Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets de site topographiques'
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Nguyen, Hieu Toan. "Évaluation des effets de site topographiques dans les pentes soumises à des sollicitations dynamiques par simulations numériques." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0074/document.
Full textEarthquakes are known as destructive and murderous natural catastrophe. Particularly in the mountainous regions, the effects of earthquakes are still much aggravated due to the topographic site effects. The presence of a slope causes an amplification of the seismic signal, particularly in the vicinity of the crest. Numerous earthquakes in the past such as the 1909 Lambesc earthquake (Ms=6.2) which led to the destruction of the Rognes village (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), or more recently the 1999 Athens, Greece earthquake (Ms=5.9) which damaged the Adames city as well as the 1999 Chichi, Taiwan earthquake (MW=7.6), the 2001 El Salvador earthquake (MW=7.6) and the 2008 Sichuan earthquake (MW=7.9) responsible for numerous catastrophic landslides are representative examples. Post-seismic investigations demonstrated a significant contribution of topographic site effects on the human and material damage assessment.In order to improve the knowledge of this phenomenon, numerous numerical simulations were performed on the step-like slope models by using the FLAC 2D software (Itasca). The obtained results were analyzed by considering various criteria such as amplification factors, dimensions and area of amplification zones as well as spatial distribution of these zones inside the slope mass. The parametric analyses allow underlining the principal role of the dimensionless frequency, ratio of the slope height to the wavelength of the seismic signal, in the evaluation of topographic site effects. These results also show that the slope angle is the second important parameter, followed by the Poisson's ratio and the geometry of the crest and of the toe of slope.These numerical results allow pointing out empirical equations, called ANS, which can be used to estimate the topographic site effects according to different interpretation criteria. These formulas are suitable for seismic signals with a relatively narrow band of predominant frequencies. For other cases, the method concerning decomposition of seismic incident wave (MD) was developed in this work. This method is based on the decomposition of the complex multi-frequency seismic signal into multiple mono-frequency waves by using Fourier transform. The effect of the complex signal is then evaluated through a combination of the effects of elementary waves. The approaches developed in this work (ANS and MD) allow evaluating the topographic site effects, by taking into account geomorphologic and seismic parameters of the slope as well as the frequency content of the seismic signal, without recourse to numerical simulations
Nguyen, Hieu Toan. "Évaluation des effets de site topographiques dans les pentes soumises à des sollicitations dynamiques par simulations numériques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0074.
Full textEarthquakes are known as destructive and murderous natural catastrophe. Particularly in the mountainous regions, the effects of earthquakes are still much aggravated due to the topographic site effects. The presence of a slope causes an amplification of the seismic signal, particularly in the vicinity of the crest. Numerous earthquakes in the past such as the 1909 Lambesc earthquake (Ms=6.2) which led to the destruction of the Rognes village (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), or more recently the 1999 Athens, Greece earthquake (Ms=5.9) which damaged the Adames city as well as the 1999 Chichi, Taiwan earthquake (MW=7.6), the 2001 El Salvador earthquake (MW=7.6) and the 2008 Sichuan earthquake (MW=7.9) responsible for numerous catastrophic landslides are representative examples. Post-seismic investigations demonstrated a significant contribution of topographic site effects on the human and material damage assessment.In order to improve the knowledge of this phenomenon, numerous numerical simulations were performed on the step-like slope models by using the FLAC 2D software (Itasca). The obtained results were analyzed by considering various criteria such as amplification factors, dimensions and area of amplification zones as well as spatial distribution of these zones inside the slope mass. The parametric analyses allow underlining the principal role of the dimensionless frequency, ratio of the slope height to the wavelength of the seismic signal, in the evaluation of topographic site effects. These results also show that the slope angle is the second important parameter, followed by the Poisson's ratio and the geometry of the crest and of the toe of slope.These numerical results allow pointing out empirical equations, called ANS, which can be used to estimate the topographic site effects according to different interpretation criteria. These formulas are suitable for seismic signals with a relatively narrow band of predominant frequencies. For other cases, the method concerning decomposition of seismic incident wave (MD) was developed in this work. This method is based on the decomposition of the complex multi-frequency seismic signal into multiple mono-frequency waves by using Fourier transform. The effect of the complex signal is then evaluated through a combination of the effects of elementary waves. The approaches developed in this work (ANS and MD) allow evaluating the topographic site effects, by taking into account geomorphologic and seismic parameters of the slope as well as the frequency content of the seismic signal, without recourse to numerical simulations
Nguyen, Khoa-Van. "Etude des effets de site dus aux conditions topographiques et géotechniques par une méthode hybride éléments finis/éléments frontières." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2005. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001839.
Full textNguyen, Khoa Van. "Étude des effets de site dus aux conditions topographiques et géotechniques par une méthode hybride éléments finis/éléments frontières." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001839.
Full textZhang, Zezhong. "Stabilité dynamique des versants et effets de site d’origine géomorphologique : simulations numériques et rétro-analyses." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM074/document.
Full textIn this research work, numerical simulations using the finite difference FLAC software (Itasca) were first conducted with a homogeneous linear elastic slope model in order to characterize the acceleration amplification along the slope surface and behind the slope crest, and then to evaluate the topographic effect on the acceleration amplification. The interaction between the frequency of the seismic input motion applied at the base of the model with the slope angle and height has been deeply investigated. It was found that significant changes in the acceleration amplification factor result from variations in the slope angle and height as well as the signal frequency and duration. In addition, it has been shown that the ground motion amplification due to slope topography result from complex coupling effects between the input waves and the reflected waves on the topographic features and is highly controlled by the ratio between the wavelength of the input signal and the slope height.Numerical simulations are based on geotechnical investigations and geotechnical modeling, and it is necessary to validate the results through comparisons between modeling results and field observations. Frequency domain analysis such as spectral density and frequency response are an effective way to understand process characteristics and the various phenomena that cannot be explained in the time domain. For this purpose, a case study at Xishan Park ridge in Zigong in China has been studied. Site amplifications associated with the ground motion produced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake have been evaluated using the Standard Spectral Ratio (SSR) technique and root-mean-square acceleration (arms) method in time domain. 2D numerical analysis using finite difference method using the FLAC software (Itasca) has been then performed and results have been compared with monitoring data. The “simulated” peaks of the spectral amplifications are always lower than those derived from the field records. The strong attenuation of input motion at high frequencies highlights the shortcoming that a signal damping ratio does not adequately represent the energy dissipation in numerical simulations. Significant amplifications occurred at high frequencies (>10 Hz) and are considered to result from local specific conditions such as rock fracturing and ridge steps; thus they do not necessarily occur at the top of the hill. Finally, parametric studies were performed with elastic models in terms of various 2D slope geometries and geological layers to characterize the ground motion amplifications. The purpose of the parametric analysis is to understand the role of the geological layer, slope angle and slope height on the ground motion amplification, and thus to estimate if site amplifications could be responsible for the triggering of landslide. Then, the dynamic analysis on the slope model for different seismic magnitudes was performed and a slope failure based on displacement was created to evaluate the Las Colinas slope stability in Salvador. The numerical results clearly showed that site effects can have induced significant ground motion amplifications that contributed to trigger landslides
Vanbrabant, Frédéric. "Prise en compte des effets de site topographiques dans l’étude de la stabilité des pentes soumises à des sollicitations dynamiques." ENSMP, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENMP0852.
Full textZhang, Zezhong. "Stabilité dynamique des versants et effets de site d’origine géomorphologique : simulations numériques et rétro-analyses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM074.
Full textIn this research work, numerical simulations using the finite difference FLAC software (Itasca) were first conducted with a homogeneous linear elastic slope model in order to characterize the acceleration amplification along the slope surface and behind the slope crest, and then to evaluate the topographic effect on the acceleration amplification. The interaction between the frequency of the seismic input motion applied at the base of the model with the slope angle and height has been deeply investigated. It was found that significant changes in the acceleration amplification factor result from variations in the slope angle and height as well as the signal frequency and duration. In addition, it has been shown that the ground motion amplification due to slope topography result from complex coupling effects between the input waves and the reflected waves on the topographic features and is highly controlled by the ratio between the wavelength of the input signal and the slope height.Numerical simulations are based on geotechnical investigations and geotechnical modeling, and it is necessary to validate the results through comparisons between modeling results and field observations. Frequency domain analysis such as spectral density and frequency response are an effective way to understand process characteristics and the various phenomena that cannot be explained in the time domain. For this purpose, a case study at Xishan Park ridge in Zigong in China has been studied. Site amplifications associated with the ground motion produced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake have been evaluated using the Standard Spectral Ratio (SSR) technique and root-mean-square acceleration (arms) method in time domain. 2D numerical analysis using finite difference method using the FLAC software (Itasca) has been then performed and results have been compared with monitoring data. The “simulated” peaks of the spectral amplifications are always lower than those derived from the field records. The strong attenuation of input motion at high frequencies highlights the shortcoming that a signal damping ratio does not adequately represent the energy dissipation in numerical simulations. Significant amplifications occurred at high frequencies (>10 Hz) and are considered to result from local specific conditions such as rock fracturing and ridge steps; thus they do not necessarily occur at the top of the hill. Finally, parametric studies were performed with elastic models in terms of various 2D slope geometries and geological layers to characterize the ground motion amplifications. The purpose of the parametric analysis is to understand the role of the geological layer, slope angle and slope height on the ground motion amplification, and thus to estimate if site amplifications could be responsible for the triggering of landslide. Then, the dynamic analysis on the slope model for different seismic magnitudes was performed and a slope failure based on displacement was created to evaluate the Las Colinas slope stability in Salvador. The numerical results clearly showed that site effects can have induced significant ground motion amplifications that contributed to trigger landslides
Yang, Chong Jun. "Correction radiométrique des effets topographiques sur les images satellitaires." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30235.
Full textMaufroy, Emeline. "Caractérisation et modélisation numérique de l'effet de site topographique 3D : application à la Grande Montagne de Rustrel, Vaucluse." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00941730.
Full textKham, Marc. "Propagation d'ondes sismiques dans les bassins sédimentaires: des effets de site à l'interaction site-ville." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001231.
Full textRiepl, Judith. "Effets de site : évaluation expérimentale et modélisations multi-dimensionnelles : application au site test EURO-SEISTEST (Grèce)." Grenoble 1, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00709591.
Full textKham, Marc. "Propagation d' ondes sismiques dans les bassins sédimentaires : Des effets de site à l'interaction site-ville." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENPC0010.
Full textLe, Brun Benoît. "Effets de site : étude expérimentale et simulation de trois configurations." Grenoble 1, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00709847.
Full textSAGNOL, PHILIPPE. "Prise en compte des effets topographiques en analyse par spectroscopie d'electrons auger. Application a l'analyse de dispositifs submicroniques realises par gravure plasma." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066233.
Full textAristizabal, Claudia. "Intégration des effets de site dans les méthodes d'estimation probabiliste de l'aléa sismique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU011/document.
Full textThe overall goal of this research work is of provide recommendations on how to integrate site effects into Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment, better known as PSHA, a well-known and widely used methodology. Globally used to estimate seismic hazard and risk at regional and local scales. We therefore review the methods available in the literature to obtain the seismic hazard curve at the surface of a soft soil site, starting with the simplest and most generic methods (partially probabilistic), up to the full site-specific methods (partially and fully probabilistic), requiring an excellent site-specific characterization, rarely available except exceptional cases such as the case of Euroseistest site. It is precisely on the example of this site that are compared a number of these methods, as well as a new one. And it is precisely at the Euroseistest that we performed an example of application of the different methods as well as a new one that we propose as a result of this work.The specificity and difficulty of these "site-specific" PSHA studies comes from the non-linear nature of the response of the soft sites, as well as from the fact that the reference rock controlling this response is often very rigid. The "rock to hard rock adjustment" and "convolution" aspects of the rock seismic hazard, together with the amplification function or the transfer function (empirical or numerical) of a site are therefore the subject of particular attention in these studies. comparative studies. A general framework is presented on how to simultaneously take into account the site-specific characteristics, such as the complete or reduced random variability ("single station sigma"), host-to -target adjustments and the linear / nonlinear behavior of a site, where we explain all the followed steps, the different corrections performed, the benefits and difficulties that we found in the process and the ways we sort them and discussing them when the answer was not straight forward.This comparative study is divided into two parts: the first deals with non-site-specific methods and site-specific hybrid methods (probabilistic evaluation of rock hazard and deterministic of the site response). The second deals with two approaches taking into account the convolution of rock hazard and the site response in a probabilistically way. One of the major results of the first is the increase of the epistemic uncertainty on the soft site hazard compared to the rock hazard, due to acumulation of uncertainties associated to each step. Another major common result to both studies is the very important impact of non-linearity on soft sites, as well as the complexity on how to account for them: the variability associated with the use of different non-linear simulation codes appears to be greater than the method-to-method variability associated with the two different full convolution probabilistic methods. We emphasize on the importance of improving the way in which the site effects are included into probabilistic seismic hazard methods, PSHA. And we also emphasize on the importance of instrumenting active sites with soft sediments, such as the Euroseistest, to test and validate numerical models.Finally, a summary of the results, the general conclusions, discussion of key methodological issues, and perspectives for improvement and future work are presented.Keywords: Site Effects, Epistemic Uncertainty, PSHA, single station sigma, host to target adjustments, linear and nonlinear site effects, soil site response
Gallina, Sébastien. "Effets comparés de l'histamine sur la rate ovariectomisée en fonction du site osseux." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05M003.
Full textThe aim of this study was to experiment on the role of histamine in the bone resorption of ovariectomized rats. Experimenting on the femur with famotidine, an anti-histaminic molecule, we first showed that histamine is involved only in the first phase of bone resorption. Indeed, six months after ovariectomy, the protective effect of famotidine was not found even though this effect is still present in the vertebrae at six months. In the vertebrae, the bone resorption appears later. Then, we attempted to study the effect of ovariectomy and of estrogen (17β-estradiol) supplementation on another type of bone, the basal mandibular bone. Contrary to femoral bone, basal mandibular bone seems to be less sensitive to estrogen depletion and 17β-estradiol supplementation. Since ovariectomy has a different effect on the mandible than on long bones, we wondered if other bone envelops would react in the same way. In the third part of this work, we studied the reaction of the alveolar bone in a model of physiologic migration. We evidenced that physiologic dental migration increases temporarily after ovariectomy. The effects of ovariectomy are not only region-dependant but also envelop-dependant. Ovariectomy seems to have an effect on the attachment system because we observed an increase of bone resorption. However it seems that this phenomenon only occurs in zones that already undergoing active resorption
Maghoul, Pooneh. "Solutions fondamentales en Géo-Poro-Mécanique multiphasique pour l'analyse des effets de site sismiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00599397.
Full textBonnefoy-Claudet, Sylvette. "Nature du bruit de fond sismique : implications pour les études des effets de site." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007397.
Full textBenzenati, Ikhlef. "Modélisation du comportement dynamique des sols saturés appliquée aux barrages et effets de site." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0275.
Full textBourque, Stéphane. "Effets comparés des élicitines et caractérisation de leur site de fixation chez le tabac." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS009.
Full textSèbe, Olivier. "Déconvolution aveugle et sismologie : estimation de la source sismique et des effets de site." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10089.
Full textFor around twenty years, the signal processing community has developed, for digital communication, different methods of blind deconvolution making it possible to retrieve the unknown convolutive components of one know signal. In this qork, we study the way to apply these blind deconvolution technics to seismology in order to estimate the source function or the site effects from only a small numbers of surface seismic records. Based on the theory of coda wave and on a minimum phase deconvolution method, we develop an original algorithm for coda waves. We first apply it to the records of the Kursk's underwater explosion (12/08/2000). After showing that such an explosion is rougly a minimum phase source, we estimate, from the obtained minimum phase source function of the Kursk, the depth and the power of the explosion. We then apply this method to the Rambervillers's eartquake (22/02/2003, MI=5. 4). From the recording stations located several kilometers away from one another. In order to release the minimum phase assumption, we use a higher order statistic blind deconvolution on the stationnarized coda signal. From the multi-station stacked tricorrelation, we obtain a source time minimum phase seismic source function. These first result show that these methods seem to be very powerful, and they should be applied on a set of records of different events from different stations through global inversion scheme
Shmakova, Natalia. "Ondes internes divergentes et convergentes : étude expérimentale de la marée interne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU040/document.
Full textThe Earth's oceans are stratified in density by temperature and salinity gradients.The interaction of tidal currents with ocean bottom topography results therefore in the radiation of internal gravity waves into the ocean interior. These waves are called internal tides and their dissipation owing to nonlinear wave breaking plays an important role in the mixing of the abyssal ocean, and hence in the large-scale ocean circulation.In this context we investigate the generation of internal waves by oscillating objects of different idealized geometries as a model of barotropic flow over ocean topography, and consider linear as well as nonlinear effects on these waves resulting from interactions with the object and from wave--wave interactions.The relatively novel contribution of this thesis is the investigation of three-dimensional flow aspects that were accessible with our experimental approach, and are generally difficult to investigate by numerical and analytical modelling.First we investigate the wave structure of the first and higher harmonics for an oscillating spheroid, emitting diverging waves. Higher harmonics are generated by nonlinear instability at the surface of the object together with nonlinear effects in the zone of intersection of the primary beams. They may intersect and focus, therefore increase in energy, and become dominant over the first harmonic. The horizontal structures of both, first and higher harmonics are determined.We then consider waves generated by an oscillating torus, that are converging to a focal point. Outside this focal region experimental results and theoretical predictions are in good agreement, but in the focal region the wave amplitude is twice as large as it is close to the torus, leading to local nonlinear wave amplification and incipient wave breaking for large oscillation amplitudes. As a result, the propagation of the first harmonic waves is found to be hindered in the focal region. A standing pattern forms, while new waves are generated and emitted away from this focal region.A larger torus has been tested at the Coriolis platform to compare the focusing of internal gravity, inertia--gravity and inertial waves in a low viscous regime. Owing to the complexity of the focal region, a second harmonic is observed even at low oscillation amplitude. The vertical vorticity field of internal gravity waves exhibits a dipolar structure in the focal zone, which transforms in the rotating case into a ``Yin--Yang-shaped'' monopolar vortex structure. The overall structure of the inertial wave beams is close to that for internal gravity waves, though relatively more intense
Desmons, Sophie. "Préconditionnement Laser en site osseux membraneux." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00331277.
Full text- Le paramétrage du traitement laser requis en tant que moyen de chauffage pour induire le préconditionnement du tissu osseux.
- La détermination d'un protocole d'irradiation aux rayons X utilisé comme méthode quantifiable et reproductible de lésion secondaire
- Le développement d'un modèle d'étude de la vascularisation osseuse superficielle, indicateur de la réponse osseuse in vivo sur le long terme.
- La mise au point d'une technique d'immunohistochimie afin de caractériser les résultats obtenus lors de l'étude in vivo et de mettre en évidence la présence de HSP70 (forme inductible de HSP produite suite à un stress).
Matériels et Méthodes: Lors d'une étude préliminaire, le système laser est choisi et paramétré pour induire une augmentation contrôlée de la température osseuse.
Le protocole d'irradiation aux rayons X est défini pour créer une lésion osseuse localisée et pour limiter les effets secondaires au niveau des structures sous jacentes. Un modèle de chambre optique implantée sur le crâne de lapins est développé pour assurer le suivi longitudinal d'un même site osseux chez le même animal. Le réseau vasculaire superficiel est observé hebdomadairement pendant 12 semaines par la prise de photographies numériques. Un traitement informatique standardisé des images évalue la densité vasculaire, et différents critères morphologiques : longueur totale du réseau vasculaire, nombre de noeuds, et nombre de vaisseaux en fonction de leur diamètre. L'expérimentation in vivo est conduite sur 20 lapins divisés quatre groupes : groupe #1 : groupe contrôle (n=5); groupe #2: traitement laser (n=5); groupe #3 : irradiation par rayons X (n=5) ; groupe #4 : préconditionnement laser avant irradiation par rayons X (n=5).
L'analyse histologique et le marquage de HSP70 sont effectués sur des prélèvements osseux après la mise en place d'un protocole de fixation, décalcification et traitement immunohistochimique rigoureux.
Résultats: Un système diode-laser (815nm, 36J/cm² : un tir de 1.5W pendant 3 sec) est retenu pour le préconditionnement. L'irradiation aux rayons X consiste en dose unique de 18.75 Gy appliquée avec faisceau à rayons X de basse énergie.
Le réseau vasculaire est stable pour le groupe #1 et pour le groupe #2. Pour chaque critère observé, l'étude in vivo montre une chute significative pour les groupes #3 et #4 caractéristique de l'effet antiangiogénique des rayons X. Cependant, cette diminution vasculaire est limitée pour le groupe #4 vs. le groupe #3 et ceci en particulier pour les larges vaisseaux. L'analyse en histologie standard confirme ces résultats. Parallèlement, l'analyse immunohistochimique montre un marquage positif de HSP70 au niveau du réseau vasculaire osseux 18h après une irradiation laser.
Discussion: Le préconditionnement laser préserve la vascularisation osseuse superficielle des dommages induits par l'irradiation aux rayons X. Pour la première fois, cet effet cytoprotecteur est décrit en site osseux. Ainsi, notre étude montre que l'application laser utilisé comme méthode de chauffage localisée et reproductible, favorise la résistance aux effets antiangiogéniques des rayons X. Cet effet protecteur est observé in vivo au niveau vasculaire en particulier pour les vaisseaux les plus larges. Le marquage immunohistochimique confirme que le préconditionnement laser induit au niveau du réseau vasculaire osseux la production de HSP70, molécule chaperone décrite pour son action protectrice. Ce travail innovant offre la perspective d'accélérer et de favoriser la cicatrisation osseuse après une chirurgie programmée grâce à une mise en condition tissulaire.
Bourdeau, Céline. "Effets de site et mouvements de versant en zones sismiques : apport de la modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001480.
Full textCornou, Cécile. "Traitement d'antenne et imagerie sismique dans l'agglomération grenobloise (Alpes françaises) : implications pour les effets de site." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00610535.
Full textOghalaei, Kaveh. "Approche numérique des effets de site dans des vallées 2D : impacts sur l'endommagement de différent types de bâtiment." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALU008.
Full textMitigation of seismic risk components related to the building damages in sedimentary valleys needs an accurate estimation of buildings response accounting for seismic ground motion amplification in near-surface geological deposits. Current building seismic codes and seismic hazard analysis are mainly using proxies to account for 1D soil response (1D site effects) in seismic design spectra. In 2D sedimentary valleys, the finite lateral confinement of surface geological deposits leads to valley edge generated diffracted surface waves that are horizontally trapped within the valley in addition to body waves reverberation (1D site effects), leading to an increase of ground motion amplification and duration lengthening compared to 1D site effects. These 2D dimensional site effects are not yet accounted in seismic hazard assessment nor seismic design. This PhD thesis focus on better understanding and quantifying building damages in 2D valleys, especially the difference of damages caused by 1D and 2D site effects. For vertically incident SH plane waves, 1D and 2D impulse time responses at several receivers at free surface for an extensive suite of different 2D valleys in terms of geometrical and elastic properties have been computed within the EU NERA project. These impulse time responses have been convolved with input synthetic earthquakes spanning a wide range of magnitude and epicenter distances. Maximum top displacement at various buildings (reinforced concrete, steels…) from RISK-EU and HAZUS typologies have then been computed and, hence, damage states on outcropping rock, 1D sites and 2D valleys. Several other indicators related to the seismic ground motion at outcropping rock and sediments, geometrical and elastic properties of valleys, have been extracted along with computation of damage states.From the resulting huge database, we show that, while the input ground motion intensities (PGA, Arias Intensity) and the coincidence of frequencies between building and soil are the key factors to explain differences of damages between rock and soil, for 1D and 2D valleys, the spatial distribution of over-damage between 2D and 1D soil structures is mainly controlled by the velocity contrast between sediment and rock, the narrowness of the valley and the angle of the valley slope. Maximum over-damage occurs near the valley edges and in the center of the valley (especially for the narrowest valleys) while under-damage is observed on the steepest valley slopes. These over-damages occur for ratios between 1D fundamental soil and building fundamental frequencies greater than 1, as a direct consequence of 2D site effects that amplify ground motion over a wide frequency range beyond the 1D resonance frequency. This mechanism is as strong as the valley is narrow and the velocity contrast is large. We highlight the control of surface waves diffracted on the valley edges and trapped inside the valley on the over-damage and the body waves wedge effects occurring on the edges on the lower-damage. The over- or under-damage effects are not found to be sensitive to building typologies, which opens the perspective to develop “damage aggravation factor” to account for the 2D site effects in building damages distribution compared to 1D site effects, whatever the building type.This study's last objective is to extract, from in situ measurements, the resonance frequencies of the 2 main building typologies (RC and steel) in Tehran city (Iran), which is located on a 3D deep sedimentary basin. The results are compared to the Iranian seismic code and worldwide empirical relationships, leading us to include the Iranian buildings' horizontal sizes in the empirical relationships
Taieb, Besma. "L'efficacité des sites web marchands destinés aux consommateurs culturellement divers : les effets de la congruence culturelle du site et de l'exposition répétée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1045.
Full textThis thesis aims to study the reactions of the majority and minority groups towards commercial website congruent with their country of origin and culturally incongruent website (site congruent with host country / abroad), to better understand the effects of commercial websites cultural congruity and to assess the conditions of culturally incongruent website effectiveness. We developed an experimental design with three variables to manipulate: website cultural congruity (low versus high), exposure frequency (1 exposure versus 2 exposures) and population (majority versus minority). Two experimental websites were designed (the first site is congruent with the majority population and the second is congruent with the minority population). Through a content analysis performed on the local sites of the minority population, we identified and selected the dominant cultural markers (such as colors, fonts, images and symbols) handled in designing experimental websites. The results show that culturally congruent site compared to incongruent site improves attitude, trust toward the site and intention to recommend. However, the positive effects of website cultural congruity on attitude and trust toward the site are stronger for the majority than the minority population. The results also indicate that repeated exposure to incongruent website improves attitude and trust toward the site, but it should be noted that repeated exposure has a stronger influence on attitude toward the incongruent site
Waymel, Frédéric. "Modélisation des effets thermiques et aérauliques dans les stations de métro." Valenciennes, 2002. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9c3955a2-0548-4c67-bf18-7a7972b46b3f.
Full textThis work aims at the physical and the numerical modelling of air motion and heat transport phenomena in subway stations. The study is based on an approach described by the unsteady three-dimensional Euler's equations completed by source terms. These equations are discretized with a finite volume method and solved by a SIMPLE algorithm coupled with a scheme as proposed by Van Leer. The spatial discretization is made by a cartesian grid. In order to take the relative motions of the coaches inside the station into account, a sliding grid method is implemented. To validate the model, calculations are compared to measurements of the flow generated by mixed convection in a rectangular open duct equipped with an heated plate in its central part. The study ends by some applications of the numerical code in the case of a typical Parisian subway station
Rault, Claire. "Effets de site, endommagement et érosion des pentes dans les zones épicentrales des chaînes de montagnes actives." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE006/document.
Full textLandslides are a major natural hazard that cause significant damages and casualties to people. Earthquakes are one of their main triggers in active mountain belts. In epicentral area, the passage of seismic-waves that disrupt the stress-field, leads the slope stability threshold to be exceeded. Co-seismic slope failure probability thus depends on complex interactions between the ground-motion and the slope geology and geometry. A few seismic data are available on mountain slopes and the resolution of ground-motion models is generally low. Yet strong variation of ground-motion from one ridge to another can be felt due to site effects. We document site effects across topography and show the complexity of slope responses to earthquakes using a seismic network set across a Taiwanese ridge. Six broadband seismometers were set along the profile of this 3km wide ridge. From March 2015 to June 2016, more than 2200 earthquakes (magnitude Ml>3 and hypocentral distance<200km) were recorded. Although the sites are within a distance of hundreds of meters they all show different characteristic responses that are related to a complex combination of the geology and topography of the sites. At medium frequency corresponding to groundmotion wavelength that could affect slope stability, the ground-motion amplification is mostly related to the local geology and the topographic effect seems relatively negligible as attested by current indicators measured at the stations (PGA, PGV, Arias, SSR). However the duration of strong ground-motion at the ridge crests and slope toe seems to be related to possible resonance effects and surface wave generation due to the geometry of the topography. The strong contribution of the geology to co-seismic landslide trigger is demonstrated by the analysis of their position along hillslopes for the co-seismic landslides triggered by the Northridge earthquake (Mw 6.7, 1994, USA), the Chi-Chi earthquake (Mw 7.6, 1999, Taiwan), and the Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9, 2008, China). Indeed, although co-seismic landslides are statistically located higher on hillslopes than the rainfall-induced landslides, we show that this tendency is strongly modulated by the geology. According to the “potential landslides attractiveness” of geological structures, such as faults or lithological contrasts, present in the watershed, the slope failure would occur more or less upslope, where the failure probability is the highest.Slope mechanical properties are not well constrained in mountain area. Their geotechnical parameters are usually estimated using information provided by geological maps, but even for the same lithology they can strongly differ for one basin to another. Considering one simple friction model for seismic slope stability, we propose to invert Coulomb related parameters using the slope distributions of the landslides triggered by the Northridge, Chi-Chi and Wenchuan earthquakes. The spatial variation of these parameters seems to be in agreement with the lithology and soil depth at the first order
Haddad, Mouloud. "Effets du soufflage sur les structures cohérentes dans un canal bidimensionnel." Valenciennes, 2006. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1e9d7db4-2076-47bd-a014-c694d097d384.
Full textThe control of turbulence and its concomitant phenomena are important for transport and environmental problems with aim to reduce or increase the skin friction and transfer phenomena. Various techniques can be achieved to perform the control of the boundary layer, the synthetic jet is one of the most popular. In this study, the effects of blowing through a porous strip in a turbulent channel flow were experimentally studied. Measurements were carried out for three blowing rates 3%, 5% and 8% of the velocity at the center of the channel. The results of the present study showed that blowing affects significantly the turbulent structures in the near wall region. Velocity profiles obtained with hot-wire anemometry show similar trends to those of a flow with a reduced skin friction. The wall blowing increases the turbulence intensities and the Reynolds shear stress. The analysis of the anisotropic invariant map indicated that with blowing, the anisotropy level in the near wall region appears to be lower than that of the unperturbed layer. Space-time correlations performed with hot-wire and hot-film show that the inclination angles in (x,y) and (x,z) planes increase with injection. These trends were confirmed by the PIV visualisations. The conditional analysis showed that the mean time between "bursts" is reduced with blowing. The results of the study suggest that blowing stimulates the break-up of the large structures in the near wall region and lead to a better acknowledgement of the turbulence mechanisms
Collemiche, Gaëlle. "Effets de l’austénitisation rapide dans la simulation du soudage au laser." Valenciennes, 2011. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/6698d615-7ea9-47c7-b982-b39f2d29bb96.
Full textThe laser welding process is widespread involved in the industry. But this process implies distortion and high internal stresses, which affect the service life of products, due to the high temperature gradient. The simulation allows minimizing those effects by helping for the selection of the good geometry, material and process parameters without a lot of costly experimental tests. However, the development of a good simulation tool for the laser welding requires understanding the short-time metallurgical processes due to the very high heating rates, as it has a direct influence on the material law. A method using the knowledge of metallurgical processes is proposed to require less experimental tests to build the material law database for the simulation model and to take into account short-time metallurgy in the laser welding process modelling. In this aim, some experimental tests on a bainitic 100Cr6 with a Gleeble machine were carried out. Dilatometer tests to high heating rates and then, metallographic observations on the heating specimens are made to determine the material microstructure evolution under quick heating and the parameters of the Avrami equation describing the austenite formation kinetic. Then, Gleeble tests allow determining the material laws to implement in the simulation model
Gazbar, Yousra. "Les effets des éléments d'atmosphère d'un site web sur le comportement des internautes : le cas de la web TV universitaire Diwi TV." Thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0006/document.
Full textIn light of the literature review and the various empirical opportunities which appeared, we were facing a problem of research reflecting the current use of the web TV for contributory, and more precisely the influence of some atmospheric elements of the web TV site on student attitudes leading them to adopt a specific behavioral approach to this device. Our research allowed us to propose an abstract model of the search that has risen himself in a global frame of behavior apprehension of students on attendance web tv university. From a qualitative approach and based on an experiment led with a sample of 200 students from USTV, we were able not only to detect the most influential atmospheric elements on the behavioral approach of students, but also some individual characteristics whose impact is moderating. This thesis contributes finally to a better understanding of the role and functioning of the influence of environmental stimuli of the web tv on student behavior and also has a set of reflections that should be adopted and actions to be taken to drain behavioral responses desired by designers
Milovanovitch, Vladan D. "Comportement dynamique des barrages en béton et prise en compte des effets de site sur les ondes sismiques incidentes." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529511.
Full textDelepine, Nicolas. "Modélisation des effets de site sismiques dans les bassins sédimentaires et influence des non-linéarités de comportement des sols." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003827.
Full textMIRANDA-PRIETO, MARIA-TERESA. "Etude des proprietes de thermoluminescence du photosysteme ii in vitro et in vivo : effets de mutations du site herbicide." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112056.
Full textMILOVANOVITCH, VLADAN. "Comportement dynamique des barrages en beton et prise en compte des effets de site sur les ondes sismiques incidentes." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ENPC9223.
Full textLachet, Corinne. "Observation des séismes en milieux urbains : méthodes simples d'étude des effets de site et de simulation des mouvements forts." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10236.
Full textBen, Amor Insaf. "Effets de la technique promotionnelle de l'échantillonnage produit à usage différé." Lille 1, 2007. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/95bf2b13-449b-48df-8aba-0b2bfe74c547.
Full textDaouben, Estelle. "Compréhension des mécanismes d'endommagement en surface des outils de forge à chaud : effets des lubrifiants." Valenciennes, 2009. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/098afdfd-84bc-42ce-801d-630af646d436.
Full textThe conditions of contact and friction encountered in hot forging generate important thermo mechanical stresses which induce various damaging modes on the tools. The principal objective of the thesis aims at quantifying the capacity of the lubricants to reduce or delay these damages. First, the choice of a laboratory friction test allowing the tribological characterization applied to hot steel working is presented and justified. The methodology of use of the test bench is detailed. Results provided by the friction test are presented as performance pointers, allowing quantifying the capacities of the lubricant to reduce friction or to protect work piece and tool surfaces. Second, a first series of tests is run. Results show the reliability and the robustness of the test bench, in particular in terms of sensitivity and repeatability. Finally, a second series of tests is performed. It leads to the qualification of the graphite aqueous solutions, used as lubricant in hot forging of steels. The results present the performances of the graphite lubricants according to their composition (grain size distribution, binder), their spraying technique, and the mechanical loadings they undergo
Miquel, Jean-Charles. "Modélisation des effets de la compétition interspécifique et des pratiques sylvicoles sur la croissance de jeunes plants forestiers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AGPT0003.
Full textPlanting is an interesting tool for implementing forest management strategies and is also a critical step in the forest management cycle. During this period, site preparation is very often used to ensure the success of the plantation by alleviating constraints such as competition from accompanying vegetation.Growth models have been widely used for many years and are effective tools for simulating the impact of silvicultural operations and competition. However, there is currently no tree growth model in France to assess or compare silvicultural operations carried out during young stages, even for commonly cultivated commercial species. Most of them are phenomenological models describing the dendrometric variables as a function of the technical characteristics of the silvicultural operations carried out. These models generally produce robust predictions that are difficult to extrapolate outside of their application conditions. Other models, said to be functional, are based on ecophysiological processes in order to estimate the growth of the seedlings but however require a number of parameters which can be difficult to obtain and, in addition, produce tree growth forecasts which are not always accurate. Hybrid models that combine measurement methods and ecophysiological methods are a promising approach that allows the use of functional relationships expressing tree growth while obtaining a robust prediction of growth.The eagle fern (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) is one of the problematic species for the success of young plantions. It reacts quickly to the opening of the canopy and is very competitive for the resources of the environment (especially water and light), thus being able to delay the development of young trees for several years
Bezes, Christophe. "La congruence perçue des magasins et du site internet : effets sur le choix du canal d'achat. Le cas de la FNAC." Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020061.
Full textOlekhnovitch, Romain. "The antimicrobial activity of nitric oxide at the site of Leishmania infection." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC152.
Full textThe production of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) plays a critical role in the control of many infections with intracellular pathogens. However, the signais mediating iNOS induction in vivo and the precise mechanisms underlying its antimicrobial activity at the site of infection remain unclear. In particular, several studies have promoted the idea that NO production in infected cells may enable them to individually control their pathogen burden. Alternatively, the ability of NO to diffuse efficiently across cell membranes may be critical for the control of infection with intracellular pathogens. Whether pathogen control primarily depends on cell-intrinsic or cell-extrinsic activity of NO is unknown. In this thesis, we demonstrate that during Leishmania major infection, iNOS is rapidly induced in recruited mononuclear phagocytes in response to IFNy and TNF. We show that this rapid iNOS induction does not confer any cell-intrinsic ability to lower parasite content. Ln fact, we demonstrate that the diffusion of NO promotes equally effective parasite killing in producing and bystander cells and that the collective production of NO by numerous phagocytes is necessary to exert an effective antimicrobial activity. Altogether, we prOpose that in contrast to a cell-autonomous control of intracellular pathogens, this cooperative mechanism generates an antimicrobial milieu that provides the basis for pathogen containment at the tissue level. Finally, using a new method based on a photoconvertible protein, we demonstrate that this NO-rich microenvironment controls Leishmania infection in part by dampening parasite metabolism and subsequent proliferation in vivo
Sanchez, Coralie. "Effets des ceintures lombaires et de leurs caractéristiques sur les paramètres physiologiques et biomécaniques du tronc." Valenciennes, 2012. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/22891844-8c58-4e0d-8fa0-90e1a1c39c05.
Full textThe purpose of this work was to identify the physiological and biomechanical effects of soft lumbosacral orthosis (LSO) in order to justify their prescription and design. The influence of such orthosis has been studied on trunk’s muscles activity for postural tasks. More specifically, it has been investigated first the muscle response’s delay on a sudden trunk unloading and second, the trunk proprioception. The soft LSO seems to have no influence on global muscle activity, as on trunk stability for unstable sitting episode. Also, the influence was not clear on the muscle response’s delay as well as trunk proprioception. It seems that, in view of the studies results, the lack of rigidity for soft LSO is the explanation. It’s then significant, in the future, to strengthen the back of soft LSO without falling in extreme rigidity as for orthopaedic one. Soft LSO are used for athletes and rigid LSO could not be suitable for sport practices because such rigidity doesn’t allow athletes to produce correct body movements. Indeed, the rigid LSO doesn’t stay in contact with the low back when the spine is moving. A good compromise between rigidity and softness is proposed for development of future flexible LSO
Chimed, Odonbaatar. "Caractérisation des effets de sites dans le bassin d'OulanBator." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785708.
Full textLeblond, Sébastien. "Etude pluridisciplinaire du transfert des métaux de l'atmosphère vers les mousses (Scleropodium purum (Hedw. ) Limpr. ) : suivi sur un site rural (Vouzon, France)." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077216.
Full textCoudoux, François-Xavier. "Evaluation de la visibilité des effets de blocs dans les images codées par transformée : application à l'amélioration d'images." Valenciennes, 1994. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/a0a7cc38-609d-4d86-9c3a-a018590bc012.
Full textBlairon, Nicolas. "Effets de la topographie sur la propagation des ondes acoustiques dans l'atmosphère : modélisation avec l'équation parabolique et validation sur un site extérieur." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2002. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1896_nblairon.pdf.
Full textIn this thesis we develop a method to calculate the propagation of an acoustic wave above a non flat ground. The algorithm is based on the resolution of a wide-angle parabolic equation. An impedance boundary condition can be introduced in the numerical scheme. The mean profiles of temperature and wind velocity are introduced in the propagation model through an effective sound celerity. In our approach the effects of the topography on the acoustic propagation are modelled using rotated systems of coordinates in order to treat the non flat ground as a succession of flat domains. The model is validated with analytical solutions on the following geometrical cases : single ground discontinuity (positive or negative slope) and cylinder (convex or concave) in a homogeneous or inhomogeneous medium. Outdoor simultaneous measurements of the temperature, the wind velocity, the ground impedance and of the acoustic attenuation experimentally validate the propagation model
Bally, Julia. "Synthèse et repliement des protéines dans les chloroplastes : effets collatéraux de l'expression massive d'un transgène." Thesis, Lille University of Science and Technology, 2008. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/112079bf-330d-489a-bfba-85ebc0c2c48c.
Full textLeroy, Philippe. "TRANSPORT IONIQUE DANS LES ARGILES. INFLUENCE DE LA MICROSTRUCTURE ET DES EFFETS D'INTERFACE. APPLICATION AUX ARGILITES DU SITE DE BURE (MEUSE/HAUTE MARNE)." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00087293.
Full textCoulibaly, Saliya. "Solitons dissipatifs des oscillateurs paramétriques optiques : instabilités convectives / absolues et effets non-linéaires du walk-off." Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/d024cfb0-ee26-498b-ab7b-6368ac8e4f07.
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