Relevant bibliographies by topics / Efficacy of medications

Academic literature on the topic 'Efficacy of medications'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Efficacy of medications"

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Sleath, Betsy, Susan J. Blalock, David Covert, Asheley Cockrell Skinner, Kelly W. Muir, and Alan L. Robin. "Patient Race, Reported Problems in Using Glaucoma Medications, and Adherence." ISRN Ophthalmology 2012 (November 21, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/902819.

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Objective. The objectives of the study were to (a) describe various factors potentially related to objectively measured adherence to glaucoma medications and self-reported glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy and (b) examine the relationship between patient race, the number of patient reported-problems, and adherence in taking their glaucoma medication. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at two glaucoma subspecialist referral ophthalmology practices. Methods. We measured subjects' reported problems in using glaucoma medications, adherence to glaucoma medications utilizing the Medication Events Monitoring System (MEMS) devices, and general glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy using a previously validated 10-item scale. Multivariable logistic and linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results. Seventy-one percent of patients self-reported at least one problem in using their glaucoma medications. White patients were more than 3 times more likely to be 80% adherent in using their glaucoma medications than non-White patients. Patients who had glaucoma longer reported significantly higher glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy. Patients who reported more problems in using their medications had significantly lower glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy. Conclusions. Eye care providers should assess patient reported problems and glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy and work with patients to find ways to reduce the number of problems that patients experience to increase their self-efficacy in using glaucoma medications.
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S, Chhabra. "Efficacy of Medications in Anaemic Women of Reproductive Age." Open Access Journal of Gynecology 5, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajg-16000204.

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Background: Anaemia, most common due to iron deficiency affects all ages in many populations and has become major public health global concern. Attempts continue to prevent. Objective: was to know efficacy of allopathic, ayurvedic medication, nutritional advice on women with mild, moderate anaemia with no obvious disorders which could cause anaemia. Material Methods: Institute based study was carried out after taking ethics committee’s approval. Study subjects were women of 15 to 49 years from outpatient of obstetrics gynaecology. They had disorders but not those which could have caused anaemia. Volunteers, relatives or friends of patients, were explained, included after looking into inclusion criteria. No one refused and 75% were patients. After checking haemoglobin women with mild, moderate anaemia were given medication monthly for 6 months. Nutritional advocacy was done using booklet. Total 904 anaemic women were divided in 4 groups randomly, group A Allopathic medication, group An Allopathic medication with nutritional advice, group B: Ayurvedic medication, group Bn: Ayurvedic medication with nutritional advice. Results: 1330 women screened, 904(67.96%), 168(18.6%), moderately and 736(81.41%) were mildly anaemic. Of them only 562(62.2%) women took medication though provided free, 104(61.90%) of moderately anaemic 458(62.22%), mildly anaemic. After 180 days of 104 moderately anaemic 72(69.21%) became nonanaemic, 32(30.8%) mildly anaemic and of 458 mildly anaemic, 430(93.9%) became non-anaemic women. 28(6.1%) remained mildly anaemic. Subjective analysis revealed feeling very good in most, no change in few. No one talked of negative effects. Some had side effects. Conclusion: It is essential to find ways of appropriate iron intake to prevent anaemia. In very small numbers anaemia did not change in spite of giving iron which needs research. Research on behavioural aspect is needed as noncompliance was in large numbers even with free medication.
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Hembree, Elizabeth A., David S. Riggs, Michael J. Kozak, Martin E. Franklin, and Edna B. Foa. "Long-Term Efficacy of Exposure and Ritual Prevention Therapy and Serotonergic Medications for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 5 (May 2003): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900018629.

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ABSTRACTWhat is the long-term outcome of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who are treatred with exposure and response (ritual) prevention (EX/RP) alone, serotonergic medications alone, or their combination? How is the long-term outcome of these patients affected by the discontinuation? Follow-up assessments were conducted with 62 patients treated for OCD an average of 17 months posttreatment (range: 6–43 months). Patients received one of three treatments: serotonergic medications (fluvoxamine or clomipramine), intensive behavior therapy involving EX/RP, or intensive EX/RP with concurrent antidepressant medication. At follow-up, no differences in OCD symptom severity were found among the three treatment groups. However, when current medication use was taken into consideration, differences among the three treatment groups emerged. Among patients who were medication-free at the time of follow-up assessment (n=37), those in the EX/RP-alone and EX/RP-with-medication groups had lower symptom severity ratings than those in the medication-only group on 4 out of 6 measures. There were no differences in OCD severity ratings among patients taking medications at follow-up (n=25). Although these findings are interpreted with caution due to the uncontrolled nature of the study, results suggested that long-term outcome may be superior following EX/RP than following serotonergic medications, after discontinuation. For patients who remain on medications, the treatment produced benefits equivalent to EX/RP.
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Park, Sea Mi, Halinder S. Mangat, Karen Berger, and Axel J. Rosengart. "Efficacy spectrum of antishivering medications." Critical Care Medicine 40, no. 11 (November 2012): 3070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e31825b931e.

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Wakai, Eri, Kenji Ikemura, Chika Kato, and Masahiro Okuda. "Effect of number of medications and complexity of regimens on medication adherence and blood pressure management in hospitalized patients with hypertension." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): e0252944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252944.

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Introduction Good adherence of antihypertensives is recommended for the accomplishment of hypertension therapy. The number of medications and characteristics contributing to medication regimen complexity, such as dosage forms and dosing frequency, are known to influence medication adherence. However, the effect of medication regimen complexity on the therapeutic efficacy of medicines remains to be clarified. In the present study, we retrospectively investigated the effect of number of medications and medication regimen complexity on medication adherence and therapeutic efficacy in patients with hypertension. Methods According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1,057 patients, who were on medications including antihypertensives on admission at the Mie University Hospital between July 2018 and December 2018, were enrolled in this study. Poor blood pressure management was defined if the systolic or diastolic blood pressure were ≥140 mmHg or ≥ 90 mmHg. Medication regimen complexity was quantified using the medication regimen complexity index (MRCI) score. Results Among 1,057 patients, 164 and 893 patients were categorized into poor and good adherence groups, respectively. The multivariate analyses revealed that age ≥ 71 years and oral MRCI score ≥ 19.5 but not number of oral medications were extracted as risk factors for poor medication adherence. Medication adherence and blood pressure management were poor in the group with oral MRCI score ≥ 19.5, regardless of the age. The rate of readmission was similar. Conclusion Our study is the first to demonstrate that medication regimen complexity rather than number of medications is closely related to medication adherence and blood pressure management. Hence, physicians and/or pharmacists should consider the complexity of medication regimens while modifying them.
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Neafsey, Patricia J. "Self-Medication Practices That Alter the Efficacy of Selected Cardiac Medications." Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional 22, no. 2 (February 2004): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004045-200402000-00007.

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Feren, Stephen, Anup Katyal, and James K. Walsh. "Efficacy of Hypnotic Medications and Other Medications Used for Insomnia." Sleep Medicine Clinics 1, no. 3 (September 2006): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2006.06.011.

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Schneider, Lon S., and Jason T. Olin. "Efficacy of Acute Treatment for Geriatric Depression." International Psychogeriatrics 7, S1 (October 1995): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610295002328.

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The antidepressant literature for depression in late life tends to be interpreted as saying that certain antidepressant medications—e.g., nortriptyline, doxepin, fluoxetine—have fewer and milder side effects than others, whereas overall efficacy is equivalent (Plotkin et al., 1987; Rush, 1993; Salzman et al., 1995; Schneider, 1994). Further examination of this literature, however, suggests that both efficacy and side effect rates for any particular medication vary among trials, and often depend on the medications being compared, the use of placebe, the dose, and the design of the trial.In this report we review selected clinical trials, and summarize and discuss a previously published meta-analysis. Treatment recommendations from the 1991 NIH Consensus Development Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life and from the Agency for Health Care Policy Research are discussed. Directions for fume research are suggested.Both antidepressant medications and brief structured psychotherapies have efficacy in the acute treatment of elderly depressed outpatients with major unipolar, nondelusional depression. Effective treatment for depression involves consideration of the type and severity of illness, adequate prescribing, patient education, and regular patient monitoring for compliance, symptom change, side effects, and intercurrent medical disorders, which may complicate antidepressant therapy.
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McCulley, Caroline, Patricia Katz, Laura Trupin, Edward H. Yelin, and Jennifer L. Barton. "Association of Medication Beliefs, Self-efficacy, and Adherence in a Diverse Cohort of Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis." Journal of Rheumatology 45, no. 12 (September 15, 2018): 1636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.171339.

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Objective.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients’ adherence to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) is often suboptimal. We examined associations among medication beliefs, self-efficacy, and adherence to medications in RA.Methods.Data were from a longitudinal observational cohort of persons with RA. Subjects completed telephone interviews on self-reported adherence, self-efficacy, demographics, and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), which assesses beliefs in necessity and beliefs about taking medication. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression identified correlates of poor adherence to synthetic DMARD and prednisone as well as to biologic therapy, including medication concerns and necessity.Results.There were 362 patients who reported taking a synthetic DMARD and/or prednisone. Of these, 14% and 21% reported poor adherence to oral DMARD or prednisone, and biologics, respectively. There were 64% who reported concern about taking medicines, 81% about longterm effects, and 47% about becoming too dependent on medicines. In multivariate analyses, the BMQ necessity score was independently associated with better adherence to oral DMARD or prednisone (adjusted OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41–0.91), while self-efficacy was associated with greater odds of poor adherence to oral medications (adjusted OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.59). Beliefs in medicines and self-efficacy were not associated with adherence to biologics.Conclusion.In a diverse cohort of patients with RA, stronger beliefs in the necessity of medication were associated with better adherence to oral DMARD or prednisone, while higher self-efficacy was associated with poor adherence. Providers can play important roles in eliciting patient beliefs about medications to improve adherence and ultimately health outcomes.
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Overall, Karen L. "Pharmacotherapeutics in clinical ethology: treatment efficacy, clinical pathology and outcome." Behaviour 158, no. 14-15 (June 1, 2021): 1355–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10096.

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Abstract The use of psychopharmaceutical agents is a core aspect of treatment in veterinary behavioural medicine. Psychotropic medication use has shifted the focus of treatment from purely behavioural and environmental interventions to a multi-modal approach. Objective measures of efficacy are required for the licensing of medication. Pharmacotherapeutics have come to encompass supplements and diets, in addition to prescription medications. The first part of this paper examines the efficacy of medications, supplements and diets used in behavioural medicine. Foci include the role of evolution in the types of behavioural concerns reported, the importance of defining abnormal or pathological behaviour, use of terminology that supports stratified mechanistic diagnoses aid in understanding presentation and response clusters, and rational use of medication to relieve emotional, mental and behavioural suffering, given these diagnoses and clusters. The second part of this paper examines the extent to which variation in patient response to medication can enlighten us about mechanisms and outcomes of distress using a series of 3 patient populations who are the focus of studies on separation anxiety and noise reactivity. This response surface approach can be useful for understanding differences in populations in susceptibility to behavioural pathology and in medication response, and may suggest new avenues for drug development and application.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Efficacy of medications"

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Melius, Joyce. "Mathematics Anxiety and Mathematics Self-efficacy in Relation to Medication Calculation Performance in Nurses." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115119/.

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The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the relationships that exist between mathematics anxiety and nurse self-efficacy for mathematics, and the medication calculation performance of acute care nurses. This research used a quantitative correlational research design and involved a sample of 84 acute care nurses, LVNs and RNs, from a suburban private hospital. the participants filled out a Mathematics Anxiety Scale, a Nurse Self-Efficacy for Mathematics Scale and also completed a 20-item medication calculation test. Significant practical and statistical relationships were discovered between the variables utilizing multiple linear regression statistics and commonality analysis. As the Nurse’s Mathematics anxiety score increased the scores on the medication test decreased and the scores on nurse self-efficacy for mathematics scale also decreased. the demographic item of “Hours a nurse worked in one week” had the greatest significance. the more hours a nurse worked the lower their score was on the medication calculation test. This study agrees with others that nurses are not good at mathematics. This study also correlated that as the number of hours worked increased so did the medication calculations errors. and many nurses have a measurable level of anxiety about mathematics and dosage calculations and this may influence calculation ability. Suggestions for further research include refinement of instruments used in study, further differentiation of barriers to successful medication calculation performance, and testing of interventions used to teach, train and evaluate accurate medication administration in nurses.
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Sarwary, Mariam. "Comparison of cognitive decline medications of Alzheimer´s disease : Efficacy and safety of Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine and Memantine." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Farmakologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136250.

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Velazquez, Raquel. "The efficacy of anti-psychotic medications in treating the behavior, social, and communication deficits associated with autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents a systematic review." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/636.

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Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of complex developmental disabilities which can cause behavior, social, and communication deficits. Anti-psychotic medications are often prescribed when symptoms such as aggression, irritability, hyperactivity, tantrums, and self-injurious behavior occur. Objective: To determine if anti-psychotic medications improve the behavior, social, and communication symptoms associated with ASD in children and adolescents. Search Strategy: Electronic literature searches were performed to find relevant studies and utilized the (1) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2) Hispanic American Periodicals Index, (3) Medline, (4) PAIS International, (5) ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, (6) PsycInfo, (7) PubMed, (8) Springer LINK, (9) Taylor and Francis Journals, and (10) Sage Premier. Selection Criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-experimental design (QED) studies of any dose of an anti-psychotic medication compared to a placebo or other prescription drug, in participants with autism spectrum disorder. Data Collection and Analysis: All studies which met the full-text level criteria were reviewed by a third party to validate the decision of inclusion. Meta-analyses in this review implemented both random and fixed-effects models. Main Results: Ten RCTs were included. Six studies evaluated a drug versus a placebo and four studies investigated the effects of two separate anti-psychotic medications or the efficacy of an additive medication to a drug and placebo group. Author's Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests the effectiveness of anti-psychotic medications in treating the behavior, social, and associated with autism; however, further research is needed to determine the implications of long-term use.
B.A. and B.S.
Bachelors
Office of Undergraduate Studies
Interdisciplinary Studies
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Cerminara, Zak, Jill Augustine, Tracy Harrell, and Kevin Boesen. "A Comparison of the Efficacy of Two Types of Faxed Medication Interventions." The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614149.

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Class of 2014 Abstract
Specific Aims: To assess the impact of provider outreach for an MTM program by comparing two formats of recommendations: a general informational fax and a prescription template fax. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of pharmacist recommendations at an MTM center in 2012. Recommendations were made following either a comprehensive medication review with a patient or of available pharmacy claims. Interventions included in this analysis were those made to improve patient treatment through the use of medications consistent with national treatment guidelines (“guideline alerts”) or those made to reduce cost (“cost alerts”). A recommendation was a success if the change in medication therapy was noted in claims data within 120 days. The success rates between the two interventions were compared using Chi square. Main Results: The overall success rate was 20.9% (10,947/52,409). For guideline alerts, there was a significant difference in the acceptance of prescription faxes (13.1%) versus informational faxes (9.9%) (P <0.001). Prescription faxes recommending the addition of an ACE inhibitor for hypertension in diabetic patients was significantly higher compared to informational faxes in females over 60 years old (14.8% vs. 10.00%, P <0.001) and all males (13.2% vs. 9.9%, P <0.001). For cost alerts, there was a statistically significant difference in the acceptance of prescription faxes (49.7%) versus informational faxes (37.7%) (P <0.001). Conclusion: Prescription faxes produce higher rates of acceptance for guideline and cost recommendations. While both prescription and informational faxes could be used to further improve the communication between prescribers and pharmacists that provide MTM services, providers may prefer specific prescription faxes.
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Seng, Elizabeth K. "Development of the Acute Medication Self-Efficacy Scale for Headache." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1344946467.

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Becker, Kathleen Ann. "Efficacy of a behavioral intervention to decrease medication transcription errors among professional nurses." [Milwaukee, Wis.] : e-Publications@Marquette, 2009. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/2.

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Paterson, Ruth Elizabeth. "Development and evaluation of a theoretical model to predict medicines adherence in people with mild to moderate intellectual disability and diabetes : a mixed methods study." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2018. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1526669.

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Background: Fifty percent of medications are not taken as prescribed. This is a major public health issue yet there is very limited evidence on the factors associated with medicines adherence in people with mild to moderate Intellectually Disabilities and diabetes (IDD). This study evaluated the frequency of, and factors associated with, medicines non-adherence in this group compared to people without ID but with diabetes (non-IDD).Methods: A systematic review of the literature informed the theoretical model tested. A two-stage, sequential mixed methods study with 111 people with type 1 and 2 diabetes, (IDD = 33, non-IDD = 78) was then carried out. Stage one (quantitative) compared frequency of medication adherence in the group overall, IDD and non-IDD. Univariate and multiple regression analysis evaluated associations between factors (ID, depression, side effects, self-efficacy and perceived level of social support) and medicines non-adherence. Stage two (qualitative) explored findings of stage one with 12 stage one participants' carers using semi-structured interviews. Results: Data were collected between July 2014 and May 2016. The frequency of medicines adherence was similar in the IDD and non-IDD population (70% vs 62%, p = 0.41). The theoretical model did not predict medicines non-adherence. After controlling for support with medicines and complexity of regime (number of medications and use of insulin), depression was an independent predictor in the non-IDD and group overall (p < 0.001). In the IDD group, perceived side effects was an important, but non-significant, predictor of non-adherence (p = 0.06). Carers' perceptions of adherence and depression were consistent with stage one findings. Conclusions: Optimising adherence to diabetes medicines is equally challenging in IDD and non-IDD populations. Associations between independent factors and adherence differed between the two groups: in the non-IDD population, depressive symptoms were associated with non-adherence whereas in the IDD population perceived level of side effects appeared most dominant. Due to small sample sizes findings were inconclusive therefore, a sufficiently powered study further investigating the relationship between adherence and side effects in people with ID and diabetes is recommended.
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Coleman, Kerrie. "Pediatric Medication Administration Efficacy| A High-fidelity Pediatric Simulation Workshop for Pediatric Nurses." Thesis, Carlow University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10262152.

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The purpose of this scholarly project was to examine the use of a high-fidelity simulation workshop to improve accuracy with pediatric dosage calculations among practicing pediatric nurses. The NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory provided a framework for this descriptive quantitative project. A convenience sample of 15 pediatric nurses completed a 10-question pediatric dosage calculation pre-test, a high-fidelity simulation workshop, a 10-question pediatric dosage calculation post-test, and a post-simulation evaluation survey. In addition, a one-month follow-up 10-question pediatric dosage calculation post-test and a one-month follow-up post- high-fidelity simulation workshop survey were administered via Survey Monkey©, in which 12 pediatric nurse participants completed. Pre-tests and post-tests were analyzed for central tendency and a t-test analysis was performed for statistical significance. Results revealed statistical significance between pre-test and post-test as well as statistical significance between post-test and one-month follow-up post-test. The Likert scale post-simulation survey and one month post-simulation survey were analyzed for central tendency. The results from the post simulation survey and one-month follow-up survey revealed the participants agreed to strongly agreed the high-fidelity simulation workshop impacted their proficiency and accuracy in calculating pediatric dosages. The findings from this project provides insights into the use of high-fidelity simulation as a continuing education tool for the practicing pediatric nurse in relation to pediatric medication efficacy.

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Musten, Lynette Monteiro. "Efficacy of stimulant medication treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool-aged children." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9981.

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Longitudinal information indicates children who present with 'hard-to-manage' or problematic behaviours at a very young age are at risk for on-going difficulties with parents, peers and in school. However, there are few interventions that have demonstrated effectiveness in ameliorating the symptoms that appear to be precursors of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Despite the use of methylphenidate (MPH) to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in very young children, there is little information related to its efficacy within this age group. This study examined the effectiveness of medication on the cognitive, behavioural and interpersonal domains of young children who were diagnosed with ADHD. The children were assessed using cognitive measures, behavioural ratings scales and interactive measures assessing child compliance and attention. Furthermore, the effect of the children's medication status on parental style, skills and stress also were assessed using behavioural observations of parent and child engaged in interactive tasks. Changes in parental style, skills and stress were evaluated. Twenty-four children, aged 4 to 6 years, diagnosed with ADHD, participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg methylphenidate BID. All treatments were randomized and administered for a minimum of 7 days. Results indicated improvements related to medication were obtained on measures of cognitive tests of attention and as assessed by parent rating scales. Cognitive tests of impulsivity presented an equivocal picture of sensitivity to medication treatment. Attentional abilities in an interactive setting indicated a medication response from Baseline measures only and the degree to which this effect was augmented by Placebo treatment was unclear. That is, there was some evidence that parental expectancies played a role in these measures. No changes were obtained with respect to the children's tendency to comply with parental requests. Side effects were not significantly increased with medication treatment. Parental skills appeared unaffected by the child's medication status. However, parental style appeared to become more positive especially following treatment with the higher dose. Although the stress reported to be experienced by the parent decreased following treatment, the response was non-specific, that is, not related to the medication status of the child. Not surprisingly, clinical change analyses showed parent ratings were more effective than the cognitive task in picking up the number of children who had responded favourably to medication. Parents rated many children as having improved or normalized following treatment with both doses. Similar rates of positive change were obtained with respect to negative behaviours. This investigation into the efficacy of MPH in the treatment of very young children diagnosed with ADHD indicated that it was effective in allievating symptoms of inattention as assessed by laboratory tests and by parent rating scales. Although parents rated negative behaviours as having decreased as a function of medication, these behavioural changes were not detected during the interactive tasks In general, parent-child tasks did not demonstrate the effectiveness of medication in changing the parents' behaviours or the parent-child dynamic.
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Musten, Lynette Marian Monteiro. "Efficacy of stimulant medication treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool-aged children." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26135.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Efficacy of medications"

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Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., and Michael R. Sperling. Antiseizure Medications. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197541210.001.0001.

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Abstract The prevalence of epilepsy ranges between 0.6% and 1%, and perhaps 70 million worldwide suffer from this condition. The mainstay of treatment is drug therapy. In the past decade, many new antiseizure medications (ASMs) have been introduced, so that there are now approximately 30 medications available to treat epilepsy. The healthcare provider therefore has many choices. However, having many alternatives also allows for the possibility of choosing an inappropriate or a suboptimal agent. For most seizures, there is little difference in efficacy between the different agents, and other factors chiefly influence drug selection. These include the potential adverse effects, comorbid conditions, concomitant medications, age, and gender, among others. The choice of medication should be guided by knowledge and familiarity with the ASMs. This book is designed as a practical tool for physicians and other healthcare providers. While the authors include a brief formal discussion of the basic pharmacology of each ASM, this text emphasizes how to select and use ASMs in a variety of clinical contexts. The authors discuss choosing drugs when faced with various medical comorbidities; how to correctly prescribe, titrate, and taper drugs; how to monitor drug efficacy and side effects; how to diagnose and manage toxicity; interactions with other drugs; and other relevant issues. The text is designed to fill an unmet need and should lead to improved patient care.
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Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Effects of antipsychotic medications on physical health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0006.

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Antipsychotic medications are a crucial part of the core platform upon which effective treatments for schizophrenia are built. While the marketed agents have established efficacy for reduction in the symptoms of schizophrenia, they all carry some side effects. Such effects differ across medications and between individuals. Prescribers need to be aware of the side effect profile of the medications they use, and ensure patients are also aware, so that a true shared decision-making model can be followed in terms of medication choice. Appreciation of long-term risk is required, with treatment choice in the short term having a view to the long term.
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Lynch, Tara A., and J. Christopher Glantz. Seizure Medications Effects on Fetus, Neonate, and Lactation. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0021.

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Medication use in pregnancy requires a careful balance between the risks of fetal teratogenicity and the maternal benefits of disease treatment. For women with epilepsy, there are many antiepileptic medications available for use in pregnancy. Each varies in their safety profile, risk for fetal anomalies, and effectiveness of seizure control. In most scenarios, the benefits of maternal treatment outweigh the risk of fetal effects, especially in cases of refractory epilepsy or severe disease. Many of the newer anti-epileptic drugs appear to have less teratogenic risk than the older medications. The ideal AED is one that is effective from the woman, is least teratogenic, and used at the lowest possible dose. Overall, a detailed understanding of antiepileptic efficacy, the pharmacologic differences in pregnancy, and the potential adverse fetal effects are required for optimal treatment of pregnant patients with epilepsy.
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Mecca, Adam P., and Rajesh R. Tampi. Risk of Death with Atypical Antipsychotic Medications for Dementia. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0016.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark meta-analysis that investigated the risks of atypical antipsychotic use to treat psychosis, aggression, or agitation in patients with dementia. The chapter briefly reviews the study design, as well as implications and limitations. A relevant clinical case concludes the chapter. In summary, atypical antipsychotic use for 6 to 26 weeks was associated with increased risk of death (Odds Ratio of 1.54 for antipsychotic vs placebo). There were no differences in risk between individual medications, disease severity, indication for antipsychotic, or treatment setting. In patients with psychosis, agitation, or aggression due to dementia, the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics is questionable and their use comes with considerable risks of side effects and adverse events.
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Dougherty, Darin D., Scott L. Rauch, and Michael A. Jenike. Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0061.

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Progress in treating OCD has accelerated in recent years. Effective first-line treatments include behavior therapy and medications, with overwhelming evidence supporting the efficacy of serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). Second-line medication treatments for OCD include augmentation of SRIs with neuroleptics, clonazepam, or buspirone, with limited support for other strategies at present. Alternative monotherapies (e.g., buspirone, clonazepam, phenelzine) have more limited supporting data and require further study. Behavior therapy, and perhaps cognitive therapy, is as effective as medication and may be superior in risks, costs, and enduring benefits. Future rigorous research is needed to determine which patients respond preferentially to which medications, at what dose, and after what duration. Emerging treatments include new compounds acting via serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and opioid systems.
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Yarnell, Eric, Kathy Abascal, and G. M. D. Hooper Carol. Botanical Medicine: Efficacy, Quality Assurance and Regulation. Mary Ann Liebert, 1999.

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Dittmann, Ralf W., Alexander Häge, Juan D. Pedraza, and Jeffrey H. Newcorn. Non-stimulants in the treatment of ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0042.

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The psychostimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine are the most effective and frequently prescribed medications for ADHD. But these agents also have certain limitations; for example, they are controlled substances, and a proportion of patients do not achieve optimal symptom response, or they do not tolerate treatment well. There are two classes of regulatory-approved non-stimulant medications for ADHD, the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine) and the long-acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (guanfacine and clonidine). In addition, several other medication classes have been used off-line with reported efficacy, while others are in clinical development. While the non-stimulant medications are, on average, not as effective as the psychostimulants, they can be very helpful in treating certain patients with ADHD (and respective comorbidities)—either as monotherapy or as adjunctive agents. This chapter reviews a selection of current non-stimulant medications that are clinically used or studied for ADHD.
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Lam, Raymond W. Pharmacotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199692736.003.0007.

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• The newer antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, other receptor agents) are first-line medications due to improved safety and tolerability over first-generation medications (TCAs, MAOIs).• Selection of an antidepressant must take into account efficacy, depression subtype, safety, side effect profile, simplicity of use, comorbid conditions, concurrent medications, and cost....
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McKay, James R., Henry R. Kranzler, Kyle M. Kampman, Rebecca L. Ashare, and Robert A. Schnoll. Psychopharmacological Treatments for Substance Use Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0024.

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The treatment of substance use disorders with medications is well established, although most experts agree that pharmacological interventions must be combined with psychosocial therapies. Many type 1 and type 2 controlled trials have shown that the use of nicotine replacement therapy significantly increases abstinence rates. Non-nicotine treatments, such as bupropion and varenicline, have been found in controlled trials to significantly increase abstinence rates. The treatment of alcohol use disorder can be enhanced by three approved medications with different mechanisms of action: disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate. Methadone maintenance treatment has consistently shown efficacy in the treatment of opioid dependence, and buprenorphine has substantially expanded the options for treating the disorder. Although double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of several medications have provided initial evidence of efficacy for cocaine use disorder, efficacy has not yet been shown in multisite trials.
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Serpell, Mick G. Antineuropathic medication combination therapy. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0068.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain’, published by Gilron et al. in 2005. Although combination drug therapies for neuropathic pain had long been suggested, this seminal paper provided the first evidence for efficacy of combination therapy of mechanistically distinct medications in analgesia, using morphine in combination with gabapentin in post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic neuropathy. Combination therapy had greater efficacy than gabapentin alone and was equally effective as morphine alone but with a lower dose of morphine; however, this did not seem to translate into reduced side effects. To this day, precious little is known about what are the most effective combinations for neuropathic pain, and the need for large randomized controlled trials in this area is still as pressing it was back in 2005.
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Book chapters on the topic "Efficacy of medications"

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Deacon, Brett J., and Glen I. Spielmans. "Is the Efficacy of “Antidepressant” Medications Overrated?" In Psychological Science Under Scrutiny, 250–70. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119095910.ch13.

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Gauthier, Serge, Howard Feldman, and Erich Mohr. "Minimal Efficacy Criteria for Medications in Alzheimer Disease." In Alzheimer Disease, 431–35. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8149-9_71.

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Denenberg, Sagi. "Psychopharmacology." In Small animal veterinary psychiatry, 142–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786394552.0142.

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Abstract This chapter presents the use and efficacy of some of the most commonly used medications and several less commonly used medications to treat psychiatric conditions and abnormal behaviours of cats and dogs.
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Denenberg, Sagi. "Psychopharmacology." In Small animal veterinary psychiatry, 142–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786394552.0009.

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Abstract This chapter presents the use and efficacy of some of the most commonly used medications and several less commonly used medications to treat psychiatric conditions and abnormal behaviours of cats and dogs.
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Dunlop, Boadie Waid, and Carolina Medeiros Da Frota Ribeiro. "Randomized Controlled Trials and the Efficacy of Psychotropic Medications." In NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy, 1–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_4-1.

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Dunlop, Boadie Waid, and Carolina Medeiros Da Frota Ribeiro. "Randomized Controlled Trials and the Efficacy of Psychotropic Medications." In NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy, 305–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_4.

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Simpson, Scott A., and Anna K. McDowell. "Define Efficacy for Medication Changes." In The Clinical Interview, 176–78. New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429437243-56.

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Goldberg, Pinkus. "Medication Efficacy and Side Effects in Older Asthmatics." In Treatment of Asthma in Older Adults, 53–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20554-6_6.

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Wang, Jing, and Keith Barton. "Overview of MIGS." In Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery, 1–10. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5632-6_1.

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Abstract The term, minimally- or micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS), has entered common ophthalmic parlance and is playing an increasing role in the management of glaucoma patients. In common, the devices and procedures referred to are safer, less tissue invasive and associated with faster recovery than traditional filtering surgery, such as trabeculectomy or aqueous shunt implantation. MIGS can be categorized according to the tissue they target (or bypass): trabecular meshwork (TM) MIGS, subconjunctival MIGS, suprachoroidal MIGS and newer cycloablation procedures. A number of MIGS devices and techniques (e.g. TM MIGS) have relatively modest efficacy, but potential utility in a very large group of glaucoma patients with disease that is insufficiently severe to justify the invasiveness of conventional filtration surgery and the consequent intensity of postoperative care yet, burdened with medication and the attendant side effects and compliance issues thereof. On the other hand, subconjunctival MIGS devices, which are associated with bleb-related complications, can potentially achieve efficacy approaching that of traditional filtering surgery and are appropriate in selected individuals when larger IOP reductions are required, the exception being cases where glaucoma is very advanced. This book covers the techniques that are most commonly regarded as eligible to sit under the MIGS umbrella. Irrespective of the modest efficacy of many MIGS devices and techniques, the favourable safety profile lowers the threshold for early glaucoma surgery, especially when combined with cataract surgery, potentially delaying the requirement for more invasive surgery and associated risks.
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Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., and Michael R. Sperling. "Choices of Antiseizure Medications Based on Specific Epilepsy Syndromes and Seizure Types." In Antiseizure Medications, 119–30. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197541210.003.0005.

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Abstract Variables that affect the suitability of a specific antiseizure medication (ASM) for patients with epilepsy include ASM-specific variables, patient-specific variables, and nation-specific variables. For many patients, several agents are good choices. However, for the generalized epilepsies, valproate may have the greatest efficacy, while in focal epilepsies many drugs are potentially good choices.
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Conference papers on the topic "Efficacy of medications"

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Kreuter, Michael, Jin Woo Song, John T. Huggins, Benoit Wallaert, Wibke Stansen, Manuel Quaresma, and Bruno Crestani. "Concomitant medications and efficacy of nintedanib in patients with IPF." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa4891.

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Gómez-Carreño, Carlos Rodríguez, Antonio Ramírez García, Luis Beato Fernández, Irene Díaz Quero, and Estefanía Segura Escobar. "Craving and Priming of alcohol in depressive disorders. Bibliographic review and new therapies." In 22° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2020. SEPD, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2020p140.

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Acute alcohol consumption produces positive reinforcement effects, through activation of brain reward circuit, includes limbic system structures (accumbens system and hippocampus). The comorbidity of depressive episode and alcohol abuse makes it necessary to propose new strategies for the treatment of this frequent clinical situation. We conducted a literature review of the combined treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) with alcohol abuse. We review current literature on the use of new treatments in alcohol consumption with pattern of abuse (binge drinking). Recent studies support the potential clinical importance of NMDA receptor antagonism among the mechanisms underlying the subjective effects of ethanol in humans. The efficacy of medications for alcohol dependence remains modest, and there are no strong clinical predictors of treatment response. We analyze approved medications used today: Acamprosate (NMDA modulator), disulfiram (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor), naltrexone (opioid antagonist), nalmefene (opioid antagonist). Promising current studies suggest the glutamatergic pathway and medications such as ketamine could have a hopeful future in the treatment of alcohol use disorder associated with affective disorders.
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Hinrichsen, H., A. Stoehr, M. Cornberg, H. Klinker, R. Heyne, C. John, KG Simon, et al. "Real-world efficacy of EBR/GZR in HCV GT1 patients with multiple comorbidities and medications: results from the DHC-R." In 36. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Studium der Leber. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3402277.

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Park, CH, EH Kim, and SW Park. "COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS ANTI-ULCER MEDICATIONS FOR ULCER HEALING AFTER GASTRIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND NETWORK META-ANALYSIS." In ESGE Days 2018 accepted abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1637057.

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Virgínio, Maria Eduarda Cunha, Lara Hessmann Gonzalez, Rafael Rodrigues Pinheiro dos Santos, Ana Carla Mondek Rampazzo, Gabrielli Algazal Marin, Mariana Ramos do Nascimento, Igor Ruan de Araújo Caetano, Maria Letícia Nogueira, José Ângelo Favoreto Guarnieri, and Carlos Alexandre Martins Zicarelli. "The use of Amantadine in Cognitive and Behavioral Recovery After Severe Cranioencephalic Trauma: A Systematic Review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.572.

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Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main cause of death among individuals between 1 and 44 years of age, and severe TBI is associated with a mortality rate between 30% and 70%. In this context, randomized clinical trials have studied medications to reduce morbidity in severe TBI, one of which is Amantadine. This drug acts on the increase of extracellular dopamine and as an NMDA antagonist. Objectives: Developing a systematic review of systematic reviews to evaluate the efficacy of Amantadine in reducing morbidity in patients with severe TBI. Methodology: The search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Portal Regional BVS databases. Results: Eleven systematic reviews were included. The literature review of 7 articles demonstrated the efficacy of treatment with Amantadine in the following clinical aspects after TBI: aggression, irritability, agitation, mood, and attention deficit. On the other hand, one article did not consider the use of Amantadine significantly beneficial, due to increased agitation in critically ill patients, suggesting that there is worsening of the condition in individuals with cognitive, executive, memory, and attention symptoms. Therefore, three studies reported that there was not enough evidence for the use of this drug in patients with severe TBI. Conclusions: The results are heterogeneous. However, this study found good efficacy of Amantadine for cases of agitation/aggression in severe TBI and in cases of diffuse axonal lesion that compromises the glutamate pathways.
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Araújo, Catarina Secundino Tavares de, Maria Clara Coppieters Gusmão, and Rodrigo Mesquita Costa Braga. "Cannabidiol Use as Treatment for Refractory Epilepsies." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.568.

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Introduction: Refractory epilepsies have a great impact in patients’ quality of life. Thus, studies with alternative drugs are extremely important to seek for effective treatments to control the condition, and cannabidiol (CBD) has shown promising results. Objectives: To analyze CBD’s efficacy as an alternative treatment of patients with refractory epilepsy. Design and setting: this study is a literature review from Universidade Federal da Bahia. Methods: We searched the following formula on PubMed: [cannabidiol] AND [epilepsy]. The inclusion criteria were clinical trials published from 2016-2021. Results: 25 articles were found, from which 18 were selected and, from those, 1092 patients were analyzed. All studies pointed to a reduction in frequency and/or intensity of epileptic crisis in adults and children with refractory epilepsy using CBD, independently of the etiology. In Laux’s study, they noted reductions of 50% and 44% in motor and total seizures (respectively). Moreover, Birnbaum’s study showed that using CBD with a meal may cause variability of exposure of patients to the drug. Adverse effects were dose dependent, mainly diarrhea, sleepiness and less appetite. The interaction between CBD and anticonvulsants was not shown to have a prejudicial or neutralizing effect. Conclusion: CBD was shown to be capable of attenuating attacks in patients with refractory epilepsy. However, more randomized clinical trials are needed to analyze the efficacy and the safety of these medications in the short and long term.
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Six, A. J., J. W. Louwerenburg, R. Braams, W. L. Mosterd, A. C. Bredero, H. J. Kerkkamp, E. J. P. Brommer, and N. M. van Hemel. "EARLY RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND DOSE-RANGING STUDY OF I.V. STREPTOKINASE FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642991.

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101 patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction during less than 4 hours were immediately treated with intravenous (i.v.) streptokinase (SK), infused in 1 hour. No concomitant medications like steroids, salicylates or anti-arrhythmic drugs were routinely given.Patients were blindly allocated to one of four dosages of SK (see below). Coronary angiography was performed within 3 hours after SK infusion in 90% of all patients . The infarct-related vessel was open in 59% of 91 patients. The results in the four dosage groups were as follows:Haematomas at the puncture site were common complications in all groups. No strokes occurred, nor life-threatening bleeding complications. Blood transfusion was needed in only one parient, who had an important bleeding and formation of a large haematoma at the puncture site.It is concluded that there is a trend to better results of higher doses of i.v. SK in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction without an evident rise of the rate of complications. The efficacy and safety of recently developed fibrinolytic drugs and streptokinase should be compared at optimal dosages.
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Aharonson, Vered, Ilana Schlesinger, Andre McDonald, Steven Dubowsky, and Amos Korczyn. "Monitoring of Parkinson’s Patients Gait Using Simple Walker Based Motion Sensing and Data Analysis." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3301.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disease with diverse clinical features. At present, there is no definitive test for the diagnosis of PD [1]. Instead, PD is diagnosed using clinical criteria which are based on the presence and presentation of signs such as rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, loss of postural reflexes, shuffling gait and freezing, as well as non-motor symptoms. Various treatments, ranging from physical therapy and medications to invasive treatments, can help relieve some PD symptoms. These treatments need quantitative monitoring and efficacy evaluation methods in order to provide higher quality, patient-centered care. A quantitative assessment of the patients’ clinical symptoms can also provide a timely alert to adverse events [2]. A variety of devices employing sensors with the purpose of monitoring PD patients’ symptoms were developed [3, 4]. Most of these devices are costly and / or complex in operation and maintenance, which limits their practicality in busy hospital / clinic environments and for home use. Moreover, they do not provide appropriate solutions for monitoring more severe cases of PD, where the patient requires a walking aid such as a cane or walker.
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Naqiyah, Najlatun, Muhammad Farid Ilhamuddin, Sumarlik, Titik Taufikurohmah, and Ananto Sudihutomo. "Self-Efficacy with Educational Purpose on Consuming Nanogold and Nanosilver as Medication for Cancer." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Education Innovation (ICEI 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icei-19.2019.74.

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da Silva, Sergio Eustaquio Lemos, Vitor Simao da Silva, Karina Santos Silva, Nayane Lopes Ferreira, and Vanessa Silva Miranda. "PREVALENCE OF THE USE AND SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE OF GENERIC DRUGS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ITUMBIARA-GO." In I South Florida Congress of Development. CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS I South Florida Congress of Development - 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47172/sfcdv2021-0001.

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The objective of this study was to point out the prevalence of generic drug use and popular acceptance in the municipality of Itumbiara-GO, besides presenting the relationship between cost and benefit, efficacy and factors that influence user acceptance. The study consisted of a bibliographic and field study, through the application of a quantitative methodology, through a structured questionnaire that was applied and a group of 50 randomly selected people. It was verified that most of the group of interviewees has knowledge about generic drugs, as well as their low costs; but reported that they receive information from unreliable sources, which state that the generic medication does not have the same efficacy as a reference drug. The research also related that public policy actions development lives by the Ministry of Health and health professionals are mental foundations for the popularization of generic products. It was possible to conclude that the actions of dissemination and education by health agencies should be continuous, since they have the purpose of informing the community and thus, contributing to the promotion of health, especially, of the low-income population.,
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Reports on the topic "Efficacy of medications"

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Dai, Hengheng, Haisong Li, Bin Wang, Jisheng Wang, Jingjing Zhang, Ying Chen, Xuecheng Zhang, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of medications for heart failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.11.0004.

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Lu, Qi, Haili Wang, Weizheng Wang, Yu Gao, Xuefeng Li, Ying Wang, Weiwan Yang, and Hongfeng Wang. Efficacy of Electroacupuncture in Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0040.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this study is to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of electroacupuncture in the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDNP).And to provide data support for electroacupuncture as an effective means to treat pain of nervous system diseases. Condition being studied: Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects more than six hundred million population worldwide till 2045. The most common form is chronic, distal, and symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy, while other uncommon forms include asymmetric or focal neuropathy, such as diabetic muscle atrophy, trunk radiculopathy, and compression palsy. About 11.4% and 40.5% of patients have severe and moderate pain respectively. Currently, symptomatic treatment of PDPN is based on the application of medications that target the symptoms of PDPN. However, the clinical efficacy of PDPN patients varies greatly from individual to individual.Traditional Chinese medicine electroacupuncture have shown its unique advantages in the treatment of PDPN. Although its mechanism is complex and unclear, it can still be used in the clinical treatment of PDPN for a long time. We therefore present a systematic review of the benefits of electroacupuncture in improving PDPN by including the as many as possible randomized controlled trials.
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Kwak, Sang Gyu, Yoo Jin Choo, Soyoung Kwak, and Min Cheol Chang. Efficacy of Transforaminal, Interlaminar, and Caudal Epidural Injections in Lumbosacral Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0091.

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Review question / Objective: Epidural injection (EI) has been used to manage lower back or radicular leg pain from herniation of lumbar disc (HLD). Three types of EI techniques, including transforaminal (TFEI) interlaminar (ILEI), and caudal epidural injections (CEI), are being applied. We aimed to evaluate the comparative effect of TFESI, ILEI, and CEI for reducing pain or improving function in patients with HLD. Condition being studied: For controlling inflammation by the HLD, various oral medications and procedures are used. Among these therapeutic methods, EI of the drugs is frequently used in clinical practice. Its positive HLD-induced pain reducing effect was reported in several previous studies. Three types of techniques, including TFEI, ILEI, and CEI, have been utilized in clinical practice. conflicting outcomes as to which technique is superior were reported in previous studies. So far, some meta-analysis studies for comparing the effects of different EI techniques on HLD were conducted. However, these previous studies conducted comparison between two procedures among TFEI, ILEI, and CEI. In the current study, using network meta-analysis, we synthesize and compare the effects of TFEI, ILEI, and CEI on pain from HLD, together.
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Wu, Xin. The efficacy and safety of anti-CD20 antibody treatments in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0075.

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Review question / Objective: The objectives of this systematic review were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the three existing anti-CD20 antibodies for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis and to aid clinicians in choosing medications. Eligibility criteria: We set the inclusion criteria as follows: (1) study type: RCT; (2) language restriction: only available in English; (3) participants: patients ≥18 years of age diagnosed with relapsing MS, whether with a relapsing–remitting course or a secondary progressive course; (4) intervention: anti-CD20 antibody treatments including ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, rituximab, and corresponding control including placebo and active treatments; (5) outcomes: clinical outcomes including annualized rate of relapse (ARR), the number of patients free of relapse, and the number of patients with confirmed disease progression (CDP); magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) outcomes including gadolinium-enhancing lesion change in T1, change in the volume of lesions on T2, the number of patients with no new or newly enlarged lesions in T2 and the brain volume change (BVC); safety outcomes including adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs). Included RCTs were not requested to supply all the outcomes mentioned above. We set the exclusion criteria as follows: (1) study type: retrospective studies, cohort studies, case reviews and case reports; (2) patients diagnosed with primary progressive MS.
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Pu, Fenglan, Tianli Li, Yingqiao Wang, Chunmei Tang, Chen Shen, and Jianping Liu. Cordyceps preparations for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy: A protocol of systematic review of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0098.

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Review question / Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of cordyceps preparations as a complementary preventive therapy for Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Condition being studied: At present, contrast agents are widely used in diagnostic and interventional radiology examinations worldwide. However, they can affect kidney function and cause a risk of renal impairment. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is defined as a rise in serum creatinine (SCr) levels by ≥ 25% of baseline or 44 µmol/l from the pre-contrast value within 72 h of intravascular administration of a contrast agent in the absence of an alternative etiology. The incidence of CIN varies widely among studies depending on study population and baseline risk factors, as for high-risk groups such as pre-existing renal insufficiency, diabetes, advanced age, or receiving nephrotoxic agents, the incidence is up to 30–50%. To date, CIN has been the third most common cause of hospital-acquired renal failure, after impaired renal perfusion and nephrotoxic medications, which can lead to longer hospital stay, increased costs and higher mortality.
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Bebout, Jesse, Brandon May, Tiara Richmond, and Margaret Harvey. Reducing 30 Day CHF Readmission Rates: Evaluating Medication Efficacy. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2022.0024.

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Cerón, Lissette, Mishelle Pacheco, Bolivar Delgado, and Wilson Bravo. Therapies for bruxism in dentistry: A systematic review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0080.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the methodological quality of the literature and the risk of bias used in systematic reviews of therapies for bruxism in dentistry, applying the Amstar II qualitative guide and to answer the following question: What do we know so far about the different treatments applied for bruxism and their effectiveness, as well as what is the overall confidence of the systematic reviews evaluating this topic? Condition being studied: There is an ongoing debate about the causal factors associated with patients diagnosed with bruxism and thus various treatment approaches, so according to the available scientific evidence there is no consensus on which is the most effective. (4) (8) (10). According to several studies, occlusal splints do not currently have a scientifically proven efficacy for the management of bruxism, because they lack randomized controlled clinical studies, and should therefore be considered as a limited treatment modality, since the effect of the splints does not seem to address the cause of bruxism and serves mainly for the management of the signs and symptoms of this disorder (11) (12). Alternative therapies such as relaxation and biofeedback have been proposed for bruxism, especially in cases of daytime bruxism, which are more related to stress and anxiety. (13). There are also studies that support the use of the NTI-tssa device can be used successfully, however, it may present side effects if necessary checks and readjustments are not performed (14). Some medications can be used to decrease bruxing episodes, but some pharmacological treatments may not be safe if used for prolonged periods of time, considering the inherent side effects or risks of dependence (15).
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Mahmoudi, Farhad, Mahtab Mokarram, Sadegh Sabouhi, Sara Hashemi, Parastoo Saberi, and Hadi Zamanian. Application of digital health for improving medication adherence in MS patients. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0058.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of digital health interventions in monitoring and improving medication adherence in Multiple Sclerosis patients. Condition being studied: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to focal lesions in the white matter, characterized by selective primary demyelination with partial preservation of axons and reactive astrocytic gliosis. The disease is thought to be due to a complex interaction between different genetic and environmental factors. The prevalence of MS is rising all over the world, due on one hand to earlier diagnosis and prolonged survival, and on the other to a true increase in incidence of the disease. The diagnosis of MS remains clinical despite recent advances in diagnostics and relies on demonstrating dissemination in space and time while excluding alternative diagnoses.
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Li, Yanhui. Efficacy of non-invasive photodynamic therapy for female lower reproductive tract diseases associated with HPV infection: a comprehensive meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0092.

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Review question / Objective: The critical point of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the curative effect of Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in diseases of female lower reproductive tract associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Condition being studied: Traditional clinical recommendations for treating diseases of the female lower reproductive tract include topical therapy with drugs, surgery, intravaginal radiation, carbon dioxide (CO2) laser, etc. Although medication is easy to administer, it has a high recurrence rate and adverse effects such as burning sensation, pain, and dyspareunia. The other traditional treatment method is usually invasive, repeated operation of vaginal perforation, scar, easy recurrence, fertility decline, and other shortcomings. At present, the treatment strategy for cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion, vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesion, condyloma acuminatum, and vulvar lichen sclerosis are to protect the normal organ structure and function as much as possible, reduce recurrence, prevent disease progression and carcinogenesis, and preserve female reproductive function.
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Chen, Chen, Peng Chen, Xia Liu, and Hua Li. Combined 5-Fluorouracil and Low Molecular Weight Heparin for the Prevention of Postoperative Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy in Patients with Retinal Detachment. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0117.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intraoperative infusion of combined 5-fluorouracil and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the prevention of postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy in patients with retinal detachment. Condition being studied: Postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the primary cause of failure of retinal reattachment surgery. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inhibits the proliferation of fibroblasts, and suppresses collagen contraction. On the other hand, heparin reduces fibrin exudation, and inhibits the adhesion and migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells. We conduct this comprehensive literature search and meta-analysis to address whether intraoperative infusion of combined 5-FU and LWMH improves the primary success rate of pars plana vitrectomy, as well as reduces postoperative PVR. Our study aims to provide clinical evidence for retinal surgeons concerning their choice of intraoperative medication.
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