Journal articles: 'Efficiencey'

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Rana, Ms Sakshi, Mr Mirtunjay Kumar, Mr Dharmendra Kumar Sharma, and Mr Manoj Kumar. "COMMAND –LINE INTERFACES FOR MACHINE LEARNING: ENHANCING ACCESSSIBILITY AND EFFICIENCEY." Industrial Engineering Journal 53, no. 01 (2024): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.36893/iej.2024.v53i1n01.099-103.

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This research paper aims to explore the integration of command-line interfaces (CLIs) in machine learning workflows to enhance accessibility, efficiency, and user experience. Traditional graphical user interfaces (GUIs) dominate the machine learning ecosystem, but CLIs offer unique advantages, particularly in resource – constrained environments and for automation purposes . The field of machine learning (ML) has witnessed rapid advancements, leading to the development of sophisticated models and algorithms. However, the accessibility and efficiency of employing these powerful tools remain significant challenges, especially for practitioners with diverse skill levels. This paper explores the role of command- line interfaces (CLIs) as a solution to address these challenges in the context of machine learning workflows. CLIs have a long-standing history in software development and system administration, providing a text-based interface for interacting with computer programs. In recent years, the integration of CLIs in the machine learning ecosystem has gained traction due to their ability to streamline and automate complex tasks This paper reviews the current landscape of ML CLIs, highlighting their advantages in terms of reproducibility , scalability and version control.

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SAHARA, GABBY FEBRYANTI, and MUZDALIFAH MUZDALIFAH. "ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN DAERAH KABUPATEN/KOTA DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN TAHUN ANGGARAN 2013-2017." JIEP: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 2, no. 3 (December 23, 2019): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jiep.v2i3.1207.

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The aim research (1) to know local financial performance with ratio of fiscal decentralization degree, local financial independent, effectiveness of PAD, local finance efficiencey and growth PAD regencies/municipalities in South Borneo province 2013-2017, (2) to know business sector which contributed in PDRB. Technical analysis data is descriptif analysis. The result research showed : by average fiscal decentralization degree ratio 9 regencies still very less and 4 regencies/cities less, 7 regencies low, average local financial independence 4 regencies still very low, 7 regencies low and 2 municipalities enough independence, average effectivene PAD ratio almost all of regencies/municipalities very effective except Banjarmasin municipality are effective, average local financial efficiency ratio 9 regencies/municipalities less effecient and 2 regencies enough efficient, while Banjarbaru municipalities inefficient, growth PAD ratio is positive. Keywords: fiscal decentralization degree ratio, local financial independence ratio, effectiveness of PAD ratio, local financial efficiency ratio, PAD growth ratio.

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Sholihah, Defita Faridlotus, Fronthea Swastawati, Eko Susanto, Putut Har Riyadi, and Ima Wijayanti. "Macronutrient Analysis and In vivo Test in the Utilization of Barracuda Fish (Sphyraena barracuda) Asap Liquid as an Action to Meet Protein Needs." Asian Journal of Current Research 9, no. 2 (March 2, 2024): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/ajocr/2024/v9i28568.

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The smoking process has undergone significant development and liquid smoke has been widely used for the food industry as an ingredient that gives a distinctive aroma and flavor to food products. The purpose of this study was to determine the macronutrient quality of smoked fish and protein absorption in mice. Quality testing of barracuda smoked fish refers to SNI 2725: 2013. Test types include water content, ash content, protein content, fat content, pH, and Benzo[a]pyrene. In vivo analysis was conducted on mice to observe Protein Efficiencey Rate (PER), Net Protein Ratio (NPR), Total Protein Digestibility (TPD), Biological Value (BV), and Net Protein Utilization (NPU) values. Data were analysed with One-Way ANOVA. The results showed that the use of liquid smoke at a concentration of 5% had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the test of moisture content of 55.2 ± 0.50, ash content of 4.28 ± 0.02, protein content of 35.47 ± 0.23, fat content of 4.55 ± 0.08, pH 6.77 ± 0.05 and benzo[a]pyrene < 0.02. The parameter results of TPD 78.21 ± 31.87, NPU 80.43 ± 3.75 in liquid smoked barracuda fish have higher values than traditional smoked barracuda fish, while PER 3.6 ± 4.06, NPR 4.06 ± 1.76 and BV 200 ± 4.24 have higher values in liquid smoked barracuda fish compared to traditional smoked barracuda fish. The addition of liquid smoke can to maintain product quality and improve the nutritional quality of protein because protein can be digested and absorbed by the body properly.

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Ueda, Tohru, and Kenichi Hoshino. "ESTIMATION OF FIRMS EFFICIENCIES USING A KALMAN FILTER AND STOCHASTIC EFFICIENCY MODEL." Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 48, no. 4 (2005): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15807/jorsj.48.308.

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Cottrell, Terrance (Terry). "Interviewing efficiencies or interviewing efficiently?" Bottom Line 25, no. 3 (October 26, 2012): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08880451211276548.

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Singh, Arvind. "Influence of Site Fertility on N and P Resorption Efficiency in Native Tropical Tree Species Planted on Coal Mine Spoil." Indian Journal of Forestry 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2007-4a00eg.

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus resorption efficiency were studied along fertility gradient in eight native tropical tree species planted on coal mine spoil. The N and P resorption efficiencies decreased with increasing spoil fertility in all the tree species. The legumes and non-legumes potentially differed in terms of N and P resorption efficiently. The leguminous species had a higher efficiency for P resorption and a lower efficiency for N resorption than the non-leguminous species.

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Bisio, Giacomo, and Giuseppe Rubatto. "Comparing hydraulic and polytropic efficiencies with exergy efficiency." Exergy, An International Journal 1, no. 3 (January 2001): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1164-0235(01)00025-5.

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Frantz, Roger, and Harinder Singh. "Intrafirm (In) Efficiencies: Neoclassical and X-Efficiency Perspectives." Journal of Economic Issues 22, no. 3 (September 1988): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1988.11504815.

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Nie, Pu-yan, Yong-cong Yang, You-hua Chen, and Zhao-hui Wang. "How to subsidize energy efficiency under duopoly efficiently?" Applied Energy 175 (August 2016): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.105.

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Djoumessi, Yannick, Victor Afari-Sefa, Cyrille Bergaly Kamdem, and Jean-Claude Bidogeza. "Socio-economic and institutional factors underlying efficiency of smallholder vegetable farms in Southwest region of Cameroon." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2016-0256.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the efficiency of vegetable farmers within the tree-crop based rainforest agro-ecological zone in Southwest region of Cameroon. Design/methodology/approach The non-parametric data envelopment analysis method was used to evaluate technical and scale efficiencies while the Tobit model was used to identify factors affecting efficiency of vegetable production. Findings An econometric analysis result indicates that family size, education and extension service have significant impact on both technical and scale efficiencies, whereas credit service has significant impact on scale efficiency. Practical implications Future agricultural policies could include measures to improve the capacity of farmers to efficiently use existing resources. Social implications The study highlighted that encouraging more people to engage in farm labor and facilitating smallholder access to microcredit could render vegetable farmers more efficient. Originality/value In Cameroon, only a few studies have been conducted on technical efficiency. These encompass mainly cash and food crops. To the best of our knowledge, no single study has measured technical efficiency of vegetable farmers in forest-based farming of Cameroon.

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Dia, Mohamed, Shashi K. Shahi, and Luckny Zéphyr. "An Assessment of the Efficiency of Canadian Power Generation Companies with Bootstrap DEA." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14100498.

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Power generation companies play an important role in the Canadian economy, as most of the economic activities in the manufacturing and service sectors are powered by electricity. The significance of the Canadian power generation industry shows that efficiency analysis is essential for efficiently managing power generation and distribution in Canada. However, there have been few attempts to study the relative efficiencies of the Canadian power generation companies. This study fills in this gap by assessing the overall technical, managerial, and scale efficiencies of a sample of Canadian power generation companies via the non-parametric bootstrap DEA methodology, with firm-level annual inputs and outputs data over an 18-year horizon. The results of our investigation indicate low levels of overall technical and managerial efficiencies but relatively high levels of scale efficiencies of the Canadian power generation companies over the entire study period. We also found that the 2007–2009 financial crisis impacted the relative performance of the Canadian power generation companies. Our results also allowed us to identify the benchmark power generation companies for each type of efficiency that the inefficient companies should target toward improving their efficiency.

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Engle, CR, G. Kumar, and J. van Senten. "Resource-use efficiency in US aquaculture: farm-level comparisons across fish species and production systems." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 13 (July 29, 2021): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00405.

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Understanding farm-level efficiencies of resource use is critical in comparisons of the sustainability of aquaculture production systems. We developed a set of practical resource-use efficiency metrics to calculate and compare resource-use efficiency with resource-cost efficiency across major species and production systems in US aquaculture. Results showed that no one production system used all resources most efficiently. Intensive pond production of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus demonstrated the greatest efficiency in the use of water, energy, labor, management, and capital resources, while RAS production was most efficient in terms of land and feed use. Among the wide array of pond scenarios examined, more intensive scenarios generally were more efficient in terms of several metrics, but economic sustainability also depends upon business models that effectively meet differing demand requirements of customers. Thus, less intensive production systems were economically sustainable in areas with relatively abundant land and water resources available at lower cost. Labor efficiencies varied widely across scenarios analyzed. Given increasing concerns related to the availability of labor for aquaculture farming in the USA, greater attention to the efficiency of labor on farms is warranted. The metrics used were aligned with common farm management tools (e.g. enterprise budgets) that allow for ease of use by farms and researchers to assess effects on comparative resource-use efficiencies of new farming practices and technologies under development.

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Francis, Ohaemesi, Chidubem, Isibor Chinwe Annunciata, and Umebali Ejike Emmanuel. "Determinants of technical and allocative efficiencies in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Production in South-East, Nigeria." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation 5, no. 2 (2024): 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2024.5.2.548-555.

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The study analysed technical and allocative efficiencies and their determinants in Southeast zone of Nigeria with the objectives of examining and identifying the socioeconomic characteristics of the catfish farmers in the area, the technical and allocative efficiency levels of the farmers, the determinants of technical and allocative efficiencies in catfish production, and the effect of pond systems on technical and allocative efficiencies. Multi stage and simple random sampling procedures were adopted in the selection of 384 respondents for the study. The results showed that majority of the farmers were males, educated up to secondary school level, with the mean fish production experience of 9.6 years, and high use of family labour. It was also found that average stocking rate was 2,500 per production phase with average duration of production of 6months. The result on the efficiency distribution showed that the mean technical and allocative efficiency levels of the farmers were 0.73 and 0.87 respectively. The results further pointed out that the socio-economic characteristics included in the study significantly contributed to technical and allocative efficiencies of catfish farmers in the area with experience standing out as the most important. Lastly, it was found that farmers who farmed in earthen ponds allocated their resources more efficiently.

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Zhu, Xiang, Zhefeng Wang, Yu Yang, Bin Zhou, and Yan Jia. "Influence efficiency maximization: How can we spread information efficiently?" Journal of Computational Science 28 (September 2018): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2017.11.001.

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José-Trujillo, Eduardo, Edgar Adrián Franco-Urquiza, Dario Bringas-Posadas, and Antonio Trejo-Morales. "EfficiencyX: Study of Energy Efficiency between Two Robotic Arms." Applied Sciences 14, no. 15 (July 25, 2024): 6491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14156491.

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Optimization of the energy consumption of a Dorna 1 commercial robot was carried out by replacing the original materials of the links (aluminum) with a lighter and more resistant material (carbon fiber) with the aim of lowering the operating costs of the robot. For this reason, a reduction in the total mass of the robot of 11.08% was achieved by replacing the original materials. In addition, simulations were carried out using finite element analysis to verify that the mechanical resistance of the optimized parts was adequate according to the level of demand that occurs during the operation of the robot. Subsequently, a comparison of the energy consumption of the original robot and the robot with the optimized parts was carried out using the Internet-of-Things device. The tests were carried out at three different speeds—1000, 3000, and 9000 deg/min—for 15 min by executing a pre-established routine starting from home. The results showed that at all test speeds, there were energy savings, but the greatest energy savings occurred at the speed of 3000 degrees/min in the range of 3.66%. With this result, it has been shown that the integration of light materials in robots can achieve energy savings.

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Muhammad Nisar Khan, Dr. Muhammad Ilyas, and Dr. Saima Urooge. "Country Governance and Corporate Governance as determinants of Firm Efficiency; Empirical Study of Pakistan." Journal of Business & Tourism 6, no. 1 (November 8, 2021): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jbt.v6i1.192.

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Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) report of 2011 state that financial crises and failure of large corporation is due to weak governance system. Therefore, governments and regulatory bodies are convinced to ensure effective CG practices and strict regulatory requirements must be imposed. The primary aim of this research is to examine the effect of corporate governance both at country and firm-level on the firm’s efficiency of Pakistani listed non-financial firms. The empirical analyses consist of two parts. Initially firm efficiencies such as overall technical efficiency, Pure Technical efficiency and Scale efficiency are measured through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique over a 10 years’ period from 2008 to 2017.These efficiency scores are used as proxies for firm performance. In the second stage, CGboth at firm and country level are used as independent variables to examine its impact on firm efficiencies scores. The results findings support the theoretical justifications that efficient system of CG and regulatory system ensures disclosures. These disclosures not only enhance accounting information quality but also help in reducing agency cost which in return improve investors protection. Thus, managers tend to take decisions in the best interest of shareholder by utilizing firm resources efficiently and effectively and as a result enhance firm efficiency.

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SUN, SHINN, and WEN-MIN LU. "EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TAIWANESE HOTEL INDUSTRY USING A WEIGHT SLACKS-BASED MEASURE." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 22, no. 04 (December 2005): 487–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595905000595.

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The purpose of this paper is threefold: to assess the performance of 55 international tourist hotels in Taiwan in 2001 in terms of managerial, occupancy, and catering efficiencies; to analyze hotel operating characteristics, which might explain the variation in managerial efficiencies across these hotels; and to measure productivity growth in the 34 international tourist hotels over the years 1990–2001. Empirical results indicate that (1) the marketing for lodging services was not operated efficiently in 2001; (2) the hotels operated poorly both at the levels of occupancy and catering efficiencies in 2001; (3) there is a weak tendency for a hotel with relative high catering efficiency to go with good occupancy efficiency; (4) differences in operating variables, such as the floor space of catering department, the number of guest rooms, the closeness of a hotel to CKS international airport, and the number of employees do have a significant influence upon hotel performance; and finally, (5) about 61.76% of hotels had annual productivity changes over time.

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Balogoun, Ibouraiman, Tamegnon Roland Montcho, Olaitan Diane Bernice Biaou, Sylvain Ladekpo Ogoudjobi, Aliou Saidou, Leonard Essehou Ahoton, and Adam Ahanchede. "Efficiences agronomiques et nutritionnelles suite à l’apport d’engrais aux plants d’anacardier (<i>Anacardium occidentale L.</i>) au Bénin." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 18, no. 1 (May 9, 2024): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v18i1.10.

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Malgré son importance, la culture de l’anacarde se fait au Bénin sans application d’engrais avec des conséquences néfastes sur la durabilité des systèmes de production. La présente étude visait à évaluer les efficiences agronomique, de recouvrement et physiologique suite à l’application des différentes fumures sur les anacardiers de différents âges. A cet effet, des arbres de quatre et huit ans d’âge ont été fertilisés au cours de deux campagnes de production (2013-2014 et 2014-2015) dans les plantations paysannes de Glazoué au centre Bénin. Les types de fumure considérés étaient : témoin absolu sans application d’engrais, fumure minérale et fumure organo-minérale. L’efficience agronomique, l’efficience de recouvrement et l’efficience de l’utilisation du nutriment ont été les principaux paramètres testés. Les résultats ont montré que les efficiences agronomiques les plus élevées étaient obtenues au niveau des arbres ayant reçu la fumure organo-minérale (21,15 g/g ; 22,25 g/g ; 1,99 g/g ; 2,97 g/g). De même, les efficiences de recouvrement les plus élevées étaient obtenues au niveau des arbres ayant reçu la fumure organo-minérale (32,13% ; 28,25% ; 12,56% ; 17,75%. Par contre, la fumure minérale avait présenté les plus fortes valeurs d’efficience physiologique. Une gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols permettra de compenser durablement les exportations de nutriments dans les noix et les pommes cajou. English title: Agronomic and nutritional efficiencies following the fertilizers application on cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Benin Despite its importance, cashew is cultivated in Benin without fertilizers with consequence on the durability of production systems. The present study aimed to evaluate the agronomic, nutritional and physiological efficiencies following the fertilizers application on cashew according to tree age categories. Four and eight years old cashew tree from farmers plantation were fertilized during two growing seasons (2013-2014 et 2014-2015) in Glazoué (centre Benin). Fertilizer types considered were: control without fertilizer, mineral fertilizer and combined organic manure and mineral fertilizer. Agronomic efficiency, cover efficiency and nutrient use efficiency were the main parameters tested. The results showed that high agronomic efficiency values were obtained with the combined organic manure and mineral fertilizer (21.15g/g; 22.25g/g; 1.99g/g; 2.97 g/g). Also, the high recovery efficiency values were obtained with the combined organic manure and mineral fertilizer (32.13%; 28.25%; 12.56%; 17.75%). On the other hand, mineral fertilizer presented high values of physiological efficiency. Integrated soil fertility management could sustainably compensate for nutrient exports in nuts and cashew apples

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Singh, Arvind. "Influence of interplanted species on N and P resorption efficiency of companion species in mixed plantations of various species combinations raised on mine spoil." Indian Journal of Forestry 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2011-vbu673.

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Influence of interplanted species on N and P resorption efficiencies of companion species was studied in mixed plantations of various species combinations raised for revegetation of coal mine spoil. The species combinations were legume: legume, legume: non-legume and non-legume: non-legume. The interplanted species were found to alter the N and P resorption efficiences of companion species in all combinations. In leguminous species the N and P resorption efficiencies dropped with increase in foliar N and P concentration, whereas in non-leguminous species the N and P resorption efficiencies increased with increase in foliar N and P concentration. Across all species, the N resorption was found independent of foliar N status, while the P resorption efficiency increased with increase in foliar P concentration.

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Greger, James G., Richard A. Katz, Konstantin Taganov, Glenn F. Rall, and Anna Marie Skalka. "Transduction of Terminally Differentiated Neurons by Avian Sarcoma Virus." Journal of Virology 78, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 4902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.9.4902-4906.2004.

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ABSTRACT Recent studies have demonstrated that avian sarcoma virus (ASV) can transduce cycle-arrested cells. Here, we have assessed quantitatively the transduction efficiency of an ASV vector in naturally arrested mouse hippocampal neurons. This efficiency was determined by comparing the number of transduced cells after infection of differentiated neurons versus dividing progenitor cells. The results indicate that ASV is able to transduce these differentiated neurons efficiently and that this activity is not the result of infection of residual dividing cells. The transduction efficiency of the ASV vector was found to be intermediate between the relatively high and low efficiencies obtained with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and murine leukemia virus vectors, respectively.

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Kuo, Kuo-Cheng, Wen-Min Lu, Qian Long Kweh, and Minh-Hieu Le. "Determinants of cargo and eco-efficiencies of global container shipping companies." International Journal of Logistics Management 31, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 753–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-01-2020-0016.

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PurposeThis study aims to evaluate cargo and eco-efficiency of global container shipping companies (CSCs) and explore the determinants of the CSCs' efficiencies. While the former is derived from the CSCs' operational perspective, the latter highlights environmental issue related to carbon emission reduction.Design/methodology/approachIn the first stage, a two-stage double bootstrap approach of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is applied to derive bias-corrected cargo and eco-efficiency of the top ten global CSCs under the variable returns to scale assumption. In the second stage, ordinary least squares and truncated regression are applied to examine determinants of the CSCs' efficiencies.FindingsThe DEA results reveal that the cargo efficiency of the CSCs is higher than their eco-efficiency by about 2.6% under variable returns to scale in DEA. However, the bias-corrected results show that the difference is 2.9%. The overall average efficiencies suggest that the CSCs can improve their cargo (eco) efficiency by 6.9% (10.8%). In the second stage, the regression results show that the numbers of ship, return on assets and asset turnover ratio are significantly related to both cargo and eco-efficiencies, whereas the total fleet capacity positively affects cargo efficiency.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this study can help the inefficient CSCs make strategic decisions to improve their performance. For example, their business experience and capacity may be contributing to their efficiencies. However, this study only focuses on the container market among the three main markets, namely, dry bulk, wet bulk and container.Originality/valueThis study highlights an environmental issue in the shipping industry. While CSCs are operating their cargo efficiently in general, they should also put green initiatives into their business operations for the long-term sustainability.

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Kramer, B., W. Kramer, M. S. Williamson, and S. Fogel. "Heteroduplex DNA correction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mismatch specific and requires functional PMS genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 10 (October 1989): 4432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.10.4432-4440.1989.

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In vitro-constructed heteroduplex DNAs with defined mismatches were corrected in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with efficiencies that were dependent on the mismatch. Single-nucleotide loops were repaired very efficiently; the base/base mismatches G/T, A/C, G/G, A/G, G/A, A/A, T/T, T/C, and C/T were repaired with a high to intermediate efficiency. The mismatch C/C and a 38-nucleotide loop were corrected with low efficiency. This substrate specificity pattern resembles that found in Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae, suggesting an evolutionary relationship of DNA mismatch repair in pro- and eucaryotes. Repair of the listed mismatches was severely impaired in the putative S. cerevisiae DNA mismatch repair mutants pms1 and pms2. Low-efficiency repair also characterized pms3 strains, except that correction of single-nucleotide loops occurred with an efficiency close to that of PMS wild-type strains. A close correlation was found between the repair efficiencies determined in this study and the observed postmeiotic segregation frequencies of alleles with known DNA sequence. This suggests an involvement of DNA mismatch repair in recombination and gene conversion in S. cerevisiae.

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Kramer, B., W. Kramer, M. S. Williamson, and S. Fogel. "Heteroduplex DNA correction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mismatch specific and requires functional PMS genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 10 (October 1989): 4432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.10.4432.

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In vitro-constructed heteroduplex DNAs with defined mismatches were corrected in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with efficiencies that were dependent on the mismatch. Single-nucleotide loops were repaired very efficiently; the base/base mismatches G/T, A/C, G/G, A/G, G/A, A/A, T/T, T/C, and C/T were repaired with a high to intermediate efficiency. The mismatch C/C and a 38-nucleotide loop were corrected with low efficiency. This substrate specificity pattern resembles that found in Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae, suggesting an evolutionary relationship of DNA mismatch repair in pro- and eucaryotes. Repair of the listed mismatches was severely impaired in the putative S. cerevisiae DNA mismatch repair mutants pms1 and pms2. Low-efficiency repair also characterized pms3 strains, except that correction of single-nucleotide loops occurred with an efficiency close to that of PMS wild-type strains. A close correlation was found between the repair efficiencies determined in this study and the observed postmeiotic segregation frequencies of alleles with known DNA sequence. This suggests an involvement of DNA mismatch repair in recombination and gene conversion in S. cerevisiae.

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Law, B., and B. V. Reddy. "EFFECT OF OPERATING VARIABLES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A COMBINED CYCLE COGENERATION SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE PROCESS HEATERS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2009-0007.

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Combined cycle power plants with a gas turbine topping cycle and a steam turbine bottoming cycle are widely used due to their high efficiencies. Combined cycle cogeneration has the possibility to produce power and process heat more efficiently, leading to higher performance and reduced green house gas emissions. The objective of the present work is to analyze and simulate a natural gas fired combined cycle cogeneration unit with multiple process heaters and to investigate the effect of operating variables on the performance. The operating conditions investigated include, gas turbine pressure ratio, process heat loads and process steam extraction pressure. The gas turbine pressure ratio significantly influences the performance of the combined cycle cogeneration system. It is also identified that extracting process steam at lower pressures improves the power generation and cogeneration efficiencies. The process heat load influences combined cycle efficiency and combined cycle cogeneration efficiency in opposite ways. It is also observed that using multiple process heaters with different process steam pressures, rather than a single process heater, improves the combined cycle cogeneration plant efficiency.

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Sultana, Shamima, Md Moyazzem Hossain, and Md Nurul Haque. "Estimating the potato farming efficiency: A comparative study between stochastic frontier analysis and data envelopment analysis." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 13, 2023): e0284391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284391.

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Background The government of Bangladesh has been trying to encourage potato consumption to reduce pressure on rice consumption and earn foreign currency along with ensuring zero hunger that helps to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal. It is necessary to use farmers’ resources and current technology more efficiently to meet the demand. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the farm-level efficiency of potato farming in Bangladesh. Methods and materials The Cobb-Douglas Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and the input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods are used to compute farm-level technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies and inefficiency of potato farming. The primary data were collected through interviews of 300 potato farmers from Munshigonj, Rangpur, Dinajpur, and Joypurhat districts of Bangladesh. Results The findings revealed that the efficiency score of the SFA model is higher than the DEA model, which implies that the SFA frontier fits better than the DEA frontier. In the case of DEA, variable returns to scale (VRS) technical efficiency (TE) enveloped data more closely than constant returns to scale (CRS) TE. Results of efficiency suggest significant economic, technical, and allocative inefficiencies in potato farming and there is a scope to increase potato production levels through efficiency improvement. Inefficiency analysis shows that infrastructure and socio-economic factors jointly influence potato production variability. Conclusions The authors suggest for using the SFA to find efficiencies in the agriculture sector. To achieve efficiency in potato production, the government needs to pay attention for improving the allocative and economic efficiencies along with emphasizing to choose the appropriate technology and efficient use of resources for the scale of operation.

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Chen, Yen-Tang, Cheng-Lung Lu, Shang-Jung Lu, and Da-Sheng Lee. "Electrostatic Precipitator Design Optimization for the Removal of Aerosol and Airborne Viruses." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 22, 2023): 8432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108432.

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In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, new requirements for clean air supply are introduced for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. One way for HVAC systems to efficiently remove airborne viruses is by filtering them. Unlike disposable filters that require repeated purchases of consumables, the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an alternative option without the drawback of reduced dust collection efficiency in high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters due to dust buildup. The majority of viruses have a diameter ranging from 0.1 μm to 5 μm. This study proposed a two-stage ESP, which charged airborne viruses and particles via positive electrode ionization wire and collected them on a collecting plate with high voltage. Numerical simulations were conducted and revealed a continuous decrease in collection efficiencies between 0.1 μm and 0.5 μm, followed by a consistent increase from 0.5 μm to 1 μm. For particles larger than 1 μm, collection efficiencies exceeding 90% were easily achieved with the equipment used in this study. Previous studies have demonstrated that the collection efficiency of suspended particles is influenced by both the ESP voltage and turbulent flow at this stage. To improve the collection efficiency of aerosols ranging from 0.1 μm to 1 μm, this study used a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) in combination with numerical simulations to obtain the optimal parameter combination of ionization voltage and flow speed. The particle collection performance of the ESP was examined under the Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (JEMA) standards and showed consistent collection performance throughout the experiment. Moreover, after its design was optimized, the precipitator collected aerosols ranging from 0.1 μm to 3 μm, demonstrating an efficiency of over 95%. With such high collection efficiency, the proposed ESP can effectively filter airborne particles as efficiently as an N95 respirator, eliminating the need to wear a mask in a building and preventing the spread of droplet infectious diseases such as COVID-19 (0.08 μm–0.16 μm).

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Frondel, Manuel, and Dirk Rubbelke. "Technological efficiency improvements: beyond the prospects of first-law efficiencies." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 18, no. 3 (2002): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2002.000711.

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Mburu, Samuel, Chris Ackello-Ogutu, and Richard Mulwa. "Analysis of Economic Efficiency and Farm Size: A Case Study of Wheat Farmers in Nakuru District, Kenya." Economics Research International 2014 (October 16, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/802706.

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The primary objective of this study is to examine the effect of farm size on economic efficiency among wheat producers and to suggest ways to improve wheat production in the country. Specifically, the study attempts to estimate the levels of technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies among the sampled 130 large and small scale wheat producers in Nakuru District. The social-economic factors that influence economic efficiency in wheat production have also been determined. Results indicate that the mean technical, allocative, and economic efficiency indices of small scale wheat farmers are 85%, 96%, and 84%, respectively. The corresponding figures for the large scale farmers are 91%, 94%, and 88%, respectively. The number of years of school a farmer has had in formal education, distance to extension advice, and the size of the farm have strong influence on the efficiency levels. The relatively high levels of technical efficiency among the small scale farmers defy the notion that wheat can only be efficiently produced by the large scale farmers.

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Anton, L. C., J. W. Yewdell, and J. R. Bennink. "MHC class I-associated peptides produced from endogenous gene products with vastly different efficiencies." Journal of Immunology 158, no. 6 (March 15, 1997): 2535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.158.6.2535.

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Abstract We compared the efficiency of generating antigenic peptides from various polypeptide contexts expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. These included full-length influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP(1-498)), two truncated forms, and cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum-targeted minimal peptides. Two peptides were studied, NP(50-57) (Kk-restricted) and NP(147-155) (Kd-restricted). The efficiency of peptide generation was measured in cytotoxicity assays by determining 1) the kinetics of presentation following infection using brefeldin A to block additional presentation and 2) the concentration of anti-class I mAbs required to block presentation. The two determinants behaved similarly, being presented most efficiently from minigene products, with intermediate efficiency from fragments, and least efficiently from NP(1-498). Direct quantitation of HPLC-purified peptides supported the validity of these simple methods to roughly estimate the efficiency of class I Ag presentation. It also surprisingly revealed that 60- to 90-fold more NP(50-57) than NP(147-155) peptide was present in cells expressing NP(1-498) or a rapidly degraded fragment (for NP(1-498), 1800 peptides/cell of NP(50-57) vs 30 peptides/cell of NP(147-155)). By contrast, nearly identical (and much greater) amounts of peptides were recovered from cells expressing minigene products (55,000 copies of either peptide/cell). These findings demonstrate 1) that immunodominant peptides from the same protein can be generated with vastly different efficiencies, and 2) that cytosolic or endoplasmic reticulum-targeted minigene products are presented far more efficiently than longer polypeptides.

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Henningsson, Per, and Richard J. Bomphrey. "Time-varying span efficiency through the wingbeat of desert locusts." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 71 (November 23, 2011): 1177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0749.

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The flight performance of animals depends greatly on the efficacy with which they generate aerodynamic forces. Accordingly, maximum range, load-lifting capacity and peak accelerations during manoeuvres are all constrained by the efficiency of momentum transfer to the wake. Here, we use high-speed particle image velocimetry (1 kHz) to record flow velocities in the near wake of desert locusts ( Schistocerca gregaria , Forskål). We use the measured flow fields to calculate time-varying span efficiency throughout the wing stroke cycle. The locusts are found to operate at a maximum span efficiency of 79 per cent, typically at a plateau of about 60 per cent for the majority of the downstroke, but at lower values during the upstroke. Moreover, the calculated span efficiencies are highest when the largest lift forces are being generated (90% of the total lift is generated during the plateau of span efficiency) suggesting that the combination of wing kinematics and morphology in locust flight perform most efficiently when doing the most work.

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Wang, Wei, Qiong Mao, Huanhuan He, and Minghua Zhou. "Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for phenol removal at relatively wide pH values." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 11 (October 24, 2013): 2367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.497.

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In order to promote the practical application of the heterogeneous Fenton process in wastewater treatment, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared and used to degrade organic pollutants efficiently over a wide pH range, using phenol as a model. During fabrication, the effects of Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio and thermal treatment temperature were investigated and optimized. Using a transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, the nanoparticles were found in the form of Fe3O4 with an average size of 15 nm. The effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticle concentration H2O2 concentration, and pH on the removal efficiency and chemical oxygen demand (COD) abatement efficiency of phenol were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the nano-Fe3O4 heterogeneous Fenton system could achieve phenol and COD removal efficiencies of 100 and 70% respectively. This nanocatalyst was observed to have a high efficiency at a wider pH range (2–9), and a possible mechanisms for this effect was proposed.

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Khan, Muhammad Nisar, Adnan Ahmad, and Noor Jehan. "Pakistani Firms’ Efficiency: An Empirical Study of Pakistan Stock Exchange through Data Envelopment Analysis." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. III (September 30, 2018): 158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iii).10.

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This paper investigates listed firm efficiency on Pakistan Stock Exchange by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The reason for application and calculation of the DEA score is to know how much the firms are efficient in utilizing their resources to be converted into output (sales/Net Income). An optimization technique (DEA) that helps calculate efficiencies of firm’s decision making Units (DMU’s) by taking different inputs and outputs variables. This paper uses DEA in measuring efficiency of 136 Pakistani firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Using secondary data set of 136 firms for the period 2008-2017, efficiency measurements are calculated by using financial ratios and financial indicators as input and output variables. Results show that some of the firms are efficient in utilizing their available resources in an efficient way to convert it into output, while some are inconsistent in efficiently utilizing their resources (inputs) to get the desired outputs.

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Sachenko, A. V., A. I. Skrebtii, R. M. Korkishko, V. P. Kostylyov, N. R. Kulish, and I. O. Sokolovskyi. "Simulation of the real efficiencies of high-efficiency silicon solar cells." Semiconductors 50, no. 4 (April 2016): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782616040205.

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Vander Zanden, M. Jake, Sudeep Chandra, Sang-Kyu Park, Yvonne Vadeboncoeur, and Charles R. Goldman. "Efficiencies of benthic and pelagic trophic pathways in a subalpine lake." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 2608–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-148.

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Although the study of lakes has traditionally focused on pelagic production pathways, recent stable isotope and diet evidence indicates that benthic algal production is an important contributor to fish production. This has led to the suggestion that energy may be more efficiently passed along benthic food chains relative to their pelagic counterparts. To test this idea, we combined stable isotope based assessments of energy flow pathways with estimates of pelagic- and benthic-based primary and secondary production in Castle Lake, California. Approximately 50% of whole-lake primary production and 30% of whole-lake secondary production occurred in benthic habitats. Stable carbon isotopes and dietary data indicated that fish were predominantly supported by benthic (63%) and terrestrial (24%) secondary production. Ecological efficiencies (algal production / invertebrate production) were low in Castle Lake (<3%), though zoobenthic production was more efficiently passed to fish than was zooplankton production. The larger size of benthic prey relative to pelagic prey may affect fish prey selection and foraging efficiency, resulting in differences in ecological efficiency between pelagic and benthic trophic pathways.

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Lai, Ying-Ta, and Warren Masker. "Visualization of Repair of Double-Strand Breaks in the Bacteriophage T7 Genome without Normal DNA Replication." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.2.327-336.2000.

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ABSTRACT An in vitro system based on extracts of Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T7 is able to repair double-strand breaks in a T7 genome with efficiencies of 20% or more. To achieve this high repair efficiency it is necessary that the reaction mixtures contain molecules of donor DNA that bracket the double-strand break. Gaps as long as 1,600 nucleotides are repaired almost as efficiently as simple double-strand breaks. DNA synthesis was measured while repair was taking place. It was found that the amount of DNA synthesis associated with repair of a double-strand break was below the level of detection possible with this system. Furthermore, repair efficiencies were the same with or without normal levels of T7 DNA polymerase. However, the repair required the 5′→3′ exonuclease encoded by T7 gene 6. The high efficiency of DNA repair allowed visualization of the repaired product after in vitro repair, thereby assuring that the repair took place in vitro rather than during an in vivo growth step after packaging.

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Yew, N., M. Oskarsson, I. Daar, D. G. Blair, and G. F. Vande Woude. "mos gene transforming efficiencies correlate with oocyte maturation and cytostatic factor activities." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 2 (February 1991): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.2.604-610.1991.

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The mos proto-oncogenes from different vertebrate species transform mouse NIH 3T3 cells with markedly different efficiencies. v-mos, mouse (c-mosmu), and chicken (c-mosch) mos transform NIH 3T3 cells 10- to 100-fold more efficiently than do human (c-moshu) and Xenopus (c-mosxc) mos. The mos genes with the highest transforming activity efficiently induce maturation in Xenopus oocytes and mimic cytostatic factor (CSF) by causing mitotic cleavage arrest in embryos. Chimeric v-mos/c-moshu proteins that had high transforming efficiencies in NIH 3T3 cells were also effective in the induction of oocyte maturation and CSF cleavage arrest. We measured the in vitro autophosphorylation activities of the different mos proteins and found that the levels of kinase activity of v-mos, c-mosmu, and c-mosch were much higher than that of c-mosxc. These data indicate that mos gene transforming efficiency and the ability to induce oocyte maturation or mimic CSF activity are correlated with in vitro autophosphorylation activity and suggest that the mos protein plays a similar role in transformed cells and normal oocytes.

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Yew, N., M. Oskarsson, I. Daar, D. G. Blair, and G. F. Vande Woude. "mos gene transforming efficiencies correlate with oocyte maturation and cytostatic factor activities." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 2 (February 1991): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.2.604.

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The mos proto-oncogenes from different vertebrate species transform mouse NIH 3T3 cells with markedly different efficiencies. v-mos, mouse (c-mosmu), and chicken (c-mosch) mos transform NIH 3T3 cells 10- to 100-fold more efficiently than do human (c-moshu) and Xenopus (c-mosxc) mos. The mos genes with the highest transforming activity efficiently induce maturation in Xenopus oocytes and mimic cytostatic factor (CSF) by causing mitotic cleavage arrest in embryos. Chimeric v-mos/c-moshu proteins that had high transforming efficiencies in NIH 3T3 cells were also effective in the induction of oocyte maturation and CSF cleavage arrest. We measured the in vitro autophosphorylation activities of the different mos proteins and found that the levels of kinase activity of v-mos, c-mosmu, and c-mosch were much higher than that of c-mosxc. These data indicate that mos gene transforming efficiency and the ability to induce oocyte maturation or mimic CSF activity are correlated with in vitro autophosphorylation activity and suggest that the mos protein plays a similar role in transformed cells and normal oocytes.

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Anhalt, M. D., and R. P. P. Almeida. "Effect of Temperature, Vector Life Stage, and Plant Access Period on Transmission of Banana bunchy top virus to Banana." Phytopathology® 98, no. 6 (June 2008): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-6-0743.

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The study of the transmission biology of insect-borne plant viruses is important to develop disease control practices. We characterized the transmission of a nanovirus, Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), by its aphid vector Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera, Aphididae) with respect to temperature, vector life stage, and plant access time. Adult aphids transmitted BBTV more efficiently than third instar nymphs at all temperatures tested. Adult aphids transmitted the virus more efficiently at 25 and 30°C than at 20°C, but temperature had no impact on transmission efficiency by nymphs. By decoupling the relationship between temperature and aphid BBTV acquisition or inoculation, we determined that temperature affected inoculation events more strongly than acquisition. Longer plant access periods increased viral acquisition and inoculation efficiencies in a range of 60 min to 24 h. Both BBTV acquisition and inoculation efficiencies peaked after 18 h of plant access period. We also show that BBTV transmission by P. nigronervosa requires a latent period. Our results demonstrate that vector transmission of BBTV is affected by temperature, vector life stage, and plant access period.

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Israwan, LM Fajar, Bayu Surarso, and Farikhin Frikhin. "Implementasi Model CCR Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Pada Pengukuran Efisiensi Keuangan Daerah." JURNAL SISTEM INFORMASI BISNIS 6, no. 1 (May 16, 2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21456/vol6iss1pp76-83.

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Regional budget control system is implemented through an audit and evaluation to ensure that its implementation is in accordance with the plan that it can be efficiently and effectively used. Regional budget efficiency measurement then aims to measure the efficienty of budget use of each Regional Work Unit (SKPD) and to optimalize its use. The efficiency of Regional Work Unit is measured using CCR Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model with one input variable and eight output variables, in which this CCR DEA applies Linear Programming approach and evaluates relative efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs). The sample was in a total of sixteen DMUs. The result revealed that seven DMUs were efficient, in which their reference set was then used to optimalize the input and output variables of other inefficient DMUs. This result was validated through paired sample t-test, proving to meet the hypothesis of Ho -2,042 ≤ tcount ≤ 2,042 showing that CCR DEA can be used as a method to measure regional budget efficiency with accurate results.

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Pan, Jian Peng, Min Sheng Huang, and Yan He. "An Experimental Study on the Treatment of Corn Processing Wastewater by Membrane Bioreactor." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2986.

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The treatment of corn processing wastewater by membrane bioreactor was studied in this paper. The results showed that CODCr and NH3-N were eliminated efficiently by single-stage aeration MBR. The average concentrations of CODCr and NH3-N in the effluent were 53.1 and 1.29 mg/L, and the removal efficiency were 92.9% and 93.0Subscript text% respectively. But the removal efficiencies of TN and TP were limited, as 46.7% of TN and 41.6% of TP were removed. The subsequent processes (coagulation,reverse osmosis,etc.) may be needed to achieve the goal of water reuse.

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Gill, Hardeep Singh, Lian Li, Haizhou Ren, Ravi Mosurkal, and Jayant Kumar. "Effects of Nanoimprinted Structures on the Performance of Organic Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7401974.

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The effect of nanoimprinted structures on the performance of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells was investigated. The nanostructures were formed over the active layer employing the soft lithographic technique. The measured incident photon-to-current efficiency revealed that the nanostructured morphology over the active layer can efficiently enhance both light harvesting and charge carrier collection due to improvement of the absorption of incident light and the buried nanostructured cathode, respectively. The devices prepared with the imprinted nanostructures exhibited significantly higher power conversion efficiencies as compared to those of the control cells.

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Wagner, Jeff, Janet M. Macher, Wenhao Chen, and Kazukiyo Kumagai. "Comparative Mask Protection against Inhaling Wildfire Smoke, Allergenic Bioaerosols, and Infectious Particles." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 15555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315555.

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This work compares relative mask inhalation protection against a range of airborne particle sizes that the general public may encounter, including infectious particles, wildfire smoke and ash, and allergenic fungal and plant particles. Several mask types available to the public were modeled with respirable fraction deposition. Best-case collection efficiencies for cloth, surgical, and respirator masks were predicted to be lowest (0.3, 0.6, and 0.8, respectively) for particle types with dominant sub-micrometer modes (wildfire smoke and human-emitted bronchial particles). Conversely, all mask types were predicted to achieve good collection efficiency (up to ~1.0) for the largest-sized particle types, including pollen grains, some fungal spores, and wildfire ash. Polydisperse infectious particles were predicted to be captured by masks with efficiencies of 0.3–1.0 depending on the pathogen size distribution and the type of mask used. Viruses aerosolized orally are predicted to be captured efficiently by all mask types, while those aerosolized from bronchiolar or laryngeal-tracheal sites are captured with much lower efficiency by surgical and cloth masks. The predicted efficiencies changed very little when extrathoracic deposition was included (inhalable rather than respirable fraction) or when very large (100 µm) particles were neglected. Actual mask fit and usage will determine protection levels in practice, but the relative comparisons in this work can inform mask guidance for different inhalation hazards, including particles generated by yard work, wildfires, and infections.

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GÜRSOY, Yüksel, and Ramazan GÖRALl. "Comparison of Tourism Sector Efficiencies of International Destinatıons With Super Efficiency Method." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): p8621. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.9.02.2019.p8621.

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Licht, Stuart. "High Efficiency Solar Cells (What are the highest solar energy conversion efficiencies?)." Electrochemical Society Interface 6, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.f07973if.

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Bittencourt, Paulo R. L., Luciano Pereira, and Rafael S. Oliveira. "On xylem hydraulic efficiencies, wood space‐use and the safety–efficiency tradeoff." New Phytologist 211, no. 4 (June 27, 2016): 1152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14044.

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Yang, Li, Han Ouyang, Kuangnan Fang, Linglong Ye, and Jing Zhang. "Evaluation of regional environmental efficiencies in China based on super-efficiency-DEA." Ecological Indicators 51 (April 2015): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.040.

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Cao, Zhangfan, and William Rees. "Do employee-friendly firms invest more efficiently? Evidence from labor investment efficiency." Journal of Corporate Finance 65 (December 2020): 101744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101744.

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Alharthi, Majed. "Factors influencing efficiency of Islamic banks in GCC region: Evidence from Arab Spring period." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 3 (2017): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i3c2art9.

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The main purpose of this research is to estimate efficiency and its factors of Islamic banks in GCC countries during the period 2005-2014. In this study, efficiency is measured using data envelopment analysis (DEA), which is divided into technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE), and scale efficiency (SE). The statistical methods to find the determinants are generalized least squares (GLS), generalized method of moments (GMM) and Tobit regressions. The DEA measures show that the highest efficiency found to be in Islamic banks in Kuwait. The statistical results demonstrate that size of banks is highly important to efficiency as larger Islamic banks could reduce their costs (based on economies of scale approach) and they could provide more services (more outputs) than smaller banks. Focusing on capitalisation, the results suggest that better capitalised banks have better efficiency. The lending services increase the efficiency significantly, which encourage Islamic banks in GCC region to focus more in providing loans. Furthermore, achieving profits is significantly and positively support the efficiency of Islamic banks. In contrast, foreign and local ownerships decreased efficiencies significantly. Additionally, banks in lower rates of economic growth operated more efficiently. Finally, the global financial crisis and Arab spring impacted the efficiency of Islamic banks in GCC countries dangerously. The strength point is that the efficiency of Islamic banks in GCC countries has not been affected by inflation (based on insignificant correlation between efficiency scores and inflation). These results actually help bankers and policy maker to evaluate the financial performance in banking sector. Moreover, identifying the positive and negative determinants allow banks to apply strategies to enhance efficiency.

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Neil, Thomas R., and Graham N. Askew. "Swimming mechanics and propulsive efficiency in the chambered nautilus." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 170467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170467.

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The chambered nautilus ( Nautilus pompilius ) encounters severe environmental hypoxia during diurnal vertical movements in the ocean. The metabolic cost of locomotion ( C met ) and swimming performance depend on how efficiently momentum is imparted to the water and how long on-board oxygen stores last. While propulsive efficiency is generally thought to be relatively low in jet propelled animals, the low C met in Nautilus indicates that this is not the case. We measured the wake structure in Nautilus during jet propulsion swimming, to determine their propulsive efficiency. Animals swam with either an anterior-first or posterior-first orientation. With increasing swimming speed, whole cycle propulsive efficiency increased during posterior-first swimming but decreased during anterior-first swimming, reaching a maximum of 0.76. The highest propulsive efficiencies were achieved by using an asymmetrical contractile cycle in which the fluid ejection phase was relatively longer than the refilling phase, reducing the volume flow rate of the ejected fluid. Our results demonstrate that a relatively high whole cycle propulsive efficiency underlies the low C met in Nautilus , representing a strategy to reduce the metabolic demands in an animal that spends a significant part of its daily life in a hypoxic environment.

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Mhlanga, Oswald, Jacobus Steyn, and John Spencer. "The airline industry in South Africa: drivers of operational efficiency and impacts." Tourism Review 73, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-07-2017-0111.

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Purpose The airline industry is structurally challenged by its very nature, because of high overhead and capital costs. This is further exacerbated by macro-predictability and micro-uncertainty, thereby making it difficult for airlines in South Africa to attain operational efficiency. The purpose of this study is to identify drivers of operational efficiency and their impacts on airline performances in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach An extensive data collection using primary and secondary sources enabled the researchers to gather data on all the airlines operating in South Africa, for the period of 2012-2016, on a variety of parameters. A two-stage empirical analysis was carried out, which involved estimation of operational efficiencies during the first stage by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and determination of performance drivers during the second stage by using a two-way random-effects generalised least squares regression and also a Tobit model. Findings From the study, it is clear that two structural drivers, namely, “aircraft size” and “seat load factor”, and two executional drivers, namely, “low cost business model” and “revenue hours per aircraft”, significantly impacted (p < 0.05) positively on airline efficiencies in South Africa. To improve efficiency, management should first concentrate on the drivers that can be changed in the short-term (executional drivers) and later focus on the drivers that require long-term planning (structural drivers). However, among the structural drivers, only “aircraft families” had a negative impact on airline efficiencies, whilst among executional drivers, only “block hours” negatively impacted on airline efficiencies. Research limitations/implications Despite the importance of this study, it is not free of limitations. Firstly, because of the small size of the industry, fewer airlines and lack of detailed data, the study could not consider other important factors such as optimal routing and network structure. Secondly, although non-aeronautical revenues have become increasingly important in airline management, they were not included in this study. Further studies may investigate the impact of these factors on airline efficiency. Practical implications The results have potential policy implications. Firstly, as the domestic airline market in South Africa is too small to operate with a smaller aircraft efficiently, airlines that intend to make use of smaller aircraft should first identify niche markets where they can have a route monopoly, such as SA Airlink. Secondly, as block time negatively affected airline efficiency, airlines can undertake schedule adjustments to reduce block time and thus improve technical efficiency. Originality/value This paper is a first attempt to identify drivers of operational efficiency in the airline industry in South Africa. The results indicate that DEA is a useful tool to identify factors impacting airline efficiency and could improve airline performances in South Africa.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Efficiencey'

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