Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets des sols'
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Merzouki, Abderrahmane. "Les effets d'une coupe à blanc sur l'activité biologique d'un sol fersiallitique méditerranéen." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20145.
Full textCharnay, Marie-Paule. "La dégradation accélérée du carbofuran dans les sols : aspects microbiologiques et possibilités de contrôle du phénomène." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10020.
Full textYan, Zhixing. "Biodisponibilité et effets secondaires d' herbicides sulfonylurées dans les sols." Perpignan, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PERP0088.
Full textGafrej, Raoudha. "Modélisation conceptuelle du transfert des matières en suspension : effets d'échelles spatio-temporelles." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066372.
Full textHormaza, Caicedo Bernardo. "Contribution à l'étude de la migration de l'eau dans les sols pendant le gel et le dégel." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ECAP0158.
Full textLe, Forner Sylvie. "Modélisation hydrologique des échanges surface-souterrain avec réseau de fossés en milieu agricole méditérranéen." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20098.
Full textMassoura, Stamatia. "Spéciation et phytodisponibilité du nickel dans les sols." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL009N.
Full textThis thesis relates to the study of parameters which influence the dynamic of nickel and its radionuclide 63 Ni in soils. At the Saille time, the study of the chemical and biological characteriza- tion of these elements availability in the soils is done. The available pool of Ni and 63 Ni (chemical estimation) was measured by chemical and isotopic methods and soil incubations; by evaluating the interest and limits of each roethod. The factors which influence the mobility of metal in soils were thus determined. With through this study, we showed that the bio- and phyto-availability of Ni depend on the soil mineralogy, on the soil weathering, on the type of metal associations with the mineraIs, and on the quantitative presence of these mineraIs. The transfer of Ni and 63 N i from the soil to the plant depends on the metal availability in the soil and on the roots behaviour to the soil offe1, in relation to the strategies of hyperaccumulation, accumulation or exclusion of N z. Plants are able to modify the metal availability in soils by influencing the sorption processes of Ni from the solid phase to the soil solution. They are also able to change the speciation of Ni in solu- tion however the majority form of Ni in the soil solution was N i2+. Hyperaccumulators regulate Ni and 63 N i concentration in soil solution and their migration to the ground water. If the physico-chemical properties of soils, the pollutant availability and the choice of the hyperaccumulators are taken into account, the se plants are able to decrease and control durably the ecotoxicological effects of trace elements and radionuclides contamination in soils
Coll, Patrice. "Qualité des sols viticoles en Languedoc-Roussillon : effets des pratiques agricoles." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0030/document.
Full textSoils should be considered as a non-enewable yet essential resource for agroecosystem functioning. Animportant component of the Terroir, vineyard soils are nevertheless particularly vulnerable to degradation.The main objective of my PhD was to assess the effect of viticultural practices on soil quality in theLanguedoc©Roussillon region. In this aim, I first assessed soil quality on 164 vineyard plots representing awide range of viticultural practices and located in 9 contrasted soil type zones. I then estimated the speed of change in soil quality, by analyzing 24 plots from one homogeneous zone after their conversion toorganic viticulture, undertaken 1 to 17 years ago. Several physical (bulk density, total porosity, structuralstability and soil moisture at field capacity) as well as chemical (carbon and nitrogen content, C/N, P, K and Cu availability, cation exchange capacity) and biological (microbial biomass, respiration, nematode andearthworm abundance) indicators were measured in order to provide a holistic appraisal of soil quality. Myresults show that the variability of vineyard soil quality reflects the perturbations inflicted by differentmanagement practices. I have also established that the majority of the studied indicators are sensitive toviticultural practices, independently of soil type. The study of the dynamics of the change in vineyard soilquality revealed stabilization after 7 to 11 years of organic management practices. However, despite asignificant increase in biological activity (microbial biomass and free©living nematode abundance), no clearimprovement in soil quality was apparent 17 years after conversion to organic viticulture. In conclusion, we have confirmed the vulnerability of Languedoc©Roussillon vineyard soils to current management practices. My work highlights the importance of transferring the acquired knowledge to winegrowers and wine sector professionals in order to improve their perception of soil quality
Aschi, Amira. "Effets des pratiques innovantes sur les communautés microbiennes des sols agricoles et les fonctions associées : cas particuliers de l'introduction de légumineuses et du travail du sol." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES023.
Full textThe intensification of agriculture, which began in the mid 20th century, led to negative impacts on soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics causing a strong decline in their biodiversity. To address these threats, new agricultural practices have emerged to preserve the physical and biological integrity of the soils. These practices, namely innovative practices, include reduced tillage, crop residues management, permanent cover crop or the introduction of legumes in rotations. Considering the changes in agricultural practices, the aim of this thesis was to understand the combined effects of reduced tillage and the introduction of faba bean in crop rotations on the structure of soil microbial communities and soil functions these communities support. The central hypothesis was that the combination of reduced tillage and the introduction of the legume in the rotation improved the structure of microbial communities, enzyme activities and soil nitrogen dynamics. Two approaches were used to evaluate the effect of these innovative practices on the soil microbial communities and the resulting functions. The first approach was a single-factor / single-site approach designed to assess the individual effect of reduced tillage on one hand, and the introduction of the legume on the other hand both under controlled field conditions. The second approach was a multi-factorial approach / multisite approach aiming at investigating the combined effects of these two innovative practices taking into account various farmers’ practices related to the implementation of these innovative practices in farm conditions. The individual effect of the introduction of legume induced modification in the structure of soil microbial communities and the increase of enzyme activities. Moreover, the response of enzyme activities to soil tillage conversion showed significant enhancement by the reduced tillage / no tillage. The multi-factorial / multi-site approach showed that the combinations of these innovative practices are suitable to the soil microbial communities: (i) the presence of the legume as previous crop combined to conventional tillage modified the structure of microbial communities or (ii) the effect of the presence of legume three years before wheat persists under reduced tillage. However, microbial functions and nitrogen dynamics were not affected. Moreover, multi-factorial approach showed that the benefits of these innovative practices cannot be established without considering the whole variability brought by farmers’ practices around the implementation of these two innovative practices. Finally, the observations made with the two approaches suggest a crucial role of microbial communities and their activities on the carbon and nitrogen cycles. These findings have a special resonance in the context of agriculture on-going transformations and the suggestion of new practices that could change the soil biological functioning
Bee-Debras, Agnès. "Etude des systèmes cuivre (II) - acides dihydroxybenzoïques et cuivre (II) - polycondensats : modélisation des interactions de la matière organique des sols avec les métaux oligo-éléments." Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS004.
Full textCheckouri, Isabelle. "Cinétique de fixation du phosphate par un andosol de l'île de la Réunion." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT007A.
Full textEshghi, Malayeri Behrouz. "Décontamination des sols contenant des métaux lourds à l'aide de plantes et de microorganismes." Nancy 1, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1995_0353_ESHGHI_MALAYERI.pdf.
Full textEchairi, Abdelwahad. "Effets du cuivre sur quelques indicateurs de la qualité biologique des sols viticoles : étude à différentes échelles." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS008.
Full textCopper-based fungicides are used for more than a century by vine growers to fight against mildew (and other diseases). As a result, copper accumulates in soil, reaching high concentrations, with potential harmful effects on soil biocenosis. In spite of this threat, copper-based products are still in use, especially in organic farming. In this work, we tried to make clear the effects of copper on some aspects of biological quality of vineyards in “real” conditions, on the short, medium and long term. Long term effects were studied in a region (Champagne) through soil samples representing a large range of copper concentrations. Two different sites, in Burgundy and Champagne were used to study the medium-term effects (decade). Finally, to study in details the short term effects (1-4 years) we used an experimental approach, in three different locations, copper additions being the only source of variation. Biological indicators (microbial biomass, C & N mineralization, nitrification) were used for routine analysis. In addition, two fungal populations of interest for vine growing and wine making were studied: mycorrhizal-arbuscular fungi (MA) and yeasts able to grow on vine juice. The main characteristics of the soil samples were measured simultaneously, including total and EDTA-extractable copper. Microbial biomass is a reliable indicator of soil quality but, for low levels of Cu, spatio-temporal variations were higher than the effects of copper addition. The same observations were made for C and N mineralization activities. Nitrification activity (ammonium oxidation) turned out to be less affected by copper additions than by previous nitrogen additions (as reduced forms: organic N and ammonium N). Therefore, nitrification is not a reliable indicator of Cu contamination. Our results also showed that MA fungal populations are of potential interest to assess the effects of cultural practices, including copper additions, provided the other sources of variation are under control. These populations can be characterized both quantitatively (spore numbers) and qualitatively (diversity of morphological types). Significant differences between treatments were observed in our experiments. However, the efficiency of these populations (for P uptake) are not addressed by these tests. Populations of yeasts are also potentially interesting to study the effects of Cu in vineyards. We developed a protocol to assess both genotypic and phenotypic diversity of these fungal populations. Genotypic characterization was based on 18S rDNA PCR-RFLP and polymorphism of D1-D2 region of 26S rDNA. Phenotypic characterization was limited to the assessment of copper tolerance by measuring growth rate on a medium containing increasing Cu concentrations. The results showed no correlation between genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Many strains were able to grow on media containing high concentrations of copper, even when they were isolated from soil samples without previous Cu application
Ben, Hassine Abdelkader. "Effet d’un traitement électrocinétique sur le comportement d’un mélange de kaolinite et de carbonate en présence de plomb." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENISE030.
Full textSoil remediation and the selection of appropriate methods for this application have attracted special interest in recent years. There are almost as many methods of remediation that type of pollution. Method of depollution by electrokinetic is one of these methods. It consists in applying an electric current and to thereby cause the migration of pollutants. The objective of this work is to study the behavior of kaolinite, a mixture of kaolinite and carbonate of lead under the effect of an electrokinetic treatment and to study the evolution of the structure kaolinite, and kaolinite-carbonate mixtures before and after the electrokinetic. For this study, the sample length was 20 cm. The applied electric field is equal to 1V / cm. Electrokinetic treatment trials are made equal to 48h, 72h, 96h, 120h, 168h, and 192h. Measurements are made during the tests, such as the pH of the anodic and cathodic reservoirs, the intensity of electric current, the potential difference of the sample and the electro-osmotic flow. The measurements performed after the tests are the pH, the conductivity as a function ofthe distance from the anode. And measures by, X-ray diffraction, mercury porosimetry and surface area are also performed to study the evolution of the structure after the electrokinetic treatment
Silvestre, Jérôme. "Étude des conséquences de l'asphyxie racinaire sur la croissance et le développement du colza d'hiver." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT033A.
Full textAsmeta, Ahmed-Fayez. "Comportement hydrodynamique et ohysico-chimique des métaux lourds dans les sols." Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS014.
Full textParsons, Christopher. "Distribution et mobilité de l'arsenic dans les sols : effets de cycles redox successifs." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637484.
Full textMellal, Aïssa. "Analyse des effets du comportement non linéaire des sols sur le mouvement sismique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0549.
Full textBian, Hanbing. "Numerical model for unsaturated sandy soils in seismic area : application to liquefaction." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Bian.pdf.
Full textAlletto, Lionel. "Dynamique de l’eau et dissipation de l’isoxaflutole et du dicétonitrile en monoculture de maïs irrigué : effets du mode de travail du sol et de gestion de l’interculture." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3244/01/Th%C3%A8se_Lionel-Alletto.pdf.
Full textCourde, Laurent. "Etude des effets d'applications répétées de cuivre sur l'activité et la diversité de la microflore des sols." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS048.
Full textLors, Christine. "Impact des produits phytosanitaires sur la diversité spécifique et fonctionnelle de la microflore du sol : cas du dinitro-o-cresol." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Lors.Christine.SMZ9709.pdf.
Full textThe impact of herbicides on the soil microflora was studied through the effect of a model molecule : the DNOC. We first considered the influence of the DNOC on the growth of pure strains of microorganisms selected in 3 microbial groups. Two of the three were defined by their taxonomic position (Rhizobia and Pseudomonas), the third by its functional ability to degrade 2. 4-D. This approach showed that Rhizobia were sensitive, pseudomonas were resistant and 2. 4-D degraders had very different responses to DNOC. This suggests that, in the soil, 2. 4-D degraders may be exposed to important modifications in their diversity with functional consequences. But, this approach cannot reflect what really happens in the soil where physico-chemical and biological protections probably limit the impact of pollutants. That is the reason why, in a second time, we studied the DNOC impact on the structure of two subsets of the soil microbial community : bacteria growing on a non-selective medium and on a medium with 2. 4-D as the main carbon and energy source. We can clearly see that DNOC has destructurating effects on both groups : a diminution of the number of species and a selection of gram negative bacteria. The only difference is in the velocity of the answer which occurs as soon as 7 days for the "total population" and 14 days for the "2. 4-D degraders". Moreover, diversity indices calculated on both morphologic and genetic criteria vary similarly for both populations. We showed a long term based but irreversible convergence of the evolution of control and treated soil samples towards a diminution of the number of microbial species. The DNOC effect ont the metabolic diversity of the total population and on 2. 4-D degraders was then studied. We studied showed that DNOC presence in the soil could modify the metabolic signature of a microbial community defined by the ability to degrade different substrates. The effect is such, that we could consider it as a possible indicator of the ecotoxicological impact of toxic molecules. Functional changes due to the presence of a biocidaal molecule were investigated through its effect on the 2. 4-D degradation in micro-samples. DNOC inhibits the degradation even at low doses where a stepwise effect is observed. This work demonstrates that the soil microbial population reacts to the presence of a chemical pollutant such as the DNOC by a functional and specific adaptation
Alarcon, Charles. "Cycle biogéochimique du silicium en environnement tropical : application à l'étude des sols à Mascareignite de l'île de la Réunion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30030.
Full textLahlah, Jasmina. "Résilience géochimique et microbienne d'un ferralsol associée à des alternances d'aération et d'apport de vinasse de rhumerie." Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0618.
Full textThe spreading of liquid by-products of food industry enables their elimination and supplies the soil with nutrients for plants. Unfortunately, it simultaneously favours anoxia and anaerobic microbial activities that may lead to various geochemical changes, including mineral alterations/neo-formations and metal mobilizations. It also favours changes in microbial taxonomic and functional diversities. The soil resilience has not been checked until now. The goals of this work were therefore (i) to confirm already obtained results dealing with microbial and geochemical changes in anoxic conditions, (ii) to assess for microbial and geochemical resiliences after the return to oxic conditions, and (iii) to describe the survival of anaerobic microorganisms in oxic conditions. Incubations of slurries of a ferralsol of Reunion Island were performed with successively oxic and anoxic conditions, rum vinasse being supplied at the beginning of each of the anoxic periods. Measurements were performed at some dates to characterize the composition of the gaseous headspace of the flasks, the slurry solution (pH, organic and mineral compounds, including metal elements), solid phases (iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxidation level, soil CEC) and microbial communities (fungal biomass, bacteria and archaea numbers, numbers of cultivable fermentative bacteria and Fe(III) reducers, bacteria molecular diversity). Under anoxic conditions, main biotransformations included fermentations, true acetogenesis, Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reductions, SO42- reduction and acetoclastic methanogenesis. They led to a great mobilization of Fe and Mn, as well as an increase in soil CEC. Bacteria and Archaea numbers increased during fermentations and methanogenesis, respectively, whereas fungal biomass remained constant during 28 days in anoxic conditions. Microbial molecular diversity was changed with the appearance of dominant peaks in CE-SSCP characterizations after 2 days of anoxia, but this diversity became more complex for longer anoxic periods. The return to oxic conditions induced the oxidative immobilization of Fe, the exchange of adsorbed Fe(II) with other metals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Pb, Ni …) from which the mobility decreased suddenly. Mn(II) in solution and solid phases was not oxidised for 28 day oxic periods. The soil CEC remained higher than its initial value and Fe solid phases evolved to phases that differed from initial phases and phases at the end of the anoxic period. The fungal biomass transiently increased, whereas the bacteria number didn't vary and the archaea number slightly decreased for treatments in which methanogenesis previously enabled their growth. The bacteria molecular diversity was modified again with the appearance of peaks in CE-SSCP, some ones being already observed after the beginning of anoxic conditions. The persistence of some peaks that appeared in anoxic conditions and the definitive disappearance of other peaks in anoxic conditions suggest that microbial resilience was only partial even after 28 days in oxic conditions. A period in oxic conditions between 2 periods in anoxic conditions did neither affect the growth of bacteria, archaea and cultivable fermentative bacteria, nor the microbial fermentations and Fe(III) reduction during the second anoxic period
Anselmucci, Floriana. "Interaction sol-racines : effets sur la micro-structure du sol." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI064.
Full textThis PhD thesis presents an innovative experimental investigation on the mechanical response of sand to plant root growth.Root-soil interaction is investigated for two different root systems -- Maize and Chickpea -- and two different gradings of Hostun sand with two initial porosities.An original protocol is developed aiming to create samples with repetitive initial nominal properties and representative of the natural interaction.Two experimental campaigns were run on a series of samples with different sands and plants.A 4D (3D+time) analysis of the interaction is carried out by using x-ray Computed Tomography.For each sample, an average of 7 x-rays scans is performed, from the day of the seed sowing up to 7-days-old root system.An image processing technique has been developed and it is applied to the 3D images resulting from the reconstruction of the x-ray scans. Through this image processing, the root system is identified, together with the sand grains and the water present in the system. Finally, a four-phased volume representative of the soil-root system can be defined for each state of the observed samples.Besides, from the 3D greyscale images of the samples, measurements of the kinematics of the system are obtained through local and discrete approaches of image correlation.Local sand porosity and deformations resulting from the four-phased volumes and the image correlations are detailed for one sample of each root-sand configuration.Regarding the impact of the initial sand state on the root system development, the comparison of the different configurations shows, among other things, that the sand density plays a key role on the expansion of the root system, for both plant species.Concerning the sand response to the root growth, the strain tensor computed with image correlation shows that a root shears the soil while growing and the sheared zone is wider when the initial bulk density is lower.This work focuses also on the determination of the sand volumetric response to root growth in the sheared zone and its dependency on the soil density.Sand response is purely dilatant for denser initial states, while the looser sand exhibits a contractant behaviour far from the root surface. Such a response is obtained in the case of both maize and chickpea. Moreover, the contractant behaviour induced by the shearing away from the root is confirmed also for both sand granulometries in a looser state
Afriani, Lusmeilia. "Essais de cisaillement direct des sols grossiers : incidence des procédures d'essai et effets d'échelle." Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN2036.
Full textBenzenati, Ikhlef. "Modélisation du comportement dynamique des sols saturés appliquée aux barrages et effets de site." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0275.
Full textBriones-Gallardo, Roberto. "Caractérisation des propriétés de surface des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (MA) en relation avec l'adsorption du cadmium et du cuivre." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10023.
Full textArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) improved plant survival and growth in heavy metal polluted soils. To understand the contribution symbiosis in the fate of metals in soil-plant systems, the physico-chemical and parietal acido-basic properties of the mycelium of different AM fungi were characterized from their chemical functional description and evolution of surface charge. Metallic ion sorption experiment with cadmium and copper, were performed and the complexation verified by infrared spectroscopy. Sorption kinetics and isotherms were studied in a continuous reactor by an ion selective electrode (Cd2+), in order to establish the sorption mechanisms involved. Results showed that the parietal composition and the distribution of the organic acidity on the fungal wall (related to chitin content and abundance of carboxylic sites) play an key role in the fungal wall reactivity and sequestration of metal. They also determine the mechanisms involved such as the formation of internal sphere complex (complexation) or external sphere complex (precipitation) according to the surface charge developed on the fungal wall
Kaisermann, Aurore. "Effets du changement du régime hydrique sur l'activité et la diversité des communautés microbiennes du sol." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066100.
Full textClivot, Hugues. "Acidification et restauration d'écosystèmes forestiers : effets sur les communautés microbiennes et sur des processus fonctionnels associés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0285/document.
Full textMany terrestrial and freshwater forested ecosystems are affected by anthropogenic acidification, which can led to deleterious effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. To counteract acidification, liming can be used to improve soil and water physicochemical characteristics in order to restore tree health and headwater stream functioning. In particular, liming has been shown to enhance leaf litter breakdown, which is a key ecosystem process in headwater streams. In this context, the aims of this study were, first to investigate if liming, through its effects on soil chemical characteristics, could induce changes on soil microbial communities, and second to identify what factors could be responsible, at the microbial level, of reduced leaf litter breakdown in acidified headwater streams. Results showed that moderate large-scale liming can induce sustainable changes in soil bacterial communities. Major taxonomic changes revealed notably that the ratio between Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria was higher in limed soils compared to their control counterparts, confirming that this ratio could be a microbial indicator of soil quality improvement. Results obtained in the second part of this work showed that sporulating aquatic hyphomycete diversity on leaves was strongly impaired in acidified streams, whereas fungal diversity investigated by molecular analyses was not depressed. The latter showed a lower proportion of aquatic hyphomycetes and a higher proportion of terrestrial fungi on leaves when exposed in an acidified stream compared to a circumneutral one. Microbial activity analyses bring out that Al may be an important factor that could reduce microbial leaf litter processing, this metal inducing notably a P limitation for microbial decomposers. These effects may in turn have repercussions on higher trophic levels and whole ecosystem functioning
Deguines, Nicolas. "Macro-écologie de la pollinisation en France : conséquences des changements d'occupation du sol sur les communautés d'insectes pollinisateurs et le service de pollinisation." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0001.
Full textPollinators are essential to both ecosystem functioning and humanity, by pollinating the majority of flowering plants, among which many crops. Among the threats to biodiversity, land-use changes are a major driver of pollinator declines. However, the vast diversity of pollinators is only partially represented in the scientific literature. This thesis aims to study at a large spatial scale the consequences of land-use changes on communities of insect pollinators (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera), and the provisioning of pollination services. Part of this work relies on a citizen science programme started in 2010, the Photographic Survey of Flower Visitors. We show that urbanisation is the most detrimental land-use change to pollinator communities, in spite of varying sensitivity among insect orders. Within agricultural land-use, pollinator richness increases with either increased proximity to semi-natural areas or higher landscape heterogeneity. Regarding the composition of pollinator communities, feeding specialists are only maintained in the proximity of semi-natural areas. Finally, we analysed two decades of crop production data from French administrative regions, and show that the efficiency of agricultural intensification decreases with increasing crop’ pollinator dependency. This suggests that agricultural intensification has a large scale detrimental effect on pollination services. This thesis highlights (1) the need to study the composition of pollinator communities, and (2) that pollinator conservation at national level must take agricultural areas into consideration. Moreover, our results suggest that mitigating the negative effects of agricultural intensification on pollinators should benefit to both wild plants and pollination services, opening a way to promote efficient agricultural production while preserving biodiversity
Perrin-Ganier, Corinne. "Dispersion et transformation de l'isoproturon dans le sol et l'eau." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL074N.
Full textLn order to identify processes that act on herbicide isoproturon transfer in soil and water, several experimental studies were attempted. Ln the field, isoproturon appeared to reach surface soil water early after treatment. Then, the same soil was used to fill lysimeters placed under natural climatic conditions. Rainwater was able to produce large exportations only during the first month after treatment, because isoproturon, not yet fully degraded, was very mobile. Last, experiments under laboratory controlled conditions showed that isoproturon was sorbed only weakly on soil components. On the opposite, some of its degradation products, which rapidly represent the greatest part of residues, were more strongly held to soil
Morlat, René. "Le terroir viticole : contribution à l'étude de sa caractérisation et de son influence sur les vins : application aux vignobles rouges de moyenne vallée de la Loire." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR22019.
Full textChehbouni, Abdelghani. "Présentation d'un modèle de transfert couplé de masse et de chaleur dans le système sol-végétation-atmosphère pour les zones arides et semi-arides." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30083.
Full textKabibou, Issa. "Effets des variations saisonnières sur l'évolution de certains compartiments microbiens azotés en sols argilo-limoneux." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375986119.
Full textGuérin, Dachkevitch Nathalie. "Emissions de N2 O par les sols cultivés : effets de la teneur en nitrate et de la température." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS081.
Full textPerrier, Thomas. "Etude théorique et expérimentale du comportement biogéochimique de l'Américium-241 en conditions rhizosphériques simplifiées : application dans un sol agricole calcaire." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10058.
Full textOur research investigated the relevant biogeochemical processes controlling 241Am migration in the rhizosphere of agricultural soils. Lixiviation tests were performed on columns packed with calcareous soil artificially contaminated with Am, with various solutions containing citrate and/or glucose to simulate root exudates. Results show contrasted Am releases: minute for a solution in equilibrium with the soil or containing 10-4 M concentrations in exudates, small for important glucose supply, they were 300 to 10000 greater with citrate at >10-2 M with or without glucose, by complexing Am released in solution after the dissolution of carrier phases. Significant Am colloidal transport was also systematically observed. The complexity and inter-connectivity of the processes are pointed out and modelling directions are discussed on the basis of a specific thermodynamical database
Jourjon, Frédérique. "Influence du sol, du climat et de l'alimentation en eau sur le développement de la vigne, la constitution du raisin et la typicité des vins rouges de qualité dans la moyenne vallée de la Loire." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR20109.
Full textStoroni, Alexandre. "Les formes d'affaissement minier dans le bassin ferrifère luxembourgeois : essai de géomorphologie minière." Nancy 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN21025.
Full textThis geomorphological investigation focuses on the mining subsidence forms which have occurred in the Luxembourg mining basin since the middle of the 19th century and are particularly numerous and diverse. The mapping of the mining subsidence forms has shown that both their number and their type vary all over the mining basin. The changing of the environmental conditions as well as the mining regulations and techniques have to be held reponsible for these differences. Ten investigated sites have made it possible to define the mechanisms which have generated the different subsidence forms. Multiple causes have emerged during this analysis, depending primarily on the mining techniques and the rock mechanics of the overburden, both of which are responsible for the downward earth movements. The horizontal earth movements then change the initial shape of the subsidence forms according to the local environmental conditions (the nature of the superficial deposits, the rock fissuration patterns and the stepness of slopes among others) and depending on their age. Furthermore, man has altered the collapse sinks and the cracks where he intended to reuse the land previously damaged by mining subsidence occurrences. This effort rehabilitation has led to a new widespread type of "attenuated forms". On top of the authentic subsidence forms pseudoforms can be found in the same areas which resemble the former ones to a point where they are easily mistaken for them. They are, however, linked to over types of mining activity. In order to classify the vast number of diverse subsidence forms a typology in terms of authentic forms, derived forms and pseudoforms has been worked out
Rebeyrotte, Anne Héraud Hubert. "Méthode d'extraction pour les terrassements rocheux : découpage des talus à l'explosif, évaluation des effets arrière /." Paris : Laboratoire central des ponts et chaussées, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35056659v.
Full textPham, Viet Anh. "Effets de la pression interstitielle sur la réponse sismique des sols : modélisation numérique 1D/ 3 composantes." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985465.
Full textGiakoumakis, Spiros. "Effets de la température sur les caractéristiques hydrodynamiques de deux sols non-saturés, indéformables : contribution à l'étude de la propagation du gel." Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPG0050.
Full textLecompte, François. "Mise en place de l'architecture racinaire du bananier dans un endosol : effets des contraintes physiques liées au compactage." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAP0054.
Full textVan, Leeuwen Cornelis. "Le vignoble de Saint-Emilion : répartition des sols et fonctionnement hydrique; incidence sur le comportement de la vigne et la maturation du raisin." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR20152.
Full textRuiz, Laurent. "Mobilisation du phosphore des apatites dans la rhizosphère : rôle de l'excrétion de protons par les racines." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20246.
Full textLavoie, Martin. "L'effet du type d'horizon, de la densité des racines vivantes et de l'élévation sur la nitrification dans les sols forestiers." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2002.
Find full textGrébil, Géraldine. "Rétention, dégradation et mobilité tébutame : approche modélisée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPL097N.
Full textBen, Hassine Habib. "Etude de l'évolution des propriétés chimiques et physico-hydriques des principaux types de sols céréaliers du Nord-Ouest tunisien : effets sur les productions céréalières." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11038.
Full textSergent, Denis. "Etude du comportement du Sauvignon et du Sémillon selon la diversité géologique et agro-pédologique de la région des Graves : incidences du climat et des sols sur le comportement de la vigne, la maturation des raisins et les vins." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR20453.
Full textTabbal, Diala. "Impact des fissures sur la sécheresse des sols argileux." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10070/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is to study the effect of desiccation cracks on the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of clayey soils.The study includes an experimental study to characterize the influence of cracks on the drying process of clay samples and a numerical study in order to present the impact of cracks on the soil-atmosphere interaction.In the first phase of this study, an experimental work performed in the laboratory to characterize the influence of cracks on drying soil was conducted. Drying tests were conducted on samples of intact and cracked soil where the evolution of the water content and cracking due to drying were monitored. In the second phase of this study, the influence of cracks on the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of clayey soil is presented. A two-dimensional numerical model of soil-atmosphere interaction has been developed considering the presence of cracks. The model takes into account the thermo- fluid coupling of an unsaturated clay soil.The model is used to simulate the evolution of evaporation during the drying process. It shows the impact of cracks on the suction development and water content evolution as well as the air entry value. This study also proposes a simple approach to the consideration of cracks in the soil-atmosphere interaction. In the last part of this work, the influence of cracks on the mechanical behaviour of fine soils is presented and discussed