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Toundé, Ernest-Léonard. "Le mariage au Congo - Brazzaville." Thesis, Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ASSA0001.
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L’étude du mariage au Congo-Brazzaville met en évidence, le fondement des relations qui existent entre le droit étatique et le droit coutumier en matière de formation et de rupture du lien conjugal. Notre thèse a pour objet de mettre en lumière la nature de ces relations à travers le prisme du mariage civil et du mariage coutumier. En effet, le régime juridique attaché au droit de la famille et au mariage dans le cadre de la politique héritée du droit civil français et qui se développe dans le Code congolaisde la famille, présente deux visions opposées sur le plan juridique et sociologique. En amont, nous avons un système juridique qui privilégie le droit étatique au détriment du droit coutumier. En aval, on assiste à une résurgence des pratiques coutumières dont la résistance et l’insistance fragilisent les institutions judiciaires et le droit étatique. Par conséquent les rapports entre époux présentent une organisation matrimoniale qui est basée sur un principe d’égalité. Cette égalité est pourtant fragilisée par la place réservée au mari au nom de la puissance maritale, et qui présente une forme de domination de la femme par ce dernier. Aussi, alors que la monogamie est le régime de droit commun, le droit congolais autorise la polygamie. Par ailleurs, la dot qui jadis n’avait qu’une valeur sociologique et anthropologique, revêt désormais une valeur juridique dans le Code de la famille, qui fait de celle-ci, une condition préalable à la formation du mariage civil, en échafaudant une institution coutumière appelée pré-mariage. A ce titre, le système juridique congolais, présente un système dualiste sous forme de règle de conflit juridique, qui donne compétence à deux sources de droit différentes pour régir les conditions de formation et de rupture dulien matrimonial. Ce qui nous amène finalement à nous interroger si la codification du droit de la famille de façon générale et du mariage en particulier n'a pas été un rendez-vous manqué pour le législateur congolais ?The study of marriage in Congo-Brazzaville highlights the basis of the relations that exist between state law and customary law in matters of the formation and termination of the marital bond. Our thesis aims to shed light on the nature of these relationships through the prism of civil marriage and customary marriage. Indeed, the legal regime attached to family law and marriage within the framework of the policy inherited from French civil law and which is developed in the Congolese Family Code, presents two opposing visions on the legal and sociological level. Consequently, we have a legal system that favors state law to the detriment of customary law. Downstream, we are witnessing a resurgence of customary practices whose resistance and insistence weaken judicial institutions and state law. As such, the relationship between spouses presents a matrimonial organization which is based on a principle of equality. This equality is however weakened by the place reserved for the husband in the name of marital power, and which presents a form of domination of the woman by the latter. Also, while monogamy is the common law regime, Congolese law allows polygamy. In addition, the dowry, which formerly had only a sociological and anthropological value, now has legal value in the Family Code, which makes it a prerequisite for the formation of civil marriage, by building a customary institution called pre-marriage. As such, the Congolese legal system presents a dualistic system in the form of a rule of legal conflict, which gives jurisdiction to two different sources of law to govern the conditions of formation and termination of the matrimonial bond. Which ultimately leads us to wonder if the codification of family law in general and marriage in particular was not a missed appointment for the Congolese legislator?
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Ehrndal, Natasha. "Femmes, révolution et effets comiques dans le Mariage de Figaro de Beaumarchais." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-831.
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Belbey, Salim. "Formation, effets et dissolution du mariage en droit international privé algérien et comparé : étude des conflits de lois." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020001.
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Le mariage, objet de cette étude, n'est pas soumis dans sa totalité à une loi unique. On distingue traditionnellement entre sa formation, ses effets et sa dissolution. Le droit international privé algérien soumet les conditions de fond du mariage à la compétence de la loi nationale des époux, et la forme à l'une des lois suivantes : la loi du lieu de la célébration, la loi du domicile commun, la loi nationale commune ou encore à la loi régissant les règles de fond. Les effets du mariage sont régis par la loi nationale du mari au moment de la conclusion du mariage; la dissolution est, quant à elle, soumise à la loi nationale du mari appréciée au moment de l'acte introductif d'instance. L'élaboration des règles de conflit ainsi que la qualification exacte de certaines conditions de validité du mariage ne suffisent pas pour pouvoir affirmer que les conflits sont réglés; car la loi, désignée comme compétente par les règles de conflit nationales, peut être écartée au profit d'une autre. A coté de l'ordre public qui est la raison la plus connue et dont la conception varie d'un pays à un autre, il y a le cas du renvoi et le cas de la fraude à la loi. La comparaison entreprise ici entre le système algérien, égyptien et français, révèle que, bien que ces systèmes connaissent un langage commun, celui du droit international privé, ce langage a un accent différent dans les deux premiers systèmes en raison du caractère religieux du droit interne du mariage. L'originalité de ces derniers réside, en effet, dans le fait qu'ils érigent la religion musulmane et le privilège de nationalité comme facteurs de rattachement en matière de statut personnel. C'est ainsi donc, que les solutions des conflits de lois relatifs à la formation, aux effets et à la dissolution du mariage, deviennent des plus délicatesFormation, Effects and Dissolution of Marriage in Algerian and Comparative Private International Law: Study of Conflicts of LawsAbstract: The marriage, object of this study, is not submitted in its entirety to a single law. One distinguishes traditionally between its formation, its effects and its dissolution. Algerian private international law subjects the basic conditions of marriage to the jurisdiction of the national law of the spouses and the form, to one of the following laws : the law of the place of celebration, the law of the common domicile, the common national law or the law governing the substantive rules. The effects of marriage are governed by the national law of the husband at the time of the conclusion of the marriage; the dissolution is, in turn, subject to the national law of the husband assessed at the time of the initiating act. The elaboration of the conflict rules as well as the exact qualification of certain conditions of validity of the marriage are not enough to be able to affirm that the conflicts are settled; because the law, designated as competent by the national conflict rules, can be overridden in favor of another. Next to public order, which is the most well-known reason and whose conception varies from one country to another, there is the case of the dismissal and the case of the fraud with the law. The comparison made here between the Algerian, Egyptian and French systems reveals that, although these systems have a common language, that of private international law, this language has a different emphasis in the first two systems because of the religious nature of the domestic law of marriage. The originality of these two systems resides in the fact that they establish the Muslim religion and the privilege of nationality as connecting factors in matters of personal status. It is thus that the solutions of the conflicts of laws relating to the formation, the effects and the dissolution of the marriage, become more delicate
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Belgacem, Arab. "Les conflits de lois relatifs à la conclusion et aux effets personnels du mariage en droit international privé algérien et comparé." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010270.
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La conclusion du mariage ainsi que ses effets ne sont pas regis par une meme loi, d'ou le probleme de la determination de la loi competente. L'elaboration des regles de conflit ainsi que la qualification exacte de certaines conditions de validite du mariage ne suffisent pas pour affirmer que les conflits sont regles, car la loi designee par les regles de conflit nationales comme competente peut-etre ecartee au profit d'une autre. A cote de l'ordre public qui est la raison la plus connue et dont la conception varie d'un pays a un autre, ce qui permet d'accentuer son domaine d'intervention - il y a le cas de la fraude a la loi, le cas du renvoi et enfin le cas du mariage boiteuxThe contracting of a marriage and the consequences it carries are not governed by a single law and this raises the issue of which law is applicable. The formulation of measures for solving conflicts and the precise description of the condictions stipulating the validity of the marriage do not suffice to affirm that conflicts are settled once for all; for the law identified as competent by national regulations regarding conflicts may be set aside and replaced by another law. A part from the law and order which is the most frequently cited but whose concept varies from one country to another thus giving it greater scope - there are cases of fraud, refering and ill - assorted match
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Urban, Jens. "La réception de la polygamie au regard du droit français et du droit canadien par rapport au mariage et à ses effets." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0011/document.
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La nature de l’institution ou du contrat de mariage a vécu un changement fondamental pendant les dernières années en France et au Canada. Dans une première étape, la thèse analyse pourquoi au Canada et en France les législateurs ne permettent pas la polygamie après avoir libéralisé presque tous les autres aspects du mariage. Deuxièmement, la recherche démontre que la prohibition de la polygamie cause plusieurs effets sur les droits personnels et sur les droits fondamentaux qui sont parfois corrigés par la législation en acceptant la relation polygamique pour ces fins spécifiques.Finalement, la thèse examine la prohibition de la polygamie en France et au Canada à travers une approche critique pour ensuite suggérer les perspectives d’évolution proposées à cette prohibition généraleThe nature of the marriage institution, or contract, experienced fundamental changes during the last few years in France and in Canada. In a first step, the thesis analyses why Canadian and French legislators do not allow polygamy after having liberalized almost all other aspects of marriage. Secondly, the research shows that the prohibition of polygamy results in several effects on personal and fundamental rights, which are sometimes corrected through legislation by accepting the polygamous relationship for specific purposes. Finally, the thesis examines the prohibition of polygamy in France and inCanada through a critical approach in order to then suggest an outlook for modifications to this general prohibition
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Obeid, Nada. "Régime juridique du divorce : causes et conséquences, réforme du droit libanais à la lumière du droit français." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G012.
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Le Liban possède un système original et spécifique tenant à son histoire et la société libanaise est une société pluraliste constituée de communautés différentes, ayant chacune sa tradition, ses croyances, son organisation propre. Ce pluralisme imprègne les diverses structures de l’État, fondées sur l’équilibre de la représentation des communautés. Il rejaillit aussi sur son système juridique, qui cherche à préserver les identités des communautés, essentiellement dans les matières du statut personnel où les attributions traditionnelles des autorités religieuses sont reconnues par l’État et assurées de l’efficacité civile. Cependant, le pluralisme religieux et la prégnance du religieux en matière de statut personnel sont considérés « comme un anachronisme, comme un frein retardant la croissance de l’État et la réalisation de l’unité de la nation ». Ainsi, dans une même cause et pour les mêmes motifs, les habitants d’un même pays, le Liban, sont différemment jugés, et quelquefois d’une manière contradictoire aussi, pour le seul fait qu’ils appartiennent à telle confession religieuse et non à telle autre. Alors en droit matrimonial, le divorce, pour les mêmes motifs, peut être légitimement accordé pour les uns et légitimement dénié pour les autres. En outre, « fondés sur des vérités souvent révélées, les droits religieux seraient incapables de véhiculer les réformes qu’appelle la société moderne », notamment la libéralisation du droit de divorce qui ne retient explicitement que le divorce-sanction et implicitement le divorce-remède pour cause de maladie uniquement. La confrontation des droits de la famille du divorce – libanais et français - permettra de faire ressortir les différences qui les opposent ainsi que les principes qui les sous-tendent et d’apercevoir dans quel sens et dans quelle mesure une réforme du droit libanais du divorce est possible à la lumière du droit français du divorce, droit civil qui a connu une libéralisation de la conception du divorceLebanon is known for its original and specific system relevant to its history and the Lebanese society is a pluralistic society made up of different communities, each having its own traditions, beliefs and organization. This pluralism permeates the various structures of the State, based on the balance of representation of communities. It also reflects on its legal system, which seeks to preserve the communities’ identities, mainly in matters of personal status where the traditional powers of the religious authorities are recognized by the State and ensured by civil effectiveness. However, religious pluralism and the prevalence of the religious in terms of civil status are considered "as an anachronism, as a brake retarding the growth of the State and the realization of the unity of the Nation". Thus, for the same cause and for the same reasons, the inhabitants of the same country, Lebanon, are judged differently, and sometimes in a contradictory manner as well, for the sole fact that they belong to such a religion and not to another. In marriage law, divorce, for the same reasons, may be legitimately granted to some and legitimately denied to others. Moreover, "based on truths often revealed, religious rights would be incapable of conveying the reforms that modern society calls for", in particular the liberalization of the right of divorce which explicitly retains only divorce-sanction and implicitly divorce-remedy due to illness only. The confrontation of the family rights of the divorce - Lebanese and French - will make it possible to highlight the differences which oppose them and the principles that underlie them and to see in what sense and to what extent a reform of the Lebanese law of the divorce is possible in the light of the French law of divorce, the civil law which has liberalized the conception of divorce
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Baby, Wilfried. "Les effets patrimoniaux du pacte civil de solidarité : l'invention d'une nouvelle forme de conjugalité." Toulouse 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU10017.
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Issu de la loi du 15 novembre 1999, le Pacte civil de solidarité (Pacs) connaît un succès grandissant ; la courbe du nombre de pactes enregistrés ne cesse de se rapprocher de celle des mariages célébrés. Constamment enrichi et sécurisé depuis sa création, ce contrat s’affirme aujourd’hui comme une offre de conjugalité à part entière, entre le mariage et le concubinage. Au-delà de ce succès populaire, le Pacs interroge quant au présent et à l’avenir du droit du couple. En effet, destiné à l’origine aux couples de même sexe, demandeurs pour certains du droit au mariage, il a rapidement été adopté par les personnes hétérosexuelles. Aussi, loin d’être un simple substitut au mariage, il en est souvent aussi un préalable, et parfois même une alternative. Pour autant, le débat sur le mariage homosexuel n’ayant jamais été réellement refermé, il convient de s’interroger sur le devenir du Pacs en cas d’ouverture à tous les couples de ces trois offres de conjugalité. Même privé de sa raison d’être initiale, le Pacs ne semble pas pouvoir, ni devoir être supprimé. En effet, il a révélé l’attente de nombreux couples envers une union plus souple et moins contraignante. Par ailleurs, il s’avère être le laboratoire des prochaines modernisations du droit des régimes matrimoniaux et notamment de la communauté légale. En revanche, la progression régulière des droits qui lui sont attachés interroge. Si le Pacs et le mariage sont aujourd’hui proches au cours de la vie commune, des différences importantes subsistent notamment au terme de celle-ci, tant sur le plan de la rupture que du décès. Si bien que la situation actuelle, souvent décriée pour son caractère illisible et précaire, présente peut-être davantage de cohérence qu’il n’y paraît. La prochaine réforme du Pacs (qui apparaît d’ailleurs peut-être plus nécessaire sur la forme que sur le fond) ne peut donc être dissociée du débat sur le mariage homosexuel. Pour que ces formes de conjugalité puissent continuer à cohabiter, elle devra nécessairement s’attacher à conserver les particularités de chacune.
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Mazouz, Asmaa. "La réception du Code marocain de la famille de 2004 par le droit international privé français : le mariage et ses effets." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAA028/document.
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Ce travail a pour objet d’étudier la confrontation entre deux systèmes juridiques distincts en matière de mariage et de ses effets. Il s’agit de la réception du droit marocain de la famille qui est d’essence religieux par l’ordre juridique français à travers son droit international privé, un ordre juridique laïque. La première partie de cet ouvrage est consacrée à la compréhension du mariage marocain et de ses effets qui est indispensable pour la réception d’institutions étrangères par l’ordre juridique français. Pour y parvenir, il faut saisir l’évolution de l’institution matrimoniale depuis la création du premier Code de la famille marocain, jusqu'à la réforme de ce dernier en 2004. Elle met en évidence l’assimilation par le législateur marocain du mariage et de ses effets dans un Code de la famille moderne tout en gardant son essence religieuse. Cette approche indispensable conduit à comprendre la portée de la réforme du mariage marocain de 2004 et la difficulté que connait son application. Comprendre ses limites permet de saisir la conception de la notion de famille dans le Maroc d’aujourd’hui. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la réception de cette notion à travers le mariage marocain et ses effets par le droit international privé français. L’étude de l’application des règles de droit international privé montre la difficulté qu’a la loi marocaine à s’appliquer sur le territoire français malgré l’existence de la convention franco-marocaine du 10 aout 1981. Le droit marocain se trouve, malgré sa compétence, soit devant une qualification difficile de ses institutions inconnues de l’ordre juridique français et dans ce cas, il est dénaturé. Soit il est face à l’intervention du mécanisme de l’exception de l’ordre public puisque ses institutions et ses règles sont considérés comme choquant les principes fondamentaux du for et par conséquent, il est écarté. En analysant la méthodologie du droit international privé français, un certain relativisme découle dans l’application de ses modalités ce qui envoie à s’interroger sur les limites du respect des valeurs fondamentales du for. Un relativisme qui se débat entre poursuivre le but du droit international privé d’harmoniser deux systèmesThis work is to study the confrontation between two distinct legal systems relating to marriage and its effects. It is the receipt of the Moroccan family law which is of religious essence by the legal order french through its international law private, a legal secular. The first part of this book is devoted to understanding Moroccan marriage and its effects which is indispensable for the reception of foreign institutions by the french legal order. Achieve this, to understand the evolution of the marital institution since the creation of the first Code of the Moroccan family, until the reform of the latter in 2004. Ithighlights the assimilation by the Moroccan legislator of the marriage and its effects in a modern family Code while keeping its religious essence. This indispensable approach leads to understand the scope of the reform of the Moroccan wedding of 2004 and the difficulty that knows its application.Understanding its limits allows to capture the design of the concept of family in the Morocco of today.The second part is devoted to this concept through the Moroccan wedding reception and its effects byfrench private international law. The study of the application of the rules of private international law shows the difficulty that Moroccan law applicable on french territory despite the existence of the Franco-Moroccan agreement of 10 August 1981. Moroccan law is, despite its jurisdiction, either before a difficult qualification of its unknown institutions of the french legal system and in this case, it is denatured. It is against the intervention of the mechanism of the public order exception as its institutions and its rules are considered offensive the fundamental principles of the Forum and consequently, he was waived. By analyzing the methodology of french private international law, a certain relativism arises in the application of its provisions that shipments to wonder about the limits of respect for the fundamental values of the Forum. A relativism that struggles between pursuing the goal of private international law to harmonize two different systems
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Abdou, Katibou. "Les migrations comoriennes en France : institutions, caractéristiques, déterminants et effets économiques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010009.
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Les estimations montrent qu'entre 80 000 et 200 000 ressortissants comoriens vivent à l'étranger, particulièrement en France métropolitaine (95 %). Ces travailleurs migrants transfèrent une bonne partie de leurs revenus dans leur pays d'origine. Il en résulte que l'Union des Comores est l'un des pays les plus fortement dépendants des flux de transferts des migrants. Entre 2000 et 2010, la richesse transférée aux pays par ces derniers représente en moyenne 20, 50 % du PIB total du pays. Le présent travail de recherche se propose d'étudier ces mouvements migratoires et leurs effets économiques limités aux transferts de fonds. Nous commençons par une mise en contexte indispensable à la compréhension de ces flux humains. L'étude révèle que les contextes économiques, politiques et socioculturels qui caractérisent les Comores sont propices aux migrations internationales. Après une brève revue de la littérature économique portant sur ce sujet, nous analyserons plusieurs aspects (caractéristiques, déterminants, etc.) des migrations comoriennes en France. Il en ressort que ces flux migratoires sont généralement préparés dans un cadre familial et sont principalement motivés par des raisons économiques. Enfin, nous aborderons les questions relatives aux transferts de fonds des migrants. L'analyse montre que ces flux monétaires croissent d'une décennie à une autre et constituent la principale source d'entrée de devise pour les Comores. Par ailleurs, les régressions empiriques semblent indiquer que ces flux financiers sont principalement déterminés par les normes socioculturelles des Comores approximées par le coût du Mariage coutumier « Grand- Mariage »Estimates suggest that between 80 000 and 200 000 Comorian citizens living abroad, particularly in metropolitan France ( 95 %). They remit a big portion of their income to their home country. It follows that, the Comoros Islands is one of the most strongly dependent countries on remittances. Between 2000 and 2010, the wealth transferred to the home country by Comorian Diaspora represents on average 20, 50 % of the total GDP of the Comoros. The present research aims to study these migration movements and its economic effects limited to remittances. We begin to explain the Comorian contexts. The study reveals that the economic, political and cultural environments, which characterize this country, are conductive to international migrations. After a brief review of the economic literature on this topic, we show analyze several aspects (characteristics, determinants, etc.) of Comorian migrations in France. It appears that these migration flows are generally prepared in a family context and are primarily motivated by economic reasons. Finally, we show approach the questions about remittances. The analysis shows that these cash flows grow a decade to another and constitute the main source of entrance of currency for the Comoros. On the other hand, empirical regressions seem to indicate that these financial flows are mainly determined by the cultural norms of the Comoros, approximated by the cost of the Anda wedding ceremonies
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Odasso, Laura. "La mixité conjugale :une expérience de migration. Approche comparée des effets de la stigmatisation sur les natifs et leurs partenaires « arabes » en Vénétie et en Alsace." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari (Italie) - Université de Strasbourg (France), Venise, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/216661.
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Mattos, Avila Eliedite. "Analyse comparative des modèles français et brésilien de la pratique de la médiation familiale et les effets sur les couples en instance de séparation." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20079/document.
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Cette recherche aborde la médiation familiale comme une nouvelle pratique sociale en expansion dans plusieurs pays. Plus particulièrement, elle interroge les spécificités des modèles de médiation familiale dans des pays aux traditions et aux cultures bien différentes comme la France et le Brésil. Cette étude met en évidence des modèles dominants et leur influence sur les pratiques des médiateurs. Elle identifie leurs principales caractéristiques et les pratiques de médiation qui sont reconnues au Brésil et en France, ainsi que leurs effets auprès des couples.La recherche a été élaborée à partir d’un recueil de données construites par une enquête par entretien semi-directif et une enquête par questionnaire auprès des médiateurs familiaux français et brésiliens et auprès des couples bénéficiaires des services de médiation. La méthode d’analyse des données a été faite par informatique à l’aide du logiciel Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Dans les deux pays, les résultats indiquent que la médiation extrajudiciaire convient mieux aux couples interviewés pour les raisons suivantes : elle se situe en amont de la procédure judiciaire, même pour les couples déjà engagés dans une médiation judiciaire ou pour ceux qui ont fait l’objet d’une ordonnance du juge ; elle favorise une meilleure communication dans le couple ; elle obtient une plus grande cote de satisfaction de la part de ceux qui en ont bénéficié ; elle est davantage recommandée aux autres personnes, surtout au Brésil ; elle n’est pas imposée mais plutôt perçue comme un atout pour la gestion des conflits.Applicable aussi bien au modèle de médiation familiale brésilien qu’au français (qui sont pourtant différents de par leur niveau d’évolution), la médiation extrajudiciaire est plus efficace dans le règlement des conflits, car elle favorise, entre autre, une meilleure communication, ainsi qu’un taux de satisfaction plus élevé dans le couple et chez les médiateursThis research approaches family mediation as a new social practice in expansion in many countries. In particular, it questions the specific models of family mediation in countries with different traditions and cultures as well as France and Brazil. This study highlights the dominant models and their influence on the practices of mediators. It identifies the main characteristics and practices of mediation that are recognized in Brazil and France, and their effects on couples.The research was drawn from a collection of data constructed by semi-guided interviews and questionnaires applied to both the French and Brazilian family mediators as couples who are benefited by mediation services. The method of data analysis was done by computer using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for organizing, processing and descriptive data analysis.In both countries, the results indicate that extrajudicial mediation is more appropriate to the interviewed couples for the following reasons: lies before court proceedings, even for those couples already undergoing a judicial mediation or for those who were subject for a determination by the judge; develops a better communication between the couple; obtains higher satisfaction rate from those who were benefited by it; is most recommended to other people, especially in Brazil; is not imposed but rather perceived as an advantage for the management of conflicts.Extrajudicial mediation is applied to both the French model as the Brazilian one (which are however different in level of evolution), and is more effective in the regulation of conflicts, because it favors, among other things, better communication, and a higher rate of satisfaction by the couples and mediators
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Dris, Rafik. "Droit musulman algérien et conflits de juridictions : formation et effet du mariage." Perpignan, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PERP1100.
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Le mariage mixte est l’union conclue entre deux personnes de culture, de nationalités voire de religion différente. C’est en raison du développement des relations internationales et des facilités de communication entre les peuples, qui se font par voie aérienne, maritime et ferroviaire que ces unions se trouvent favorisées. Ces mariages posent d’énormes problèmes, non seulement au couple mixte lui-même, mais à sa famille, à son entourage et à son environnement social, et parfois même en cas de conflit à l’Etat lui-même. Ces difficultés proviennent du fait de la double culture, de la différence de religion aussi ; difficulté qui prélude au problème des enfants, notamment au niveau du choix de la religion, de la langue dominante, de l’école, des cérémonies religieuses (fêtes, baptême, circoncision, etc…) et même du prénom. De nos jours, l’importance numérique des mariages mixte, pose à son tour d’énormes problèmes, tant à la société française qu’à la société algérienne. C’est, précisément, à l’occasion de la naissance d’un litige opposant un ménage mixte que l’on va se poser la question de savoir à quelle loi sera soumise ce litige, est ce a la loi algérienne ou à la loi française ou encore aux deux lois distributivement ou cumulativement ?The mixed marriage is the union concluded between two persons of culture, nationality or religion different. This is due to the development of international relations and facilities of communication between peoples, which are made by air, sea and rail unions that are favored. These marriages pose enormous problems, not only mixed couple itself, but to his family, his entourage and his social environment, and sometimes in conflict with the state itself. These difficulties arise because of the dual culture, the difference in religion also; difficulty prelude to the problem of children, particularly in the choice of religion, the dominant language, school, religious ceremonies (parties, baptism, circumcision, etc. . . ) and even the first name. Today, the size of mixed marriages, in turn poses enormous problems, both in French society as the Algerian society. It is precisely on the birth of a dispute between a mixed household we will ask the question of what law will be submitted this dispute, this is a Algerian law or the law French or the two acts distributive or collectively?
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Lauer, Mélanie. "Obligations procédurales et droit au divorce." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443953.
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Il ne fait plus de doute que le divorce fait partie intégrante du paysage familial. Pour autant le droit au divorce a vacillé entre droit permissif et droit coercitif. La loi du 11 juillet 1975 a insufflé un mouvement de libéralisation qui va régner sur le droit du divorce. Mais c'est avec la loi du 26 mai 2004 que la libéralisation va prendre toute son ampleur. Même si elle s'inscrit dans une certaine continuité en maintenant la pluralité des cas de divorce, elle ouvre plus largement les portes de celui-ci. Les règles de fond et de forme sont étroitement liées dans le procès du divorce. La loi a donc supprimé de nombreuses barrières procédurales qui ont eu pour conséquence directe de simplifier la procédure et favoriser l'obtention du divorce. Les époux doivent respecter les obligations procédurales pour parvenir au prononcé du divorce. Les règles procédurales absorbent ainsi les règles substantielles. L'ouverture découle également d'une objectivation du droit du divorce. La cause de divorce trouve essentiellement sa source dans le constat d'échec du mariage. La loi a d'ailleurs consacré un véritable divorce faillite pour ne pas dire droit au divorce sur demande unilatérale qui n'exige qu'une cessation de vie commune pendant deux ans pour être prononcé. Elle fait également triompher la dimension individuelle sur la conception institutionnelle de l'union. Les arrangements constitutent la pierre angulaire du règlement du divorce. Les accords se retrouvent à tous stades de la procédure et dans tous les cas de divroce. L'ordre public conjugal connait donc un certain infléchissement corroboré par un relâchement de la faute dans le divorce et l'instauration d'un droit commun des effets du divorce. La réunion de ces différents facteurs contribue à l'émergence d'un droit subjectif au divorce.
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Bouchareb, Hafida A. L. "La confrontation de la dissolution du lien conjugal et ses effets entre les états maghrébins et les états européens francophones, France et Belgique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210425.
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L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier « La confrontation de la dissolution du lien conjugal et ses effets entre les États maghrébins et les États européens francophones (France et Belgique) ». Les difficultés de coordination des systèmes islamiques et européens de droit international privé proviennent de l’écart entre leurs législations relatives au statut personnel et au droit de la famille. En droit musulman, les matières du statut personnel sont solidaires des donnés religieuses. Les ressortissants maghrébins établis dans des pays européens se retrouvent souvent confrontés au croisement du système juridique maghrébin et celui de leur pays d’accueil.S’il est un domaine où se heurtent des visions difficilement conciliables entre l’Europe et certains pays musulmans, c’est bien celui du mariage mixte et particulièrement celui de la répudiation. Il faut souligner que le problème perdure depuis plus de vingt ans.
Toutefois un grand nombre de ressortissants Marocains réside en Belgique ce qui conduit inévitablement à ce que des problèmes liés à la dissolution de leur mariage se posent. A ces difficultés viennent s’ajouter les problèmes de conflits de lois. Cette étude a donc tenté de dégager les caractéristiques des différents systèmes étudiés et de montrer les divergences qu’ils comportent en terme de méthodes utilisées dans le règlement des conséquences du divorce ou de répudiation.
La présence d’une communauté immigrée de statut personnel musulman et la rencontre de l’ordre juridique européen avec ce phénomène, posent l’épineux problème de l’harmonisation de deux systèmes juridiques fondamentalement différents et a ainsi pu être qualifié de « conflit de civilisations ». Ce qui permet une vue globale du sujet.
Summary: The purpose of this thesis is to study the dissolution of a marriage tie between North African states and European French speaking states, and what this dissolution means in term of confrontation on both sides concerning the juridic systems european and islamic. The difficulties of coordination between the islamic way of life and the international law are the result of divergence relating with personal status and family right. In the islamic law, personal status and religious faith are closely interlinked. Moroccan nationals who step up house in an european country are confronted with the law of the Maghreb and the law of the country witch welcomes them.
Mixed marriages and in particularly in a case of repudiations are a sphere where european nations and some muslim nations don’t see things in the same way. One has to emphasize that these problems have been enduring for over tweenty years. A great numbers of Morocans lives in Belgium which leads to difficulties if their marriages have to be dissolved. Over these difficulties problems of laws conflicts are added. This study have tried to show the characteristics of these systems and the different way to solve the consequences of the divorce or of the repudiation. The presence of an immigrated community of personal muslim status and the encounter of the juridic european system with this phenomenon set the acute issue of the harmonization of two juridics systems deeply different. This can be described as a “conflict of civilisations”. This allows a broad view of the subject
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Filion, Jacques. "Distribution spatiale de la regénération d'épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) 8 ans après un feu de forêt /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1994. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Hoffman, Jennifer. "Effects of and defenses against ultraviolet radiation in marine embryos and larvae /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5243.
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Sandström, Paul A. "The neural effects of palytoxinThe neural effects of palytoxin." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36765/1/36765_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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Palytoxin, the most potent known marine toxin, has been demonstrated to produce acute neurological disturbances in several animal species and, possibly, even in humans. However, the effects of palytoxin on excitable membranes have not been well characterised or explained.
Palytoxin occurs within the same ecosystem in which other seafood toxins such as ciguatoxin, saxitoxin and brevetoxins are found. Also, several reports suggest that, occasionally, palytoxin may contribute to the ciguatera syndrome. As these other toxins are known to affect the sodium ion channel, either by activation or inactivation, evidence that palytoxin may also affect this structure was sought.
The studies performed on the ventral coccygeal nerve of the rat tail, subsequent to an intraperitoneal injection of palytoxin, demonstrated a significant slowing of mixed nerve and motor conduction velocities and a reduction in the amplitude of the mixed nerve and motor action potentials. However, palytoxin exerted no effect on the latency of the shortest F-wave response. In the palytoxin-treated group, the absolute and relative refractory periods were prolonged. Palytoxin also appeared to induce a significant prolongation of the supernormal period of nerve excitability. The response of the palytoxin-treated ventral coccygeal nerve to repetitive stimulation demonstrated no consistent abnormality.
These studies lend indirect support to the proposition that at least one action of palytoxin is that of an alteration in the excitability of neural tissue by inducing persistent sodium ion channel activation.
Lignocaine, administered via the intraperitoneal route, was demonstrated to reverse many of the electrophysiological disturbances and, particularly, the prolonged supernormal period, in palytoxin-treated rats. These results suggest that prior activation of sodium ion channels by palytoxin may be blocked by lignocaine.
Ethanol, administered via the intraperitoneal route, was observed to reverse many of the electrophysiological disturbances recorded in the palytoxin-treated rats, however, the supernormal period remained prolonged, yet not particularly enhanced or diminished in magnitude.
Ouabain, administered via the intraperitoneal route, also reversed many of the electrophysiological disturbances induced in palytoxin-treated rats. However, in these animals, the palytoxin-induced supernormal period remained prolonged, yet not exaggerated or diminished in magnitude. These results suggest that membrane excitability may occur independently of, or with, the (Na+,K+)A TPase mechanism.
The effect of palytoxin on mammalian nerve tissue appeared to be modified at a lower temperature. Mixed nerve and motor conduction, F-wave responses, absolute and relative refractory period and supernormal period studies were performed on palytoxin-treated animals at 25°C. The only significant abnormalities were a prolongation of the relative refractory period and of the supernormal period. This study suggests that, at least, in mammalian nerve tissue, this toxin is less active at a lower ambient temperature.
In terms of central studies, in palytoxin-treated rats the brainstem auditory evoked response was not significantly altered although there was significant prolongation of the corticospinal evoked response. This finding suggests that palytoxin is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and, then, exerting an effect on central nerve membranes.
These results are similar to those induced by ciguatoxin in the ventral coccygeal nerve of the rat. Both toxins produce slowing of the mixed nerve and motor conduction velocities, a reduction in the amplitude of the mixed nerve and motor action potentials and a prolongation of the refractory period and supernormal period. Lignocaine abolishes the supernormal period induced by both toxins. At a temperature of 25°C, both toxins produce reduced electrophysiological effects, in comparison with those produced at 37°C.
Ciguatoxin is known to bind to and to activate or open sodium ion channels. These studies suggest that at least one action of palytoxin may be that of a similar activation of sodium ion channels.
With reference to these studies and to the fact that both toxins occur within the same ecosystem, palytoxin could potentially contribute, on occasions, to the ciguatera syndrome.
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Hu, Yuebing. "Effects of herbicide, glyphosate, application on growth of planted black spruce, Picea mariana, seedlings." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0015/MQ53105.pdf.
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Turner, David J. "Effects of sedimentation on the structure of a phaeophycean dominated macroalgal community /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht944.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Environmental Biology, 2005?"July 2004" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-172). Also available electronically.
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Baker, Shirley Marie. "Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) metamorphosis: Effects of low oxygen." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616556.
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The objective of my research was to examine the physiology and behavior of metamorphosing oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and to investigate the effects of low oxygen stress on metamorphic processes. Specifically, I examined the effects of hypoxia (20% of air saturation) and microxia (&<&1% of air saturation) on settlement, survival, growth, morphology, metabolic rate and feeding on post-settlement oysters. All of the functions I measured were adversely affected by hypoxia and microxia, compared to normoxic controls. Survival times indicate that, like larvae and adults, post-settlement oysters are capable of anaerobic metabolism. The 2 week period following settlement is especially critical to recruitment. Low oxygen conditions increases mortality and have detrimental effects on the development and growth of post-settlement oysters. Oysters have the ability to feed at nearly all stages of settlement and metamorphosis. While hypoxic conditions reduce feeding only in the youngest metamorphosing oysters, microxic conditions affect all ages. Not only does weight-specific metabolism decrease as the oysters grow, but metabolic responses to low oxygen change from relatively oxygen independent to oxygen dependent. I conclude that oyster distribution may be influenced by low oxygen, especially in those areas that experience prolonged (24-48 h) hypoxia or severe microxic events. Low oxygen events may control recruitment into the adult population directly, because of larval settlement failure and post-settlement mortality, and indirectly, because of reduction in feeding, development rate, and growth of post-settlement oysters.
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Harington, Amy. "Trace metal effects on phytoplankton in subpolar seas with special emphasis on coccolithophores." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27354.
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Coccolithophores are a biogeochemically important phytoplankton group, fulfilling an important role in the global carbon cycle through primary production and the formation and export of calcium carbonate. Despite this biogeochemical importance, relatively little is known about their ecophysiology, for example their response to nutrient availability in terms of both macronutrient (nitrate, phosphate) and micronutrient (trace metal) or how this impacts on their competition with other phytoplankton groups (e.g. diatoms, Synechococcus). Hence, this study investigated the response of coccolithophores to trace metal (iron, zinc and cobalt) additions in the high latitude North Atlantic (Iceland and Irminger basins) and the Southern Ocean (Great Calcite Belt, Scotia Sea). The response of coccolithophores to environmental conditions was investigated by examining distribution patterns in situ and in targeted bioassays where natural communities were incubated with elevated levels of trace metal concentration. The wide range of initial conditions for these bioassays (e.g. temperature, macro- and micro-nutrient availability and phytoplankton community composition), provided valuable insights into coccolithophore responses to trace metal addition across a range of different biogeographic regions. These responses were investigated in terms of coccolithophore cell abundances, species composition, calcite production and growth rates, and were contrasted with responses of the total phytoplankton community (chlorophyll α) and abundances of diatoms and other phytoplankton groups (e.g. Synechococcus). The major finding of this thesis is that iron addition positively enhances coccolithophore growth rates and calcite production in both the Northern and Southern subpolar oceans. Another significant finding was that zinc addition also positively enhanced growth rates of coccolithophores (and diatoms) in a number of bioassays across the Great Calcite Belt (Southern Ocean). Thus, the trace metals iron and zinc are important micronutrients to consider in regulating coccolithophore growth and calcite production. As climate change potentially altering the flux of such trace metals to the ocean it is therefore important to further investigate the role of these micronutrients in regulating coccolithophore communities and their biogeochemical impact.
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李嵐 and Laam Li. "Effects of hypoxia on marine benthic communities : from bacteria to invertebrates." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193402.
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Because of the eutrophication resulting from increasing anthropogenic activities, hypoxia (i.e. dissolved oxygen < 2.8 mg O2 L-1) is on the rise globally. The objective of this research was to understand more about the effects of hypoxia on the marine benthic communities. Particularly, it focused on the latent effects and indirect effects of hypoxia by investigating how early exposure to hypoxia affect the later life stage of a marine gastropod Crepidula onyx, and how hypoxia alter the bacterial composition of biofilms and the subsequent larval settlement of marine invertebrates.
In the first study, the larvae of C. onyx were exposed to 2, 3, and 6 mg O2 l-1. Under low food concentration (Isochrysis galbana at 1 × 105 cells l-1), larvae in both hypoxic treatments (2 and 3 mg O2 l-1) required a longer time to become competent to metamorphose. But when they did, they had a similar size and total lipid content to the control larvae. Moreover, the latent effects of early hypoxic exposure on the juvenile growth were evident. After 2 weeks development in field, the growth rate, mean dry weight and filtration rate of juveniles were significantly reduced in the hypoxic treatments. However, there was no discernible effect on larvae or juveniles when the food concentration during the larval stage was doubled (I. galbana at 2 × 105 cells l-1), suggesting that the latent effects of hypoxia can be offset by larval access to high algal concentration.
In the second study, the biofilms were exposed to hypoxia and normoxia in microcosms for up to 7 days, and their bacterial community composition was analysed by terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The results suggested that hypoxia altered the bacterial community structure within biofilms, and the difference between the hypoxia and normoxia treatments increased through the length of exposure period. The resulting changes in biofilms did not alter the larval settlement response of a model species (i.e. C. onyx) in laboratory assays. Nevertheless, when the biofilms were deployed in the field to allow natural larval settlement and recruitment, biofilms that had been exposed to hypoxia altered the overall larval settlement pattern of different marine invertebrates, potentially leading to a shift in the benthic invertebrate community.
This research suggested that periodic hypoxic events and the resulting exposure of organisms to hypoxia during their early development might have effects that persist across the life history. Moreover, it highlighted the possibility that the effects of hypoxia on species composition and structure of benthic invertebrate communities might be mediated through changes in biofilms and subsequently larval settlement and recruitment. To conclude, this research demonstrated that hypoxia could affect the growth in the later life stages of marine invertebrates and the recruitment of the benthic communities.published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Dabros, Anna. "Effects of simulated climate change on post-disturbance «Populus tremuloides - Picea mariana» ecosystems in northwestern Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32349.
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In the mixedwood-boreal transitional forest of northwestern Quebec, the establishment of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) has been observed at the extremes of their regional distribution, in areas previously dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana (Miller) BSP). Our main objective was to explore how climate change could affect the growth and performance of aspen and black spruce. Climate change simulation was provided by the installation of twenty open-top chambers (OTCs) and twenty control plots in the summer of 2005 at three disturbed sites (post-fire, logging road and logging). Each plot enclosed a pair of aspen and spruce seedlings. In comparison to control plots, the conditions in the OTCs were marked by higher air temperatures (2-3°C), drier soil (up to 10% volumetric moisture content) and cooler soil (up to 2.6°C), lower supply rates of Ca and Mg, and slower decomposition of aspen litter. Warm weather and high rainfall were likely responsible for increased height growth and advanced spring bud burst of aspen growing in the OTCs during the 2006 growing season, but not during the cooler and drier season of 2007. Leaf calcium concentration was higher, and beetle leaf herbivory was lower for OTC aspen in comparison to control plot aspen. Spruce was not affected by OTC treatment in terms of height growth, but its final dry biomass was higher, and spring bud burst was advanced by 2-3 days in the OTCs compared to control plots. Both species showed trends of higher root tip number and lower % ectomycorrhizae (ECM) colonization in the OTCs, and vice versa in the control plots. Aspen appeared to be more dependent on ECM colonization; therefore, potential efL'établissement de peupliers faux-trembles (Populus tremuloides Michx.) fut observé au nord de sa distribution, dans la forêt boréale mixte, en des endroits auparavant dominés par l'épinette noire (Picea mariana (Miller) BSP). Nous avons réalisé une simulation de réchauffement climatique, dans le but d'explorer comment les changements climatiques pourraient influencer la croissance du peuplier faux-tremble et de l'épinette noire. Le traitement de réchauffement fut fourni par l'installation, à l'été 2005, de vingt chambres sans toit (CST) et de vingt parcelles témoins et ce, sur trois sites distincts (post-incendie, route forestière et site de coupe). Chaque parcelle comprenait un jeune peuplier faux-tremble et une jeune épinette noire. Comparativement aux parcelles témoins, les conditions dans les CST furent marquées par des températures supérieures (2-3°C), un sol plus sec (jusqu'à 10% du contenu volumétrique) et plus frais (jusqu'à 2,6°C), une disponibilité plus faible du Ca et du Mg, ainsi que par une décomposition plus lente de la litière de peuplier faux-tremble. Les conditions plus chaudes et les précipitations plus intenses de la saison 2006 furent probablement responsables pour la croissance supérieure et l'éclosion plus hâtive des bourgeons, mais pas durant la saison fraîche et pluvieuse de 2007. Les dommages dus aux coléoptères furent moins importants dans les CST, ce qui peut être explicable par la concentration foliaire de calcium supérieure qu'on y observa. La croissance de l'épinette noire ne fut pas affectée en terme de hauteur par les CST, mais sa biomasse finale y était supérieure et l'éclosion des bourgeons s
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Nagel, Kathryn. "The effects of sympatric and allopatric hab species on calanoid copepod swimming behavior." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50273.
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Harmful algal blooms, commonly referred to as red tides, occur yearly with dramatic impacts on marine ecology, coastal economies, and human health. As a consequence, research into the zooplankton grazers that consume HABs is highly important. However, changes in ocean temperature may increase the range of many HABs, exposing historically naive copepods to new species and their associated chemicals. Little research into the impact of allopatric verses sympatric species, particularly on the immediate behavioral impact, has been performed, leaving the indirect fitness effects of HAB exposure and consumption relatively unknown. We measured alterations in the swimming behavior of the calanoid copepod Temora longicornis following exposure to sympatric Alexandrium fundyense and allopatric Karenia brevis treatments. After a 15-16 hours depuration period postA. fundyense exposure, T. longicornis exhibited increased average swimming speed and an elevated net to gross displacement ratio (NGDR). During exposure toK. brevis, copepods exhibited an immediate decrease in swimming speed and NGDR, as well as an increased frequency of jump behavior. However, these effects faded after an one-hour depuration period, and disappeared after a 15-16 hour depuration period. The alterations in swimming behavior demonstrated by the copepods treated A. fundyense may increase encounter rate with predators, while copepods treated with K. brevis remain in bloom conditions for longer periods of time, negatively affecting survivorship. Temora longicornis individuals also may be made more visible to predators due to the increase in jumps seen during treatment with K. brevis. These behavioral changes suggest how HABs escape from zooplankton grazer control by altering copepod swimming behavior, and the pattern of predator-prey evolution that occurs over time.
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Lecoulant, Jean. "Modélisation et simulation d'ondes T : modes de Rayleigh et effets 3D Three-dimensional modeling of earthquake generated acoustic waves in the ocean in simplified configurations, in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, 2019." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0046.
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Lorsqu'un séisme se produit sous l'océan, les ondes sismiques se transforment à l'interface croûte/océan en ondes acoustiques basses fréquences, appelées ondes T, qui peuvent se propager dans la colonne d'eau sur de très grandes distances. Ces ondes sont d'une grande importance pour la surveillance de l'activité sismique et volcanique sous-marine car elles comblent un manque d'information dans les données sismologiques terrestres. La localisation de la source acoustique peut être déduite par trilatération à partir des temps d'arrivée de l'onde T sur plusieurs hydrophones et une magnitude acoustique peut être dérivée des niveaux reçus. Toutefois, les informations obtenues à partir des signaux des ondes T restent incomplètes car les mécanismes de génération des ondes T, leur mode de propagation, et l'importance des effets 3D dans le processus sont mal connus. Pour traiter ces questions, cette thèse utilise un modèle analytique de la génération et de la propagation des ondes T et un code spectral aux éléments finis (SPECFEM) capable d'effectuer des simulations en forme d'onde complète des ondes sismiques dans la croûte terrestre et des ondes acoustiques dans l'océan. Le modèle analytique développé dans cette thèse décrit des ondes T qui se propagent sous forme de modes de Rayleigh ; ce modèle prédit également le spectre des ondes PN et SN, qui sont les précurseurs des ondes T dans les enregistrements d’événements de forte magnitude. Dans une configuration 2D avec un fond plat et un océan uniforme, les modes théoriques (solution analytique) et simulés (SPECFEM) d'ondes T et les spectres d'ondes PN et SN montrent un très bon accord. Le modèle numérique peut donc être appliqué avec confiance à des configurations pour lesquelles un modèle analytique ne peut pas être simplement dérivé s: une interface croûte/océan avec un mont sous-marin, avec ou sans canal SOFAR dans l'océan, et un fond marin plat avec une rugosité à courte longueur d'onde. Ces simulations mettent en évidence les conditions nécessaires à la génération d’ondes T énergétiques et confirment le rôle prédominant des modes de Rayleigh dans leur propagation. Les résultats du modèle avec un fond marin rugueux sont très comparables aux données hydroacoustiques d'un séisme majeur survenu sous une plaine abyssale. La version 3D de SPECFEM permet enfin d'étudier l'importance des effets 3D dans la génération des ondes T. À distance, les amplitudes et les temps d'arrivée diffèrent selon qu'un événement sismique se produit sous un mont sous-marin ou sous une dorsale. Par conséquent, les localisations de la source à partir de temps d'arrivée peuvent être biaisées par des effets topographiques en 3D à proximité de la région de l'épicentreWhen an earthquake occurs below the ocean, seismic waves convert at the crust/ocean or solid/fluid interface into low-frequency acoustic waves, known as T-waves, which can propagate in the water column over very long distances.These waves are of great importance for monitoring the submarine seismic and volcanic activity, as they fill a gap of information in the land-based seismological records. The localization of the acoustic source can be deduced by trilateration from T-wave arrival-times at several hydrophones and an acoustic magnitude can be derived from the received levels.Beyond that, the information obtained from T-wave signals remains incomplete since the mechanisms for generating Twaves, the way they propagate and the importance of 3D-effects in the process are poorly known.To investigate these issues, this thesis uses a spectral finite element code (SPECFEM) able to perform full wave-form simulations of both seismic waves in the crust and acoustic waves in the ocean. The analytical model developed in this thesis describes propagating T-waves as Rayleigh modes; this model also predicts the spectrum of PN- and SN-waves, which are precursors of T-waves in records from high magnitude events. In a 2D configuration with a flat bottom and a uniform ocean, the theoretical (analytical solution) and simulated (SPECFEM) T-wave modes and PN- and SN-wave spectra show a very good agreement. The numerical model is thus applied with confidence to configurations for which an analytical model cannot be simply derived: a crust/ocean interface with a seamount, with or without a SOFAR channel in the ocean, and a flat seabed with a short-wavelength roughness. These simulations highlight the conditions necessary for the generation of energetic T-waves and confirm the predominant role of Rayleigh modes in their propagation. The outputs from the model with a rough sea-bottom compare well with hydroacoustic records from a major earthquake occurring below an abyssal plain. A 3D version of SPECFEM is finally used to investigate the importance of 3D-effects in the generation of T-waves. At a distance, different amplitudes and arrival-times are obtained depending on whether a seismic event occurs below a seamount or below a ridge. Hence, source localizations from arrival-times can be biased by 3D topographic effects in the vicinity of the epicenter region
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Cheung, Ka Chung. "Effects of eutrophication on soft shore benthic community /." access full-text access abstract and table of contents, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?mphil-bch-b1988770xa.pdf.
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Thesis (M.Phil.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2005."Submitted to Department of Biology and Chemistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-181)
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Garpe, Kajsa. "Effects of habitat structure on tropical fish assemblages." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Zoology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6767.
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Rates of habitat alteration and degradation are increasing worldwide due to anthropogenic influence. On coral reefs, the loss of live coral reduces structural complexity while facilitating algal increase. In many coastal lagoons seagrass and corals are cleared to make room for cultivated macroalgae. This thesis deals with reef and lagoon habitat structure and how fish assemblage patterns may be related to physical and biological features of the habitat. It further examines assemblage change following habitat disturbance. Four studies on East African coral reefs concluded that both the abundance and species richness of recruit and adult coral reef fish were largely predicted by the presence of live coral cover and structural complexity (Papers I-III, VI). Typically, recruits were more selective than adults, as manifested by limited distributions to degraded sites. Paper VI compared short- and long-term responses of fish assemblages to the 1997-1998 bleaching event. The short-term response to coral mortality included the loss of coral dwelling species in favour of species which feed on algae or associated detrital resources. Counterintuitively, fish abundance and taxonomic richness increased significantly at one of two sites shortly after the bleaching. However, the initial increase was later reversed and six years after the death of the coral, only a limited number of fish remained. The influence of fleshy algae on fish assemblages was studied in algal farms (Paper IV), and examined experimentally (Paper V). The effects of algal farming in Zanzibar were significant. Meanwhile, manually clearing algal-dominated patch reefs in Belize from macroalgae resulted in short-term increases of abundance, biomass and activity of a few species, including major herbivores. The findings of this thesis demonstrate the significance of habitat as a structuring factor for tropical fish assemblages and predicts that coral death, subsequent erosion and algal overgrowth may have substantial deleterious impacts on fish assemblage composition, abundance and taxonomic richness, with recovery being slow and related to the recovery of the reef framework.
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Khurana, Sandeep K. Clarke Andrew Douglas. "Effect of different marinade treatments on survival and morphology of pathogens in beef jerky." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5355.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on December 29, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Andrew D. Clarke. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hunter, Rebecca L. Halanych Kenneth M. "Phylogeography and population structure of Antarctic ophiuroids effects of life history, oceanography and paleoclimatology /." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1754.
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Kunz, Thomas J. Diehl Sebastian. "Effects of mixing depth, turbulent diffusion, and nutrient enrichment on enclosed marine plankton communities." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00004539/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2005..Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 13, 2006). Includes three articles co-authored with Sebastian Diehl. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hénaff, Françoise. "Réception optimale en présence de trajets multiples et d'effet doppler : Application aux transmissions sur canal acoustique sous-marin." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2017.
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L'etude presentee dans cette these porte sur l'evaluation des performances de quelques recepteurs a maximum de vraisemblance en presence de plusieurs ondes (ou trajets), d'effet doppler et de dispersion temporelle qui peut etre importante. Sous certaines hypotheses, le canal de transmission est modelise par un canal selectif en frequence, soit de gauss, soit de rayleigh. Deux types de recepteurs associant une partie detection de symboles et une partie estimation de canal sont etudies. Le premier associe l'algorithme de viterbi (detection suivant la sequence de symboles la plus vraisemblable) a l'un ou l'autre des deux algorithmes d'estimation suivants: celui du gradient stochastique et celui des moindres carres rapide base sur l'ensemble des erreurs de prediction. Le second type de recepteur utilise un algorithme suivant le symbole le plus vraisemblable: l'algorithme em (estimation-maximisation) qui estime le canal de transmission et calcule les vraisemblances de chaque symbole. Nous avons examine, par simulations informatiques, l'influence des instants d'arrivee et des puissances des differents trajets sur les performances en terme de taux d'erreurs des recepteurs consideres. Lorsque cela s'averait possible, les resultats de simulation ont ete valides par des calculs de bornes de probabilite d'erreurs. Dans la plupart des cas etudies, les deux types de recepteurs conduisent a des performances peu differentes. En general, la selectivite du canal ameliore les performances obtenues sur canal non selectif pour le canal de rayleigh. Pour le canal gaussien, la selectivite du canal provoque une degradation des performances par rapport au cas du canal non selectif
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Salter, Lesley. "Effects of Barotrauma on Four Species of Pacific Rockfishes (Sebastes spp.)." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2007.
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Physoclistic fish, such as Pacific rockfishes (genus Sebastes), have closed swim bladders that help them regulate their buoyancy. When anglers catch these fish and reel them to the surface, gases within their swim bladder expand due to the decrease in pressure. This can cause their swim bladder to over inflate––a condition known as barotrauma. Overly buoyant fish experiencing barotrauma often struggle to swim back to dwelling depth if released at the ocean’s surface. These fish may experience high rates of mortality by thermal shock caused by the warmer surface temperatures, starvation, predation, or vision problems caused by barotrauma. Assisted release methods that recompress fish by returning them to depth prior to release may thus greatly improve survival of fish suffering from barotrauma.
In this study, I characterized species-specific responses of four species of nearshore Pacific rockfishes (Canary Rockfish, Sebastes pinniger; Gopher Rockfish, S. carnatus; Deacon Rockfish, S. diaconus; and Blue Rockfish, S. mystinus) to rapid ascent by hook-and-line fishing from shallow depths (<40 m). I videotaped their immediate responses upon recompression using a weighted inverted milk crate to transport fish back to their initial capture depth. Fish were videotaped during their descent, as well as their release from the crate. In some individuals, barotrauma symptoms were reversed and did not show behavioral impairment upon release, indicating that even a simple, inexpensive device can be effective in relieving barotrauma symptoms. Species differences were also observed in the severity of barotrauma observed following the collection of fish from depth. Capture depth was positively correlated with the occurrence of barotrauma for Blue Rockfish and Gopher Rockfish, but not for Canary Rockfish or Deacon Rockfishes.
I utilized data over an eight-year period from the California Collaborative Fisheries Research Project (CCFRP) to assess survivorship of rockfish experiencing barotrauma. A total of 20 rockfish (1 Black Rockfish, S. melanops; 2 Blue Rockfish; 12 Gopher Rockfish; 3 Copper Rockfish, S. caurinus; and 2 Kelp Rockfish, S. atrovirens) initially displaying barotrauma signs upon capture were tagged using a T-bar tag and released. It is unknown if these fish were recompressed because the CCFRP did not record this information. These 20 rockfish were recaptured days to 3 years later––indicating rockfish can survive long term after experiencing barotrauma. To minimize mortality of discarded fish in the fishery, fish recompression is recommended.
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Axiak, V. "Effects of pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons on the bivalve (Venus verrucosa)." Thesis, University of Westminster, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370918.
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Nestlerode, Janet A. "Effects of Periodic Environmental Hypoxia on Predator Utilization of Macrobenthic Infauna." W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617700.
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Hypoxia and anoxia have significant deleterious ecological effects on living resources throughout many estuarine and marine ecosystems worldwide. Brief periods of low oxygen facilitate transfer of benthic production to higher trophic levels as many benthic infaunal species have shallower sediment depth distributions during hypoxic events. A baited time-lapse camera equipped with a water quality datalogger was used to document in situ exploitation of oxygen-stressed benthic invertebrate prey organisms by mobile fish and crustacean predators during alternating normoxia-hypoxia cycles in the York River. Based on photographic and diver observations, this hypoxiainduced benthic-pelagic transfer of production is more likely to occur when environmental dissolved oxygen concentrations rise above an apparent threshold between 1 and 2 ml/1. When oxygen concentrations decline below 2 ml/1, the functional response of the predator to increased prey availability is interrupted. There is no energy gain by the predator until oxygen concentrations rise above this critical level when predators return to affected areas and resume feeding activity.
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Fantin, Natalie. "Croissance juvénile des arbres mères comparée à celle de jeunes semis d'épinette noire (Picea Mariana (Mill) B.S.P.) issus de graines après un feu sur un même site /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Chan, Ying-shan, and 陳映姗. "Effects of silver nanoparticles on marine invertebrate larvae." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208175.
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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained much popularity in consumer products due to their strong antimicrobial ability. The majority of research concerning the biological effects of AgNPs has been limited to humans, mammals and freshwater organisms. Marine organisms, especially invertebrates, have been studied to a lesser extent. The objective of this thesis was to understand the effects of AgNPs on the marine benthic invertebrates. Specifically, we focused on the acute and sub-lethal toxicity of two AgNPs (Oleic acid coated AgNP (OAgNP) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone coated AgNP (PAgNP)) on marine invertebrate larvae across three phyla (i.e. the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, the limpet Crepidula onyx and the polychaete Hydroides elegans) in terms of mortality, growth, development and metamorphosis. Bioaccumulation and biodistribution of silver, as well as apoptosis induction were also investigated. To distinguish the toxic effects derived from nano-silver and aqueous form of silver, larvae were also exposed to silver nitrate (SN) in parallel.
In the acute toxicity test, larvae were exposed to OAgNPs and PAgNPs for 48 hours, and the concentration leading to 10 % mortality (〖LC〗_10) were determined and compared. The results indicated that B. amphitrite and H. elegans were more sensitive to OAgNPs (〖LC〗_10: 0.138 and 2.63 × 〖10〗^(-4) μμg L-1, respectively) than PAgNPs (〖LC〗_10: 0.502 and 0.317 μμg L^(-1), respectively). In contrast, C. onyx was more susceptible to PAgNPs (LC10: 38.5 μμg L^(-1)) than OAgNPs (〖LC〗_10: 467 μμg L^(-1)). Among the three taxonomic groups, C. onyx was most tolerant of AgNPs, following by B. amphitrite and H. elegans.
The sub-lethal effect of AgNPs resulted in a significant retardation in growth and development, and the reduction of settlement rate of all three species tested. In particular, the settlement rate of H. elegans was significantly lower in AgNPs treatment than in SN treatment, suggesting that toxicity of AgNPs might not be solely evoked by the release of silver ion (Ag+) into the test solution. The three species took up and accumulated silver efficiently from all forms. Importantly, AgNP aggregates were found along the digestive tract of C. onyx and the TEM images further confirmed that AgNPs were able to move across the plasma membrane. In addition, TUNEL assay indicated that AgNPs could induce apoptosis in B. amphitrite and C. onyx. In view of the very low number of detected apoptotic cells and the random occurrence of cell death found, AgNP-induced apoptosis does not appear to be the major toxicity mechanism in causing delayed growth and settlement failure. Unlike the results revealed from acute toxicity test, surface coatings did not affect the sub-lethal toxicity of AgNPs.
This research clearly demonstrated that AgNPs exerted toxic effects in a speciesspecific manner, and long-term exposure of AgNPs might allow bioaccumulation of silver, induce apoptosis, and affect growth, development and recruitment of marine invertebrates. This study also highlighted the possibility that toxicity of AgNPs might be mediated through toxic Ag+ as well as the novel modalities of AgNPs.published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Suckling, Coleen Claire. "Calcified marine invertebrates : the effects of ocean acidification." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608228.
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Brandes, Jay Allen Gregory. "Isotopic effects of denitrification in the marine environment /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11051.
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Götz, Thomas. "Aversiveness of sound in marine mammals : psycho-physiological basis, behavioural correlates and potential applications." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/848.
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Pérez, Calderón Luis José. "Fate of spilled oil in marine sediments and the effects of chemical dispersant." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238377.
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The rise in global energy demand has motivated the exploration and production of oil and gas in increasingly challenging marine environments and there is a continuous risk of accidental oil spills. One of the many fates of spilled oil is deposition on the seabed, which has been extensively studied following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. However, post-depositional fates of oil in sediments are not well understood. Similarly, the effects of chemical dispersant on oil fate are currently under investigation as their overall contribution to mitigating oil spills environmental impacts remains debated. This project aimed to evaluate the potential for spilled oil to entrain marine sediments and the effects dispersant application had on the process under three transport regimes; (1) post-depositional transport via oil-sediment aggregate deposition in deep-sea sediments, (2) percolative transport in intertidal sands and (3) advective pore-water transport in intertidal and subtidal sands. Investigations into the sorption dynamics of two polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediment-dispersantseawater systems were also undertaken to evaluate the influence of dispersant application on sorption of hydrocarbons to sediments. Finally, the effects of oil exposure at in situ conditions of pressure and temperature on sediment bacterial community composition were investigated. Oil transport experiments revealed that the tested regimes resulted in significant entrainment of hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Dispersant application resulted in enhanced oil entrainment into sands but not in silts and this effect depended on the water-solubility of hydrocarbons. Watersoluble components were less affected by dispersant than less water-soluble ones. Investigations into sediment bacterial responses to oil exposure at in situ conditions of pressure and temperature revealed a significant effect of both variables on diversity and community composition, highlighting the importance of conducting deep-sea microbial studies at conditions as close to in situ as possible.
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De, la Cruz Sanchez Carmen Mariella. "Mesure des constantes élastiques du bois d'épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) dans des conditions d'équilibre du séchage à basse température." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23550/23550.pdf.
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L’objectif de cette étude fut d’établir l’effet de la teneur en humidité d’équilibre et de la température sur les constantes élastiques du bois d’épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). La méthode de six éprouvettes fut utilisée pour déterminer les constantes élastiques à huit conditions hygrothermiques, soit à quatre teneurs en humidité (7%, 13%, 17% et au-dessus de la saturation des membranes) et à deux niveaux de température (30°C et 50°C). Les mesures de déformabilité ont été faites en compression axiale. La déformation axiale fut mesurée avec un capteur linéaire Sangamo DG1.0 (LVDT). La déformation transverse fut mesurée avec un capteur extensométrique à demi–anneau (CEDA). Les résultats ont indiqué que la déformabilité du bois augmente au fur et à mesure que son humidité d’équilibre augmente. De plus, pour une même humidité d’équilibre, le bois devient plus déformable à mesure que la température s’élève de 30°C à 50°C.The objective of this research was to study the influence of the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and temperature on the mechanical properties of black spruce wood (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). The six specimen technique was used to determine the elastic parameters under eight hygrothermal conditions: four EMC (7%, 13%, 17% and above the fiber saturation point) at two temperatures (30°C and 50°C). Measurements were made in axial compression tests. Axial strain was measured using a Sangamo DG1.0 linear displacement sensor (LVDT). Transverse strain was measured using two semi-ring extensometers. The results show than wood deformability increases as EMC and temperature increase. Furthermore, at the given EMC, wood deformability increases as temperature increases from 30°C to 50°C.
Inscrite au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
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Wieczorek, Sabine Katharina. "Effects of marine microfouling on the establishment of subtidal hard substratum communities." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13820.
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Sessile marine invertebrate larvae can recognize suitable settlement substrata by using various environmental cues, including organic/microbial "biofilms". In laboratory assays the effect of biofilm age on the settlement of a range of fouling species was assessed: the species included barnacle, bryozoan, spirorbin and ascidian larvae. The larvae of most species responded differentially to films of varying ages. A general trend of reversal of the effect of filming on the settlement response of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite amphitrite- from inhibitory to facilitatory - was noted with increasing film age. The settlement of the solitary ascidian Ciona intestinalis clearly was facilitated on filmed substrata of all ages. The larvae of the arborescent bryozoan Bugula flabellata generally were inhibited by biofilming (irrespective of film age), and the settlement of the polychaete Spirorbis spirorbis was found to be enhanced on "older" (12d) films only. In a series of manipulative panel experiments in a tidal rapid on the west coast of Scotland the effects of biofilming on subsequent larval settlement in the field were quantified. Inhibitory and facilitatory responses to biofilming were noted and these varied markedly between species and between two local habitats of contrasting flow regimes. The larvae of certain year-round settling species were found to vary in their response to biofilmed substrata depending on the season. Quantitative data were obtained for biofilms on artificial substrata by enumerating bacteria, diatoms, protozoans, fungi and the percent cover of microbial exopolymeric substances. These permitted comparisons of biofilms both in field and laboratory experiments. The results of the present study emphasize the importance of microbial surface film cues in explaining recruitment patterns of macrofouling assemblages during the first stages of substratum colonization.
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Harsh, Deborah Armitage. "Filtration of Oysters in Patches: Effects of Water Flow and Seston Composition." W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617693.
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Wale, Matthew A. "The effects of anthropogenic noise playbacks on marine invertebrates." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2018. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1255476.
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Anthropogenic sound has profoundly changed the acoustic environment of aquatic habitats, with growing evidence that even a short exposure to man-made sound sources can negatively affect marine organisms. Marine invertebrates have received little attention regarding their responses to anthropogenic sound, despite their pivotal role in marine ecosystems, and preliminary evidence of their sensitivity. In this thesis, I critically review the methods used in studies investigating the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine invertebrates. I identify methodological trends that have developed along the timeline of this topic, and use this information to suggest three research strategies to further the development of research in this field. From this review, current knowledge gaps are identified, and two main routes to address them are taken in this thesis. Firstly, to address the shortage of particle motion data in anthropogenic sound literature, two new low-cost and easily accessible particle motion sensors were developed and tested, one of them at 0.1% of the cost of currently commercially available models. These sensors will allow the measurement and reproduction of the sound fields experienced by marine invertebrates in bioacoustic research, even when research budgets are tight. Particle motion is the main sound component detected by invertebrates, yet neglected in many aquatic bioacoustical studies. Secondly, to expand on the comparably small quantity of research investigating the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine invertebrates, a series of controlled laboratory experiments were conducted. Two commercially and ecologically important model species were chosen, the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, representing sessile benthic invertebrates, and the European lobster Homarus gammarus, representing mobile benthic invertebrates. Experiments on M. edulis were conducted taking a mechanistic, integrative approach to investigate the effects of sound on multiple levels of biological organisation, including biochemistry, physiology, and behaviour. The ultimate aim was to understand the underlying drivers behind, and interactions between, responses. Comet assay analysis of haemocytes and gill cells demonstrated a significant six-fold higher single strand breakage in the DNA of cells of mussels exposed to ship-noise playback, compared to those kept under ambient conditions. Superoxide dismutase analysis did not identify an excess of superoxide ions, and glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase assays showed no increase in either glutathione or glutathione peroxidase. TBAR assays however revealed 68% more thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, indicating lipid peroxidation in the gill epithelia of noise exposed specimens. Algal clearance rates and oxygen-consumption rates of noise-exposed mussels were significantly lower (84% reduction and 12% reduction respectively), than those of control animals, while valve gape was significantly (60%) wider. This seemingly converse reaction indicates a shock response in mussels with the onset of noise exposure. Finally, at the genetic level, heat shock protein 70 expression was investigated, but no change was identified during noise exposure. Investigation into the noise induced behavioural responses of H. gammarus suggests seasonal differences in behaviour, using movement as a metric, in response to anthropogenic noise playbacks. During both summer and winter exposures, lobsters spent most time away from the highest noise area (98% of the observed time in summer and 78% in winter). The observed seasonal differences in the time spent in the highest noise area (2% in summer and 22% in winter) could be linked to the lobsters' requirement for shelter during winter. This requirement seems to have had a stronger influence over the animals' behaviour than any desire to avoid high noise levels. The information generated in this thesis can be used by researchers working in the field of marine sound to develop well rounded studies exploring the effects of sound on not only marine invertebrates but other faunal groups as well. The construction details provided to produce low cost particle motion sensors, will allow bioacoustic researchers to easily include particle motion measurements in all future studies investigating the effects of sound on fish and invertebrates. The results of the conducted mussel and lobster experiments evidence how multiple aspects of invertebrate biology can be affected by noise. The observed impacts on both sessile and mobile life forms highlight that the effects of noise cannot be fully understood before a wide range of species with different biological and ecological traits have been studied. The integrative approach to noise research used here can serve as a model for other species, and the results pooled to inform governments and industry of the effects of anthropogenic noise in the marine environment.
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Hervé, Stéphane. "Utilisation hyperbare de l'hydrogène comme gaz respiratoire." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25223.
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Barsikyan, Levon Aleksandrovich. "Effects of high intensity oceanic lightning discharges on the Earth's ionosphere." Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1544242.
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Very Low Frequency (VLF 3-30 kHz) receivers are used to monitor the amplitude and phase of signals from powerful naval VLF communication transmitters. Since the VLF transmitter signals propagate in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, they provide a method for remotely sensing ionospheric density changes. The effect of powerful natural oceanic lighting discharges on the ionosphere are investigated using VLF remote sensing and the Global Lighting Detection Network (GLD360). Ionospheric disturbances known as Lighting-induced Electron Precipitation (LEP) events and Early/Fast events are investigated. A comprehensive numerical model of the electron precipitation process is used to compare to observation. Results are compared to previous research on lightning effects on the ionosphere.
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Turner, David John. "Effects of sedimentation on the structure of a phaeophycean dominated macroalgal community." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37702.
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Macroalgae are abundant on shallow temperate reef environments, often forming complex communities that comprise several strata. In southern Australia, these assemblages are dominated by large canopy forming taxa from the Orders Laminariales and Fucales. The presence of subtidal fucoid macroalgae differentiates these communities from that elsewhere, and emphasises the need for local studies rather than relying on generalisations made elsewhere. Like most natural systems, temperate reefs are often threatened by human activity with degradation reported from many locations in close proximity to urban settlements. The work presented in this thesis involves an examination of the temporal and spatial variability in the structure of macroalgal communities from reefs along the Adelaide (South Australia) metropolitan coast. The work looked specifically at the effects of a dispersed sediment plume, resulting from the 1997 beach sand-replenishment dredging program, on shallow sub-tidal reef systems. An examination of the structure of canopy forming phaeophycean macroalgae in Gulf St Vincent (South Australia), noted large amounts of both spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Notwithstanding, this variation was not random, but demonstrated considerable structure that could be linked to a number of important underlying processes. In particular, macroalgal assemblages appeared as a mosaic of patches, each of which comprised a high-density state clearly dominated by a single genus (Cystophora, Sargassum, or Ecklonia), or alternatively a lower density mixed assemblage (Variable Low Abundance, VLA). Macroalgal community structure appeared to be driven by biotic interactions at small scales (metres), such that patches comprised of different species of algae in high density states rarely abutted one another. Instead, VLA assemblages frequently formed a buffer being situated between these mono generic patches. In terms of successional processes, the high-density states appeared to be relatively stable whereas the VLA state, at least in some systems, was transitory. This finding was supported by the absence of intermediary high- density states (e.g. a mix of Cystophora and Ecklonia) implying that state changes must occur via the VLA state following some form of disturbance. Larger scale patterns appeared to be driven by environmental variation, with factors such as wave exposure influencing habitat suitability for individual species and thereby affecting community composition. These phenomena were examined in terms of life history strategies that tend to promote stability, and which are common in late successional taxa. The importance of properties enhancing stability and the role of disturbance was investigated experimentally using a dispersed sediment plume, which entirely engulfed two reefs, as a pulse impact. This disturbance was of particular relevance given that degradation of macroalgal communities in close proximity to the City of Adelaide has been, at least in part, attributed to the effects of elevated levels of sediment. Follow up surveys revealed that the sedimentation from the plume had primarily affected newly recruiting individuals, with few juveniles surviving to one year of age. Over the following few years, the effect of this recruitment failure cascaded into the adult stand. In broader terms, unfavourable climatic conditions prior to the start of the study, including a particularly severe El Nino event, had a widespread effect on local assemblages, causing high levels of both adult and juvenile mortality. As such, at the commencement of the study, macroalgal communities across the study area were in the process of recovery. This was observed at control sites over the duration of the study. In contrast, recruitment failure at the sediment-affected sites retarded the recovery process, exacerbating the problems associated with prior unfavourable climatic events and leaving them in a degraded state. This study demonstrated that macroalgal assemblages are equipped (under natural conditions) to handle 'normal' environmental fluctuations (such as inter-annual variability). However, the additional stress associated with certain anthropogenic impacts has the potential to push them over the limit, causing degradation. The loss of canopy macroalgae reduces the structural complexity of the system, leading to a concomitant reduction in their ability to recover. As such, these findings are of particular relevance to those charged with the responsibility for managing near-shore marine environments. The plume was created accidentally during a dredging operation for beach sand replenishment of Adelaide's eroding shoreline.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2004.
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Al-Dodoee, Omar Hashim Hassoon. "Conception et optimisation des matériaux et structures composites pour des applications navales : effet du slamming." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0050/document.
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L'interaction fluide-structure vise à étudier le contact entre un fluide et un solide. Ce phénomène est très présent lors de l’impact d’une vague sur une structure ou l’inverse. La réponse de la structure peut être fortement affectée par l'action du fluide. L'étude de ce type d'interaction est motivée par le fait que les phénomènes résultants sont parfois catastrophiques pour les structures composites ou constituent dans la majorité des cas un facteur dimensionnant important. Le fluide est caractérisé par son champ de vitesse et de pression. Il exerce des forces aérodynamiques ou hydrodynamiques sur l'interface de la structure qui subit des déformations sous leurs actions. Ces déformations peuvent affecter localement le champ de l'écoulement et donc les charges appliquées. Ce cycle des interactions entre le fluide et le solide est caractéristique du phénomène de slamming. Pour une conception optimale des structures marines, la vitesse du navire est devenue un paramètre important. Par conséquent, les exigences de conception ont été optimisées par rapport au poids structurel. D'autre part, l'apparition des structures composites au cours des dernières décennies a favorisé l'exploitation de ces matériaux dans les grands projets de construction pour les applications marines et aérospatiales. Ceci est dû à la nature de leurs propriétés mécaniques, car elles présentent un rapport rigidité / poids élevé. En revanche, l'interaction entre les structures déformables et la surface libre de l'eau peut affecter le flux du fluide en contact avec la structure ainsi que et les charges hydrodynamiques estimées par rapport au corps rigide, en raison de l'apparition des effets hydro-élastiques. En outre, ces structures sont toujours soumises à des mécanismes de dommages différents et complexes sous un chargement dynamique. Pour ces raisons, la flexibilité et les modes de défaillance dans les matériaux composites présentent une complexité supplémentaire pour prédire les charges hydrodynamiques lorsqu'il y a une interaction avec un fluide (l'eau). Ceci a présenté un défi majeur pour utiliser ces matériaux dans les applications maritimes. Par conséquent, une attention particulière doit être accordée dans la phase de conception et l'analyse des performances pendant l'utilisation à vie. Les principales contributions de ce travail sont l’étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement dynamique des panneaux composites et la quantification de l'effet de la flexibilité de ces panneaux composites sur les charges hydrodynamiques et les déformations résultantes. Pour étudier ces effets, des panneaux composites stratifiés et sandwichs avec deux rigidités différentes sont soumis à diverses vitesses d'impact à l'aide d'une machine de choc équipée d'un système de contrôle de la vitesse. La résistance dynamique a été analysée en termes de charges hydrodynamiques, de déformations dynamiques et de mécanismes de défaillance pour différentes vitesses d'impact. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux a montré que l’effort maximal augmente avec l’augmentation de la flexibilité des panneaux. D'autre part, le modèle numérique de tossage a été implémenté dans le logiciel Abaqus / Explicit basé sur l'approche du modèle Couplé Euler Lagrange (CEL). En outre, différents modes de défaillance des matériaux composites ont été développés et implémentés à l'aide d'une subroutine « VUMAT » définie par l'utilisateur et mis en œuvre dans le code de calcul éléments finis. Pour couvrir tous les modes de défaillance possibles dans les structures composites, l’implémentation de l’endommagement comprend : la rupture intralaminar, la décohésion de l'interface peau / âme et le cisaillement de l’âme. La confrontation des résultats expérimentaux avec les modèles numériques sur la prédiction de la force hydrodynamique et de la déformation du panneau valide l’approche adoptéeGenerally, when marine vessels encounter the water surface on entry and subsequently re-enter the water at high speed (slamming), this can subject the bottom section of the vessels to both local and global effects and generate unwanted vibrations in the structure, especially over very short durations. In marine design, the vessel speed has become an important aspect for optimal structure. Therefore, design requirements have been optimized in relation to the structural weight. In other hand, the appearance of the composite structures in the last decades has encouraged the exploitation of these structures in major construction projects for lightweight marine and aerospace applications. This is due to the nature of their mechanical properties which shows a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. In contrast, the interaction between deformable structures and free water surface can be modified the fluid flow and changed the estimated hydrodynamic loads comparing with rigid body, due to appearance of hydroelastic effects. Moreover, these structures are always subject to different and complex damage mechanisms under dynamic loading. For these reasons, the flexibility and the damage failure modes in composite materials introduce additional complexity for predicting hydrodynamic loads when interactive with water. This considered a key challenge to use these materials in marine applications. Therefore, special attention must be taken in the design phase and the analysis of performances during lifetime use. The main contributions of this work are the experimental and numerical study of the dynamic behavior of composite panels and the quantification of the effect of the flexibility of these structures on the hydrodynamic loads and the resulting deformations. To study these effects, laminate composite and sandwich panels with two different rigidities and subjected to various impact velocities have been investigated experimentally using high speed shock machine with velocity control system. The dynamic resistance was analysed in terms of hydrodynamic loads, dynamic deformation and failure mechanisms for different impact velocities. The general analysis of experiment results were indicated that more flexible panel has a higher peak force as velocity increases compared with higher stiffness panels. On the other hand, the slamming model was implemented in Abaqus/Explicit software based on Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian model approach (CEL). In addition, different damage modes are developed and constructed using a user-defined material subroutine VUMAT and implemented in Finite element method, including the intralaminar damage, debonding in skin/core interface, and core shear to cover all possible damage modes throughout structures. The numerical model gave a good agreement results in judging with experimental data for prediction of the hydrodynamic force and panel deformation. Additionally, this study gives qualitative and quantitative data which provides clear guidance in design phase and the evolution of performances during lifetime of composite structures, for marine structure designers
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Brylawski, Bryce J. "Cultural eutrophication and the clam Macoma balthica: Evidence for trophic disruption and effects on blue crabs." W&M ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616585.
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Cultural eutrophication (CE) is the allochthonous input introduction of a quantity of matter, such as sediments, organic material, or nutrients, into a water body over the pre-anthropogenic (natural) levels. In most coastal estuaries CE has come to refer primarily to an increase in the concentration of phyto-nutrients. CE has been identified as the cause of very graphic phenomena such as hypoxia and fish kills. In this work I examine the potential for CE to alter the composition of the primary producer community and potentially alter or disrupt the benthic food web, using Macoma balthica as an indicator species. A series of surveys and experiments identified that clams in areas with greater than average nutrient concentrations had lower health, slower growth, and greater non-predatory mortality than clams in less eutrophic areas. Primary production, as estimated from chlorophyll a concentration, was greater at higher nutrient locations while the health and growth of clams was lower. The phytoplankton community in the more eutrophic areas had a lower proportion of diatoms relative to dinoflagellates. A biochemical analysis of clam tissue indicated that the clams from the less nutrient rich sites had a greater proportion of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) relative to other fatty acids. Diatoms are rich in EPA compared to dinoflagellates. Thus, we hypothesize that CE induced shifts from diatom based production toward dinoflagellates may be limiting trophic transfer due to a lack of EPA. Using a series of models we were able to predict that trophic disruption could significantly reduce the scope for growth of the blue crab, Callenecties sapidus . Thus it is possible that the CE induced changes to primary producer community could disrupt the food web creating a trophic bottleneck.
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Moore, Althea F. P. "The Effects of Seagrass Species and Trophic Interactions in Experimental Seagrass Communities." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617911.
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