Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets des fongicides – Environnement'
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Amarouchi, Zakaria. "Impact du réchauffement climatique sur l’interaction vigne/micro-organismes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022REIMS055.
Full textThe gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea has a devastating impact on various economically important crops, including grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), with annual economic losses exceeding10 to 100 billion dollars worldwide. Currently, pesticides remain the main method used to reduce the incidence of this phytopathogenic fungus. However, in addition to emergence of multidrug resistance, chemicals must be increasingly restricted in order to limit their impact on the environment and human health. Thus, in recent years, biological protection is gaining renewed interest. Therefore, the aim of our project is the development of new biotechnologies allowing the grapevine to better resist pathogenic pressures, through the use of beneficial microorganisms. The rhizosphere is a rich source of microorganisms with strong abilities in the biocontrol of plant diseases. In the present study, isolation of plant beneficial microorganisms was carried out on healthy plants. A total of 42 micro-organisms were isolated from different rhizospheric semi-arid soils collected in vineyards of Meknes in Morocco (Latitude 33.75989, Longitude -5.43909). The in vitro antagonism test of the various isolates towards B. cinerea evealed that among all the isolates tested the strains S3, S4, S5 and S6 showed a positive result. These isolates inhibit the growth of B. cinerea. The four strains were identified by the study of biochemical characters and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results of the analyzes showed that the bacterial strains retained were related to the following species, of the Bacillus genus: S3: B. velezensis; S4: B. velezensis; and S5: B. halotollerans. Isolate S6 was classified in the genus Enterobacter and identified as E. cloacae. The antagonism test carried out in planta on vine vitroplants indicates that the four rhizobacteria reduce significantly (59%, 39%, 55%, and 17%, respectively), the symptoms of the disease and reduce damage to photosynthetic activity (PSII) due to attack by B. cinerea. This study revealed that strains of the genus Bacillus and Enterobacter isolated from the rhizosphere of the vine could be used as biological control agents in the protection of the vine
Martel, Anne-Claire. "Méthodes d'extraction et de dosage de trois fongicides (iprodione, vinclozoline et cymoxanil) dans les fruits et légumes : étude de leur disparition sur deux substrats végétaux, framboise et salade." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10209.
Full textVenisse, Nicolas. "Modélisation pharmacocinétique-pharmacodynamique des antifongiques." Poitiers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008POIT1801.
Full textGuilloteau, François. "Fonctionnalisation régiosélective en 5 ou en 4 du cycle 1,2-thiazole : applications en chimie des phytosanitaires." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT2269.
Full textPetit, Anne-Noëlle. "Effets de fongicides anti-Botrytis sur les organes végétatifs et reproducteurs de la vigne." Reims, 2008. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000827.pdf.
Full textIn the vineyard, the use of fungicides is necessary to control grey mould caused by the phytopathogenic Botrytis cinerea. Three applications of botryticides are recommended: at the end of flowering (stage A), at bunch closure (stage B), and at the beginning of berry ripening (stage C). Fludioxonil and fenhexamid belong to two different chemical classes and are commonly used as botryticides. To reduce pesticide use, it’s necessary to improve the knowledge about chemical effects on plant physiology. Therefore, effects of these botryticides have been evaluated on grapevine vegetative and reproductive organs. Indeed, photosynthesis performed in vegetative organs provides the energy and structural substrates for plant growth. Considering reproductive organs, their development is related to the yield. Therefore, the photosynthesis was used as a physiological parameter to study stress caused by fungicides on vegetative organs. Plant defense responses have also been analysed because chemical stress induced by botryticides could activate these responses. Considering the fungicide effects on reproductive organs, various factors which could influence their efficacy were followed: (i) treatment stage, (ii) fungicide mode of action, (iii) selection pressure exerted by fungicides on B. Cinerea and (iv) grapevine defense responses
Petit, Anne-Noëlle Clément Christophe Vaillant-Gaveau N. "Effets de fongicides anti-Botrytis sur les organes végétatifs et reproducteurs de la vigne." Reims : S.C.D. de l'Université, 2008. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000827.pdf.
Full textMarchal, Philippe. "Etude des émissions de fongicides à partir de bois traités : impact sur les compartiments aquatique et aérien." Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Marchal.Philippe.SMZ9603.pdf.
Full textWood preservation is not well known from general population. The principal aim of woob preservation is to protect wood timber against biological degradation that can appears during its use. As other industrial activities, wood preservation has environmental impacts. These last years, news developments are trying to evaluate and reduce these environmental impacts. This study invastigates the fungicide emissions from treated wood and also the impact of these emissions on the aquatic and atmospheric compartment. For the aquatic compartment, we have evaluated the toxicity of the wood, the active ingredient and the treated wood. This was assessed with some biotests including bacteria/plants/animals. For the atmospheric compartment, emissions of pesticide from treated wood were assessed with a small glass test chamber. The risk associated with these emissions and the pesticide concentrations were evaluated. Evaluations of the environmental impact of wood preservatives could in the future be part of the selection of news actives ingredients that have to be efficient and also safe for the environment
Jeliazkov, Aliénor. "Effets d’échelles dans les relations agriculture-environnement-biodiversité." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066706.
Full textAs the compromise between agriculture and biodiversity is mainly based on land management, and hence space, it is crucial to better understand at which spatial scales this compromise has to be developed. In this thesis, we aim to identify characteristic scales of biodiversity for different groups and levels of biological organization and we study the scale effects that may occur in agriculture-environment-biodiversity relationships. We present four studies, three of which relate to pond ecosystems, and we emphasize the highly valuable functions of these ecosystems in agricultural landscapes. In the first part, we study the effects of analysis scales and of influence scales in amphibian-environment relationships. We show the relevance of combining network-centred strategies of conservation with more localized actions. In the second part, we examine the effects of policy scales in the response of bird biodiversity to crop practices and landscape. These drivers have contrasted influences according to the scales and the species ecological traits. In the third part, we identify characteristic scales of aquatic macroinvertebrates community and we explore hypotheses about the potential processes underlying these patterns. Overall, this thesis highlights the necessity and the chance of compromises for maintaining biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. In particular, we advocate that such compromises can efficiently be designed and achieved only by explicitly accounting for scale effects in the relationships between agriculture, environment and biodiversity
Delétage-Grandon, Céline. "Effets de diverses modulations structurales sur les propriétés d'absorption et de transport des xénobiontes. Premières applications aux fongicides." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2303.
Full textMangin-Peyrard, Madeleine. "Effets de deux nouveaux fongicides à groupement triazole, le bromuconazole et le RPA 400727 sur quelques parasites foliaires des céréales : étude histologique et ultrastructurale." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10209.
Full textDe, oliveira Julie. "Utilisation de poissons zèbres génétiquement modifiés pour l'étude des mécanismes et des effets des perturbateurs endocriniens." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IAVF0018.
Full textEndocrine disrupters (EDs) are widespread aquatic environment contaminants that are at risk for aquatic organisms. In this regards, development and implementation of tests to identify EDs and quantify their effects is still a challenge. In this context, the objectives of this thesis were to study the effects and mechanisms of action of EDs of environmental interest both at the molecular (steroidogenesis, vitellogenesis) and physiological (reproductive function) levels. For that, transgenic zebrafish lines (cyp11c1-eGFP, cyp11c1-eGFP-casper, cyp19a1a-eGFP, cyp19a1a-eGFP-casper) expressing a fluorescent protein under the control of promoters of genes known to be targets of Eds (steroidogenic genes) were used.The present work showed that there exist no behavioral (sociality, anxiety) or reproductive differences between our transgenic lines and the wild type AB zebrafish. Exposures to azole fungicides (clotrimazole, prochloraz, imazalil) highlighted the absence of bias induced by the transgene insertions, our transgenic lines responding to substances like the wild-type zebrafish. Finally, the different exposures allowed us to evaluate the effects of azole fungicides and synthetic progestins (norethindrone) on reproduction and gonadal aromatase expression in fish.Overall, this thesis allowed (i) to evaluate the sensitivity of each transgenic model compared to wild-type zebrafish, (ii) to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each model to propose a reliable and relevant use for the study of EDs; (iii) to provide knowledge on the endocrine disrupting effects of azole fungicides and progestins, especially on zebrafish reproduction
De, Blois de La Calande Charlotte. "Goutte d'eau nageuse en environnement complexe, confinement, gravité et effets collectifs." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET038.
Full textOne may simply be amazed in front of the diversity and complexity of life. Yet, and maybe even more bewildering, living systems all share common hallmarks: compartmentalization, growth and division, information processing, energy transduction and adaptability. In particular, the mobility plays a crucial role in the competitiveness between different species. Physics at microscales is different from the one we are used to at our macroscopic scale. This is why, micro-swimmers have developed specific strategies to induce motion. The understanding of such strategies is crucial at the fundamental level to apprehend the behavior of biological micro-swimmer, but also to achieve artificial locomotion in a surrounding fluid at the micron-scale, in order to perform a multitude of tasks in technical and medical applications (transport, mixing), which has become a central goal of nanoscience. In this context, biological and artificial micro-swimmers have been intensively studied, and we place our study in the framework of swimming in a realistic and complex environment, in the case where external factors (confinement, external force, other swimmers) may influence the swimming properties. In this work, using microfluidic, we create, put into complex situation and observe a model swimmer: a pure water swimming droplet in an outer oil-micelle solution. It was shown that the droplet motion emerges from the nonlinear coupling of hydrodynamics and advection-diffusion of micelles filled with water. We first study the effect of confinement on such geometries using confocal PIV in 3D. The presence of one wall breaks the natural axisymmetry of the flow field. We propose a simplified analytical formulation taking into account the presence of the wall and the effect of buoyancy. This model accounts for the far field hydrodynamic of the droplet close to a wall that differs from the no-wall case. We then look at more confined geometries using glass capillary microfluidic. The velocity of the droplet decreases with increasing confinement; but surprisingly; it saturates at a non-zero value for droplets bigger than the channel height: even very long droplets swim. In more complex geometries, such as stretched capillaries; the droplet elongates while swimming, and amazingly, may undergo successive spontaneous splitting events for high enough confinement. We show that this behavior comes from a saturation in the swollen micelles concentration along the droplet length. External force - such as gravity – also influence the droplet behavior. In 2D, by observing a swimming droplet on an inclined plane, we show that gravity orients the droplet, and that under strong gravity, the droplet’s velocity is more than the simple additivity of the gravity and activity. This is discussed in the light of a theoretical study of the instability mechanism under an external force. The droplet in 1D exhibit a similar behavior, but is also able to swim against gravity. Finally, we investigate their collective dynamics in a 1D micro-fluidic channel. We observe experimentally a rich phenomenology: neighboring droplets align and form large trains. Exanimating the interactions between two "colliding" droplets shows that alignment rises from the interplay between velocity fluctuations and the absence of Galilean invariance. Taking these observations as the basis for a minimalistic 1D model of active particles and combining analytical and numerical arguments, we show that the system exhibits a transition to collective motion. Altogether, the swimming droplet shares numerous similarities with living system: compartmentalization (a droplet), division (under confinement), energy transduction (by thermodynamic relaxation) and adaptability (through the swimming). Beyond the simple understanding of our peculiar system, these studies give insight on various phenomena at the interface of hydrodynamics, physico-chemical engineering and active matter
Sauvage, Hélène. "Détection et quantification d'Aphanomyces euteiches dans les parcelles agricoles pour la prévention des risques phytosanitaires." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES080.
Full textDurand, Renaud. "Modélisation des effets de dose dans les circuits intégrés en environnement spatial." Toulouse, ISAE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ESAE0016.
Full textDoignon, François. "Influence des fongicides inhibiteurs de la biosynthèse de l'ergostérol chez Saccharomyces Cerevisiae lors de la fermentation alcoolique : Etude et utilisation des gènes impliqués." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR20143.
Full textDemonchy, Mathilde. "Modélisation de l'effet primaire des rayonnements sur l'ADN dans son environnement." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30194.
Full textAubert, Christophe. "Influence de traitements fongicides inhibiteurs de la biosynthèse de l'ergostérol sur le potentiel aromatique du raisin Muscat d'Alexandrie, de la pomme Golden delicious et des produits dérivés." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20139.
Full textSéon-Massin, Nirmala. "La radiation adaptative en environnement hétérogène : effets de la dispersion et des perturbations." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066123.
Full textChaignon, Valérie. "Biodisponobilité du cuivre dans la rhizosphère de différentes plantes cultivées. Cas de sols viticoles contaminés par de fongicides." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30055.
Full text@The accumulation of Cu observed in the topsoil of vineyards as a consequence of the repeated us of Cu-based fungicides might result in a contamination of plants cropped on these soils. In this context, we aimed at evaluating the soil and rhizosphere factors involved in the control of Cu bioavailability for various plant species cropped on acidic and calcareous vineyard soils from Languedoc Roussillon. For this purpose, test cultures (biotests) have been conducted in the laboratory with a peculiar cropping device which provides an easy access to roots and rhizosphere soil. Shoot Cu concentrations did never reach phytotoxic levels as defined in the literature. The highest Cu concentrations were measured in the roots and, more so in the intercellular space of root tissues (apoplasm). Contrarily to shoot Cu concentration occured to be a relevant indicator for evaluating the risks for plant contamination and the bioavailability of Cu in calcareous soils. This indicator of bioavailability was strongly correlated with Cu extracted by K-pyrophosphate, Na2-EDTA and even HF (total Cu) in calcareous soils. It was also correlated with the organic matter and Fe oxide contents of these soils. .
KERN, THIERRY. "Les effets extra-auditifs du bruit sur la sante : etat des connaissances en 1994." Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15098.
Full textFrançois, Fabienne, and Jean-Louis Benoit-Guyod. "Développement d'outils génétiques et moléculaires pour l'étude des résistances aux antifongiques chez Candida lusitaniae : caractérisation d'une résistance croisée 5-fluorocytosine/fluconazole." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE18007.
Full textThe increase of candidiasis in immunodefficient patients generates antifungal resistance problems among Candida species. We worked in this field with C. Lusitaniae, an opportunistic and pathogenic yeast known as easily developing resistance, and furthermore an avantageous haploid organism with a sexual cycle. Before its use as a model, the development of genetic and molecular tools was necessary. We first have determined the environmental conditions to trigger and complete the sexual cycle of all isolates in a collection of 76 clinical specimens. This led us to develop a method for isolating ascospores in order to perform genetic analysis and to propose an alternative identification test relying upon sexual reproductive ability. Using an amplification strategy combined to a chromosome walking, we have then cloned and sequenced the C. Lusitaniae URA3 gene, encoding orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, to use it as a selectable marker in a specific tranformation system. C. Lusitaniae ura3 mutants were succesfully electrotransformed with an efficiency comparable to that observed in C. Albicans. Finally, in the course of the study of C. Lusitaniae clinical isolates 5-fluorocytosine (5FC)-resistant and fluconazole (FCZ)-susceptible, we provided evidence and characterized an original cross-resistance phenotype appearing when 5FC / FCZ were used in association. According to genetic analysis, only the 5FC resistant gene would control this phenotype. Kinetic transport studies with [14C]5FC showed a defect of 5FC uptake related to a deficiency of the purine-cytosine permease, encoded by the FCY2 gene. Cross resistance could be the result of a competitive inhibition of FCZ uptake transport by extracellular 5FC. This hypothesis supports the occurrence of a FCZ uptake transporter, which has never been suggested thus far, and provides information on a new possible mechanism of resistance to FCZ, associated to an uptake deficiency of this drug, which can affect all species of the Candida genus
Gandar, Allison. "Réponse aux stress multiples chez les poissons : effets croisés de la température et des cocktails de pesticides." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30310/document.
Full textCrossed-effects between climate change and chemical pollutions were identified on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Temperature rising affect the toxic properties of pollutants and the sensitiveness of organisms to chemicals stress. Inversely, chemical exposure may decrease the thermal tolerance of ectothermic species, as fish. In this context, we studied the response of a biological model in aquatic toxicology, the goldfish (Carassius auratus), to individual and combined chemical and thermal stresses. In this aim, we exposed the goldfish to environmental relevant concentrations of herbicide and fungicide mixtures at two temperatures for 96 hours or 16 days. The fish responses were assessed from the molecular level to individual endpoints, including omic approaches (proteomic and metabolomic), biochemical analyses (cortisol, antioxidant defenses, cellular energy allocation), indexes (somatic and condition factors) and behavioral assays (sediment reworking, activity, exploration and feeding). Our results showed that individual chemical or thermal stresses induced a general stress response including biochemical, metabolic, physiological and behavioral compensations. The absence of deleterious effect on the global condition of fish suggested the implementation of an efficient and adaptive stress response, while the hypoactivity of fish exposed to pesticide mixtures could entrain a decreased performance and fitness into the wild. At the opposite, the combined chemical and thermal stresses induced reciprocal inactivation of the stress response, with antagonism effect on cortisol secretion, antioxidant defense induction and metabolic compensation. However, increased effect on behavioral traits and decreased global condition of fish were observed. Our study showed that temperature rising sensitized fish to pesticide exposure. Finally, inhibited stress response in fish exposed to pesticide cocktails raises concerns about species conservation an ecosystem under multiple pressures
Perrier, Anthony. "Ostéoblastes et environnement physico-chimique : effets du contenu minéral matriciel et des micro-vibrations." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672348.
Full textThomas, Nathalie. "La lecture interactive :étude de ses effets sur l'enfant de maternelle et son environnement." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/308487.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
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Vuillerme, Valéry. "Echanges énergétiques entre le nourrisson et son environnement : étude des facteurs pouvant conduire à l'hyperthermie." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2265.
Full textPoiroux, Florine. "Etude des effets des facteurs de l'environnement sur la concentration en caroténoïdes dans la pulpe de clémentines : citrus clementina hort. ex tan." Corte, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CORT0024.
Full textFruits are a major source of vitamins and secondary metabolites. Although there is a debate about the way secondary metabolites impact human health, there is a general consensus that the much praised health benefits of fruits are, at least partially, attributable to their high concentrations in vitamins and secondary metabolites. Carotenoids, and in particular carotenoids endowed with provitamin A (β-carotene, α- carotene and β-cryptoxanthine) are vital components of the human diet. Many observations suggest that they have an impact in preventing of diseases. Citrus fruits are a major source of carotenoids by both concentration and diversity. With the objective to produce citrus fruit with increased or guarenteed amounts of carotenoids, we tested two hypotheses. The first is that sugar supply influences biosynthesis and accumulation of carotenoids, and the second, is that oxidative stress or the associated variations in redox status in this biosynthesis. (. . . /. . . )
Khireche-Oldache, Baya. "Les effets structurants des normes sur les entreprises : une application aux normes environnementales." Nancy 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN22001.
Full textGhodbani, Tarik. "Environnement et littoralisation dans l'Ouest algérien." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083042.
Full textThe thesis deals with the problem of intensive coastal growth and its impacts on environmental in the western coast of Algeria, "From the slope of the Dahra Mountains eastward to Oued Kiss Westward". It focuses on the man – environment relationship by combining the knowledge of physical geography to human geography. It analyzes the different modes of occupation of the coastal area, and addresses the interactions between different components of the landscape at the ecological, economic and social level. The thesis is structured in three parts, and includes analysis based on case studies. The first deals with environmental issues by three entries: the disruption of coastal dynamics, the loss of biodiversity and degradation of the natural landscape. The second focuses on explaining the causes of degradation through the study of littoralization and its various mutations at the regional and local level. The third and final section is devoted to the study of management tools, the main actors involved and the use conflicts around the issue of environment and coastal land, in order to end up finall to a set of proposals for an integrated management of coastal areas in Algeria, in general, and the west coast in particular. Two methods are applied: one diachronic and the other multiscalaire. The diachronic, deals with evolution over time, of the interactions between coastal occupation and natural landscape. The multiscalaire, deals with an analysis of various phenomena through several layers of scales, from local to global, and vice versa
Trégon, Bernard. "Evaluation et caractérisation d'une technologie d'assemblage MCM-L pour environnement haute pression forte température (120 MPa, 175°C)." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12580.
Full textThe first part of this study is an analysis of electronics needs for severe environmental conditions, that is pressure/temperature combined stress, and so the different potentials applications domains, The second part establish a liste of degradation modes of assembly materials implied in prototypes manufacture. These protoypes are intend to word under 120Mpa of pressure and 175°C of température. Analytic modelisation of each degradation modes are listed; Then we designed and realised an environmental test bench to study our prototypes. The third part is a theoretical behavioural study of components parts under pressure/temperature combined stress. This study has been completed through an experimental analysis. Finally, the fourth part is an experimental analysis of complete prototypes manufactured for our study. This analysis deals about sturdiness of the electronic funcion, so as about the different assembly options degradations of each protoypes. This analysis has been completed with a simulation study using finite elements method
Guyon, Jean-Paul. "Environnement et croissance du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Aït. ) et du pin noir d'Autriche (Pinus nigra Arn. ) : applications en sylviculture." Nancy 1, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1998_0144_GUYON.pdf.
Full textGuetté, Adrien. "Contribution à l'analyse multiscalaire de l'anthropisation et la naturalité en géographie de la conservation." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2009/document.
Full textIn the current context of the biodiversity crisis, it is now urgent to quantify and map the evolution of anthropization.The first part documents the spatial and temporal evolution of several anthropogenic pressures at three spatial scales. First, it is the global dimension of anthropization that is demonstrated by the study of worldwide light pollutions. Then, at the scale of France, the confrontation of the spatial distribution of the built-up areas with the distribution of the common birds highlights the structuring effects of the anthropization on the biodiversity. Finally, at a territorial scale, the documentation over nearly 300 years of several indices of anthropization reveals the oldness of the influence of humans on landscapes.The second part gives an operational approach of mapping of the anthropization and naturalness in order to identify the least human pressured areas. At the regional scale, we propose a methodology for mapping cumulative anthropic pressures. Then, at the territorial scale, we decompose different facets of the naturalness to map them. Finally, at the scale of a particular habitat, we test the influence of two facets of naturalness on avian biodiversity.This work underlines the polymorphic character of the types of anthropization and naturalness. Finally, these two notions can’t be apprehended only at one spatial and temporal scale, but should, on the contrary, be understood as processes and not fixed states in time and space
Espagne, Agathe. "Photoisomérisation ultrarapide du chromophore et de la protéine jaune photoactive : effets de structure et d' environnement." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066500.
Full textAlarcon, Charles. "Cycle biogéochimique du silicium en environnement tropical : application à l'étude des sols à Mascareignite de l'île de la Réunion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30030.
Full textBentayeb, Malek. "Effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé respiratoire des personnes âgées." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066069.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis was to increase knowledge on the respiratory effects of air pollution in the elderly where few data are available. Specific objectives were: (1) To study the relationship between proximity air pollution and respiratory health in elderly (2) To study the relationship between indoor air pollution measured objectively (in French households and in European nursing homes) on respiratory health of elderly (3) to explore the hypothesis of higher susceptibility of the elderly to the effects of outdoor and indoor air pollution. Data from three epidemiological studies based on samples of a general population were used: the three cities study (3C) in the investigation of the effects of outdoor air pollution, the campaign of the French Observatory for Indoor Air Quality (OQAI) and "GERiatric study In Europe on health effects of air quality in nursing homes"(GERIE) to investigate effects of indoor air pollution. Our results are consistent with previous data and suggest that exposure to air pollution (outdoors and indoors), even at lower concentrations, could be significantly related to high prevalence of respiratory health outcomes among elderly more specifically symptoms suggestive of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) such as breathlessness, dyspnea, chronic cough and phlegm, and wheezes suggestive of asthma. The most consistent results were obtained for breathlessness and dyspnea. Some associations were more pronounced in older subjects, this support the hypothesis of greater susceptibility of elderly regarding exposure to air pollution
Caussanel, Matthieu. "Tenue au rayonnement de composants optoélectroniques destinés à l'environnement spatial : L'amplificateur optique à fibre dopée erbium." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20055.
Full textRiera, Florence. "Physiologie thermique et métabolique des immersions prolongées en environnement froid." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20696.
Full textProlonged exposure to cold water induces a decrease in core temperature (Tco) as well as at the level of the extremities even in wet-suited divers. An experiment was thus carried out to verify the type of thermal reaction and whether the standard wet-suit used by French navy seals provides adequate protection during a 6-hour long dive. Ten male professional divers, participated in three 6-h full immersions, naked in 34°C water, and fully wet-suited in 10°C and 18°C water. In 34°C water, a true thermal equilibrium was observed in every subject during the 6h without any change in metabolism. In cool water, Tco decreased regularly all along the experiment to reach 36. 2 ± 0. 4 °C in both conditions. Mean skin temperatures (mTsk) decreased dramatically during the first three hours of the immersion than stabilized at a lower level at 10°C (25. 6 ± 0. 8 °C) than at 18°C (29. 3 ± 0. 9 °C, the difference being significant, p<0. 05). However, Tsk of the hands did not plateau, and reached values of 13. 9 ± 1. 4 °C and 13. 8 ± 1. 8 °C at 10 and 18 °C, respectively, leading to a dramatic numbness and discomfort in both cases. In such conditions, heat losses, even limited, are not fully compensated without any change during the immersion. However, metabolic data showed consistently a decrease of RER and lactatemia during the second half of cold exposure at 10°C and an increase in plasma glycerol and free fatty acid, in favour of a shift from a glucidic to a lipidic metabolism during the immersion, likely to be induced by the shivering and the adrenergic stimulation. This study shows that professional divers were able to undergo six-hour long immersions in cold water (10 or 18°C) with standard wet-suits without experiencing hypothermia. However, they experienced major thermal discomfort at the end of the immersion, especially at the level of the hands and feet. In such conditions, very close to the reality, it thus seems that metabolic heat production is i) mainly related to the skins temperature and heat losses and not to the core temperature, and ii) never sufficient to fully overcome the decrease of the core temperature and iii) depending of specific “adaptative” strategy that each swimmer probably developed in response to cool water exposure
Kang, Seung-Jin. "L'analyse des effets économiques de politiques d'environnement par un modèle d'équilibre général appliqué : le cas de la Corée du Sud." Grenoble 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE21025.
Full textDubois, Corentin. "Méthodes de Monte Carlo séquentielles pour l'estimation de fréquences fondamentales : application à la reconnaissance de l'effet de métabole, en environnement urbain." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2097.
Full textSystems aimed at performing content-based audio signal retrieval, such as multimedia search engine, are currently under intense development. The audio information that the computer needs to make a decision is usually characterized by audio features. Even if their choice often results from heuristics, the triplet fundamental frequency/energy/frequency structure is usualy preferred. Indeed, a signal can be reconstructed from it and its similarity to the original signal on a perceptive level, shows that the useful information is kept. A ibliographical study emphasizes that the estimation of this triplet of features is quite hard to perform in the polyphonic case and often needs some strong structural assumptions about the processed signal. .
Bion, Thierry. "Modélisation des effets singuliers induits dans les composants électroniques par les protons rapides de l'environnement spatial." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ESAE0006.
Full textAuvergne, Romane. "Effets d'un environnement enrichi sur la susceptibilité épileptique et l'apprentissage dans l'épilepsie expérimentale : implication potentielle de la neurogénèse." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE4080.
Full textTemporal lobe epilepsy represents the most common type of partial epilepsy. These epilepsies are drug-resistant in 20 to 30 % of the cases and are often accompanied by severe neuropsychological deficits. This pathology is associated with unique morphological changes in the hippocampus characterized by a selective pattern of cell loss and a reorganization of neuronal networks. Among those plastic changes, an increase in progenitor cell proliferation and subsequent neurogenesis has been reported in several models of experimental epilepsy. It is generally assumed that such cells contribute to epileptogenesis. However, the data remain controversial and function of newly born cells generated in such situations remains to be established. Housing rats in enriched conditions induces substantial structural changes in the rodent hippocampus. Environmentatl enrichment (EE) has been shown to be very efficient at enhancing synaptic and cellular plasticity, such as neurogenesis. There is also considerable evidence that EE can improve related basic functions such as specific learning and memory and enhance the functional and cognitive recovery following a variety of brain injuries in animals such as lesion, trauma or ischemia. The relationship between the cellular and the behavioural changes remains to be specified but the potential implication of neurogenesis has been suggested. The present thesis investigates whether EE-housing conditions could influence various parameters associated with seizure induction in adult rats, using the kindling and the kainite models of experimental epilepsy. Epileptic susceptibility, spatial learning and memory performances, cell death and neurogenesis were assessed for animals housed in EE pre- or post-operatively or placed in isolated conditions. Further more, the potential relationships between neurogenesis, epileptogenesis and learning performances were assessed in this context. We have demonstrated that EE can slow epileptogenesis, diminish cell death and enhance neurogenesis but does not compensate the cognitive deficits associated with seizure induction. Alterations in neurogenesis were not directly related to alterations in epiletogenesis or cognitive abilities. Our results implied that other mechanisms may account for these effects and allowed us to suggest different assumptions concerning the role of newly born neurons in the pathology
Bringer, Arno. "Environnement & Conchyliculture : étude des effets des microplastiques et pesticides chez l’huître creuse, Crassostrea gigas, des Pertuis Charentais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS012.
Full textMicroplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in coastal areas and oceans around the world. MPs are of environmental concern due to their potential impacts on a wide range of marine organisms, so assessing their impact on ecosystems has become an urgent research priority. In addition, the phytosanitary substances regularly used in agriculture flow into coastal environments by runoff. This thesis focused on (i) an exploratory study of a pilot site in Pertuis Charentais (PC) in order to assess the extent of plastic contamination in order to be able to perform toxicity tests on (ii) the early and (iii) late stages of development in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. This work provides a first investigation of the plastic contamination state (macro and micro) of a coastline PC pilot study site, where the presence of aquaculture plastics as well as significant concentrations of MPs in beach sediments, have been identified. In addition, the experiments carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, inform us about the toxic effects of PE-MPs and pesticides on the early stages of development (embryotoxicity). Pesticides dosed in PC seawater have shown significant effects at concentrations close to the natural environment, while MPs are toxic at higher concentrations. Effects on development, growth, and swimming behaviour are to be noted. Additional experiments were carried out on later stages in particular oyster spat showed altered valve behaviour following a 25-day exposure to PE-MPs and chlortoluron, under laboratory conditions. Intergenerational effects have been observed with the use of environmental MPs (cocktail of PE, PP and PVC), aged near oyster farms. The quality and success of fertilization was modified as well as the development and behaviour of D-larvae from parents exposed for two months. These initial results will help strengthen the knowledge of the scientific community and inform shellfish industry professionals and stakeholders on the risks of emerging contaminants, such as MPs and pesticides. Adaptations of shellfish farming practices will be necessary in order to avoid a probable deterioration in the quality of coastal waters in the PC
Pham, Mac Thu Trang. "Données récentes sur la toxicité de l'arsenic : son comportement dans l'environnement et ses effets biologiques chez l'homme." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P179.
Full textLevet, Anne-Laure. "Impact économique des politiques environnementales : les effets sur les coûts et la compétitivité des entreprises aéronautiques." Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020008.
Full textMonnier, Thierry. "Durcissement de circuits convertisseurs A/N rapides fonctionnant en environnement spatial." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20112.
Full textQuittard, Olivier. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes de guérison intervenant dans la sélection des composants de type mos utilisés en environnements radiatifs." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20185.
Full textSaigné, Frédéric. "Une nouvelle approche de la sélection des composants de type mos pour l'environnement radiatif spatial." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20218.
Full textJalali, Jihen. "Contribution à la gestion environnementale des zones de stockage des phosphogypses en Tunisie : traitement par association bioaugmentation / phytoextraction." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4104.
Full textThe present work aims at solving the environmental problem raised by phosphogypsum (PG), thanks to a potentially invasive and cheap approach which relies on the use of living organisms (plants and microorganisms). Two objectives are pursued: i) extracting contaminants from PG to reduce the environmental risk and ii) valuing rare earths. The phytoextraction method associated with bioaugmentation are applied to Cd and Sr (environmental objective) and Ce, La, Nd and Y (economic objective). As a first step, an assessment of the environmental impact of all PG depository sites in Tunisia is carried out, with the physico-chemical analysis of soils adjoining PG deposits, as well as the bacterial and plant communities which naturally colonize sites. Among the present plant species, The Zygophylum album accumulates the most metal trace elements (MTE). As a second step, the isolated bacteria from on-site samples are evaluated for their ability to tolerate the studied MTE, their ability to mobilize MTE through the production of siderophores, including pyoverdine, and to stimulate the plants growth through the production of indole acetic acid (AIA) and degradation of the ACC deaminase. The most successful bacteria are associated with commercial plants (Trifolium pratense and Helianthus annus) which are grown on a PG-Compost mixture. Both plants mainly accumulated Sr and to a lesser extent Ce, La and Nd. The coupling of Bacteria-plant help stimulate plant growth and increase the bioavailability of the studied MTE, except for Cd
Baudiffier, Damien. "Modes de perturbation de la stéroïdogenèse testiculaire et de la spermatogenèse chez le poisson zèbre (Danio rerio) par des fongicides azolés." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783232.
Full textCohen, Muriel. "Caractérisation des modes de défaillance des capteurs d'images CMOS à pixels actifs en environnement spatial." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ESAE0019.
Full textRichard, Geneviève. "Développement d'un biofongicide à base d'ail et de chitosane pour lutter contre le blanc de la tomate de serre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24686/24686.pdf.
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