Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets de la spécialisation'
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D'Hondt, Murielle. "Spécialisation hémisphérique pour le langage chez la personne à déficience auditive: effet de l'expérience linguistique précoce." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211517.
Full textAlmonord, Jean Sergo. "Haïti et la CARICOM : essais sur les limites et le potentiel de l'intégration économique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSESAM/2024/2024ULILA007.pdf.
Full textAfter an extensive introduction on Haiti and CARICOM, this thesis comprises three essays in international economics aimed at shedding light on the issues and potential of the country and the region.The first essay is a critical discussion of David Ricardo's classical theory of comparative advantage, examining the role of income disparities in international trade. By breaking free from the commonly adopted restrictive assumption of "homothetic preferences," which pos-its that households allocate a constant fraction of their income to the purchase of each good or service they consume, the significance of demand (and thus of income distribution) in explaining trade flows is reaffirmed. A simple model demonstrates that a low-income coun-try can be excluded from trade despite its comparative advantages, even in the absence of trade barriers such as tariffs or transportation costs.Countries still dominated by subsistence agriculture tend to have a low level of openness because most of their production is consumed locally, and foreign-produced consumer goods remain inaccessible to them. In contrast, countries specializing in tourism services tend to have a high level of openness because they export these services to finance the importation of much of their food and consumer goods, which are not locally produced. In summary, re-gardless of their size, the level of economic openness of low-income countries depends largely on their specialization.Another crucial implication of the model is that only the wealthiest countries can truly bene-fit from the advantages of international trade. Trade appears as a driver of divergence rather than convergence because, in some cases, it tends to exacerbate inequalities between nations. Some countries benefit from global growth while others, despite their geographical proximi-ty, seem to drift away irreversibly.The second essay underscores the vulnerabilities arising from the tourism specialization of many Caribbean countries. Although this specialization has allowed them to benefit from the growth of wealthy countries, it also exposes them to all shocks that may affect this sector. The Covid-19 pandemic tragically revealed this fragility, as evidenced by the clear decline in GDP directly related to the importance of tourism in each of these countries. Caribbean economies were directly affected by travel restrictions imposed by tourists' countries of origin, without having a say. Thus, in addition to the fragility inherently linked to specializa-tion, these countries found themselves largely deprived of their sovereignty in economic pol-icy matters, which is particularly problematic when there is a divergence of interest.The third essay explores a potential avenue for Haiti's development. Despite CARICOM's stated intentions, intra-community trade remains very limited, and the expected benefits of the Chaguaramas agreements have yet to materialize. Caribbean countries have few com-plementarities and could be nothing more than competing tourist destinations without con-nections if they did not benefit from the visibility provided by belonging to the Caribbean community at the international level. We argue that Haitian craftsmanship could enrich the region's tourism industry. Haiti has a clear comparative advantage in this field due to its abundant workforce compared to other countries in the region. It could thus benefit from the successful tourism industry of its neighbors, as these countries have every interest in promot-ing a more cultural, profitable, and sustainable form of tourism than mass tourism
Perrone, bertolotti Marcela. "Spécialisation hémisphérique et cartographie du langage chez le sujet sain et les patients épileptiques : effet des variables inter- et intra-individuelles. Evaluation comportementale, neuropsychologique et neurophysiologique (IRM fonctionnelle)." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716387.
Full textPerrone-Bertolotti, Marcela. "Spécialisation hémisphérique et cartographie du langage chez le sujet sain et les patients épileptiques : effet des variables inter- et intra-individuelles. Evaluation comportementale, neuropsychologique et neurophysiologique (IRM fonctionnelle)." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENS035/document.
Full textThe purpose of this PhD research was to identify the effect of several individual and experimental variables on hemispheric specialization and cortical mapping of language in healthy subjects and epileptic patients. The question was addressed by means of a multidisciplinary approach including behavioral, neuropsychological and neurophysiological (fMRI) testing. The main goal of this work was to corroborate data provided from all these methods and to build a model of the representation and reorganization (plasticity) of language according to the considered factors. Moreover, we aimed to provide several practical tools to clinicians for presurgical evaluation of hemispheric specialization in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Overall, our results reflect the necessity to use a multidimensional approach composed of complementary techniques and methods, in order to assess cerebral representations in normal and pathological conditions. Key words: language, specialization, hemisphere, divided visual field, fMRI, phonology, semantics, prosody, gender, healthy, epilepsy, plasticity, reorganization
Picot, Aurore. "Implications des dynamiques éco-évolutives de la construction de niche pour la structure des (méta)communautés." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS407.
Full textThe ecological niche of an organism correponds to the biotic and abiotic environment in which it evolves, and to which it is adapted. Organismes modify their environments, and consequently the selective pressures acting upon them, through niche construction. Niche construction examples are numerous : construction of physical structures, agriculture and pastoralism, nutrient recycling, abiotic environment alterations… In this thesis we investigae the ecological and evolutionary consequences of niche construction both for the species perfoming it, and for the community and ecosystem levels. For instance, agriculture in humans has major effects on biodiversity and is causing evolution in humans and other species (through artificial selection and adaptation to the agricultural modified environment). In this thesis, we develop several niche construction models. The main model consists of a trophic module in which a consumer interacts with two resources, one of them being helped through consumer niche construction (as in agriculture in humans or in the ant-aphids interaction). We study the consequences of feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary dynamics of niche construction for the species coexistence and community structure, in spatial and non-spatial contexts. Two other models are investigated : the first one is focusing on microbial niche construction, and the second one is focusing on niche modification caused by an ontogenetic change of interaction type in Lepidopteran lifecycle
Bobeff, Gustavo. "Spécialisation de composants." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00484948.
Full textTagu, Jérôme. "Le rôle de la dominance oculaire dans la boucle perception-action : une propriété à l'origine d'asymétries perceptives et motrices How eye dominance strength modulates the influence of a distractor on saccade accuracy Isoler les effets de la dominance oculaire et du biais attentionnel sur la précision des saccades Influence de la dominance oculaire sur les sélections oculomotrice et attentionnelle Recentering bias for temporal saccades only: evidence from binocular recordings of eye movements Quantifying eye dominance strength – New insights into the neurophysiological bases of saccadic asymmetries." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=1818&f=14763.
Full textHumans present several lateral preferences, using more a given hand, foot and eye than the other one. If handedness has already been shown to influence perceptual and motor performance, the role of other lateral preferences is currently unknown. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the study of the influence of eye dominance on visuo-motor tasks. The dominant eye, the one used to perform monocular tasks, is linked to the ipsilateral primary visual cortex. As such, it I s also linked to the contralateral hemifield. In this thesis, we thus compared performance in the contralateral and ipsilatereral hemifields relative to the dominant eye. Participants had either to make leftward and rightward saccades, a visual discrimination task, or both simultaneously. These studies have shown that the relationship between the dominant eye and the ipsilateral primary visual cortex induced a greater perceptual enhancement of visual targets presented in the contralateral than ipsilateral hemifield relative to the dominant eye. This perceptual enhancement leaded to both higher discrimination performance and higher saccade accuracy in this hemifield compared to the ipsilateral one. Thereby, we showed that eye dominance was an important property to consider in the perception-action links, leading to asymmetries between hemifields. In a second part of this thesis, we focused on the quantification of eye dominance. Indeed, contrary to handedness questionnaires which provide a percentage-based measure, tests of eye dominance only dissociate between left and right eye dominance. To assign to each participant a percentage of eye dominance, we studied the asymmetries of the saccadic system. Saccadic peak velocity is indeed higher toward the temple (i.e., rightward saccades of the right eye and leftward saccades of the left eye) than toward the nose (i.e., leftward saccades of the right eye and rightward saccades of the right eye). This asymmetry seems linked to the strength of eye dominance, as it is only observed in case of weak eye dominance. People with strong eye dominance show higher saccadic peak velocity toward the hemifield ipsilateral to their dominant eye, irrespective of the temporal or nasal nature of the saccade. In this thesis, we simultaneously tested several saccadic asymmetries, with the idea that it could provide a graduated measure of eye dominance strength. Peak velocities are also higher for centripetal (toward the straight-ahead direction) than centrifugal (away from the straight-ahead direction) saccades. Participants had to make saccades from five different starting position (to elicit centripetal and centrifugal saccades) while the movements of their both eyes were recorded (to analyze temporal and nasal saccades). The results showed (1) that both saccadic asymmetries are linked together, suggesting that they share a common structure in their neurophysiological bases, (2) that eye dominance modulates all the saccadic asymmetries tested, and (3) that the study of several saccadic asymmetries allows quantifying eye dominance strength on a percentage-based continuous model. Observation of huge saccadic asymmetries corresponded to very weak eye dominance, whereas strong eye dominance was associated to no asymmetry. All in all, in this thesis we clarified the roles of eye dominance in the perception-action loop, and we computed a graduated measure of eye dominance strength based on oculomotor performance
Sahli, Mondher. "Tourisme et spécialisation internationale." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010051.
Full textGold-Dalg, Valérie. "Tourisme et spécialisation internationale." Toulouse 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU10034.
Full textTourism is one of the sectors that has known the fastest development since the second world war. Almost every single country is affected by international exchanges in tourism. These countries aspire to a better understanding of the complexity of such exchanges of which the economical and social impact is undeniable. By using the tools of the international trade theory, one of the approaches to understand a phenomenon of such complexity involves searching for the causes of touristic exchanges to inducing the international specialization of these countries. Tourism is dependent on service activities, but the theories of international specialization and their empiral verifications originally concerned more the tangible goods than the services. However, these theories have aptly explained the international exchanges in tourism, despite their specific nature. The increasing complexity of such exchanges allows the consideration not only of the notion of national comparative advantage, as suggested by these theories, but also the notion of comparative advantage at a world level, in order to determine the international flows of tourism. In the international tourism field, this notion allows, more precisely, an extension of the international trade theories at the world level rather than their rejection. This empirical study was carried out on about twenty America countries. It concerns the indicator calculations and the econometric model estimations that respectively permit an economic analysis of international touristic flows and an explanation of two-sided exchanges of tourism with international specialization determinants
Sihabutr, Chaturaporn. "Technologie et spécialisation internationale touristique." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00714379.
Full textSt-Arnaud, Alain. "Spécialisation hémisphérique et sensibilité spectrale." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1987. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5877/1/000562979.pdf.
Full textAli, Ahmad Bilal. "Économie créative, spécialisation internationale et tourisme." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20035/document.
Full textThe emergence of the new concept of the creative economy, which is now an important part of international trade flows, has benefited countries of all economic levels. The rise of creative industries has strongly influenced production through the formation of competitiveness clusters. This situation is proving to be conducive to the development and diversification of creative goods and services, particularly for small and medium firms. The creative economy can be explained by theories of international specialization in particular from the point of view of services trade and tourism. Thus, the development of these creative industries constitutes a genuine opportunity for international tourism specialization based on a process of cultural innovation and sustained by a transformation of tourism demand. This innovation, based on creativity, creates high added value for creative goods and services as well as absolute advantages, which opens up a new development path for the least developed countries to conquer export markets and reduce poverty
Ferrer, Aurélie. "Spécialisation écologique chez les insectes prédateurs." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU30105.
Full textEcological specialisation is a reduction of the size of the species niche. This phenomenon has been widely explored in phytophagous insects but not in predatory insects. Here, we choose to explore ecological specialisation in predatory insects by comparing two closely related aphidophagous species: Adalia bipunctata and A. Decempunctata. In doing so, we try to better understand the nature of this specialisation and the impact of specialisation degree of species on the evolution of their phenotypic traits. First, our work shed light on the ecological niches of both species and confirms that one species is more specialised. Then, we highlighted that specialisation has probably driven the evolution of life history and behavioural traits. Our experiments proved that the generalist species has a faster ovarian dynamic than the specialist. Moreover, specialist females invest more per offspring than generalist females. After controlling for differences in female body mass, this additional energetic investment in each egg of A. Decempunctata results in bigger larvae. These larvae are also active sooner after hatching, and stay active and survive longer under starvation. These differences between the two species are probably linked to the characteristics of their resources in terms of patch availability across the season and prey distribution. So, as already demonstrated for phytophagous insects, ecological specialisation has driven the evolution of phenotypic traits. But, in this particular case of predatory insects, our results seem also to indicate that suitability of prey does not play a major role in the determination of diet width. The trophic specialisation observed for A. Decempunctata appears more as a consequence of habitat specialisation, which reduce the number of preys that the species could meet. .
Demonte, Karine. "La spécialisation du droit des biens." Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG2030.
Full textThe movement of the specialization of the law of the properties reveals all the wealth of this discipline.More exactly, the specialization of the law of the properties arouses numerous disorders and brings profound enrichments to the common law of the properties.This phenomenon of « specialization of the law of the properties » appears and is perfectly translated through the swarming of rights which exists outside of the civil code today. From then on a metaphor is outlined that of an atom where a multitude of electrons revolves around their nucleus.The joint of « the special law of the properties » and of the common law of the properties demonstrates the extraordinary plasticity of the guiding principles of the civil code, showing there fabulous springs which concentrates always today the civil code
Ribichesi, Christophe. "Nouvelle économie géographique et spécialisation industrielle." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0062.
Full textMoureaux, Jordan. "Universités, spécialisation et développement économique régional." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOUL2002.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the contribution of French universities to local economic development. The first chapter will depict the current situation of French universities by looking at their efficiency and ranking them. Thereafter, we focus on the reasons why the majority of French universities appear to be relatively inefficient. The study of French universities, through a semi-parametric analysis for the year 2014, highlights differences in efficiency according to the size, typology and host territory of universities. We observe that small universities have more facilities than large universities in terms of optimizing the ratio between their resources and their teaching and research output. However, an efficient, small university will always generate less knowledge and a smaller stock of human capital than an inefficient, large university.The second chapter will present empirical work on the spillover effects of university knowledge on local entrepreneurship. In this chapter we seek, by looking at the work previously done, to understand how a university can, through its training and research activities, contribute to economic development. This relationship is often seen as automatic, and the incentive to pursue higher education is seen as a necessity at both the individual and public interest levels. The multi-stakeholder relationship that involves universities, companies and more globally the actors of the territory, is based on the use of knowledge. The third and fourth chapters are devoted to the study of these spillover effects of knowledge. The main objective of this thesis is to study the effect and scope of specialized knowledge spillovers, of university origin, on the creation of high and low knowledge-intensive firms. The constitution of an original database, for the year 2017 and for 34,075 French municipalities, was necessary. Using econometric models, our study highlights results that confirm the presence of specialized knowledge spillovers on the French territory and validate the hypothesis of geographical decrease of these spillovers. The type of knowledge as well as the distance are indeed significant elements in the study of spillovers, since we can observe distinctions according to the various combinations. The variables concerning knowledge externalities, which are approximated by students and graduates of the four major academic disciplines, are all positive and significant for municipalities located within 90 kilometers of the sources of knowledge production. Taking into account the specialization of universities and firms, minor differences can be observed in the scope and intensity of knowledge spillovers on the territory. The creation of firms based on the use of knowledge is thus favoured by their geographical proximity to the sources of knowledge production
Noël, François. "Spécialisation dynamique de code par évaluation partielle." Rennes 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REN10116.
Full textCeapraz, Ion Lucian. "Les régions roumaines en mutation : spécialisation et agglomération." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOE008.
Full textThe dissertation emphasizes the location of economic activities in the Romanian economic space through the concepts of specialization and spatial concentration. The economic geography suggests that trade liberalization and the opening of borders can recompose economic space, by intensifying or by creating certain regional specializations, and by stressing the agglomeration of some activities. Supposing that regions and cities specialize in certain activities or that particular activities concentrate in various regions and cities implies the same mechanisms but different tools of analysis. In other words, specialization and spatial concentration are two spects of the same phenomenon which require statistically different but symmetric tools. Our methodological choices put in perspective the symmetry of the definitions and of the measures of specialization and spatial concentration. Several definitions of these concepts were formulated and several measures were used. But, it is crucial to underline that even in the absence of an ideal measure, it is important before any analysis to consider a well defined spatial scale and a precise level of sector desagregation. We do not try to be exhaustive but only to present the most suited tools for Romania. Then we try to refine these results with an econometric analysis of the determinants of the specialization and the spatial concentration in Romania. We show that the theories of trade can or not be relevant for our empirical research
Crague, Gilles. "Économies d'agglomération : De la spécialisation à la commutation." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENPC0014.
Full textGomez, Cardenas Roberto. "Conception et spécialisation d'algorithmes distribués : la vague récursive." Paris 8, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA080993.
Full textWang, Chenxu. "Économie du tourisme des seniors et spécialisation internationale." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20005.
Full textThe purpose of senior tourism eonomics is to analyze international tourism in the context of tourism demand from the elderly. For this purpose, it is necessary to define what a senior tourist is: it is a person over 60 years old who leaves his main place of residence and travels to another country, according to the definition of the World Tourism Organization. The theoretical framework of senior tourism economics and international economics is the theory of international specialization. This thesis shows that the theories of international specialization can explain senior tourism. This is particularly the case with the theory of demand, the theory of comparative costs and the theory of technological factor endowments. In order to support this theoretical demonstration, it was decided in this thesis to compare senior tourism in France and in China. This international comparison makes it possible to show that senior tourism must be segmented on the one hand by ages and on the other hand by motivations. Thus, this comparative analysis makes it possible to complete the theoretical analysis by showing that the consideration of this segmentation can lead to the development of determining factors for senior tourism, that can be useful in the context of bilateral and multilateral international comparisons
老年旅游经济学是在老年人旅游需求的背景下进行的国际旅游分析。因此,首先要明确老年游客的定义。联合国世界旅游组织对于老年游客的定义为:60周岁以上,离开其主要居住地并前往另一个目的地进行旅行活动的人群。老年旅游经济学和国际经济学均以国际分工理论为基础框架。通过该论文可以证明,国际分工理论适用于老年旅游经济学的研究,该研究是需求理论、比较成本理论以及科技因素理论的特殊案例。为了支持理论论证,该论文就法国和中国的老年旅游进行比较研究,证明老年旅游经济学需要从年龄、旅游动机进行细分研究。该比较研究通过明确老年旅游发展决定性因素以补充理论研究基础,并可运用在双边及多边国际旅游比较的背景中。
Le, Meur Anne Françoise. "Approche déclarative à la spécialisation de programmes C." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN1A108.
Full textDavy, Damien. "Spécialisation du pseudo-groupe de Malgrange et irréductibilité." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S098/document.
Full textThe Malgrange pseudogroup of a vector field on a variety is the sub-pro-variety of the jet space of local biholomorphisms of this variety obtained by taking the Zariski closure of the flow of the vector field. A second-order ordinary differential equation defines a vector field on a variety of dimension 3. The differential type of the Malgrange pseudogroup of this one is at most 2. A second-order ordinary differential equation is said to be irreductible if its general solutions can not be expressed using solutions of algebraic equations, linear differential equations or differential equations of order 1. If the differential type of the Malgrange pseudogroup of a second-order differential equation is exactly 2 then the latter is irreductible. We give several definitions of the Malgrange pseudogroup of a vector field which are equivalent to the original definition given by Bernard Malgrange. The definition of the first paragraph leads us to apply a semi-continuity theorem of the dimension of the Zariski closure of the leaves of a holomorphic foliation given by Philippe Bonnet. We obtain the following result about the ordinary differential equations which depend on parameters. If the differential type of the Malgrange pseudogroup of the equation specialized in one value of parameters is exactly two then it will be the same for the Malgrange pseudogroup of the equation specialized in a general value of parameters. A first application of this result is an other proof of the irreductibility of the Painlevé equations for general value of parameters. A second application is to fully determined the Malgrange pseudogroups of this equations for general value of parameters. The definitions of the Malgrange pseudogroup of a vector field and the specialisation results can be adapted the q-difference equations. By applying this results to the discret Painlevé equations, we fully determined the Malgrange pseudogroup of the latters for general value of parameters
Carducci, Guido. "La spécialisation des sources du droit des contrats internationaux." Paris 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA020024.
Full textThe inter nationalization process of trade has brought to an increasing specialization of the sources of international contracts law. This survey analyzes the complex situation of sources from two different perspectives. First, the substantial specialization of sources is analyzed through the coexistence of national, european, international sources. Second, the jurisdictional specialization of sources is analyzed to the extent that the status of the different sources is often different within the framework of state courts or international commercial arbitration. This difference is most clear as far as concerns the new law merchant (lex mercatoria), but is real also, though to a minor extent, for national and international sources
El, Gouddi Sami. "Externalités intra-sectorielles, externalités intersectorielles et spécialisation technologique internationale." Paris 13, 2011. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/ederasme_th_2011_el_gouddi.pdf.
Full textThis thesis provides a theoretical and empirical literature on the involvement of implicit exchanges of knowledge (or externalities) on the technological performance of countries. Two types of externalities are then considered: those based on ‘’differences’’ and those based on ‘’similarities’’. The theoretical contribution is to construct a model in which externalities difference would act simultaneously with the externalities of similarity. The aim is to show how knowledge spillovers are able to account for several phenomena in one way or another to international specialization in an economy of knowledge. Specifically, the proposed evolutionary model provides a theoretical explanation for the diversification of areas largely neglected in the literature. Empirically, our main work comes in the wake of the geography of innovation. Beyond highlighting the impact of externalities on innovation, our estimates confirm the ability of sectors without comparative advantage (SAC) to generate positive interindustry spillovers. Thus, from ''harmful'' and ''involuntary'' phenomenon, diversification into (SAC) is transformed into a ''beneficial'' and ''intentional'' phenomenon likely to promote proactive policies for capture of externalities. Generally, distinguishing externalities as technological and geographical dimensions, our results allow us to draw the outlines of an efficient innovation policy that takes into account technological complementarities and geographical environment. Thus, our thesis provides an overview of the ''externalities’’ phenomenon It highlights the potential explanatory externalities in understanding the dynamics of international specialization. Similarly, it explains why certain types of externalities act more strongly on innovation than others
Hoti, Paulina. "La spécialisation des juridictions en France et en Albanie." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT4031.
Full textThe study of courts in French law and in Albanian law reveals the extension of the field of use of the specialization. The special courts of law are not the only concerned by the specialization anymore but, in a more general way, the specialization tends to be applied more widely to the whole of the courts. Besides, the specialization does not only concern the jurisdictional institutions, but also the persons responsible for settling lawsuits. French law favours a very large application of the specialization. It is particularly expressed in the separation of the two jurisdictional orders, the separation of the civil and the criminal courts, the attribution of special competences to specialized jurisdictions or even in the specific competence given to jurisdictions of common law on specific subjects. The specialization is here presented under various aspects. It is also expressed by a specialization de facto of the jurisdictional institutions and of the persons in charge of dealing with the lawsuits. As for Albanian law, the specialization is implemented in a more restricted manner. While keeping only one jurisdictional order and only one county court for any law field, the specialization reappears in the setting-up of specialized sections within these jurisdictions. On the other hand, the specialization of the magistrates tends to develop more and more
Volanschi, Eugene. "Une approche automatique à la spécialisation de composants système." Rennes 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN10021.
Full textBaciu, Monica. "Spécialisation hémisphérique de processus cognitifs : évaluation par IRM fonctionnelle." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE19004.
Full textGiles, Flores Arturo. "Spécialisation sur le cône tangent et équisingularité à la Whitney." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00631426.
Full textMathivet, Eric. "Spécialisation cérébrale et reconnaissance des visages : étude chez le nourrisson." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22062.
Full textHsaini, Abderraouf. "Spécialisation souple et développement : le cas de Ksar Hellal (Tunisie)." Grenoble 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE21031.
Full textThe "flexible specialisation" concept has been introduced by m. J piore et c. F sabel (1989) in their book "les chemins de la prosperite". These authors propose basically this concept as a strategy potentially usable by mass production firms in trouble, in order to overcome their crisis. The starting point of this thesis is precisely this proposition, but instead of giving to the "flexible specialisation" concept the theoretical status of strategy, enabling mass production firms to overcome their crisis, we would rather consider it as a model of development : that is to say a technological paradigm coupled with a specific regulation structure (part 1). Far from constituting an occidental empirical phenomenon, the development model of flexible specialisation is also observable in some developing countries. In the second part of the thesis, we provide a demonstration of this assertion through a meticulous study of the ksar-hellal (tunisia) territory. As it is shown in this second part, ksar-hellal represents an original case of flexible specialisation system, dominated essentially by an "articulation" between two categories of local producers : the weaving firms and the clothing companies
Oliveira, Martins Joaquim. "Spécialisation commerciale et structures de marchéUn recueil d'articles en économie appliquée." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00140536.
Full textKhan, Minhaj Ahmad. "Techniques de spécialisation de code pour des architectures à hautes performances." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0032.
Full textDe nombreuses applications sont incapables d'utiliser les performances crêtes offertes par des architectures modernes comme l'Itanium et Pentium-IV. Cela rend critique les optimisations de code réalisée par les compilateurs. Parmis toutes les optimisations réalisées par les compilateurs, la spécialisation de code, qui fournit aux compilateurs les valeurs des paramètres importants dans le code, est très efficace. La spécialisation statique a comme défault de produire une grande taille du code, appelée, l'explosion du code. Cette grande taille implique des défaults de caches et des coûts de branchements. Elle même impose des contraintes sur d'autres optimisations. Tous ces effets rendent nécessaire de spécialiser le code dynamiquement. La spécialisation de code est donc effectué par lescompilateurs/specialiseurs dynamiques, qui générent le code àl'exécution. Ces approches ne sont pas toujours bénéfique puisque l'exécution doit subir un grand surcoût de géneration à l'exécution qui peut détériorer la performance. De plus, afin d'être amorti, ce coût exige plusieurs invocations du même code. Visant à améliorer les performances des applications complexes, cettethèse propose différentes stratégies pour la spécialisation du code. En utilisant la compilation statique, dynamique et itérative, nous ciblons les problèmes d'explosion de la taille du code et le surcoût en temps induit par la génération du code à l'exécution. Notre "Spécialisation Hybride" génère des versions équivalentes du code après l'avoir specialisé statiquement. Au lieu de conserver toutes les versions, l'une de ces versions peut être utilisée comme un template dont les instructions sont modifiées pendant exécution afin d'être adaptée à d'autres versions. La performance est améliorée puisque le code est spécialisé au moment de la compilation statique. La spécialisation dynamique est donc limitée à la modification d'un petit nombre d'instructions. Différentes variantes de ces approches peuvent améliorer laspécialisation en choisissant des variables adéquates, en diminuant le nombre de compilations et en réduisant la fréquence de laspécialisation dynamique. Notre approche "Spécialisation Itérative" est en mesure d'optimiser les codes régulier en obtenant plusieurs classes optimales du code spécialisé au moment de la compilation statique. En suite, une transformation itérative est appliquée sur le code afin de bénéficier des classes optimales générées et obtenir la meilleure version. Les expérimentations ont été effectuées sur des architectures IA-64 et Pentium- IV, en utilisant les compilateurs gcc et icc. Les approches proposées (Spécialisation Hybride et Itérative), nous permettent d'obtenir une amélioration significative pour plusieurs benchmarks, y compris ceux de SPEC, FFTW et ATLAS
Montout, Sylvie. "Croissance, investissement, spécialisation et régionalisation Nord-Sud : une application au Mexique." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010055.
Full textAlary, Mathieu. "Latéralité manuelle et spécialisation hémisphérique pour le langage dans la schizophrénie." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN3140.
Full textCrow’s hypothesis, which supports the idea that schizophrenia may be characterized by a decrease of hemispheric specialization for language, is the starting point of this work. In a first study, we investigate the strength of manual lateralization including familial sinistrality in patients with first episode schizophrenia. We found that there were fewer participants with a strong manual preference among patients than among controls. In a second study, using functional cerebral imagery, we evaluate directly the leftward hemispheric lateralization for language. A reduced functional lateralization for language in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls is shown. No relationship between anatomical and functional asymmetry in patients with schizophrenia is reported. Our last study supports the hypothesis that reduced hemispheric asymmetry may be a biological marker for schizophrenia. This study shows a reduction of leftward functional lateralization for language in patients with schizophrenia compared to patients with bipolar disorders and healthy controls subjects. This work supports the idea that the reduction of both manual lateralization and leftward hemispheric specialization for language is present from the beginning of the disease and may be a biological marker for schizophrenia
Beaulande, Janique. "Progrès technique, divergence technologique et dynamique de spécialisation en union monétaire." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT4002.
Full textTurcu, Camélia. "Intégration, agglomération et spécialisation : analyse théorique et application aux régions européennes." Poitiers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008POIT4003.
Full textEconomic integration, often perceived in an international perspective, induces equally important changes of the economic space at an infranational level. Within this framework, we choose to analyze the impact of integration on the structuring of economic activities across countries and among their regions. This structuring has to be understood in both spatial concentration and territorial specialization terms. After an investigation of international trade and new economic geography theories, we develop an economic geography model with fooloose capital, constructed in a two country-four regions setting. This model analyses the impact of goods and production factors mobility on the distribution of incomes and economic activities at interregional and international levels, in the presence of different or identical transfer costs. Using simulations, we propose some extensions of the model in terms of comparative advantages, evolution of incomes, welfare or industries localization disparities as well as in terms of regional policy. The empirical analysis applied to the case of the European Union reinforces our analytical choices and proves the fact that integration is often accompanied by disparities in terms of sectors localization and in terms of countries' and regions' specialization. These disparities that might increase over time appear to be more pronounced at regional level than at national one. At a more disaggregated sector level, several factors that influence the spatial structuring of activities are highlighted. The empirical analysis allows mainly to identify a market-size effect consistent with the conclusions of our theoretical model
Fagot, Joël. "Prévalence manuelle et spécialisation hémisphérique chez le gorille et le babouin." Aix-Marseille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX11176.
Full textBrossollet, Cécile. "Spécialisation et représentation économique du ménage : une perspective dynamique et stratégique." Paris, EHESS, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990EHES0001.
Full textHubert, François-Xavier. "Spécialisation fonctionnelle des sous-populations de cellules dendritiques chez le rat." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT23VS.
Full textThe immune system evolved to protect us from microbes. The induction of effective antigen-specific T-cell immunity to pathogens has evolved as a sophisticated and highly balanced immunoregulatory mechanism. This mechanism depends on dendritic cells (DC) or professional antigen-presenting cells, which are able to transport antigens from the periphery to lymphoid tissues. DC are unique in their capacity to induce and regulate immunity and tolerance in the periphery. The aim of my thesis was to analyze the functions of different dendritic cells subsets in rats. We reported that splenic DC in rats can be separated into functionally different CD4+ and CD4- subsets and that CD4- DC exhibited a natural cytotoxic activity in vitro against tumour cells. As previously shown in mice and humans, we have identified the existence of high IL-12-producing DC subset in the rat that induce Th1 responses. We have characterized the rat counterpart of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) that were identified previously in human and in mouse and that might play a role in peripheral tolerance. These cells produced enormous amounts of IFN type I and expressed selectively TLR7 and 9. We also analyzed the repertoire of TLR expression in dendritic cell subsets and their specific responses to TLR ligands and demonstrated important functional differences. Finally, we became interested with the role of DC subsets in homeostasis of regulatory T cells. We showed the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in expansion of regulatory T cells. These results show that the knowledge of DC subsets is fundamental in establishment of immune and tolerance responses
Dubergé, Nicolas. "La spécialisation de la justice des mineurs est-elle toujours effective?" Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU2040/document.
Full textThe child is a person at a development stage, vulnerable who must be protected. To complete this objective, the legislator chosen to build with 1945 February 2nd and 1958 December 23th ordinaries, a specialized justice system able to assure the safety of child at risk and educate juvenile delinquent In a law in perpetual movement, the objective of this research is to measure the contemporary influence of the specialized marker irrigating the construction of our juvenile justice system, both on plan of the jurisdictional organization and the procedure followed by all the jurisdictions The recent transformations of the French juvenile law and the evolution of various European systems of justice demonstrate it, the future of this mark is threatened because the wellfare model in which it expresses itself is in crisis. It undergoes the competition of one new paradigm which is trying to give more responsibilities to the child: the managerial justice. Aware of this reality, this one recently began a restoration which is again necessary to complete
Harmand, Noémie. "Evolution expérimentale et spécialisation dans le paysage adaptatif d'un gradient environnemental." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT062/document.
Full textToday more than ever, it is crucial to anticipate and understand the evolutionary responses of living organisms faced with heterogeneous and unstable habitats. But to what extent is this possible? To reproduce an entire evolutionary trajectory, we must first describe the “material” available for adaptation (e.g. the phenotypic effects associated with the existing and novel genetic variability), and second describe the way evolutionary forces, shaped by the ecological context, result in specific “assemblies” of this material. At its simplest, this evolutionary process can be described by several cycles of mutation-selection events, leading to the adaptation of a population to an environment. This process is reflected in the evolutionary trajectories of bacterial lineages undergoing controlled experimental evolution in the lab. Concurrently, adaptive (phenotypic) landscape models, and especially Fisher’s geometrical model of adaptation, are powerful tools to formulate general predictions, which can then be tested on such evolutionary trajectories. However, they remain highly theoretical, and are widely conceived in a simple ecological context. In this thesis, we identified the (mutational and selective) determinants of the evolutionary trajectories of bacterial lines adapting to various environmental contexts. A first set of results regards evolution along a gradient of antibiotic doses, and their relevance is highlighted by experimental validation and by the reconstruction of the underlying adaptive landscape. A second experimental part integrates a biotic component (another bacteria) to the same environmental context. The evolutionary processes acting throughout the resulting long-term coevolution – maintained by frequency-dependent selection – are studied
Dkhissi, Kawtar. "Accords commerciaux et qualité de la spécialisation : le cas du Maroc." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD058.
Full textIn the context of international integration, the trade indicators show the significantchanges in Morocco’s trade structure and specialization, which tend to intensive manufacturedproducts in r&d and medium high technological intensity. Moreover, thegrowth of intra-industry trade in manufactured products reflects the development ofthe industry and Morocco’s convergence. For this reasons, the aim of this thesis is toexamine the impact of free trade agreements (fta) on the quality of specialization andinternational integration of Morocco.The influence of the fta is analyzed by employing the gravity model in two separatestudies. In the first one, the model measures the potential of Morocco’s exports between1998 and 2013 from 172 countries. This study finds a positive impact of agreements onMoroccan exports. Among the trading partners, the European Union (eu) has remainedto be the Morocco’s main destination market with an export rate around 99% comparedto estimated exports. Meanwhile, the exports in framework of bilateral agreements withUnited States (us), United Arab Emirates (uae), Turkey, Egypt and Jordan are around91%. However, there is an untapped trade potential with Arab Maghreb Union (amu)countries.In the second study, the gravity model is applied to examine the role of trade openness ontechnological products by using a panel data of Morocco’s exports towards 82 countriesfrom 1967 to 2014. The results show a positive impact of fta on medium high technology,low technology and non-manufactured products.Finally, the analysis of fta’s impacts to Moroccan heterogeneous firms is conductedin the last research. The results of Heckman selection model (1979) show that thecompanies created after year 2000, which use the imported inputs, increase exportingprobability. However, customs and tax constraints reduce export intensity. Moreover,the Tobit model gives a positive effect of technology on export intensity by using thesame panel data
Devier, Benjamin. "Evolution des types sexuels chez les champignons et analyse de la sélection chez un champignon phytopathogène, Microbotryum." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112266.
Full textDetecting genes under positive selection between pathogens specialized on different hosts should inform us on the type of functions involved in specialization. We therefore looked for genes under positive selection between species specialized on different hosts (Caryophyllaceae) of the phytopathogen fungus Microbotryum. We identified 42 genes showing a signature of positive selection, which had putative functions potentially involved in host specialization. We then analyzed polymorphism at the intra-specific level for some of these genes under positive selection between species. Two showed signals of positive selection at the intra-specific level, suggesting that most of the genes showing signs of positive selection when comparing species are not continually under selection in the coevolution between Microbotryum and its hosts. We also studied the selection on mating types in Microbotryum and more generally in fungi. We showed that the pheromone receptor genes evolve under balancing selection in Microbotryum and other basidiomycetes. Besides, we reviewed the literature for data on the existence and the number of mating types in fungi (varying from 0 to thousands) and associated traits, which allowed drawing inferences about the existence of anisogamy and mating types in eukaryotes. Our studies on the evolution of mating types in Microbotryum and more generally in fungi showed that several wrong ideas existed in the literature, because links are lacking with the extant theories in evolutionary biology. Conversely, we showed that fungi could serve as good eukaryotic models to test theories in evolutionary biology
Cezar, Vasconcellos Barros Rafael. "The effects of Financial & Institutional Systems on International Trade, Specialization and Foreign Direct Investment." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957913.
Full textCourbot, Alexandre. "Spécialisation tardive de systèmes Java embarqués pour petits objets portables et sécurisés." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00113765.
Full textAkbarian, Reza. "Analyse théorique et appliquée de la spécialisation internationale et des politiques commerciales." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON10043.
Full textCureau, Olivier. "Intégration régionale, croissance et dynamique de spécialisation : une application à l'Afrique australe." Paris 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA020117.
Full textDembi, Duval Antoine. "La spécialisation par la concurrence : le cas des pays de l'UDEAC/CEMAC." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX32073.
Full textThe economic integration in Central Africa is suffering of an international specialization more constructiviste and more bureaucratic (A) while an institutional approach would be more fit (B). A - UDEAC/CEMAC, victim of economic constructivism and bureaucracy. Beyond the planned specialization (observed from equitable distribution policy of development projects and sectorial coordination policy) which asphyxiated outrageously the industrial and commercial rise of the Union, the international specialization theories in pur and perfect competition that of international specialization in an imperfect competition are not less critiziable. .
Oliveira-Martins, Joaquim. "Spécialisation commerciale et structures de marché : un recueil d'articles en économie appliquée." Paris 1, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00140536.
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