the basis of the market value of the enterprise, so the potential of human capital must include all possible systemic factors of its value formation. To take into account human capital, as one of the assets of the enterprise, human capital is included in the estimation base of the market potential. In order to improve the human capital appraisal toolkit, as an element of the enterprise market potential, the stages of development of the essence of the concept of human capital are investigated. Based on the conducted research, an approach has been developed in which human capital is considered as a share of the value of the enterprise and the differences of particular forms of capital, namely the economic form (a share that can be directly determined by the cost indicators) are taken into account; cultural – share that is converted into economic capital in part – ability, human competence, etc.; social – in the form of various social attributes – connections); symbolic – the kind of capital that is recognized in society – prestige, reputation, honor, etc. It is proved that each person accumulates his own human capital during his life. The value of this accumulated individual human capital is in fact its market value, that is, it shows how much it costs to attract and retain a hired employee during the year. It is substantiated that individual human capital should be considered as the property of the employee, with the market price of his labor and income from the funds invested in its development by the enterprise and is the price paid by the enterprise for the possibility of using (borrowing) individual human capital and according to percent theory is defined as the proportion (percentage) of the principal. To determine the sectoral characteristics of the market potential of modern domestic metallurgical enterprises, the concept of transformational development has been formed. The dynamics of the basic human capital indicators at the sectoral level are determined, and the tendencies of transformation processes in the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine, which affect the efficiency of human capital utilization of metallurgical enterprises and, as a consequence, the realization of their market potential, are analyzed. Based on the proposed assessment base of market potential, approaches to accounting for human capital as its element have been formed. The work deals with accounting of individual human capital by value indicators. For information support of accounting of the state and estimation of the human capital in work the forms of the accounting cards are offered, information from which, should be the basis for formation of the management balance of the human capital in the system of management accounting of the enterprise. On the example of the activity of PJSC "EVRAZ – DMZ" it is found that the total undervaluation of the market value of the enterprise taking into account the accumulated cost of human capital amounted to UAH 583 million. An explicit model of analysis of factors of formation of market potential of metallurgical enterprise and estimation of indicators of use of their human capital has been formed metallurgical complex). Using cluster analysis and a set of market potential indicators of the above group of enterprises, the influence of human capital cost indicators on the integral characteristic of market potential – the market position of a metallurgical enterprise among its closest competitors in the domestic market – was proved.
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Фонарьова, Тетяна Анатоліївна. "Формування ринкового потенціалу металургійних підприємств на основі оцінки використання їх людського капіталу." Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2020. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/44601.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 "Економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності)". Національна металургійна академія України, м. Дніпро. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", м. Харків, 2019. Дисертаційна робота присвячена удосконаленню і подальшому розвитку теоретичних положень, методичних підходів та науково-практичних рекомендацій з формування ринкового потенціалу металургійних підприємств на основі оцінки використання їх людського капіталу. Сформовано визначення поняття "ринковий потенціал підприємства", як можливості й ризики розвитку підприємства під впливом керованих та некерованих чинників ринку. На основі цього визначення запропоновано оціночний механізм капіталізації ринкового потенціалу підприємства, який включає: аналіз цільового ринку та визначення структури ринкового потенціалу; визначення загальних та специфічних характеристик його складових; вибір оціночного підходу: визначення вартісних та інтегральних показників (зокрема ринкової позиції), а також визначення ефективності капіталізації ринкового потенціалу (коефіцієнта капіталізації). Для обґрунтування та визначення майбутніх стратегічних перспектив розвитку підприємства сформовано оціночну базу ринкового потенціалу підприємства, яка складається з відповідних ресурсів – активів підприємства та враховує людський капітал, як один з активів, а також включає витрати та не фінансові показники діяльності підприємства. Визначено методичний підхід урахування та оцінювання людського капіталу підприємства. Для інформаційно-аналітичного забезпечення цієї діяльності розроблена форма облікового документу, інформація з якого, являється базою для формування управлінського балансу людського капіталу в системі управлінського обліку підприємства. На прикладі діяльності ПАТ "ЄВРАЗ – ДМЗ" встановлено, що сумарна недооцінка ринкової вартості підприємства з урахуванням накопиченої вартості людського капіталу склала 583 млн. грн. Сформовано блок-схему для аналізу чинників формування ринкового потенціалу металургійного підприємства та оцінки показників використання їх людського капіталу на основі якої, визначена інтегральна характеристика ринкового потенціалу – ринкова позиція підприємств сектору Металургпрому. Визначено динаміку вартісних показників людського капіталу на рівні різних секторів економіки, та проаналізовано тенденції трансформаційних процесів в гірничо-металургійному комплексі України, що впливають на ефективність використання людського капіталу металургійних підприємств і, як наслідок – на реалізацію їх ринкового потенціалу.Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences in specialty 08.00.04 – economy and management of the enterprises (by types of economic activity). – National metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Dnipro, 2019. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. On the basis of the analysis of the nature and tendencies of the development of market potential research, the proposed author's is defined in which under the market potential of the enterprise are understood the opportunities and risks of the enterprise development under the influence of managed and unmanaged factors of the market. The author's conception of the evaluation mechanism by capitalization of the market potential of the enterprise is proposed, which includes: analysis of the industry market and determination of the structure of the market potential; determination of general and specific characteristics of market potential components; choice of valuation approach: determination of value and integral indicators (in particular market position), and determination of capitalization efficiency of market potential (capitalization ratio). In order to substantiate the relationship between "market potential" and "human capital" within the logical chain "human capital – capitalization – enterprise value – market potential", a quantitative characteristic, which determines the homogeneity of this chain, is considered to be the parameter "cost of capital", the analytical base of which built on enterprise capitalization methods. To take into account human capital, as one of the assets of the enterprise, human capital is included in the estimation base of the market potential. In order to improve the human capital appraisal toolkit, as an element of the enterprise market potential, the stages of development of the essence of the concept of human capital are investigated. Based on the conducted research, an approach has been developed in which human capital is considered as a share of the value of the enterprise and the differences of particular forms of capital, namely the economic form (a share that can be directly determined by the cost indicators) are taken into account; cultural – (share that is converted into economic capital in part – ability, human competence, etc.); social – (in the form of various social attributes – connections); symbolic – (the kind of capital that is recognized in society – prestige, reputation, honor, etc.). It is substantiated that individual human capital should be considered as the property of the employee, with the market price of his labor and income from the funds invested in its development by the enterprise and is the price paid by the enterprise for the possibility of using (borrowing) individual human capital and according to percent theory is defined as the proportion (percentage) of the principal. The dynamics of the basic human capital indicators at the sectoral level are determined, and the tendencies of transformation processes in the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine, which affect the efficiency of human capital utilization of metallurgical enterprises and, as a consequence, the realization of their market potential, are analyzed. The work deals with accounting of individual human capital by value indicators. For information support of accounting of the state and estimation of the human capital in work the forms of the accounting cards are offered, information from which, should be the basis for formation of the management balance of the human capital in the system of management accounting of the enterprise. On the example of the activity of PJSC "EVRAZ – DMZ" it is found that the total undervaluation of the market value of the enterprise taking into account the accumulated cost of human capital amounted to UAH 583 million. An explicit model of analysis of factors of formation of market potential of metallurgical enterprise and estimation of indicators of use of their human capital has been formed metallurgical complex). Using cluster analysis and a set of market potential indicators of the above group of enterprises, the influence of human capital cost indicators on the integral characteristic of market potential – the market position of a metallurgical enterprise among its closest competitors in the domestic market – was proved.
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Goodrich-Stuart, Ellen. "Forest Net Primary Production Resistance Across a Gradient of Moderate Disturbance." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/627.
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The global carbon (C) balance is vulnerable to disturbances that alter terrestrial C uptake and loss. Moderate disturbances that kill or defoliate only a subset of canopy trees such as insect defoliation, drought, and age-related senescence are increasing in extent and frequency; yet, little is known about the effect of moderate disturbance on forest production and the mechanisms sustaining or supporting the recovery of the C cycle across a range of moderate disturbance severities. We used a broad plot-scale gradient of upper canopy tree mortality within a large manipulation of forest disturbance to: 1) quantify how aboveground wood net primary production (ANPPw) responds to a range of moderate disturbance severities and; 2) identify the primary mechanisms supporting ANPPw resistance or resilience following moderate disturbance. We found that ANPPw was highly resistant to moderate disturbance, with production levels sustained following the senescence of 9 to > 60 % of the upper canopy tree basal area. As upper canopy gap fraction increased with rising disturbance severity, greater light availability to the subcanopy enhanced leaf-level C uptake and the growth of this formerly light-limited canopy stratum, compensating for upper canopy production losses. As a result, whole-ecosystem production efficiency (ANPPw/LAI) increased at high levels of disturbance severity and leaf area loss. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for sustained ANPPw across the disturbance gradient, in which the physiological and growth enhancement of undisturbed vegetation was proportional to the level of disturbance severity. Our results have important ecological and management implications, showing that moderate disturbances may minimally alter ecosystem functions such as C storage.
Books on the topic "Efficiency index of use"
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Moudon, Anne Vernez. Transportation-efficient land use mapping index (TELUMI): Phase 3 of integrating land use and transportation investment decision-making. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, 2005.
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Narayanan, Shankar. Input use efficiency indicator: Use efficiency for fertilizers, pesticides and energy. Ottawa: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1995.
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Hawkesford, Malcolm J., Stanislav Kopriva, and Luit J. De Kok, eds. Nutrient Use Efficiency in Plants. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10635-9.
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Kumar, Sandeep, Ram Swaroop Meena, and Manoj Kumar Jhariya, eds. Resources Use Efficiency in Agriculture. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6953-1.
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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Select Committee on the European Communities. Efficiency of electricity use: With evidence. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.
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Taiwan) APO Seminar on Water Use Efficiency in Irrigation (1999 Taipei. Water use efficiency in irrigation in Asia. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 2001.
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Office, Energy Efficiency. Energy efficiency in mixed use business space. London: Department of the Environment, 1994.
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Sissine, Fred J. Energy efficiency: Key to sustainable energy use. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1998.
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Willigen, Peter de. Roots, plant production and nutrient use efficiency. Wageningen: Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen, 1987.
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1945-, Banerjee B. N., ed. Tenancy and resource use efficiency in agriculture. Delhi, India: Mittal Publications, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Efficiency index of use"
1
Tesfaye, Bezaye, Nikolaus Augsten, Mateusz Pawlik, Michael H. Böhlen, and Christian S. Jensen. "An Efficient Index for Reachability Queries in Public Transport Networks." In Advances in Databases and Information Systems, 34–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54832-2_5.
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AbstractComputing path queries such as the shortest path in public transport networks is challenging because the path costs between nodes change over time. A reachability query from a node at a given start time on such a network retrieves all points of interest (POIs) that are reachable within a given cost budget. Reachability queries are essential building blocks in many applications, for example, group recommendations, ranking spatial queries, or geomarketing. We propose an efficient solution for reachability queries in public transport networks. Currently, there are two options to solve reachability queries. (1) Execute a modified version of Dijkstra’s algorithm that supports time-dependent edge traversal costs; this solution is slow since it must expand edge by edge and does not use an index. (2) Issue a separate path query for each single POI, i.e., a single reachability query requires answering many path queries. None of these solutions scales to large networks with many POIs. We propose a novel and lightweight reachability index. The key idea is to partition the network into cells. Then, in contrast to other approaches, we expand the network cell by cell. Empirical evaluations on synthetic and real-world networks confirm the efficiency and the effectiveness of our index-based reachability query solution.
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Guy, R. D., P. G. Warne, and D. M. Reid. "Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio as an Index of Water-Use Efficiency in C3 Halophytes—Possible Relationship to Strategies for Osmotic Adjustment." In Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research, 55–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3498-2_4.
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Acs, Zoltan J. "The Digital Platform Economy and the Entrepreneurial State: A European Dilemma." In International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 317–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94273-1_17.
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AbstractThe application of big data, new algorithms, and cloud computing is creating a digital platform economy (DPE) built around platform organizations and their platform-based ecosystem. We use the DPE Index to examine Europe’s digital efficiency across countries and explain its global position by analyzing Brexit and the electric vehicle industry. We argue that the United Kingdom left the European Union because E.U. regulations were holding back the U.K.’s strong DPE and that a weak DPE is holding German back from being a leader in the electric vehicle industry. The problem for Europe’s DPE is that the entrepreneurial state is strong and the private sector is weak.
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McDonald, Glenn, William Bovill, Chunyuan Huang, and David Lightfoot. "Nutrient Use Efficiency." In Genomics and Breeding for Climate-Resilient Crops, 333–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37048-9_10.
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Bramley, Helen, Neil C. Turner, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. "Water Use Efficiency." In Genomics and Breeding for Climate-Resilient Crops, 225–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37048-9_6.
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Sarkar, Dibyendu, and Lohit K. Baishya. "Nutrient Use Efficiency." In Essential Plant Nutrients, 119–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58841-4_6.
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Steduto, P. "Water Use Efficiency." In Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture, 193–209. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8700-6_12.
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Vadez, Vincent. "Water-Use Efficiency." In Agronomy Monographs, 267–76. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr58.c12.
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Stewart, B. A., and J. L. Steiner. "Water-Use Efficiency." In Advances in Soil Science, 151–73. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8982-8_7.
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Hafemeister, David. "Enhanced End-Use Efficiency." In Physics of Societal Issues, 465–506. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9272-6_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Efficiency index of use"
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Wu, Chaoyang, Zhengjia Liu, and Shiguang Xu. "Remote sensing of crop light use efficiency using photochemical reflectance index." In IGARSS 2016 - 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2016.7729440.
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Xie, Xiaoping, Zhiqiang Gao, and Wei Gao. "Estimating photosynthetic light-use efficiency of Changbai Mountain by using MODIS-derived photochemical reflectance index." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Wei Gao and Thomas J. Jackson. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.824644.
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Zhang, Qian, Weimin Ju, Jing M. Chen, and Fengting Yang. "Application of the photochemical reflectance index to track light use efficiency with a two-leaf model." In IGARSS 2016 - 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2016.7730397.
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Wu, Zhaocong, Yuanyuan Deng, and Xiaolei Yu. "Seasonal changes of the relationships between photochemical reflectance index and light use efficiency in broadleaf forest." In 2010 18th International Conference on Geoinformatics. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoinformatics.2010.5567837.
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Howsmon, Steven, Amatiganahally Shivashankar Vinay, Ravula Sumeer Reddy, and Zahed Siddique. "Extending Design for Disassembly Index to Consider End of Life-Cycle Use." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61547.
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The idea of “green” engineering has recently been recognized as having a profound impact in the manufacturing industry. The need for environmentally friendly products continues to increase, and that starts in the design phase. Design for Disassembly stems from the need to recycle. After a product has completed its useful life, it needs to be disassembled then recycled, remanufactured or scrapped. Since disassembly can have a major impact on a company’s bottom line, and a product’s shelf life, a tool for proper evaluation of a product for its disassembly efficiency is essential. Most of the existing Design for Disassembly tools usually focus only on disassembly operations and does not consider the end of life use of the components. In this paper we present a Design for Disassembly index that integrates Reuse, Remanufacture, and Recycle associated with disassembly. The modified disassemblability index combines relevant issues related to disassembly and recycling of products, such as fastening method, cleaning, hazards, ease of reuse, ease of reconditioning, ease of reassembly and ease of disassembly. Specific scales for each of these criteria and a simple spreadsheet based tool are also presented in the paper. The modified disassembly index and the tool are demonstrated by applying it on a printer.
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Goerner, A., M. Reichstein, and S. Rambal. "Estimation of Photosynthetic Light Use Efficiency in Semi-Arid Ecosystems with the MODIS-Derived Photochemical Reflectance Index." In IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4779458.
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Cheng, Qian, and Xiuju Wu. "Effects of N fertilization on the relationship between photosynthetic light use efficiency and photochemical reflectance index of wetland vegetation." In SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing, edited by Allen M. Larar, Hyo-Sang Chung, and Makoto Suzuki. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.868955.
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Tiedeman, J. S., and S. A. Sherif. "Optimum Refrigerating Efficiency and Exergy Index of a Two-Stage Refrigeration Cycle." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56807.
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This paper presents results of an optimization study for a two-stage vapor compression refrigeration cycle based on the refrigerating efficiency and exergy index. Traditional two-stage refrigeration cycle studies have focused on the first law performance, while those studies dealing with the second law have primarily been limited to performance analysis as opposed to performance optimization. Results of this study indicate that the use of the common approximation of the geometric mean to find the optimum interstage pressure leads to nearly optimum results for the refrigerating efficiency, with maximum error in the neighborhood of 5%. However, the error associated with using this approximation to find the optimum exergy index is too large, approaching 15%. Second law optimization revealed that the optimum data curves themselves have maxima for each set of conditions tested. There are a series of conditions that lead to the conclusion that, for a given system, there is an optimum set of conditions that lead to the lowest amount of exergy destruction for that system. Polynomial equations have been fitted to the resultant optimum data for the refrigerating efficiency and exergy index. These equations allow for the reproduction of optimum points based on high- and low-pressure compressor efficiencies and condenser and evaporator pressures.
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Nkgapele, R. J., and M. S. Mphosi. "Effect of irrigation frequency and NPK level on yield efficiency, resource use and harvest index of indigenous wild cucumberCucumis africanus." In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si120331.
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Junttila, Sofia, Natascha Kljun, and Lars Eklundh. "Comparison of Light Use Efficiency, Plant Phenology Index, and Light Response Function-Based GPP Models in the Northern Forest Landscape." In IGARSS 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554177.
Full textReports on the topic "Efficiency index of use"
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Nin Pratt, Alejandro, and Héctor Valdés Conroy. After the Boom: Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002955.
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The convergence of a favorable macroeconomic environment and high prices of primary commodities between 2000 and 2011 contributed to the best performance of agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) since the 1980s, with steady growth of total factor productivity (TFP) and output per worker and a reduction in the use of input per worker. The end of the upward phase of the commodity cycle in 2011 together with less favorable external markets and a deterioration of the policy environment in several countries, motivates us to revisit the situation of agriculture in LAC in recent years to analyze how these changes have affected its performance. This study applies a framework that uses index numbers together with data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate levels of productivity and efficiency, incorporating technical change together with technical (TE) and environmental efficiency (EE) into the decomposition of TFP. The EE index adjusts the TFP measure for pollution, treating GHG emissions as a by-product of the desired crop or livestock outputs. TFP and efficiency of crop and livestock sub-sectors was calculated for 24 LAC countries from 2000 to 2016. Our results show that the period of fast agricultural growth in LAC, driven by technical change and resource reallocation, transformed agriculture in the region leaving it in a better position to cope with the more unfavorable regional macroeconomic environment and the less dynamic global markets observed after 2011.
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Alviarez, Vanessa, Keith Head, and Thierry Mayer. Global Giants and Local Stars: How Changes in Brand Ownership Affect Competition. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003333.
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We assess the consequences for consumers in 76 countries of multinational acquisitions in beer and spirits. Outcomes depend on how changes in ownership affect markups versus efficiency. We find that owner fixed effects contribute very little to the performance of brands. On average, foreign ownership tends to raise costs and lower appeal. Using the estimated model, we simulate the consequences of counter-factual national merger regulation. The US beer price index would have been 4-7% higher without divestitures. Up to 30% savings could have been obtained in Latin America by emulating the pro-competition policies of the US and EU.
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Paterson, Andrew H., Yehoshua Saranga, and Dan Yakir. Improving Productivity of Cotton (Gossypsum spp.) in Arid Region Agriculture: An Integrated Physiological/Genetic Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573066.bard.
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Objectives: We seek to establish the basis for improving cotton productivity under arid conditions, by studying the water use efficiency - evaporative cooling interrelationship. Specifically, we will test the hypothesis that cotton productivity under arid conditions can be improved by combining high seasonal WUE with efficient evaporative cooling, evaluate whether high WUE and/or evaporative cooling are based on specific physiological factors such as diurnal flexibility in stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and plant water status. Genes influencing both WUE and evaporative cooling, as well as other parameters such as economic products (lint yield, quality, harvest index) of cotton will also be mapped, in order to evaluate influences of water relations on these parameters. Approach: Carbon isotope ratio will be used to evaluate WUE, accompanied by additional parameters to elucidate the relationship between WUE, evaporative cooling, and cotton productivity. A detailed RFLP map will be used to determine the number, location, and phenotypic effects of genes underlying genetic variation in WUE between cultivated cottons, as well as test associations of these genes with traits of economic importance such as harvest index, lint yield, and lint quality. Major Conclusions: Productivity and quality of cotton grown under well-watered versus water-limited conditions was shown to be partly accounted for by different quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Among a suite of physiological traits often found to differ between genotypes adapted to arid versus well-watered conditions, genetic mapping implicated only reduced plant osmotic potential in improved cotton productivity under arid conditions. Our findings clearly implicate OP as a major component of cotton adaptation to arid conditions. However, testing of further physiological hypotheses is clearly needed to account for additional QTL alleles conferring higher seed-cotton yield under arid conditions, such as three of the five we found. Near-isogenic lines being made for QTLs discovered herein will offer a powerful new tool useful toward identification of the underlying gene(s) by using fine-scale mapping approaches (Paterson et al 1990). Implications: Adaptation to both arid and favorable conditions can be combined into the same genotype. We have identified diagnostic DNA markers that are being applied to creation of such desirable genotypes. Simultaneous improvement of productivity (and/or quality) for both arid and irrigated conditions will require more extensive field testing and the manipulation of larger numbers of genes, reducing the expected rate of genetic gain These difficulties may be at least partly ameliorated by efficiencies gained through identification and use of diagnostic DNA markers. Genomic tools and approaches may expedite adaptation of crops to arid cultivation, help to test roles of additional physiological factors, and guide the isolation of the underlying genes that protect crop performance under arid conditions.
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Author, Not Given. Efficiency and Innovation in U.S. Manufacturing Energy Use. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1216346.
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Dweikat, Ismail, and Thomas Clemente. Characterization of Nitrogen use efficiency in sweet sorghum. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1154929.
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Hedberg, R., B. Greenblatt, R. Moats, and M. Wahl. A Tagged Index Object for use in the Common Indexing Protocol. RFC Editor, August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2654.
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Mullet, John. Genomics of Energy Sorghum's Water Use Efficiency/Drought Resilience. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1497533.
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Tschudi, Bill, Tengfang Xu, and Dale Sartor. An energy efficiency guide for use in cleanroom programming. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837786.
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Ellison, Glenn. How Does the Market Use Citation Data? The Hirsch Index in Economics. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16419.
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Noh, Jaesun, Robert Engle, and Alex Kane. A Test of Efficiency for the S&P Index Option Market Using Variance Forecasts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4520.
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