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1
McBroome, Jakob, David Liang, and Russell Corbett-Detig. "Fine-Scale Position Effects Shape the Distribution of Inversion Breakpoints in Drosophila melanogaster." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 8 (May 21, 2020): 1378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa103.
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Abstract Chromosomal inversions are among the primary drivers of genome structure evolution in a wide range of natural populations. Although there is an impressive array of theory and empirical analyses that have identified conditions under which inversions can be positively selected, comparatively little data are available on the fitness impacts of these genome structural rearrangements themselves. Because inversion breakpoints can disrupt functional elements and alter chromatin domains, the precise positioning of an inversion’s breakpoints can strongly affect its fitness. Here, we compared the fine-scale distribution of low-frequency inversion breakpoints with those of high-frequency inversions and inversions that have gone to fixation between Drosophila species. We identified a number of differences among frequency classes that may influence inversion fitness. In particular, breakpoints that are proximal to insulator elements, generate large tandem duplications, and minimize impacts on gene coding spans which are more prevalent in high-frequency and fixed inversions than in rare inversions. The data suggest that natural selection acts to preserve both genes and larger cis-regulatory networks in the occurrence and spread of rearrangements. These factors may act to limit the availability of high-fitness arrangements when suppressed recombination is favorable.
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Coyne, J. A., W. Meyers, A. P. Crittenden, and P. Sniegowski. "The fertility effects of pericentric inversions in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 134, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/134.2.487.
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Abstract Heterozygotes for pericentric inversions are expected to be semisterile because recombination in the inverted region produces aneuploid gametes. Newly arising pericentric inversions should therefore be quickly eliminated from populations by natural selection. The occasional polymorphism for such inversions and their fixation among closely related species have supported the idea that genetic drift in very small populations can overcome natural selection in the wild. We studied the effect of 7 second-chromosome and 30 third-chromosome pericentric inversions on the fertility of heterokaryotypic Drosophila melanogaster females. Surprisingly, fertility was not significantly reduced in many cases, even when the inversion was quite large. This lack of underdominance is almost certainly due to suppressed recombination in inversion heterozygotes, a phenomenon previously observed in Drosophila. In the large sample of third-chromosome inversions, the degree of underdominance depends far more on the position of breakpoints than on the inversion's length. Analysis of these positions shows that this chromosome has a pair of "sensitive sites" near cytological divisions 68 and 92: these sites appear to reduce recombination in a heterozygous inversion whose breakpoints are nearby. There may also be "sensitive sites" near divisions 31 and 49 on the second chromosome. Such sites may be important in initiating synapsis. Because many pericentric inversions do not reduce the fertility of heterozygotes, we conclude that the observed fixation or polymorphism of such rearrangements in nature does not imply genetic drift in very small populations.
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Crow, Taylor, James Ta, Saghi Nojoomi, M. Rocío Aguilar-Rangel, Jorge Vladimir Torres Rodríguez, Daniel Gates, Rubén Rellán-Álvarez, Ruairidh Sawers, and Daniel Runcie. "Gene regulatory effects of a large chromosomal inversion in highland maize." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e1009213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009213.
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Chromosomal inversions play an important role in local adaptation. Inversions can capture multiple locally adaptive functional variants in a linked block by repressing recombination. However, this recombination suppression makes it difficult to identify the genetic mechanisms underlying an inversion’s role in adaptation. In this study, we used large-scale transcriptomic data to dissect the functional importance of a 13 Mb inversion locus (Inv4m) found almost exclusively in highland populations of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays). Inv4m was introgressed into highland maize from the wild relative Zea mays ssp. mexicana, also present in the highlands of Mexico, and is thought to be important for the adaptation of these populations to cultivation in highland environments. However, the specific genetic variants and traits that underlie this adaptation are not known. We created two families segregating for the standard and inverted haplotypes of Inv4m in a common genetic background and measured gene expression effects associated with the inversion across 9 tissues in two experimental conditions. With these data, we quantified both the global transcriptomic effects of the highland Inv4m haplotype, and the local cis-regulatory variation present within the locus. We found diverse physiological effects of Inv4m across the 9 tissues, including a strong effect on the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast physiology. Although we could not confidently identify the causal alleles within Inv4m, this research accelerates progress towards understanding this inversion and will guide future research on these important genomic features.
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Vantassel, Joseph P., and Brady R. Cox. "SWinvert: a workflow for performing rigorous 1-D surface wave inversions." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 2 (September 9, 2020): 1141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa426.
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SUMMARY SWinvert is a workflow developed at The University of Texas at Austin for the inversion of surface wave dispersion data. SWinvert encourages analysts to investigate inversion uncertainty and non-uniqueness in shear wave velocity (Vs) by providing a systematic procedure and specific actionable recommendations for surface wave inversion. In particular, the workflow encourages the use of multiple layering parametrizations to address the inversion's non-uniqueness, multiple global searches for each parametrization to address the inverse problem's non-linearity and quantification of Vs uncertainty in the resulting profiles. While the workflow uses the Dinver module of the popular open-source Geopsy software as its inversion engine, the principles presented are of relevance to analysts using other inversion programs. To illustrate the effectiveness of the SWinvert workflow and to develop a set of benchmarks for use in future surface wave inversion studies, synthetic experimental dispersion data for 12 subsurface models of varying complexity are inverted. While the effects of inversion uncertainty and non-uniqueness are shown to be minimal for simple subsurface models characterized by broad-band dispersion data, these effects cannot be ignored in the Vs profiles derived for more complex models with band-limited dispersion data. To encourage adoption of the SWinvert workflow, an open-source Python package (SWprepost), for pre- and post-processing of surface wave inversion data, and an application on the DesignSafe-Cyberinfrastructure (SWbatch), for performing batch-style surface wave inversions with Dinver using high-performance computing, have been developed and released in conjunction with this work. The SWinvert workflow is shown to provide a methodical procedure and a powerful set of tools for performing rigorous surface wave inversions and quantifying the uncertainty in the resulting Vs profiles.
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Mecate, Danielle, Rod Handy, Leon Pahler, Darrah Sleeth, Joemy Ramsay, and Camie Schaefer. "Temperature Inversion and Ultrafine Particulate/Near Ultrafine Particulate Matter Concentrations in the Salt Lake Valley." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, no. 7 (January 5, 2021): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i7.2263.
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Ultrafine particulate (UFP) matter exposures are associated with negative health outcomes. UFPs (<100nm) and near UFP (NUFP) matter (4.5nm - 250nm) are trapped by the bowl-like geography of the Salt Lake Valley causing winter inversions (i.e., trapped particulate matter (PM)). Enmont PUFP C100 and Grimm 1.109 particle counters were used to define NUFP concentrations during inversion (n=5) and non-inversion (n=5) days at 7 sites. NUFP concentrations served as a proxy for the UFP fraction. NUFP concentrations were log-transformed and multivariable mixed effects linear regression models determined if NUFP concentration differed between inversion and non-inversion or by length of inversion. Difference in fraction NUFP was also analyzed. The mean NUFP concentration was 1.49-fold higher during inversions (95% CI 1.11–2.02), whereas the fraction declined by 0.22 (95% CI -0.31– -0.13). Increased NUFP concentrations during inversions may lead to increased adverse health outcomes. These findings have serious implications for inversion-prone regions.
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Mecate, Danielle, Rod Handy, Leon Pahler, Darrah Sleeth, Joemy Ramsay, and Camie Schaefer. "Temperature Inversion and Ultrafine Particulate/Near Ultrafine Particulate Matter Concentrations in the Salt Lake Valley." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, no. 7 (January 5, 2021): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i7.2263.
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Ultrafine particulate (UFP) matter exposures are associated with negative health outcomes. UFPs (<100nm) and near UFP (NUFP) matter (4.5nm - 250nm) are trapped by the bowl-like geography of the Salt Lake Valley causing winter inversions (i.e., trapped particulate matter (PM)). Enmont PUFP C100 and Grimm 1.109 particle counters were used to define NUFP concentrations during inversion (n=5) and non-inversion (n=5) days at 7 sites. NUFP concentrations served as a proxy for the UFP fraction. NUFP concentrations were log-transformed and multivariable mixed effects linear regression models determined if NUFP concentration differed between inversion and non-inversion or by length of inversion. Difference in fraction NUFP was also analyzed. The mean NUFP concentration was 1.49-fold higher during inversions (95% CI 1.11–2.02), whereas the fraction declined by 0.22 (95% CI -0.31– -0.13). Increased NUFP concentrations during inversions may lead to increased adverse health outcomes. These findings have serious implications for inversion-prone regions.
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Miesel, L., A. Segall, and J. R. Roth. "Construction of chromosomal rearrangements in Salmonella by transduction: inversions of non-permissive segments are not lethal." Genetics 137, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 919–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.4.919.
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Abstract Homologous sequences placed in inverse order at particular separated sites in the bacterial chromosome (termed "permissive") can recombine to form an inversion of the intervening chromosome segment. When the same repeated sequences flank other chromosome segments ("non-permissive"), recombination occurs but the expected inversion rearrangement is not found among the products. The failure to recover inversions of non-permissive chromosomal segments could be due to lethal effects of the final rearrangement. Alternatively, local chromosomal features might pose barriers to reciprocal exchanges between sequences at particular sites and could thereby prevent formation of inversions of the region between such sites. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we have constructed inversions of two non-permissive intervals by means of phage P22-mediated transduction crosses. These crosses generate inversions by simultaneous incorporation of two transduced fragments, each with a sequence that forms one join-point of the final inversion. We constructed inversions of the non-permissive intervals trp ('34) to his ('42) and his ('42) to cysA ('50). Strains with the constructed inversions are viable and grow normally. These results show that our previous failure to detect formation of these inversions by recombination between chromosomal sequences was not due to lethal effects of the final rearrangement. We infer that the "non-permissive" character of some chromosomal segments reflects the inability of the recombination system to perform the needed exchanges between inverse order sequences at particular sites. Apparently these mechanistic problems were circumvented by the transductional method used here to direct inversion formation.
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Smith, Craig M., and Eric D. Skyllingstad. "Effects of Inversion Height and Surface Heat Flux on Downslope Windstorms." Monthly Weather Review 139, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 3750–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011mwr3619.1.
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Abstract Simulations are presented focusing on the role of temperature inversions in controlling the formation and strength of downslope wind storms. Three mechanisms are examined depending on the relative height of the inversion with respect to the mountain and the stability of vertically propagating mountain waves. For low-level inversions, flows are generated that closely resemble a reduced gravity shallow water hydraulic response with a large vertical displacement of the inversion on the lee side of the mountain. For higher-level inversion cases, simulated flows more closely followed a stratified hydraulic behavior with the inversion acting as a rigid reflective lid. In the third mechanism, downslope winds were forced by a self-induced critical layer located below the inversion height. The presence of the inversion in this case had little effect on the resulting downslope winds. Observations made on the Falkland Islands show that downslope windstorms may preferentially occur in early morning even without synoptic-scale changes in atmospheric structure. Most windstorms on the Falkland Islands generally have a short jet length; rare, longer jet length storms typically occur in conjunction with a strong low-level inversion. Idealized numerical experiments tend to produce a similar response depending on the presence of strong low-level inversion and surface cooling. Results suggest that surface heating can have significant control on the flow response by reducing the low-level inversion strength, or by changing the stratification and wind velocity below the inversion, thereby preventing a strong downslope windstorm.
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Werle, Sean F., Ed Klekowski, and Douglas G. Smith. "Inversion polymorphism in a Connecticut River Axarus species (Diptera: Chironomidae): biometric effects of a triple inversion heterozygote." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-227.
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The authors sampled three spatially isolated populations of a chironomid midge in the genus Axarus living in the Connecticut River both early and late in the larval life cycle of one generation. Larvae were scored for both length and inversion frequency using the polytene chromosomes from salivary gland cells. We found polymorphism for four paracentric inversions. Inversion C1–6 exhibits a geographic cline, increasing in frequency with increasing latitude but remaining stable over time. Also stable over time were two other paracentric inversions designated A1–5 and F13–20, which were present at similar frequencies in all populations. None of these inversions was associated with larval length. A complex triple inversion designated G2–7 was significantly correlated with decreased larval length and also exhibited a significant increase in frequency (within one cohort) in the two more northerly populations. We propose that this increase is due to size-selective predation eliminating larger larvae.
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Hill, C. W., and J. A. Gray. "Effects of chromosomal inversion on cell fitness in Escherichia coli K-12." Genetics 119, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.4.771.
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Abstract In an effort to learn what factors might mitigate the establishment of Escherichia coli variants bearing major chromosomal rearrangements, we have examined the effects on cell growth of two inversions between rRNA operons. One of these inversions, IN(rrnD-rrnE), had been propagated in a commonly used subline of E. coli K-12 for approximately 30 yr before its discovery, a fact that illustrates the absence of obvious detrimental effects associated with the inversion. We found that culturing under conditions requiring repeated transition from stationary phase to rapid growth led to the replacement of IN(rrnD-rrnE) cells by cells that had undergone either of two types of additional chromosomal inversion: one type fully restored the wild-type order, while the other partially restored it. The partial reinversion was also between rrn operons, but it left a small transposition. The tendency for overgrowth by these revertants persisted through several rounds of periodic selection. In contrast, the other inversion, IN(rrnG-rrnE), was associated with severe, detrimental effects. The effects of IN(rrnG-rrnE) were also alleviated by full or partial reinversion. The probable relationship between the severity of the effects caused by the inversions and the degree of displacement of the replication origin is discussed. Spontaneous inversion events between rrn operons separated by 18% of the chromosome were estimated to occur at a frequency of roughly 10(-5). If extended to natural situations, the growth disadvantage together with the relatively high frequency of reinversion suggest that clones of cells with an inversion between these rrn operons would be readily overgrown by revertants.
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Ha, Wansoo, and Changsoo Shin. "Why do Laplace-domain waveform inversions yield long-wavelength results?" GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): R167—R173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0365.1.
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Laplace-domain inversions generate long-wavelength velocity models from synthetic and field data sets, unlike full-waveform inversions in the time or frequency domain. By examining the gradient directions of Laplace-domain inversions, we explain why they result in long-wavelength velocity models. The gradient direction of the inversion is calculated by multiplying the virtual source and the back-propagated wavefield. The virtual source has long-wavelength features because it is the product of the smooth forward-modeled wavefield and the partial derivative of the impedance matrix, which depends on the long-wavelength initial velocity used in the inversion. The back-propagated wavefield exhibits mild variations, except for near the receiver, in spite of the short-wavelength components in the residual. The smooth back-propagated wavefield results from the low-wavenumber pass-filtering effects of Laplace-domain Green’s function, which attenuates the high-wavenumber components of the residuals more rapidly than the low-wavenumber components. Accordingly, the gradient direction and the inversion results are smooth. Examples of inverting field data acquired in the Gulf of Mexico exhibit long-wavelength gradients and confirm the generation of long-wavelength velocity models by Laplace-domain inversion. The inversion of moving-average filtered data without short-wavelength features shows that the Laplace-domain inversion is not greatly affected by the high-wavenumber components in the field data.
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Bai, Jianyong, David Yingst, Robert Bloor, and Jacques Leveille. "Viscoacoustic waveform inversion of velocity structures in the time domain." GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): R103—R119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0030.1.
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Because of the conversion of elastic energy into heat, seismic waves are attenuated and dispersed as they propagate. The attenuation effects can reduce the resolution of velocity models obtained from waveform inversion or even cause the inversion to produce incorrect results. Using a viscoacoustic model consisting of a single standard linear solid, we discovered a theoretical framework of viscoacoustic waveform inversion in the time domain for velocity estimation. We derived and found the viscoacoustic wave equations for forward modeling and their adjoint to compensate for the attenuation effects in viscoacoustic waveform inversion. The wave equations were numerically solved by high-order finite-difference methods on centered grids to extrapolate seismic wavefields. The finite-difference methods were implemented satisfying stability conditions, which are also presented. Numerical examples proved that the forward viscoacoustic wave equation can simulate attenuative behaviors very well in amplitude attenuation and phase dispersion. We tested acoustic and viscoacoustic waveform inversions with a modified Marmousi model and a 3D field data set from the deep-water Gulf of Mexico for comparison. The tests with the modified Marmousi model illustrated that the seismic attenuation can have large effects on waveform inversion and that choosing the most suitable inversion method was important to obtain the best inversion results for a specific seismic data volume. The tests with the field data set indicated that the inverted velocity models determined from the acoustic and viscoacoustic inversions were helpful to improve images and offset gathers obtained from migration. Compared to the acoustic inversion, viscoacoustic inversion is a realistic approach for real earth materials because the attenuation effects are compensated.
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Singh, B. N., and A. K. Singh. "The effects of heterozygous inversions on crossing-over in Drosophila ananassae." Genome 29, no. 5 (October 1, 1987): 802–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-134.
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Crossing-over was studied in females of Drosophila ananassae under different karyotypic combinations to detect the effects of heterozygous inversions by utilizing three recessive markers of the second chromosome. Because of the presence of a subterminal inversion (2L) in the heterozygous condition, crossing-over between the cu and b genes is completely eliminated. However, 2L heterozygosity enhances the level of recombination between the b and se genes. Furthermore, two third chromosome inversions when heterozygous also exert an enhancing effect on crossing-over in the second chromosome. These results provide evidence for the existence of intra- and inter-chromosomal effects of inversions on crossing-over in D. ananassae. Key words: Drosophila ananassae, crossing-over, inversions, intrachromosomal effects, interchromosomal effects.
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da Silva, Vinicius H., Veronika N. Laine, Mirte Bosse, Lewis G. Spurgin, Martijn F. L. Derks, Kees van Oers, Bert Dibbits, et al. "The Genomic Complexity of a Large Inversion in Great Tits." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 7 (May 22, 2019): 1870–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz106.
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Abstract Chromosome inversions have clear effects on genome evolution and have been associated with speciation, adaptation, and the evolution of the sex chromosomes. In birds, these inversions may play an important role in hybridization of species and disassortative mating. We identified a large (≈64 Mb) inversion polymorphism in the great tit (Parus major) that encompasses almost 1,000 genes and more than 90% of Chromosome 1A. The inversion occurs at a low frequency in a set of over 2,300 genotyped great tits in the Netherlands with only 5% of the birds being heterozygous for the inversion. In an additional analysis of 29 resequenced birds from across Europe, we found two heterozygotes. The likely inversion breakpoints show considerable genomic complexity, including multiple copy number variable segments. We identified different haplotypes for the inversion, which differ in the degree of recombination in the center of the chromosome. Overall, this remarkable genetic variant is widespread among distinct great tit populations and future studies of the inversion haplotype, including how it affects the fitness of carriers, may help to understand the mechanisms that maintain it.
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Rigola, Maria A., Neus Baena, Vicenç Català, Iris Lozano, Elisabet Gabau, Miriam Guitart, and Carmen Fuster. "A 11.7-Mb Paracentric Inversion in Chromosome 1q Detected in Prenatal Diagnosis Associated with Familial Intellectual Disability." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 146, no. 2 (2015): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000437127.
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Most apparent balanced chromosomal inversions are usually clinically asymptomatic; however, infertility, miscarriages, and mental retardation have been reported in inversion carriers. We present a small family with a paracentric inversion 1q42.13q43 detected in routine prenatal diagnosis. Molecular cytogenetic methods defined the size of the inversion as 11.7 Mb and excluded other unbalanced chromosomal alterations in the patients. Our findings suggest that intellectual disability is caused by dysfunction, disruption, or position effects of genes located at or near the breakpoints involved in this inversion.
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Liu, Hongxing, Jingye Li, Xiaohong Chen, Bo Hou, and Li Chen. "Amplitude variation with offset inversion using the reflectivity method." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 4 (July 2016): R185—R195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0332.1.
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Most existing amplitude variation with offset (AVO) inversion methods are based on the Zoeppritz’s equation or its approximations. These methods assume that the amplitude of seismic data depends only on the reflection coefficients, which means that the wave-propagation effects, such as geometric spreading, attenuation, transmission loss, and multiples, have been fully corrected or attenuated before inversion. However, these requirements are very strict and can hardly be satisfied. Under a 1D assumption, reflectivity-method-based inversions are able to handle transmission losses and internal multiples. Applications of these inversions, however, are still time-consuming and complex in computation of differential seismograms. We have evaluated an inversion methodology based on the vectorized reflectivity method, in which the differential seismograms can be calculated from analytical expressions. It is computationally efficient. A modification is implemented to transform the inversion from the intercept time and ray-parameter domain to the angle-gather domain. AVO inversion is always an ill-posed problem. Following a Bayesian approach, the inversion is stabilized by including the correlation of the P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density. Comparing reflectivity-method-based inversion with Zoeppritz-based inversion on a synthetic data and a real data set, we have concluded that reflectivity-method-based inversion is more accurate when the propagation effects of transmission losses and internal multiples are not corrected. Model testing has revealed that the method is robust at high noise levels.
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Brossier, Romain, Stéphane Operto, and Jean Virieux. "Seismic imaging of complex onshore structures by 2D elastic frequency-domain full-waveform inversion." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 6 (November 2009): WCC105—WCC118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3215771.
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Quantitative imaging of the elastic properties of the subsurface at depth is essential for civil engineering applications and oil- and gas-reservoir characterization. A realistic synthetic example provides for an assessment of the potential and limits of 2D elastic full-waveform inversion (FWI) of wide-aperture seismic data for recovering high-resolution P- and S-wave velocity models of complex onshore structures. FWI of land data is challenging because of the increased nonlinearity introduced by free-surface effects such as the propagation of surface waves in the heterogeneous near-surface. Moreover, the short wavelengths of the shear wavefield require an accurate S-wave velocity starting model if low frequencies are unavailable in the data. We evaluated different multiscale strategies with the aim of mitigating the nonlinearities. Massively parallel full-waveform inversion was implemented in the frequency domain. The numerical optimization relies on a limited-memory quasi-Newton algorithm thatoutperforms the more classic preconditioned conjugate-gradient algorithm. The forward problem is based upon a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method on triangular mesh, which allows accurate modeling of free-surface effects. Sequential inversions of increasing frequencies define the most natural level of hierarchy in multiscale imaging. In the case of land data involving surface waves, the regularization introduced by hierarchical frequency inversions is not enough for adequate convergence of the inversion. A second level of hierarchy implemented with complex-valued frequencies is necessary and provides convergence of the inversion toward acceptable P- and S-wave velocity models. Among the possible strategies for sampling frequencies in the inversion, successive inversions of slightly overlapping frequency groups is the most reliable when compared to the more standard sequential inversion of single frequencies. This suggests that simultaneous inversion of multiple frequencies is critical when considering complex wave phenomena.
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Said, Iskander, Ashley Byrne, Victoria Serrano, Charis Cardeno, Christopher Vollmers, and Russell Corbett-Detig. "Linked genetic variation and not genome structure causes widespread differential expression associated with chromosomal inversions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 21 (May 7, 2018): 5492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721275115.
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Chromosomal inversions are widely thought to be favored by natural selection because they suppress recombination between alleles that have higher fitness on the same genetic background or in similar environments. Nonetheless, few selected alleles have been characterized at the molecular level. Gene expression profiling provides a powerful way to identify functionally important variation associated with inversions and suggests candidate phenotypes. However, altered genome structure itself might also impact gene expression by influencing expression profiles of the genes proximal to inversion breakpoint regions or by modifying expression patterns genome-wide due to rearranging large regulatory domains. In natural inversions, genetic differentiation and genome structure are inextricably linked. Here, we characterize differential expression patterns associated with two chromosomal inversions found in natural Drosophila melanogaster populations. To isolate the impacts of genome structure, we engineered synthetic chromosomal inversions on controlled genetic backgrounds with breakpoints that closely match each natural inversion. We find that synthetic inversions have negligible effects on gene expression. Nonetheless, natural inversions have broad-reaching regulatory impacts in cis and trans. Furthermore, we find that differentially expressed genes associated with both natural inversions are enriched for loci associated with immune response to bacterial pathogens. Our results support the idea that inversions in D. melanogaster experience natural selection to maintain associations between functionally related alleles to produce complex phenotypic outcomes.
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Singh, A. K., and B. N. Singh. "Heterozygous inversions and spontaneous male crossing-over in Drosophila ananassae." Genome 30, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-075.
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Experiments were conducted to detect the effects of heterozygous inversions on spontaneous crossing-over in males of Drosophila ananassae by using a second chromosome triple recessive stock and four wild stocks. The karyotypic constitution of all the stocks was known. The occurrence of spontaneous male crossing-over has been observed in all the strains tested though the rate of recombination varies. The results show that crossing-over is completely absent between cu and b genes due to inversion heterozygosity in 2L. The males homozygous in 2L show crossing-over in both regions (cu–b, b–se). The inversion heterozygosity in 2L increases the rate of recombination between b and se genes. Furthermore, two third chromosome inversions, when heterozygous also increase crossing-over in the second chromosome. These results suggest that spontaneous male crossing-over in D. ananassae is affected by heterozygous inversions. Thus the present finding lends support to the earlier suggestion that spontaneous crossing-over in males of D. ananassae is meiotic in origin.Key words: Drosophila ananassae, heterozygous inversions, spontaneous male crossing-over.
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Carter-McAuslan, Angela, Peter G. Lelièvre, and Colin G. Farquharson. "A study of fuzzy c-means coupling for joint inversion, using seismic tomography and gravity data test scenarios." GEOPHYSICS 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): W1—W15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0056.1.
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Joint inversion, the inversion of multiple geophysical data sets containing complementary information about the subsurface, has the potential to significantly improve inversion results by reducing the nonuniqueness of the inverse problem. One of the challenges of joint inversion is deciding how to couple the multiple physical property models. If a coupling approach is used that is inconsistent with the physical truth, then inversion artifacts can occur and may lead to incorrect interpretations. In this paper, we investigated the fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering approach to provide a lithological coupling of the seismic velocity and density models in joint 2D inversions of first-arrival traveltimes and gravity data. Even though this coupling approach has been used in previous works, recommendations for its effective use have not yet been developed. We conducted a suite of joint inversion tests on synthetic data generated from a geologically realistic model based on magmatic massive sulfide deposits. There is a known relationship between seismic velocity and density for the silicate rocks and sulfide minerals involved; this lithological relationship was used to design a clustered coupling strategy in the joint inversions. The tests we conducted clearly exhibited the benefits of joint inversion using FCM coupling. Our work revealed the effects of including inaccurate a priori physical property information. We also evaluated approaches to assess whether such inaccurate information may have been used.
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von Frese, R. R. B., D. N. Ravat, W. J. Hinze, and C. A. McGue. "Improved inversion of geopotential field anomalies for lithospheric investigations." GEOPHYSICS 53, no. 3 (March 1988): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442471.
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Instabilities and the large matrices which are common to inversions of regional magnetic and gravity anomalies often complicate the use of efficient least‐squares matrix procedures. Inversion stability profoundly affects anomaly analysis, and hence it must be considered in any application. Wildly varying or unstable solutions are the products of errors in the anomaly observations and the integrated effects of observation spacing, source spacing, elevation differences between sources and observations, geographic coordinate attributes, geomagnetic field attitudes, and other factors which influence the conditioning of inversion. Solution instabilities caused by ill‐posed parameters can be efficiently minimized by ridge regression with a damping factor large enough to stabilize the inversion, but small enough to produce an analytically useful solution. An effective choice for the damping factor is facilitated by plotting damping factors against residuals between observed and modeled anomalies and by then comparing this curve to curves of damping factors plotted against solution variance or the residuals between predicted anomaly maps representing the processing objective (e.g., downward continuation, differential reduction to the radial pole, etc.). To obtain accurate and efficient large‐scale inversions of anomaly data, a procedure based on the superposition principle of potential fields may be used. This method involves successive inversions of residuals between the observations and various stable model fields which can be readily accommodated by available computer memory. Integration of the model fields yields a well‐resolved representation of the observed anomalies corresponding to an integrated model which normally could not be obtained by direct inversion because the memory requirements would be excessive. MAGSAT magnetic anomaly inversions over India demonstrate the utility of these procedures for improving the geologic analysis of potential field anomalies.
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Latimer, Robyn N. C., and David A. Risk. "An inversion approach for determining distribution of production and temperature sensitivity of soil respiration." Biogeosciences 13, no. 7 (April 11, 2016): 2111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2111-2016.
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Abstract. Physical soil properties create lags between temperature change and corresponding soil responses, which obscure true Q10 (temperature sensitivity) values and other biophysical parameters such as depth of production. This study examines an inversion approach for estimating Q10 and e-folding depth of CO2 production (Zp) using physically based soil models, constrained by observed high-frequency surface fluxes and/or concentrations. Our inversion strategy uses a one-dimensional (1-D) multi-layered soil model that simulates realistic temperature and gas diffusion. We tested inversion scenarios on synthetic data using a range of constraining parameters, time-averaging techniques, mechanisms to improve computational efficiency, and various methods of incorporating real data into the model. Overall, we have found that with carefully constrained data, inversion was possible. While inversions using exclusively surface-flux measurements could succeed, constraining the inversion using multiple shallow subsurface CO2 measurements proved to be most successful. Inversions constrained by these shallow measurements returned Q10 and Zp values with average errors of 1.85 and 0.16 % respectively. This work is a first step toward building a reliable framework for removing physical effects from high-frequency soil CO2 data. Ultimately, we hope that this process will lead to better estimates of biophysical soil parameters and their variability on short timescales.
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Latimer, R. N. C., and D. A. Risk. "An inversion approach for determining production depth and temperature sensitivity of soil respiration." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 13 (July 8, 2015): 10137–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-10137-2015.
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Abstract. Physical soil properties create lags between temperature change and corresponding soil responses, which obscure true Q10 values and other biophysical parameters such as depth of production. This study examines an inversion approach for estimating Q10 and depth of production (Zp) using physically based soil models, constrained by observed high-frequency surface fluxes and/or concentrations. Our inversion strategy uses a 1-D multi-layered soil model that simulates realistic temperature and gas diffusion. We tested inversion scenarios on synthetic data using a range of constraining parameters, time averaging techniques, mechanisms to improve computational efficiency, and various methods of incorporating real data into the model. Overall, we have found that with carefully constrained data, inversion was possible. While inversions using exclusively surface flux measurements could succeed, constraining the inversion using multiple shallow subsurface CO2 measurements proved to be most successful. Inversions constrained by these shallow measurements returned Q10 and Zp values with average errors of 1.85 and 0.16 % respectively. This work is a first step toward building a reliable framework for removing physical effects from high frequency soil CO2 data. Ultimately, we hope that this process will lead to better estimates of biophysical soil parameters and their variability on short timescales.
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Navarro, Arcadio, Esther Betrán, Carlos Zapata, and Alfredo Ruiz. "Dynamics of gametic disequilibria between loci linked to chromosome inversions: the recombination-redistributing effect of inversions." Genetical Research 67, no. 1 (February 1996): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300033486.
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SummaryThe total gametic disequilibrium between two loci linked to polymorphic inversions can be partitioned into two types of components: within and between chromosome arrangements. The within components depend on the gametic disequilibrium within each chromosome arrangement. The between components depend on the locus-inversion disequilibria. This partitioning has practical applications and is indispensable for studying the dynamics of these systems because inversions greatly reduce recombination in the heterokaryotypes while allowing free, and sometimes different, recombination in each of the homokaryotypes. We provide equations for the per generation change of the various disequilibria for systems with two and three chromosome arrangements, and the general recursive equations predicting the disequilibria after any number of generations for the case of two arrangements. Simulation studies were carried out using different values of the recombination parameters and all possible initial conditions. The results show a complex convergence to linkage equilibrium in inversion systems. The various disequilibria can have local maxima and minima while approaching equilibrium and, moreover, their dynamics cannot be described, in general, using a single parameter, i.e. an effective recombination rate. We conclude that the effects of inversions on gametic disequilibria must be carefully considered when dealing with disequilibriain inversion systems. The formulae provided in this paper can be used for such purpose.
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Rendón, Angela M., Juan F. Salazar, Carlos A. Palacio, Volkmar Wirth, and Björn Brötz. "Effects of Urbanization on the Temperature Inversion Breakup in a Mountain Valley with Implications for Air Quality." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 4 (April 2014): 840–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0165.1.
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AbstractMany cities located in valleys with limited ventilation experience serious air pollution problems. The ventilation of an urban valley can be limited not only by orographic barriers, but also by urban heat island–induced circulations and/or the capping effect of temperature inversions. Furthermore, land-use/-cover changes caused by urbanization alter the dynamics of temperature inversions and urban heat islands, thereby affecting air quality in an urban valley. By means of idealized numerical simulations, it is shown that in a mountain valley subject to temperature inversions urbanization can have an important influence on air quality through effects on the inversion breakup. Depending on the urban area fraction in the simulations, the breakup time changes, the cross-valley wind system can evolve from a confined to an open system during the daytime, the slope winds can be reversed by the interplay between the urban heat island and the temperature inversion, and the breakup pattern can migrate from one dominated by the growth of the convective boundary layer to one also involving the removal of mass from the valley floor by the upslope winds. The analysis suggests that the influence of urbanization on the air quality of an urban valley may lead to contrasting and possibly counterintuitive effects when considering temperature inversions. More urban land does not necessarily imply worse air quality, even when considering that the amount of pollutants emitted grows with increased urbanization.
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del Priore, Lucía, and María I. Pigozzi. "Heterologous Synapsis and Crossover Suppression in Heterozygotes for a Pericentric Inversion in the Zebra Finch." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 147, no. 2-3 (2015): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442656.
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In the zebra finch, 2 alternative morphs regarding centromere position were described for chromosome 6. This polymorphism was interpreted to be the result of a pericentric inversion, but other causes of the centromere repositioning were not ruled out. We used immunofluorescence localization to examine the distribution of MLH1 foci on synaptonemal complexes to test the prediction that pericentric inversions cause synaptic irregularities and/or crossover suppression in heterozygotes. We found complete suppression of crossing over in the region involved in the rearrangement in male and female heterozygotes. In contrast, the same region showed high levels of crossing over in homozygotes for the acrocentric form of this chromosome. No inversion loops or synaptic irregularities were detected along bivalent 6 in heterozygotes suggesting that heterologous pairing is achieved during zygotene or early pachytene. Altogether these findings strongly indicate that the polymorphic chromosome 6 originated by a pericentric inversion. Since inversions are common rearrangements in karyotypic evolution in birds, it seems likely that early heterologous pairing could help to fix these rearrangements, preventing crossing overs in heterozygotes and their deleterious effects on fertility.
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Tuncer, Volkan, Martyn J. Unsworth, Weerachai Siripunvaraporn, and James A. Craven. "Exploration for unconformity-type uranium deposits with audiomagnetotelluric data: A case study from the McArthur River mine, Saskatchewan, Canada." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 6 (November 2006): B201—B209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2348780.
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Unconformity-type deposits supply a significant amount of the world’s uranium and consist of uranium that is generally codeposited with graphite in a fault zone. The low resistivity of the graphite produces a significant contrast in electrical resistivity, which can be located with electromagnetic (EM) methods. The Athabasca Basin in Western Canada hosts significant uranium deposits, and exploration in deeper parts of the basin has required the application of new EM methods. This paper presents an evaluation of the audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) exploration method at the McArthur River mine in the Athabasca Basin. AMT data were collected at 132 stations on a grid, and two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) inversions were used to generate resistivity models. These models showed two major results: (1) a significant conductor coincident with a major basement fault (P2) and the uranium deposits (this conductor begins at the unconformity at a depth of [Formula: see text] and extends to a depth of at least three km) and (2) a resistive halo which might be caused by the silicification associated with mineralization. However, synthetic inversions showed that this halo could be an artifact of smoothing function in the inversion scheme. The 2D inversions were validated by synthetic inversions, comparison with the 3D inversion models, and correlation with well-log information. 3D AMT forward modeling showed that strong 3D effects are not present in the AMT impedance data. Induction vectors showed more evidence of complexity, but the inclusion of these data in the inversion improved subsurface resolution.
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Jia, Zhe, Zhongwen Zhan, and Donald Helmberger. "Bayesian differential moment tensor inversion: theory and application to the North Korea nuclear tests." Geophysical Journal International 229, no. 3 (February 10, 2022): 2034–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac053.
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SUMMARY Moment tensors are key to seismic discrimination but often require accurate Green's functions for estimation. This limits the regions, frequency bands and wave types in moment tensor inversions. In this study, we propose a differential moment tensor inversion (diffMT) method that uses relative measurements to remove the path effects shared by clustered events, thereby improving the accuracy of source parameters. Using results from regular inversions as a priori distribution, we apply Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo to invert the body- and surface wave amplitude ratios of an event pair for refined moment tensors of both events. Applications to three North Korea nuclear tests from 2013 to 2016 demonstrate that diffMT reduces the uncertainties substantially compared with the traditional waveform-based moment tensor inversion. Our results suggest high percentages of explosive components with similar double-couple components for the North Korea nuclear tests.
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Eaton, David W., and Farshid Forouhideh. "Solid angles and the impact of receiver-array geometry on microseismic moment-tensor inversion." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 6 (November 2011): WC77—WC85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0077.1.
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Seismic moment tensors provide a concise mathematical representation of point sources that can be used to characterize microseismic focal mechanisms. After correction for propagation effects, the six independent components of a moment tensor can be found by least-squares inversion based on P- and/or S-waveform (or spectral) amplitudes observed at different directions from the source. Using synthetic waveform data, we investigated geometrical factors that affect the reliability of such inversions. We demonstrated that the solid angle subtended by the receiver array, as viewed from the source location, plays a fundamental role in the stability of the inversion. In particular, the condition number of the generalized inverse scales approximately inversely with the solid angle, implying that for a solid angle of zero (as is the case for a single vertical borehole) the inversion is ill-conditioned. The presence of random noise alsohas a significant effect on the inversion results; our results showed that the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for reliable inversion scales approximately as the square root of the condition number. Taken together with geometrical considerations, we found that a [Formula: see text] is generally needed to obtain reliable inversion results for the full moment tensor under certain microseismic acquisition scenarios that include dual observation wells or surface star pattern. Our numerical tests indicated that least-squares moment-tensor solutions obtained under nonideal conditions are biased toward limited regions of the full parameter space. In particular, random noise introduces a bias toward volumetric source types, whereas ill-conditioned inversions may exhibit bias toward poorly resolved eigenvector(s) of the inversion matrix. Possible strategies to improve the reliability of moment-tensor inversion include ensuring a nonzero solid-angle aperture by using multiple observation wells, and/or incorporating other types of data such as a priori knowledge of fracture orientation.
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Soni, Alok K., Rene-Edouard Plessix, and Mark J. Huiskes. "A comparison of ray-based traveltime and waveform inversion results for depth velocity model building in complex fold and thrust belts." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): B109—B121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0188.1.
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In onshore fold and thrust belt geology, seismic wave propagation leads to complex waveforms due to large lateral variations in the earth parameters and multiple scattering effects. Moreover, due to acquisition difficulties in mountainous terrain, data coverage can be limited. Although waveform inversion should help in imaging in this context, finding a sufficiently accurate initial model parameter is challenging. Efficient ray-based traveltime inversions could be used when we focus on the early arrivals. However, they rely on a high-frequency assumption that may not be justified in this context. Indeed, significant interferences may occur within the first Fresnel zone. To evaluate the potential challenges, we have inverted 3D passive and 2D active data sets recorded over a fold and thrust belt region in Albania. We compare ray-based high-frequency traveltime and finite-frequency waveform inversion results obtained by inverting local earthquake events and first arrivals from 2D active seismic data. We consider only acoustic propagation. The two results differ significantly. The ray-based traveltime inversion we used does not always give a velocity model that can be used as an initial model for waveform inversion. This could be due to a bias toward the initial model when the data coverage is limited because the inversions have a nonzero null space, or it could be a limitation of the ray-based traveltime inversion that assumes the phases of the picked events are linear in frequency over the considered frequency band.
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Torgasheva, Anna A., and Pavel M. Borodin. "Synapsis and recombination in inversion heterozygotes." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 6 (November 24, 2010): 1676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0381676.
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Inversion heterozygotes are expected to suffer from reduced fertility and a high incidence of chromosomally unbalanced gametes due to recombination within the inverted region. Non-homologous synapsis of the inverted regions can prevent recombination there and diminish the deleterious effects of inversion heterozygosity. The choice between non-homologous and homologous synapsis depends on the size of inversion, its genetic content, its location in relation to the centromere and telomere, and genetic background. In addition, there is a class of inversions in which homologous synapsis is gradually replaced by non-homologous synapsis during meiotic progression. This process is called synaptic adjustment. The degree of synaptic adjustment depends critically on the presence and location of the COs (crossovers) within the inversion loop. Only bivalents without COs within the loop and those with COs in the middle of the inversion can be completely adjusted and became linear.
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Bleibinhaus, Florian, and Stéphane Rondenay. "Effects of surface scattering in full-waveform inversion." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 6 (November 2009): WCC69—WCC77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3223315.
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In full-waveform inversion of seismic body waves, often the free surface is ignored on grounds of computational efficiency. A synthetic study was performed to investigate the effects of this simplification. In terms of size and frequency, the test model and data conform to a real long-offset survey of the upper crust across the San Andreas fault. Random fractal variations are superimposed on a background model with strong lateral and vertical velocity variations ranging from 1200 to 6800 m/s. Synthetic data were computed and inverted for this model and different topographies. A fully viscoelastic time-domain code was used to synthesize the seismograms, and a viscoacoustic frequency-domain code was utilized to invert them. The inversion was focused on early arrivals, which are dominated by P-waves but also contain strong P-Rayleigh wave conversions from the near-field of the receiver. Resulting waveform models show artifacts and a loss of resolution from neglecting the free surface in the inversion, but the inversions are stable, and they still improve the resolution of kinematic models. The extent of deterioration depends more on the subsurface than on the surface structure. Inversion results were improved at no additional expense by introducing a weak contrast along a staircase function above shots and receivers.
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Rangel, Marcos A., and Romina Tomé. "Health and the Megacity: Urban Congestion, Air Pollution, and Birth Outcomes in Brazil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031151.
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We studied the health effects of economic development in heavily urbanized areas, where congestion poses a challenge to environmental conditions. We employed detailed data from air pollution and birth records around the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2002 and 2009. During this period, the megacity experienced sustained growth marked by the increases in employment rates and ownership of durable goods, including automobiles. While better economic conditions are expected to improve infant health, air pollution that accompanies it is expected to do the opposite. To untangle these two effects, we focused on episodes of thermal inversion—meteorological phenomena that exogenously lock pollutants closer to the ground—to estimate the causal effects of in utero exposure to air pollution. Auxiliary results confirmed a positive relationship between thermal inversions and several air pollutants, and we ultimately found that exposure to inversion episodes during the last three months of pregnancy led to sizable reductions in birth weight and increases in the incidence of preterm births. Increased pollution exposure induced by inversions also has a significant impact over fetal survival as measured by the size of live-birth cohorts.
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DEPAULIS, FRANTZ, LIONEL BRAZIER, SYLVAIN MOUSSET, ANNE TURBE, and MICHEL VEUILLE. "Selective sweep near the In(2L)t inversion breakpoint in an African population of Drosophila melanogaster." Genetical Research 76, no. 2 (October 2000): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300004626.
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Chromosomal inversions largely inhibit recombination and may be associated with selective forces, such as hitch-hiking effects: the effect of positive selection on linked loci. A West African population of Drosophila melanogaster showed a high frequency (0·61) of the In(2L)t inversion. Departure from neutrality statistically associated with the inversion polymorphism was previously recorded at Su(H), a locus distant from the proximal breakpoint of the inversion. These results were consistent with hitch-hiking effects with recombination. The present sequence polymorphism survey involves a 1 kb fragment of the Vha68-1 locus located closer to the proximal breakpoint of the inversion. It shows a significant deficit of polymorphism with respect to divergence when compared with other loci studied in the same population, thus suggesting selective effects. Only 11 polymorphic sites are present in a sample of 20 chromosomes and these sites present a significant excess of rare-frequency variants. The major haplotype shows an unexpectedly high frequency. Our estimate of the background selection effect is not sufficient to account for the observed reduction of polymorphism. Intraspecific variation is structured between inverted and standard chromosomes; there are no shared polymorphisms but also no fixed differences between them. This pattern, together with that found on other loci previously studied near this inversion breakpoint, suggests hitch-hiking effects enhanced by the inversion.
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Zhang, Lu, Zhenchao Ma, Kuiwen Xu, and Yu Zhong. "Wavelet-Based Subspace Regularization for Solving Highly Nonlinear Inverse Scattering Problems with Contraction Integral Equation." Electronics 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111760.
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A wavelet transform twofold subspace-based optimization method (WT-TSOM) is proposed to solve the highly nonlinear inverse scattering problems with contraction integral equation for inversion (CIE-I). While the CIE-I is able to suppress the multiple scattering effects within inversion (without compromising the accuracy of the physics), proper regularization is needed. In this paper, we investigate a new type subspace regularization technique based on wavelet expansions for the induced currents. We found that the bior3.5 wavelet is a good choice to stabilize the inversions with the CIE-I model and in the meanwhile it also can rectify the contrast profile. Numerical tests against both synthetic and experimental data show that WT-TSOM is a promising regularization technique for inversion with CIE-I.
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Pendrel, John, and Henk Schouten. "Facies — The drivers for modern inversions." Leading Edge 39, no. 2 (February 2020): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39020102.1.
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It is common practice to make facies estimations from the outcomes of seismic inversions and their derivatives. Bayesian analysis methods are a popular approach to this. Facies are important indicators of hydrocarbon deposition and geologic processes. They are critical to geoscientists and engineers. The application of Bayes’ rule maps prior probabilities to posterior probabilities when given new evidence from observations. Per-facies elastic probability density functions (ePDFs) are constructed from elastic-log and rock-physics model crossplots, over which inversion results are superimposed. The ePDFs are templates for Bayesian analysis. In the context of reservoir characterization, the new information comes from seismic inversions. The results are volumes of the probabilities of occurrences of each of the facies at all points in 3D space. The concepts of Bayesian inference have been applied to the task of building low-frequency models for seismic inversions without well-log interpolation. Both a constant structurally compliant elastic trend approach and a facies-driven method, where models are constructed from per-facies trends and initial facies estimates, have been tested. The workflows make use of complete 3D prior information and measure and account for biases and uncertainties in the inversions and prior information. Proper accounting for these types of effects ensures that rock-physics models and inversion data prepared for reservoir property analysis are consistent. The effectiveness of these workflows has been demonstrated by using a Gulf of Mexico data set. We have shown how facies estimates can be effectively used to build reasonable low-frequency models for inversion, which obviate the need for well-log interpolation and provide full 3D variability. The results are more accurate probability-based net-pay estimates that correspond better to geology. We evaluate the workflows by using several measures including precision, confidence, and probabilistic net pay.
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Maurer, Hansruedi, Stewart A. Greenhalgh, Edgar Manukyan, Stefano Marelli, and Alan G. Green. "Receiver-coupling effects in seismic waveform inversions." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 1 (January 2012): R57—R63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2010-0402.1.
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Seismic waveform-inversion offers opportunities for detailed characterization of the subsurface. However, its full potential can only be exploited when any systematic source and receiver effects are either carefully avoided or appropriately accounted for during the inversions. Repeated crosshole measurements in the Mont Terri (Switzerland) underground laboratory have revealed that receiver coupling may significantly affect the seismic waveforms. More seriously, coupling conditions may vary during the course of a monitoring experiment. To address this problem, we have developed a novel scheme that estimates medium properties, frequency-dependent source functions, and frequency-dependent receiver-coupling factors. We demonstrate the efficacy of the new scheme via a synthetic 2D crosshole experiment in which realistic receiver-coupling factors are incorporated. Because determination of medium parameters and estimation of source functions and receiver-coupling factors are largely separated, the method can be easily adapted to any other waveform-inversion problem, including elastic, anisotropic, 2.5D, or 3D situations.
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Xing, Zhen, and Alfredo Mazzotti. "Two-grid full-waveform Rayleigh-wave inversion via a genetic algorithm — Part 2: Application to two actual data sets." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): R815—R825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0800.1.
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We have applied our two-grid genetic-algorithm Rayleigh-wave full-waveform inversion (FWI) to two actual data sets acquired in Luni (Italy) and Grenoble (France), respectively. Because our technique used 2D elastic finite-difference modeling for solving the forward problem, the observed data were 3D to 2D corrected prior to the inversion. To limit the computing time, both inversions focused on predicting low-resolution, smooth models by using quite coarse inversion grids. The wavelets for FWI were estimated directly from the observed data by using the Wiener method. In the Luni case, due to the strong dispersion effects on the data, to strengthen the inversion, envelopes and waveforms were considered in the objective function and an offset-marching strategy was applied. Though no a priori information was exploited, the outcomes of the Luni and Grenoble data inversion were fair. The predicted Luni [Formula: see text] model indicates a strong velocity increase from approximately 3 to 6 m, and velocity inversions have been detected at approximately 2 and 9 m depths. Analyzing the dispersion spectra, it results that the predicted Luni data reasonably reproduced the waveforms related to the fundamental mode and, likely, a small part of those related to the first higher mode. Concerning the Grenoble example, the predicted [Formula: see text] model coincides reasonably well with the long-wavelength structures presented in the [Formula: see text] profiles obtained from nearby boreholes. The data reconstruction is generally satisfactory, and when mismatches occur between the predicted and observed traces, the phase differences are always within half-periods. The fair inversion outcomes suggest that the predicted Luni and Grenoble models would likely be adequate initial models for local FWI, which could further increase the resolution and the details of the estimated [Formula: see text] models.
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Pratt, R. Gerhard, and Richard M. Shipp. "Seismic waveform inversion in the frequency domain, Part 2: Fault delineation in sediments using crosshole data." GEOPHYSICS 64, no. 3 (May 1999): 902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444598.
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A crosshole experiment was carried out in a layered sedimentary environment in which a normal fault is known to cut through the section. Initial traveltime inversions produced stable but low‐resolution images from which the fault could be only vaguely inferred. To image the fault, wavefield inversion was used to produce a velocity model consistent with the detailed phase and amplitude of the data at a number of frequencies. Our wavefield inversion scheme uses a classical, descent‐type algorithm for decreasing the data misfit by iteratively computing the gradient of this misfit by repeated forward and backward propagations. Our propagator is a full‐wave equation, frequency‐domain, acoustic, finite‐difference method. The use of the frequency‐space domain yields computational advantages for multisource data and allows an easy incorporation of viscous effects. By running wavefield inversion on the field data, a quantitative velocity image was produced that yielded a significantly improved image of the fault (when compared with the original traveltime inversions). Because the original field data were noisy and contained a high degree of multiple scattering (from the layering of the sediments), the transmitted arrivals were selectively windowed to enhance the image. The sediments at the site were strongly attenuating; we therefore used a viscoacoustic model during the modeling and the inversion that correctly simulated the observed decrease in amplitude with increasing frequency and source‐receiver offset. Furthermore, since the traveltime inversion indicated a high degree of anisotropy at the site, a fixed, homogeneous level of anisotropy was used during the inversion. Tests at varying levels of anisotropy confirmed the improvement in image quality and in data fit when anisotropy was incorporated. The final image was verified by examining the distribution of the residuals in the frequency domain, by comparing time‐domain modeled wavefields with the observed data, and by direct comparison with borehole logs.
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Hicks, Graham J., and R. Gerhard Pratt. "Reflection waveform inversion using local descent methods: Estimating attenuation and velocity over a gas‐sand deposit." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 2 (March 2001): 598–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444951.
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Prestack seismic reflection data contain amplitudes, traveltimes, and moveout information; waveform inversion of such data has the potential to estimate attenuation levels, reflector depths and geometry, and background velocities. However, when inverting reflection data, strong nonlinearities can cause reflectors to be incorrectly imaged and can prevent background velocities from being updated. To successfully recover background velocities, previous authors have resorted to nonlinear, global search inversion techniques. We propose a two‐step inversion procedure using local descent methods in which we perform alternate inversions for the reflectors and the background velocities. For our reflector inversion we exploit the efficiency of the back‐propagation method when inverting for a large parameter set. For our background velocity inversion we use Newton inverse methods. During the background velocity inversions it is crucial to adaptively depth‐stretch the model to preserve the vertical traveltimes. This reduces nonlinearity by largely decoupling the effects of the background velocities and reflectors on the data. Nonlinearity is further reduced by choosing to invert for slownesses and by inverting for a sparse parameter set which is partially defined using geological reflector picks. Applying our approach to shallow seismic data from the North Sea collected over a gas‐sand deposit, we demonstrate that the proposed method is able to estimate both the geometry and internal velocity of a significant velocity structure not present in the initial model. Over successive iterations, the use of adaptive depth stretching corrects the pull‐down of the base of the gas sand. Vertical background velocity gradients are also resolved. For an insignificant extra cost the acoustic attenuation parameter Q is included in the inversion scheme. The final attenuation tomogram contains realistic values of Q for the expected lithologies and for the effect of partial fluid saturation associated with a shallow bright spot. The attenuation image may also indicate the presence of fracturing.
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Wang, Shunguo, Mehrdad Bastani, Steven Constable, Thomas Kalscheuer, and Alireza Malehmir. "Boat-towed radio-magnetotelluric and controlled source audio-magnetotelluric study to resolve fracture zones at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory site, Sweden." Geophysical Journal International 218, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 1008–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz162.
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SUMMARY Boat-towed radio-magnetotelluric (RMT) measurements using signals between 14 and 250 kHz have attracted increasing attention in the near-surface applications for shallow water and archipelago areas. A few large-scale underground infrastructure projects, such as the Stockholm bypass in Sweden, are planned to pass underneath such water zones. However, in cases with high water salinity, RMT signals have a penetration depth of a few metres and do not reach the geological structures of interest in the underlying sediments and bedrock. To overcome this problem, controlled source signals at lower frequencies of 1.25 to 12.5 kHz can be utilized to improve the penetration depth and to enhance the resolution for modelling deeper underwater structures. Joint utilization of boat-towed RMT and controlled source audio-magnetotellurics (CSAMT) was tested for the first time at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) site in south-eastern Sweden to demonstrate acquisition efficiency and improved resolution to model fracture zones along a 600-m long profile. Pronounced galvanic distortion effects observed in 1-D inversion models of the CSAMT data as well as the predominantly 2-D geological structures at this site motivated usage of 2-D inversion. Two standard academic inversion codes, EMILIA and MARE2DEM, were used to invert the RMT and CSAMT data. EMILIA, an object-oriented Gauss–Newton inversion code with modules for 2-D finite difference and 1-D semi-analytical solutions, was used to invert the RMT and CSAMT data separately and jointly under the plane-wave approximation for 2-D models. MARE2DEM, a Gauss–Newton inversion code for controlled source electromagnetic 2.5-D finite element solution, was modified to allow for inversions of RMT and CSAMT data accounting for source effects. Results of EMILIA and MARE2DEM reveal the previously known fracture zones in the models. The 2-D joint inversions of RMT and CSAMT data carried out with EMILIA and MARE2DEM show clear improvement compared with 2-D single inversions, especially in imaging uncertain fracture zones analysed in a previous study. Our results show that boat-towed RMT and CSAMT data acquisition systems can be utilized for detailed 2-D or 3-D surveys to characterize near-surface structures underneath shallow water areas. Potential future applications may include geo-engineering, geohazard investigations and mineral exploration.
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Liao, Qingbo, and George A. McMechan. "Multifrequency viscoacoustic modeling and inversion." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 5 (September 1996): 1371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444060.
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Modeling and inversion for seismic wavefields that include the attenuation and phase dispersion effects of Q can be implemented in the space‐frequency domain. The viscoacoustic wave equation is solved by the moment method. Absorbing boundary conditions are implemented by reducing Q and adjusting the complex velocity (to reduce Q‐dependent reflectivity) in a zone around the edges of the model grid. Nonlinear inversion is performed using iterative linearized inversions. The residual wavefield at a single frequency is back projected, using an anticausal Green’s function, along the viscoacoustic wavepath in an estimate of the model, to get updated velocity and Q distributions. The model obtained from data at one frequency becomes input to inversion at the next higher frequency. Velocity and Q are inverted simultaneously as they are interdependent. Both modeling and inversion algorithms are successfully tested with synthetic examples; data at two or three frequencies are sufficient to produce reliable images from noise‐free synthetic data.
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Contreras, Arturo, Andre Gerhardt, Paul Spaans, and Matthew Docherty. "Characterization of fluvio-deltaic gas reservoirs through AVA deterministic, stochastic, and wave-equation-based seismic inversion: A case study from the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia." Leading Edge 39, no. 2 (February 2020): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39020092.1.
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Multiple state-of-the-art inversion methods have been implemented to integrate 3D seismic amplitude data, well logs, geologic information, and spatial variability to produce models of the subsurface. Amplitude variation with angle (AVA) deterministic, stochastic, and wave-equation-based amplitude variation with offset (WEB-AVO) inversion algorithms are used to describe Intra-Triassic Mungaroo gas reservoirs located in the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. The interpretation of inverted elastic properties in terms of lithology- and fluid-sensitive attributes from AVA deterministic inversion provides quantitative information about the geomorphology of fluvio-deltaic sediments as well as the delineation of gas reservoirs. AVA stochastic inversion delivers higher resolution realizations than those obtained from standard deterministic methods and allows for uncertainty analysis. Additionally, the cosimulation of petrophysical parameters from elastic properties provides precise 3D models of reservoir properties, such as volume of shale and water saturation, which can be used as part of the static model building process. Internal multiple scattering, transmission effects, and mode conversion (considered as noise in conventional linear inversion) become useful signals in WEB-AVO inversion. WEB-AVO compressibility shows increased sensitivity to residual/live gas discrimination compared to fluid-sensitive attributes obtained with conventional inversions.
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Cloyd, C. Bryan, Lillian F. Mills, and Connie D. Weaver. "Firm Valuation Effects of the Expatriation of U.S. Corporations to Tax-Haven Countries." Journal of the American Taxation Association 25, s-1 (January 1, 2003): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2003.25.s-1.87.
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U.S. corporations that reorganize in tax-haven countries claim to save many millions of dollars in future U.S. corporate income taxes. However, because these “inversion” transactions may involve significant nontax costs, it is not obvious how they affect share value. We use Monte Carlo sampling to analyze the statistical significance of each inverting firm's abnormal returns around the date that it initially announced its intentions and board of director approval of an inversion transaction. We find that five of the 20 single-company expatriations in our analysis have significant negative announcement period returns and only two show significant positive returns. The remaining 13 inversions show no statistically significant market reaction in the announcement period. The average return in the announcement period across all 20 firms is negative, but not significantly different from zero. Overall, we do not detect obvious shareholder benefits from expatriations.
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Doetsch, Joseph A., Ilaria Coscia, Stewart Greenhalgh, Niklas Linde, Alan Green, and Thomas Günther. "The borehole-fluid effect in electrical resistivity imaging." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 4 (July 2010): F107—F114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3467824.
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Fluid that fills boreholes in crosswell electrical resistivity investigations provides the necessary electrical contact between the electrodes and the rock formation but it is also the source of image artifacts in standard inversions that do not account for the effects of the boreholes. The image distortions can be severe for large resistivity contrasts between the rock formation and borehole fluid and for large borehole diameters. We have carried out 3D finite-element modeling using an unstructured-grid approach to quantify the magnitude of borehole effects for different resistivity contrasts, borehole diameters, and electrode configurations. Relatively common resistivity contrasts of 100:1 and borehole diameters of 10 and [Formula: see text] yielded, for a bipole length of [Formula: see text], apparent resistivity underestimates of approximately 12% and 32% when using AB-MN configurations and apparent resistivity overestimates of approximately 24% and 95% when usingAM-BN configurations. Effects are generally more severe at shorter bipole spacings. We report the results obtained by either including or ignoring the boreholes in inversions of 3D field data from a test site in Switzerland, where approximately 10,000 crosswell resistivity-tomography measurements were made across six acquisition planes among four boreholes. Inversions of raw data that ignored the boreholes filled with low-resistivity fluid paradoxically produced high-resistivity artifacts around the boreholes. Including correction factors based on the modeling results for a 1D model with and without the boreholes did not markedly improve the images. The only satisfactory approach was to use a 3D inversion code that explicitly incorporated the boreholes in the actual inversion. This new approach yielded an electrical resistivity image that was devoid of artifacts around the boreholes and that correlated well with coincident crosswell radar images.
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Guo, Lianghui, Lei Shi, Xiaohong Meng, Rui Gao, Zhaoxi Chen, and Yuanman Zheng. "Apparent magnetization mapping in the presence of strong remanent magnetization: The space-domain inversion approach." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): J11—J24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0082.1.
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Apparent magnetization mapping is a technique to estimate magnetization distribution in the subsurface magnetic layer from the observed magnetic data, of benefit in identifying lithologic units and delineating magnetic geologic boundaries. The conventional approaches for apparent magnetization mapping usually neglect effects of remanence, resulting in large geologic deviation and the occurrence of negative magnetization when the magnetic layer contains strong remanent magnetization. We have developed a space-domain inversion approach for apparent magnetization mapping based on the amplitude of magnetic anomaly (AMA), the analytic signal (AS), and the normalized source strength (NSS) to reduce effects of remanent magnetization. The AMA, AS, and NSS are three common quantities insensitive or weakly sensitive to the remanence transformed from the magnetic total field anomaly or components. The magnetic layer underground is first divided into a regular grid of vertical rectangular prisms, each having a cross-sectional area of one grid square and a uniform magnetization. Then, an iterative algorithm is adopted to invert each quantity of the AMA, AS, and NSS to obtain an optimum value of magnetization of each prism in the magnetic layer. The inversion approach permits the top and bottom surfaces of the magnetic layer to be constant or variable in depth, and requires no prior information of magnetization directions. Our tests on the synthetic and real data from the metallic ores area in the southern margin of North China have proved the feasibility and robustness of the presented inversion approach. All of the AMA, AS, and NSS inversions produced nonnegative magnetization distribution in the magnetic layer. Also, the AS and NSS inversions produced a better resolution of magnetization distribution than that of the AMA.
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Paz Pellat, Fernando. "Correcciones atmosféricas relativas de imágenes de satélite: patrones invariantes y modelos atmosféricos." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 36, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v36i1.228.
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To use information obtained with satellite technology reliably, it is necessary to eliminate or reduce the disruptive effects associated with the spectral information captured by sensors on space platforms. In this paper we analyze the inversion of radiative models of the atmosphere, which consists in determining the additive and multiplicative constants in each spectral band to make the necessary atmospheric corrections. The methodology proposes the use of invariant patterns of soil lines and dense vegetation for the inversion of radiative models. The results showed that, without knowledge of the atmospheric model or the type of aerosol, soil line data were relatively insufficient (low correlation) to obtain the additive and multiplicative constants of the atmospheric inversions, with problems of multiple solutions in the inversion process. Under similar conditions, the same was found for additive constants with the dense vegetation line, but for the multiplicative constants the results were favorable (R2 > 0.9). In contrast, with the knowledge of the atmospheric model and the aerosol model, estimates of additive and multiplicative constants were highly satisfactory (R2 > 0.99) in both cases. For soil line inversions, only one constraint of the two available was used. In conclusion, the use of invariant soil-line patterns allows us to establish two basic relationships to invert the radiative simulations of the atmosphere, prior to functional compaction, and field measurements can be made so that the proposed atmospheric correction process in this work can be considered in absolute and not relative terms.
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Fay, B., and L. Neunhäuserer. "Evaluation of high-resolution forecasts with the non-hydrostaticnumerical weather prediction model Lokalmodell for urban air pollutionepisodes in Helsinki, Oslo and Valencia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 8 (June 20, 2006): 2107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2107-2006.
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Abstract. The operational numerical weather prediction model Lokalmodell LM with 7 km horizontal resolution was evaluated for forecasting meteorological conditions during observed urban air pollution episodes. The resolution was increased to experimental 2.8 km and 1.1 km resolution by one-way interactive nesting without introducing urbanisation of physiographic parameters or parameterisations. The episodes examined are two severe winter inversion-induced episodes in Helsinki in December 1995 and Oslo in January 2003, three suspended dust episodes in spring and autumn in Helsinki and Oslo, and a late-summer photochemical episode in the Valencia area. The evaluation was basically performed against observations and radiosoundings and focused on the LM skill at forecasting the key meteorological parameters characteristic for the specific episodes. These included temperature inversions, atmospheric stability and low wind speeds for the Scandinavian episodes and the development of mesoscale recirculations in the Valencia area. LM forecasts often improved due to higher model resolution especially in mountainous areas like Oslo and Valencia where features depending on topography like temperature, wind fields and mesoscale valley circulations were better described. At coastal stations especially in Helsinki, forecast gains were due to the improved physiographic parameters (land fraction, soil type, or roughness length). The Helsinki and Oslo winter inversions with extreme nocturnal inversion strengths of 18°C were not sufficiently predicted with all LM resolutions. In Helsinki, overprediction of surface temperatures and low-level wind speeds basically led to underpredicted inversion strength. In the Oslo episode, the situation was more complex involving erroneous temperature advection and mountain-induced effects for the higher resolutions. Possible explanations include the influence of the LM treatment of snow cover, sea ice and stability-dependence of transfer and diffusion coefficients. The LM simulations distinctly improved for winter daytime and nocturnal spring and autumn inversions and showed good skill at forecasting further episode-relevant meteorological parameters. The evaluation of the photochemical Valencia episode concentrated on the dominating mesoscale circulation patterns and showed that the LM succeeds well in describing all the qualitative features observed in the region. LM performance in forecasting the examined episodes thus depends on the key episode characteristics and also the season of the year with a need to improve model performance in very stable inversion conditions not only for urban simulations.
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Lyu, Chao, Yann Capdeville, David Al-Attar, and Liang Zhao. "Intrinsic non-uniqueness of the acoustic full waveform inverse problem." Geophysical Journal International 226, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab134.
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SUMMARY In the context of seismic imaging, full waveform inversion (FWI) is increasingly popular. Because of its lower numerical cost, the acoustic approximation is often used, especially at the exploration geophysics scale, both for tests and for real data. Moreover, some research domains such as helioseismology face true acoustic media for which FWI can be useful. In this work, an argument that combines particle relabelling and homogenization is used to show that the general acoustic inverse problem based on band-limited data is intrinsically non-unique. It follows that the results of such inversions should be interpreted with caution. To illustrate these ideas, we consider 2-D numerical FWI examples based on a Gauss–Newton iterative inversion scheme and demonstrate effects of this non-uniqueness in the local optimization context.
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Li, H., T. del Pino Alemán, J. Trujillo Bueno, and R. Casini. "TIC: A Stokes Inversion Code for Scattering Polarization with Partial Frequency Redistribution and Arbitrary Magnetic Fields." Astrophysical Journal 933, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac745c.
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Abstract We present the Tenerife Inversion Code (TIC), which has been developed to infer the magnetic and plasma properties of the solar chromosphere and transition region via full Stokes inversion of polarized spectral lines. The code is based on the HanleRT forward engine, which takes into account many of the physical mechanisms that are critical for a proper modeling of the Stokes profiles of spectral lines originating in the tenuous and highly dynamic plasmas of the chromosphere and transition region: the scattering polarization produced by quantum level imbalance and interference (atomic polarization), the effects of frequency coherence in polarized resonance scattering (partial redistribution), and the impact of arbitrary magnetic fields on the atomic polarization and the radiation field. We present first results of atmospheric and magnetic inversions, and discuss future developments for the project.