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1
Jimoh, Abdulhameed, and Job Atteh. "Improving the metabolisable energy value of brewers’ dried grains with enzyme cocktails in poultry nutrition." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 63, no. 4 (2018): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1804409j.
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The determination of the positive effects of exogenous enzymes is essential to ensure their inclusion in poultry feed formulation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of enzymes on the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) value of brewers? dried grain (BDG). Xylanase, phytase and multipurpose enzymes were used in a completely randomised design to determine the effects of individual exogenous enzymes and their cocktails on poultry metabolisable energy using adult cockerels. There were eight treatments comprising a control and seven experimental treatments with BDG and one, two or three enzymes. The AME values were determined using the intubation method. Data collected were analysed using the statistical analysis system. Enzymes individually and as a cocktail improved the AME value of BDG compared to the control. An increase in the AME value was 3.48%, 5.39%, 5.92%, 14.29%, 18.13%, 23.21% and 29.58% respectively for phytase, xylanase, cocktail of xylanase and phytase, multipurpose enzyme, cocktail of multipurpose enzyme and phytase, cocktail of xylanase and multipurpose enzyme and cocktail of xylanase, phytase and multipurpose enzyme. Cocktails of enzymes were significantly better (P?0.05) than individual enzymes in their effects on apparent metabolisable energy of BDG. Phytase gave a marginal increase in AME of the studied feedstuff. It has been concluded that the cocktail of enzymes is better than individual enzymes in their effects on AME of BDG. If different enzymes are available, it is recommended that the enzyme with higher units should be used.
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COURTIER, Audrey, Maïté SARTER, Claire RAYNAUD, Laurent CADERON, and Mickaël DERANGEON. "Couplage d’outils analytiques et biologiques dans la surveillance de la qualité des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine (EDCH)." TSM 12 2023, TSM 12 2023 (December 20, 2023): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/202312121.
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Le traitement des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine (EDCH) est un vrai défi puisqu’une grande diversité de molécules contamine les eaux et ces molécules ont des propriétés qui diffèrent et qui rendent l’adaptation du traitement compliqué et très onéreux. La connaissance des contaminations a été rendue possible grâce à l’essor et à l’amélioration des techniques analytiques permettant de détecter de plus en plus de molécules présentes à de faibles concentrations. À ce jour, l’effet de ces molécules sur la santé et l’impact des potentiels effets cocktails sont toujours inconnus et peu étudiés. Dans cette étude, le couplage des techniques analytiques et biologiques (bioessais) a permis la détection d’effet sur des organismes vivants et une investigation a été menée pour trouver les molécules impliquées dans leur apparition. Ainsi, un effet fongicide très marqué a été observé sur les champignons mis en contact avec l’eau du site étudié, alors même que les analyses ciblées (recherche de plus de 850 molécules) montraient une absence de molécule. Les analyses non ciblées réalisées ont, quant à elles, montré la présence de 476 molécules dont uniquement 164 ont pu être identifiées avec une forte probabilité. Parmi ces molécules, trois fongicides ont été trouvés : l’oxadixyl, le fenpropimorphe et la fénamidone. Des études approfondies sont nécessaires pour déterminer si l’effet observé est provoqué par l’un de ces fongicides ou par une interaction synergique entre plusieurs molécules. Ces résultats appuient l’importance de préserver les zones de captages afin d’éviter de retrouver des molécules indésirables dans l’eau de consommation.
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Fritsch, Gerhard, Heinz Steltzer, Daniel Oberladstaetter, Carolina Zeller, and Hermann Prossinger. "Artificial intelligence algorithms predict the efficacy of analgesic cocktails prescribed after orthopedic surgery." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): e0280995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280995.
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Background Mixtures (‘cocktails’) of various analgesics are more effective in controlling post-operative pain because of potential synergetic effects. Few studies have investigated such effects in large combinations of analgesics and no studies have determined the probabilities of effectiveness. Methods We used one-hot encoding of the categorical variables reported pain levels and the administered cocktails (from a total of eight analgesics) and then applied an unsupervised neural network and then the unsupervised DBSCAN algorithm to detect clusters of cocktails. We used Bayesian statistics to classify the effectiveness of these cocktails. Results Of the 61 different cocktails administered to 750 patients, we found that four combinations of three to four analgesics were by far the most effective. All these cocktails contained Metamizole and Paracetamol; three contained Hydromorphone and two contained Diclofenac and one Diclofenac-Orphenadrine. The ML probability that these cocktails decreased pain levels ranged from 0.965 to 0.981. Choice of a most effective cocktail involves choosing the optimum in a 4-dimensional parameter space: maximum probability of efficacy, confidence interval about maximum probability, fraction of patients with increase in pain levels, relative number of patients with successful pain level decrease. Conclusions We observed that administering one analgesic or at most two is not effective. We found no statistical indicators that interactions between analgesics in the most effective cocktails decreased their effectiveness. Pairs of most effective cocktails differed by the addition of only one analgesic (Diclofenac-Orphenadrine for one pair and Hydromorphone for the other). We conclude that the listed cocktails are to be recommended.
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Sizikova, T. E., G. V. Borisevich, D. V. Shcheblyakov, D. A. Burmistrova, and V. N. Lebedev. "THE USE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 63, no. 6 (December 20, 2018): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-6-245-249.
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Some drugs candidates for treatment of Ebola virus disease (EVD), have been studied, monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails have shown great potential as EVD therapeutics. The advantages of mAb therapy include low toxicity, high specificity and versatility, with the range of biological effects being dependent upon the Fc region. Functions of mAbs include pathogen opsonisation, complement activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and virus neutralization characteristics. The most known mAb cocktail, used as therapeutic, is ZMapр, manufactured by «Leaf Biopharmaceutical» from 2004. The elaborated mAb cocktails, structures and properties s of mAbs, the protective characteristics of mAbs and development of new pan-ebolavirus mAbs are reviewed in this article.
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Jimoh, Abdulhameed, and Job Olutimehin Atteh. "The Apparent Metabolisable Energy Values of Palm Kernel Cake as Influenced by Enzymes and Cocktails." Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences 6, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/myjas.2021.6.2.269.
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This study was conducted to quantify the effects of enzymes and their cocktails on the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) value of palm kernel cake to maximise enzymes’ advantages. There were eight treatments, each with three replicates in a completely randomised design with T1 as control. The experimental treatments had Xylanase, Multipurpose and phytase enzymes respectively for T2, T3 and T4, and a cocktail of xylanase and multipurpose, a cocktail of xylanase and phytase, cocktail of multipurpose and phytase, and cocktail of xylanase, multipurpose and phytase for T5, T6, T7 and T8. The feeding trial was done using the intubation method. Gross energy values were determined with calorimeter while calculated AME values were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System and treatment means separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results show that individual enzymes, apart from phytase, significantly (p>0.05) improved the AME value of palm kernel cake. Treatment T8 was significantly (p>0.05) better than the other treatments. Each cocktail was significantly better than its respective individual enzymes except cocktail of multipurpose enzyme and phytase that was not significantly different from multipurpose enzyme but significantly (p>0.05) better than phytase. It was concluded that enzymes and cocktail of enzymes could be used to enhance the energy content of nonconventional feedstuffs thereby serving as a replacement to conventional energy feedstuffs.
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Nyczepir, A. P., D. A. Kluepfel, V. Waldrop, and W. P. Wechter. "Soil Solarization and Biological Control for Managing Mesocriconema xenoplax and Short Life in a Newly Established Peach Orchard." Plant Disease 96, no. 9 (September 2012): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-11-0373-re.
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The effects of soil solarization, with and without a Pseudomonas spp. cocktail or wheat rotation as alternatives to chemical control of Mesocriconema xenoplax, were investigated from 2004 to 2011. Preplant solarization and soil fumigation (67% methyl bromide + 33% chloropicrin mixture; henceforth, referred to as MBr) was initiated in 2004 in an orchard infested with M. xenoplax and a history of peach tree short life (PTSL). Plots consisted of nine treatments: (i) nonsolarized soil-alone, (ii) nonsolarized soil with bacteria cocktail (nonsolar-bacteria), (iii) nonsolarized soil with wheat (nonsolar-wheat), (iv) nonsolarized soil with bacteria cocktail and wheat (nonsolar-bacteria-wheat), (v) solarized soil-alone, (vi) solarized soil with bacteria cocktail solar-bacteria), (vii) solarized soil with wheat (solar-wheat), (viii) solarized soil with bacteria cocktail and wheat (solar-bacteria-wheat), and (ix) preplant MBr fumigation. Peach trees were planted into all plots in 2005. Nematode populations were suppressed 20 months longer after orchard establishment in solar-alone and solar-wheat plots than solar-bacteria and solar-bacteria-wheat plots. Pseudomonas spp. cocktails did not have a pronounced effect in suppressing M. xenoplax in this study. Fumigation effect on M. xenoplax population density dissipated 24 months after application. Solar-wheat-treated soil was as effective as preplant MBr fumigation in increasing tree survival from PTSL for at least 6 years after orchard establishment.
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Chery, Romain, Hirac Gurden, and Claire Martin. "Anesthetic regimes modulate the temporal dynamics of local field potential in the mouse olfactory bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 5 (March 1, 2014): 908–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00261.2013.
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Anesthetized preparations have been widely used to study odor-induced temporal dynamics in the olfactory bulb. Although numerous recent data of single-cell recording or imaging in the olfactory bulb have employed ketamine cocktails, their effects on networks activities are still poorly understood, and odor-induced oscillations of the local field potential have not been characterized under these anesthetics. Our study aimed at describing the impact of two ketamine cocktails on oscillations and comparing them to awake condition. Anesthesia was induced by injection of a cocktail of ketamine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, combined with one agonist of α2-adrenergic receptors, xylazine (low affinity) or medetomidine (high affinity). Spontaneous and odor-induced activities were examined in anesthetized and awake conditions, in the same mice chronically implanted with an electrode in the main olfactory bulb. The overall dynamic pattern of oscillations under the two ketamine cocktails resembles that of the awake state. Ongoing activity is characterized by gamma bursts (>60 Hz) locked on respiration and beta (15–40 Hz) power increases during odor stimulation. However, anesthesia decreases local field potential power and leads to a strong frequency shift of gamma oscillations from 60–90 Hz to 100–130 Hz. We conclude that similarities between oscillations in anesthetized and awake states make cocktails of ketamine with one α2-agonist suitable for the recordings of local field potential to study processing in the early stages of the olfactory system.
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Kim, Byeori, Seung Yeup Lee, Jungkum Park, Sujin Song, Kwang-Pyo Kim, and Eunjung Roh. "Bacteriophage Cocktail Comprising Fifi044 and Fifi318 for Biocontrol of Erwinia amylovora." Plant Pathology Journal 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2024): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2024.0005.
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Erwinia amylovora is a plant pathogen that causes fire blight on apples and pears. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that selectively infect specific species of bacteria and are harmless to animal cells, have been considered as biological control agents for the prevention of bacterial pathogens. In this study, we aimed to use bacteriophages that infect E. amylovora as biocontrol agents against fire blight. We isolated bacteriophages Fifi044 and Fifi318 infecting E. amylovora, and characterized their morphology, plaque form, and genetic diversity to use as cocktails for disease control. The stabilities of the two phages were investigated at various temperatures and pH values and under sunlight, and long-term storage experiment was conducted for a year. To evaluate whether the two phages were suitable for use in cocktail form, growth curves of E. amylovora were prepared after treating the bacterial cells with single phages and a phage cocktail. In addition, a disease control test was conducted using immature apples and in vitro cultured apple plantlets to determine the biocontrol effects of the phage cocktail. The two phages were morphologically and genetically different, and highly stable up to 50°C and pH value from 4 to 10. The phages showed synergistic effect when used as a cocktail in the inhibition of host bacterial growth and the disease control. This study demonstrated that the potential of the phage cocktail as a biocontrol agent for commercial use.
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Holger, Dana, Katherine Lev, Natasha Bhutani, Razieh Kebriaei, Taylor Morrisette, Susan Lehman, Jose Alexander, and Michael J. Rybak. "132. Evaluation Phage Cocktails in Combination with Ciprofloxacin Against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Overexpressing MexAB-OprM Efflux Systems." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.132.
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Abstract Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are increasing in prevalence and cause significant mortality. The MexAB-OprM efflux system confers resistance to a wide range of drugs, including β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides. Obligately lytic bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. Phage therapy has been suggested as an alternative treatment option in combination with traditional antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of a phage cocktail in combination with ciprofloxacin (CIP) to improve bacterial killing and/or prevent the emergence of phage resistance in MDR P. aeruginosa. Methods Initial bacterial susceptibility to phage was evaluated with three newly isolated phages (phages EM, LL, and A6) against ten clinical MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. Theoretical multiplicity of infection (tMOI) optimization was performed with two phages with the broadest initial susceptibility (tMOI: 1.0 chosen for further analysis). A preliminary evaluation was performed with P. aeruginosa R9316 (carbapenem-resistant clinical strain with MexAB-OprM overexpression, as determined previously by quantitative real-time PCR). Synergy for phage cocktail combinations (≥ 2-log10 CFU/mL kill compared to most effective single agent at 24 h), bactericidal activity for all samples (≥ 3-log10 CFU/mL reduction at 24 h compared to starting inoculum), and phage resistance development were evaluated in time kill analyses (TKA). Results R9316 is a MDR P. aeruginosa isolate with a CIP MIC of 2 mg/L. Phage cocktails as monotherapy had little impact on bacterial eradication (reduction: 1.19 log10 CFU/mL). However, the addition of CIP to phage cocktails of EM and LL phages led to synergistic and bactericidal effects (reduction: 3.92 log10 CFU/mL). Furthermore, phage resistance was observed in the phage monotherapy regimens. Whereas the addition of CIP was shown to prevent the emergence of phage resistance in some regimens. Conclusion Our results show synergistic activity and prevention of phage resistance with phage cocktail-antibiotic combinations against MDR P. aeruginosa. Further research is needed to determine the impact of phage cocktail therapy on additional strains and clinical outcomes. Disclosures Michael J. Rybak, PharmD, MPH, PhD, Paratek Pharmaceuticals (Research Grant or Support)
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WESCHE, ALISSA M., BRADLEY P. MARKS, and ELLIOT T. RYSER. "Thermal Resistance of Heat-, Cold-, and Starvation-Injured Salmonella in Irradiated Comminuted Turkey." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.942.
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To investigate the effects of sublethal stress on Salmonella thermal inactivation kinetics, an eight-strain Salmonella cocktail was subjected to heat shock (30 min at 54°C), cold shock (2 h at 4°C), and starvation stress (10 days in phosphate buffer at 4°C), harvested by centrifugation, and inoculated into irradiated comminuted turkey. Immediately after stressing, the Salmonella cocktails contained 89.1% heat-injured, 44.7% cold-injured, and 67.7% starvation-injured cells, as determined by plating on selective and nonselective media. D60°C-values for the heat-shocked cocktail (0.64 min on Trypticase soy agar containing 0.6% yeast extract [TSAYE], 0.35 min on xylose lysine desoxycholate [XLD] agar) were higher (P < 0.05) than those for the unshocked control (0.41 min on TSAYE, 0.17 min on XLD), whereas D60°C-values for the cold-shocked cocktail (0.38 min on TSAYE, 0.17 min on XLD) were not significantly different from those for the control. Starved cells had the same D60°C-value on TSAYE as did the unshocked cocktail, but the D60°C-value on XLD was significantly lower (0.14 min). Although starvation and cold shock were not thermally protective, heat shock increased thermal resistance, indicating that product history and the physiological state of the Salmonella cells should be considered when developing and validating thermal processes. D60°C-values observed on selective media were significantly lower than those observed on nonselective media for all stress treatments and for the control. Therefore, nonselective culture media should be used to assess the response of microorganisms to a thermal challenge when developing performance standards for lethality.
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Jimoh, Abdulhameed. "Effects of enzyme cocktails on in vitro digestibility of palm kernel cake." Journal of Central European Agriculture 19, no. 1 (2018): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/19.1.2030.
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Steffan, Severin Michael, Golshan Shakeri, Corinna Kehrenberg, Elisa Peh, Manfred Rohde, Madeleine Plötz, and Sophie Kittler. "Campylobacter Bacteriophage Cocktail Design Based on an Advanced Selection Scheme." Antibiotics 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020228.
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Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide-occurring disease and has been the most commonly reported zoonotic gastrointestinal infection in the European Union in recent years. The development of successful phage-based intervention strategies will require a better understanding of phage–bacteria interactions to facilitate advances in phage cocktail design. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of newly isolated group II and group III phages and their combinations on current Campylobacter field strains. A continuous workflow for host range and efficiency of plating (EOP) value determination was combined with a qPCR-based phage group identification and a liquid-based planktonic killing assay (PKA). An advanced analysis scheme allowed us to evaluate phage cocktails by their efficacy in inhibiting bacterial population growth and the resulting phage concentrations. The results of this study indicate that data obtained from PKAs are more accurate than host range data based on plaque formation (EOP). Planktonic killing assays with Campylobacter appear to be a useful tool for a straightforward cocktail design. Results show that a group II phage vB_CcM-LmqsCP218-2c2 and group III phage vB_CjM-LmqsCP1-1 mixture would be most promising for practical applications against Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni.
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Singh, Onkar, Mary-Leah Albano, Felicia Scaringi, and Monique Aucoin. "Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Hemoglobin Improved by Intravenous Nutrient Therapy: A Case Report." CAND Journal 31, no. 2 (June 27, 2024): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54434/candj.171.
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Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are variations of bone marrow failure disorders that lead to insufficient production of healthy blood cells culminating in some combination of low red blood cells, low white cells, or both. This case report presents a case of increased hemoglobin levels following intravenous (IV) nutrient therapy. J.B. is a 74-year-old male who presented with a chief concern of MDS. He was experiencing extreme fatigue and exhaustion, episodes of shortness of breath and a decline in hemoglobin levels. He was being followed by a hematologist who monitored his complete blood count (CBC) at regular intervals, with primary focus on blood hemoglobin. His hemoglobin levels were significantly lower than the normal range, but never met the threshold for a blood transfusion (< 75 g/dL), his only treatment option. Beginning in November 2021, weekly to biweekly IV nutrient therapy treatments were initiated. In all, 39 IV treatments were given until August 2023. Intravenous nutrient formulas included Myer’s Cocktail, high-dose vitamin C (25 g), Hydrating Myer’s Cocktail and Hydrating Myer’s Cocktail + glutathione. As IV treatments were administered, a trend was observed showing a consistent improvement of hemoglobin levels over time, with the greatest degree of improvement observed after the series of Hydrating Myer’s Cocktails. The patient also reported decreased overall fatigue and reduced recovery time from activity. Delivering a series of IV infusions may have resulted in an improvement of hemoglobin levels in this patient. Further investigation is warranted to understand the potential effects IV nutrient therapy could have on MDS patients with a similar prognosis.
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Boyer, Lucie, Valerie Cortin, Amelie Robert, and Nicolas Pineault. "Optimization of a Cytokine Cocktail for the Expansion of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells into Megakaryocytes Progenitors." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 4041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4041.4041.
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Abstract Platelet transfusion remains the only therapy available to restore safe platelet levels in thrombocytopenic patients following stem cell transplantation. However, the development of improved cytokine cocktail for the pre-expansion of megakaryocyte progenitors (Mk-p) to support the transplantation may reduce the demand for platelet transfusions. Toward this, we previously reported the results of two-level factorial design screens of 6 cytokines (SCF, FL, IL-3, IL-6, IL-9 and IL-11) with TPO which identified TPO, SCF, FL and IL-9 as the best combination for the expansion of cord blood (CB) CD34+ cells into Mk-p (ASH abstract#1673, 2006). The objective of this study was to find the optimal concentration levels of these cytokines and validate the newly optimized cocktails. In brief, CB CD34+ cells were first expanded for 6 days in various conditions specified by a central composite design (CCD). The expansion of various hematopoietic populations and Mk-p were determined by FACS and CFU-Mk assay respectively, while the capacity of the expanded cells to produce Mk and platelets ex vivo was also measured at day-14 using the cytokine cocktail BS1 (optimized for the production of CB Mk). Statistical analysis of these responses revealed the synergistic effects of the cytokines and provided mathematical models for the expansion of Mk-p and the day-14 final Mk production. The CCD results demonstrated that SCF and TPO were the principal cytokines for the expansion of Mk and CFU-Mk at day-6. This was evident by their positive individual effect and their strong positive synergistic effect (+25% on CFU-Mk, P<0.02). Importantly, a strong negative interaction between TPO and IL-9 on the expansion of CFU-Mk was also revealed (−39%, p<0.001), as well as a strong positive interaction between FL and SCF on the expansion of CD34+ cells (+50%, P=0.05). Under the CCD settings FL and IL-9 effects on CFU-Mk expansion did not reach statistical significance, though the CFU-Mk model (R2=0.95) suggested that IL-9 should be used at the lowest concentration while FL could have a positive effect when used within a certain range. The next experiments were done to validate or complement the CCD-based models. The positive effect of SCF on CFU-Mk was confirmed. In regards to IL-9, we confirmed the model prediction that under optimum SCF and TPO concentration (determined by the response surface map), that removal of IL-9 was beneficial to the expansion of CFU-Mk (1.4–1.5- fold increase), while the addition of FL was found to slightly increase the expansion of CFU-Mk (1.2-fold). Finally, the CCD models were used to optimized 2 new cocktails; one specific for the expansion of Mk-p (ocMk-p) and one for the production of Mk at day-14 (ocMk). The yields and efficiencies of each cocktail was compared to the control cocktails TGS and BS1; TGS is currently used in clinical trial for the expansion of progenitors prior transplantation (TPO, G-CSF and SCF at 100 ng/ml), whereas BS1 (TPO,SCF, IL-6, IL-9) is known to favor good CFU-Mk expansion and excellent Mk production. Preliminary experiments have shown that ocMk-p increased the expansion of CFU-Mk up to 1.4 ±0.2 fold (range +1.2–1.9, n=3) compared to TGS while using 85% less cytokines, and that ocMk increased final Mk (P=0.01) and platelets (P<0.05) yields by 1.4- and 1.7-fold respectively compared to BS1 (n=8). In conclusion, two new cocktails were optimized using a dose-response surface methodology which allow maximal expansion while using significantly less cytokines.
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Liang, Yuyun, Yanrong Lv, Jing Qin, and Wenbin Deng. "Network Pharmacology Analysis of the Potential Pharmacological Mechanism of a Sleep Cocktail." Biomolecules 14, no. 6 (May 27, 2024): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14060630.
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Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder due to which people have trouble sleeping, followed by daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and a depressed mood. It may result in an increased risk of accidents of all kinds as well as problems focusing and learning. Dietary supplements have become popular products for alleviating insomnia, while the lenient requirements for pre-market research result in unintelligible mechanisms of different combinations of dietary supplements. In this study, we aim to systematically identify the molecular mechanisms of a sleep cocktail’s pharmacological effects based on findings from network pharmacology and molecular docking. A total of 249 targets of the sleep cocktail for the treatment of insomnia were identified and enrichment analysis revealed multiple pathways involved in the nervous system and inflammation. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and molecular complex detection (MCODE) analysis yielded 10 hub genes, including AKT1, ADORA1, BCL2, CREB1, IL6, JUN, RELA, STAT3, TNF, and TP53. Results from weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of insomnia-related transcriptome data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) showed that a sleep cocktail may also ease insomnia via regulating the inflammatory response. Molecular docking results reveal good affinity of Sleep Cocktail to 9 selected key targets. It is noteworthy that the crucial target HSP90AA1 binds to melatonin most stably, which was further validated by MD simulation.
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Tragni, Vincenzo, Guido Primiano, Albina Tummolo, Lucas Cafferati Beltrame, Gianluigi La Piana, Maria Noemi Sgobba, Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi, et al. "Personalized Medicine in Mitochondrial Health and Disease: Molecular Basis of Therapeutic Approaches Based on Nutritional Supplements and Their Analogs." Molecules 27, no. 11 (May 29, 2022): 3494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113494.
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Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) may result from mutations affecting nuclear or mitochondrial genes, encoding mitochondrial proteins, or non-protein-coding mitochondrial RNA. Despite the great variability of affected genes, in the most severe cases, a neuromuscular and neurodegenerative phenotype is observed, and no specific therapy exists for a complete recovery from the disease. The most used treatments are symptomatic and based on the administration of antioxidant cocktails combined with antiepileptic/antipsychotic drugs and supportive therapy for multiorgan involvement. Nevertheless, the real utility of antioxidant cocktail treatments for patients affected by MDs still needs to be scientifically demonstrated. Unfortunately, clinical trials for antioxidant therapies using α-tocopherol, ascorbate, glutathione, riboflavin, niacin, acetyl-carnitine and coenzyme Q have met a limited success. Indeed, it would be expected that the employed antioxidants can only be effective if they are able to target the specific mechanism, i.e., involving the central and peripheral nervous system, responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. Noteworthily, very often the phenotypes characterizing MD patients are associated with mutations in proteins whose function does not depend on specific cofactors. Conversely, the administration of the antioxidant cocktails might determine the suppression of endogenous oxidants resulting in deleterious effects on cell viability and/or toxicity for patients. In order to avoid toxicity effects and before administering the antioxidant therapy, it might be useful to ascertain the blood serum levels of antioxidants and cofactors to be administered in MD patients. It would be also worthwhile to check the localization of mutations affecting proteins whose function should depend (less or more directly) on the cofactors to be administered, for estimating the real need and predicting the success of the proposed cofactor/antioxidant-based therapy.
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Luo, Zhenyu, Weinan Zeng, Xi Chen, Qiang Xiao, Anjing Chen, Jiali Chen, Haoyang Wang, and Zongke Zhou. "Cocktail of Ropivacaine, Morphine, and Diprospan Reduces Pain and Prolongs Analgesic Effects after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Clinical Practice 2024 (February 28, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/3697846.
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Background. Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) provides postoperative analgesia for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of a cocktail of ropivacaine, morphine, and Diprospan for TKA. Methods. A total of 100 patients from September 2018 to February 2019 were randomized into 2 groups. Group A (control group, 50 patients) received LIA of ropivacaine alone (80 ml, 0.25% ropivacaine). Group B (LIA group, 50 patients) received an LIA cocktail of ropivacaine, morphine, and Diprospan (80 ml, 0.25% ropivacaine, 0.125 mg/ml morphine, and 62.5 μg/ml compound betamethasone). The primary outcomes were the levels of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores, opioid consumption, range of motion (ROM), functional tests, and sleeping quality. The secondary outcomes were adverse events, satisfaction rates, HSS scores, and SF-12 scores. The longest follow-up was 2 years. Results. The two groups showed no differences in terms of characteristics (P > 0.05). Group B had lower resting VAS pain scores (1.54 ± 0.60, 95% CI = 1.37 to 1.70 vs. 2.00 ± 0.63, 95% CI = 2.05 to 2.34) and active VAS pain scores (2.64 ± 0.62, 95% CI = 2.46 to 2.81 vs. 3.16 ± 0.75, 95% CI = 2.95 to 3.36) within 48 h postoperatively than Group A (P<0.001), while none of the pain differences exceeded the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Group B had significantly lower CRP levels (59.49 ± 13.01, 95% CI = 55.88 to 63.09 vs. 65.95 ± 14.41, 95% CI = 61.95 to 69.94) and IL-6 levels (44.11 ± 13.67, 95% CI = 40.32 to 47.89 vs. 60.72 ± 15.49, 95% CI = 56.42 to 65.01), lower opioid consumption (7.60 ± 11.10, 95% CI = 4.52 to 10.67 vs. 13.80 ± 14.68, 95% CI = 9.73 to 17.86), better ROM (110.20 ± 10.46, 95% CI = 107.30 to 113.09 vs. 105.30 ± 10.02, 95% CI = 102.52 to 108.07), better sleep quality (3.40 ± 1.03, 95% CI = 3.11 to 3.68 vs. 4.20 ± 1.06, 95% CI = 3.90 to 4.49), and higher satisfaction rates than Group A within 48 h postoperatively (P < 0.05). Adverse events, HSS scores, and SF-12 scores were not significantly different within 2 years postoperatively. Conclusions. A cocktail of ropivacaine, morphine, and Diprospan prolongs the analgesic effect up to 48 h postoperatively. Although the small statistical benefit may not result in MCID, the LIA cocktail still reduces opioid consumption, results in better sleeping quality and faster rehabilitation, and does not increase adverse events. Therefore, cocktails of ropivacaine, morphine, and Diprospan have good application value for pain control in TKA. This trial is registered with ChiCTR1800018372.
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Focosi, Daniele, and Marco Tuccori. "Prescription of Anti-Spike Monoclonal Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients with Resistant SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Italy." Pathogens 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080823.
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Anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies have been considered a promising approach to COVID-19 therapy. Unfortunately, the advent of resistant lineages jeopardized their effectiveness and prompted limitations in their clinical use. Change in the dominant variant can be fast to such an extent that, in the absence of timely medical education, prescribers can keep using these drugs for relatively long periods even in patients with resistant variants. Therefore, many patients could have been exposed to drugs with unlikely benefits and probable risks. We show here that about 20% of bamlanivimab+etesevimab, 30% of casirivimab+imdevimab, and 30% of sotrovimab courses were administered in Italy during periods in which a fully resistant variant was dominant. Additionally, for monoclonal antibody cocktails, the vast majority of usage occurred against variants for which one of the mAbs within the cocktail was ineffective. Given the high costs of these drugs and their potential side effects, it would be important to consider a frequent review of the appropriateness of these drugs and timely communication when the benefit/risk balance is no longer favorable.
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Leuschner, Machel, and Allan Duncan Cromarty. "Critical Assessment of Phenotyping Cocktails for Clinical Use in an African Context." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 7 (July 5, 2023): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071098.
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Interethnic and interindividual variability in in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-dependent metabolism and altered drug absorption via expressed transport channels such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) contribute to the adverse drug reactions, drug–drug interaction and therapeutic failure seen in clinical practice. A cost-effective phenotyping approach could be advantageous in providing real-time information on in vivo phenotypes to assist clinicians with individualized drug therapy, especially in resource-constrained countries such as South Africa. A number of phenotyping cocktails have been developed and the aim of this study was to critically assess the feasibility of their use in a South African context. A literature search on library databases (including AccessMedicine, BMJ, ClinicalKey, MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Scopus and TOXLINE) was limited to in vivo cocktails used in the human population to phenotype phase I metabolism and/or P-gp transport. The study found that the implementation of phenotyping in clinical practice is currently limited by multiple administration routes, the varying availability of probe drugs, therapeutic doses eliciting side effects, the interaction between probe drugs and extensive sampling procedures. Analytical challenges include complicated sample workup or extraction assays and impractical analytical procedures with low detection limits, analyte sensitivity and specificity. It was concluded that a single time point, non-invasive capillary sampling, combined with a low-dose probe drug cocktail, to simultaneously quantify in vivo drug and metabolite concentrations, would enhance the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of routine phenotyping in clinical practice; however, future research is needed to establish whether the quantitative bioanalysis of drugs in a capillary whole-blood matrix correlates with that of the standard plasma/serum matrixes used as a reference in the current clinical environment.
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Hall, Alex R., Daniel De Vos, Ville-Petri Friman, Jean-Paul Pirnay, and Angus Buckling. "Effects of Sequential and Simultaneous Applications of Bacteriophages on Populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosaIn Vitroand in Wax Moth Larvae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 16 (June 1, 2012): 5646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00757-12.
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ABSTRACTInterest in using bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections (phage therapy) is growing, but there have been few experiments comparing the effects of different treatment strategies on both bacterial densities and resistance evolution. While it is established that multiphage therapy is typically more effective than the application of a single phage type, it is not clear if it is best to apply phages simultaneously or sequentially. We tried single- and multiphage therapy againstPseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1in vitro, using different combinations of phages either simultaneously or sequentially. Across different phage combinations, simultaneous application was consistently equal or superior to sequential application in terms of reducing bacterial population density, and there was no difference (on average) in terms of minimizing resistance. Phage-resistant bacteria emerged in all experimental treatments and incurred significant fitness costs, expressed as reduced growth rate in the absence of phages. Finally, phage therapy increased the life span of wax moth larvae infected withP. aeruginosa, and a phage cocktail was the most effective short-term treatment. When the ratio of phages to bacteria was very high, phage cocktails cured otherwise lethal infections. These results suggest that while adding all available phages simultaneously tends to be the most successful short-term strategy, there are sequential strategies that are equally effective and potentially better over longer time scales.
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Bohler, Sébastien. "Effet cocktail et hautes fréquences." Cerveau & Psycho N° 117, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 9a. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cerpsy.117.0009a.
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Rodrigo, Ana P., Vera M. Mendes, Bruno Manadas, Ana R. Grosso, António P. Alves de Matos, Pedro V. Baptista, Pedro M. Costa, and Alexandra R. Fernandes. "Specific Antiproliferative Properties of Proteinaceous Toxin Secretions from the Marine Annelid Eulalia sp. onto Ovarian Cancer Cells." Marine Drugs 19, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19010031.
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As Yondelis joins the ranks of approved anti-cancer drugs, the benefit from exploring the oceans’ biodiversity becomes clear. From marine toxins, relevant bioproducts can be obtained due to their potential to interfere with specific pathways. We explored the cytotoxicity of toxin-bearing secretions of the polychaete Eulalia onto a battery of normal and cancer human cell lines and discovered that the cocktail of proteins is more toxic towards an ovarian cancer cell line (A2780). The secretions’ main proteins were identified by proteomics and transcriptomics: 14-3-3 protein, Hsp70, Rab3, Arylsulfatase B and serine protease, the latter two being known toxins. This mixture of toxins induces cell-cycle arrest at G2/M phase after 3h exposure in A2780 cells and extrinsic programmed cell death. These findings indicate that partial re-activation of the G2/M checkpoint, which is inactivated in many cancer cells, can be partly reversed by the toxic mixture. Protein–protein interaction networks partake in two cytotoxic effects: cell-cycle arrest with a link to RAB3C and RAF1; and lytic activity of arylsulfatases. The discovery of both mechanisms indicates that venomous mixtures may affect proliferating cells in a specific manner, highlighting the cocktails’ potential in the fine-tuning of anti-cancer therapeutics targeting cell cycle and protein homeostasis.
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Gough, Nancy R. "Reconstituting Angiogenesis in Vitro." Science Signaling 6, no. 273 (April 30, 2013): ec99-ec99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2004278.
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New blood vessels form from existing ones through a process called angiogenesis. Excessive or impaired angiogenesis contribute to various diseases, including cancer and diabetic retinopathy (excessive angiogenesis) or diabetic foot ulcers and impaired wound healing (impaired angiogenesis). Thus, drugs that can influence this morphogenetic process are clinically important; however, the currently available methods to assay the effects of such drugs are limited. Nguyen et al. developed a three-dimensional platform consisting of two cylindrical channels in a collagen matrix. Into one channel, endothelial cells were injected and formed a “parent” vessel through which medium was perfused; into the other channel, various pro- or anti-angiogenic cocktails were perfused, creating a gradient through the intervening matrix. Introduction individually of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) failed to stimulate invasion of endothelial cells into the matrix, but introduction of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) or the phorbol ester PMA stimulated migration of single cells (S1P) or collective cell migration (PMA). Two different cocktails containing combinations of these factors stimulated angiogenic sprouting that ultimately resulted in an endothelial lining of the factor-delivery channel and microvessels connecting the two channels. The integrity of the connected vessels was confirmed by tracking beads introduced into the vessels. Analysis of the morphological characteristics of the newly sprouting vessels confirmed that they recapitulated in vivo events, such as the formation of filopodia-extending tip cells and polarized stalk cells. Although introduction of either a VEGF inhibitor or an inhibitor of the S1P receptor blocked angiogenesis, examination of the morphological characteristics revealed differential effects on sprouting that depended on the inhibitor and the growth factor cocktail into which the inhibitor was introduced. Thus, this system could be useful in exploring mechanisms that regulate various steps in the angiogenic process and in screening for factors or drugs that alter this complex process.D.-H. T. Nguyen, S. C. Stapleton, M. T. Yang, S. S. Cha, C. K. Choi, P. A. Galie, C. S. Chen, Biomimetic model to reconstitute angiogenic sprouting morphogenesis in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.110, 6712–6717 (2013). [Abstract][Full Text]
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Reynolds, Stewart, and Alan Hill. "'Cocktail' effects - stirred, not shaken....yet." Pesticide Outlook 13, no. 5 (October 28, 2002): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b209411h.
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Weissfuss, Chantal, Sandra-Maria Wienhold, Magdalena Bürkle, Baptiste Gaborieau, Judith Bushe, Ulrike Behrendt, Romina Bischoff, et al. "Repetitive Exposure to Bacteriophage Cocktails against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli Provokes Marginal Humoral Immunity in Naïve Mice." Viruses 15, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15020387.
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Phage therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is of great interest due to the rising incidence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. However, natural or therapy-induced immunity against therapeutic phages remains a potential concern. In this study, we investigated the innate and adaptive immune responses to two different phage cocktails targeting either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli—two VAP-associated pathogens—in naïve mice without the confounding effects of a bacterial infection. Active or UV-inactivated phage cocktails or buffers were injected intraperitoneally daily for 7 days in C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Blood cell analysis, flow cytometry analysis, assessment of phage distribution and histopathological analysis of spleens were performed at 6 h, 10 days and 21 days after treatment start. Phages reached the lungs and although the phage cocktails were slightly immunogenic, phage injections were well tolerated without obvious adverse effects. No signs of activation of innate or adaptive immune cells were observed; however, both active phage cocktails elicited a minimal humoral response with secretion of phage-specific antibodies. Our findings show that even repetitive injections lead only to a minimal innate and adaptive immune response in naïve mice and suggest that systemic phage treatment is thus potentially suitable for treating bacterial lung infections.
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Hosseindoust, AR, SH Lee, JS Kim, YH Choi, HS Noh, JH Lee, PK Jha, IK Kwon, and BJ Chae. "Dietary bacteriophages as an alternative for zinc oxide or organic acids to control diarrhoea and improve the performance of weanling piglets." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 2 (February 13, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2016-vetmed.
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In this study, the antibacterial substances ZnO, organic acids and a bacteriophage cocktail were added to the diet of weanling pigs to evaluate the effects on gut health. Dietary treatments were basal diet without any supplementation (Control) and basal diet either supplemented with 0.34% (2500 ppm) ZnO, 0.20% organic acids or with 0.10% bacteriophage cocktail. Faecal score was decreased in ZnO and bacteriophage cocktail treatments. The total number of ileal anaerobic bacteria, Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were higher in ZnO, bacteriophage cocktail and organic acids, while ileal coliforms and caecal Clostridium spp. were decreased in comparison to Control. Faecal coliforms (Day 7 and Day 21) and Clostridium spp. (Day 21 and Day 35) were lower in bacteriophage cocktail. The gain to feed ratio was improved in all supplemented groups. The digestibility of dry matter was increased at the end of the experiment in all supplemented groups, while that of crude protein was increased only at Day 21 in bacteriophage cocktail. Duodenal villus height was increased in ZnO and bacteriophage cocktail. Bacteriophage cocktail also showed a greater villus height in the small intestine. Supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail in weaning pig diets resulted in better growth performance, digestibility and gut development compared to Control, and thus, it can be concluded that its effects are comparable to ZnO or organic acids supplementation.
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Zurabov, Fedor M., Ekaterina A. Chernevskaya, Natalia V. Beloborodova, Alexander Yu Zurabov, Marina V. Petrova, Mikhail Ya Yadgarov, Valentina M. Popova, et al. "Bacteriophage Cocktails in the Post-COVID Rehabilitation." Viruses 14, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 2614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122614.
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Increasing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and may persist long after disease resolution. The excessive use of antimicrobials in patients with COVID-19 can lead to additional destruction of the microbiota, as well as to the growth and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics encourages the search for alternative methods of limiting bacterial growth and restoring the normal balance of the microbiota in the human body. Bacteriophages are promising candidates as potential regulators of the microbiota. In the present study, two complex phage cocktails targeting multiple bacterial species were used in the rehabilitation of thirty patients after COVID-19, and the effectiveness of the bacteriophages against the clinical strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae was evaluated for the first time using real-time visualization on a 3D Cell Explorer microscope. Application of phage cocktails for two weeks showed safety and the absence of adverse effects. An almost threefold statistically significant decrease in the anaerobic imbalance ratio, together with an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), was detected. This work will serve as a starting point for a broader and more detailed study of the use of phages and their effects on the microbiome.
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Renaville, R., S. Massart, G. Lognay, A. Devolder, M. Sneyers, M. Marlier, M. Severin, A. Burny, and D. Portetelle. "Influence of a hormonal preparation containing glucocorticoids (dexamethasone esters), progestagen (chlormadinone acetate) and oestrogen (ethinyl oestradiol) on testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding proteins and spermatogenic cells in finishing bulls." Animal Science 59, no. 2 (October 1994): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007674.
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AbstractGrowth-promoters are banned by the European Community, but different hormonal cocktails are still illegally used. This experiment was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of one of the most currently used cocktails on some hormonal parameters and spermatogenesis in finishing bulls in an attempt to provide a suitable screening technique for their illegal use. Sixteen double-muscled Belgian White Blue finishing bulls (mean ivcight: 535 (s.d. 37) kg) were blocked into control (C; no. = 7) and treated (Dex; no. = 9) groups. Animals were treated i.m. with the hormonal preparation (dexamethasone isonicotinate and phosphate, chlormadinone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol) on day 0, day 15 and day 30. Animals were slaughtered on day 45. Three h before each treatment and just prior to slaughter, jugular blood samples were collected to monitor the testosterone (T) response to an i.v. injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) (0·5 fig GnRH per kg body weight). Testicular tissue was also collected at slaughter. Plasma T and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) were evaluated using Western ligand blotting. Daily weight gains were lower in the control group (1·29 (s.d. 0·13) kg for C v. 1·60 (s.d. 0·39) kg for Dex) but the difference ivas not significant. After treatment, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa disappeared from the testis and seminiferous tubules consisted only of Sertoli cells; these observations suggest that treated animals were sterile. Moreover, plasma T concentrations in response to GnRH stimulation were suppressed fP < 0·001) in the Dex group between day 15 and day 45 (mean maximal responses: 5·4 to 7·9 μg/l in C group v. < 0·2 μg/l in Dex group at day 15, 30 and 45). Treatment did not show any prominent effect on plasma IGF-1 levels but increased IGFBPS band intensity. In conclusion, treatment with a cocktail containing dexamethasone esters, chlormadinone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol for a short period induced a number of changes in finishing bulls luhich might be possible to develop as a screening method for the identification of illegally treated animals.
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Celander, Malin C. "Cocktail effects on biomarker responses in fish." Aquatic Toxicology 105, no. 3-4 (October 2011): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.002.
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Duc, Hoang Minh, Yu Zhang, Son Minh Hoang, Yoshimitsu Masuda, Ken-Ichi Honjoh, and Takahisa Miyamoto. "The Use of Phage Cocktail and Various Antibacterial Agents in Combination to Prevent the Emergence of Phage Resistance." Antibiotics 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2023): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061077.
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Bacterial food poisoning cases due to Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 have been linked with the consumption of a variety of food products, threatening public health around the world. This study describes the combined effects of a phage cocktail (STG2, SEG5, and PS5), EDTA, nisin, and polylysine against the bacterial cocktail consisting of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and E. coli O157:H7. Overall, phage cocktail (alone or in combination with nisin or/and polylysine) not only showed great antibacterial effects against bacterial cocktail at different temperatures (4 °C, 24 °C, and 37 °C), but also totally inhibited the emergence of phage resistance during the incubation period. These results suggest that the combination of phages with nisin or/and polylysine has great potential to simultaneously control S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and E. coli O157:H7.
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Dalmat, Yann-Mickael. "Cancers pédiatriques : un effet cocktail en cause ?" Option/Bio 31, no. 611-612 (March 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0992-5945(20)30045-3.
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Jokar, Javad, Niloofar Rahimian, Abdolmajid Ghasemian, and Sohrab Najafipour. "The Antibacterial Effects of Cocktail and Single Forms of Lytic Phages Belonging to Podoviridae and Myoviridae Families from Sewage against Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri." BioMed Research International 2022 (November 25, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7833565.
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Background. Diarrhea caused by bacterial pathogens such as Shigella spp. is one of the prominent public health concerns. The evolution of vast antibiotic resistance by these pathogens, leading to failure in the infections eradication, has made an impetus to seek and develop novel approaches. Recently, some alternative therapies such as phage therapy have been investigated. Bacteriophages are viruses that target specific bacterial species. The objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic effect of phages obtained from hospital sewage against Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) ATCC® 9290 and S. flexneri ATCC 12022 standard and clinical strains. Methods. Four various lytic bacteriophages were isolated from animal fecal and sewage samples and propagated using S. sonnei and S. flexneri as host organisms. The phages’ morphology was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lytic potential and host specificity of isolated phages were evaluated using double layer plaque assay and spot test. Moreover, bacterial turbidity values were evaluated in coculture with phages in the Luria Bertani (LB) medium for 24 hours at time intervals of 30 min. Results. Phage cocktails (Shs1, Shs2, Shf1, and Shf2) exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than single phage application against S. sonnei and S. flexneri standard strains. The phages belonged to Podoviridae and Myoviridae families according to TEM-assisted morphological features analysis. In addition, the phages exhibited host specificity using the spot test against 18 Shigella clinical isolates. Conclusion. In this study, phage cocktail of Podoviridae and Myoviridae families from sewage conferred substantial antibacterial effects against S. sonnei and S. flexneri. However, single phage effects were unstable in the LB coculture. Moreover, the phages had host specificity using the spot test performed against Shigella spp. clinical isolates.
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Hage-Hülsmann, Jennifer, Alexander Grünberger, Stephan Thies, Beatrix Santiago-Schübel, Andreas Sebastian Klein, Jörg Pietruszka, Dennis Binder, et al. "Natural biocide cocktails: Combinatorial antibiotic effects of prodigiosin and biosurfactants." PLOS ONE 13, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): e0200940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200940.
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Barbacini, Pietro, Dieter Blottner, Daniele Capitanio, Gabor Trautmann, Katharina Block, Enrica Torretta, Manuela Moriggi, Michele Salanova, and Cecilia Gelfi. "Effects of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Cocktail Supplement on Prolonged Bed Rest: Results from Serum Proteome and Sphingolipids Analysis." Cells 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11132120.
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Physical inactivity or prolonged bed rest (BR) induces muscle deconditioning in old and young subjects and can increase the cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) with dysregulation of the lipemic profile. Nutritional interventions, combining molecules such as polyphenols, vitamins and essential fatty acids, can influence some metabolic features associated with physical inactivity and decrease the reactive oxidative and nitrosative stress (RONS). The aim of this study was to detect circulating molecules correlated with BR in serum of healthy male subjects enrolled in a 60-day BR protocol to evaluate a nutritional intervention with an antioxidant cocktail as a disuse countermeasure (Toulouse COCKTAIL study). The serum proteome, sphingolipidome and nitrosoproteome were analyzed adopting different mass spectrometry-based approaches. Results in placebo-treated BR subjects indicated a marked decrease of proteins associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) involved in lipemic homeostasis not found in the cocktail-treated BR group. Moreover, long-chain ceramides decreased while sphingomyelin increased in the BR cocktail-treated group. In placebo, the ratio of S-nitrosylated/total protein increased for apolipoprotein D and several proteins were over-nitrosylated. In cocktail-treated BR subjects, the majority of protein showed a pattern of under-nitrosylation, except for ceruloplasmin and hemopexin, which were over-nitrosylated. Collectively, data indicate a positive effect of the cocktail in preserving lipemic and RONS homeostasis in extended disuse conditions.
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Grabowski, Łukasz, Grzegorz Węgrzyn, Alicja Węgrzyn, and Magdalena Podlacha. "Phage Therapy vs. the Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Salmonella-Infected Chickens: Comparison of Effects on Hematological Parameters and Selected Biochemical Markers." Antibiotics 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121787.
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Previous studies indicated that the use of a phage cocktail, composed of bacteriophages vB_SenM-2 and vB_Sen-TO17, is effective in killing cells of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis in vitro and in the Galleria mellonella animal model as efficiently as antibiotics (enrofloxacin or colistin) and induced fewer deleterious changes in immune responses. Here, we investigated the effects of this phage cocktail on the hematological parameters and selected biochemical markers in chickens infected with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, in comparison to those caused by enrofloxacin or colistin. We found that treatment with antibiotics (especially with enrofloxacin) caused nonbeneficial effects on red blood cell parameters, including hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. However, Salmonella-induced changes in the aforementioned parameters were normalized by the use of the phage cocktail. Importantly, hepatotoxicity was suggested to be induced by both antibiotics on the basis of increased alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, in contrast to the phage cocktail, which did not influence these enzymes. We conclude that phage therapy with the cocktail of vB_SenM-2 and vB_Sen-TO17 in Salmonella-infected chickens is not only as effective as antibiotics but also significantly safer for the birds than enrofloxacin and colistin.
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Dumbili, Emeka W., Emmanuel Ezekwe, and Ogochukwu Winifred Odeigah. "From “Codeine Diet” to “Gutter Water”: polydrug use among Nigerian young adults." Drugs and Alcohol Today 20, no. 2 (May 16, 2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-02-2020-0003.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore polydrug use and the factors that motivate the use of multiple substances among selected young adults. Design/methodology/approach A total of 23 male and female participants (aged 23-29 years) who use illicit drugs and prescription pharmaceuticals for non-medical purposes were recruited through snowball sampling. Qualitative interviews were conducted, and the data were analysed thematically. Findings The use of drug “concoctions” and cocktails was widespread among the participants. Some used what they called Codeine Diet (codeine-based cough syrup mixed with a Coca-Cola® product or malt drink), while others took Gutter Water (a cocktail of cannabis, codeine, tramadol, vodka and juice or water). The use of Monkey Tail (a mixture of local gin, cannabis leaves, stems, roots and seeds) and petrol mixed with glue and La Casera® (carbonated soft drink) combined with Tom-Tom® (menthol-flavoured candy) was also revealed. Pleasure, better highs, the need to experience prolonged intoxication and the use of one drug to douse the effects of another substance motivated polysubstance use. Social implications The findings revealed that the reasons why codeine-based cough syrups are mixed with soft drinks (Codeine Diet) include avoiding social discrimination and evading law enforcement agencies. Results suggest that these drug use practices require specifically tailored public health interventions. Social stigmatization against substance users and the use of extra-legal measures by the police should be discouraged to facilitate harm reduction. Originality/value This study represents the first qualitative research to explore polydrug use among an understudied Nigerian population.
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Narayan, Rajiv, Virginia Best, Erol Ozmeral, Elizabeth McClaine, Micheal Dent, Barbara Shinn-Cunningham, and Kamal Sen. "Cortical interference effects in the cocktail party problem." Nature Neuroscience 10, no. 12 (November 11, 2007): 1601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2009.
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Wu, Jiayan, Jie Chen, Yuanji Feng, Sijia Zhang, Lin Lin, Zhaopei Guo, Pingjie Sun, Caina Xu, Huayu Tian, and Xuesi Chen. "An immune cocktail therapy to realize multiple boosting of the cancer-immunity cycle by combination of drug/gene delivery nanoparticles." Science Advances 6, no. 40 (September 2020): eabc7828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc7828.
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Immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICT) has shown potential in the treatment of multiple tumors, but suffers poor response rate in clinic. We found that even combining ICT with chemotherapy, which was wildly used in clinical trials, failed to achieve satisfactory tumor inhibition in the B16F10 model. Thus, we further constructed a previously unexplored immune cocktail therapy and realized multiple boosting of the cancer-immunity cycle. Cocktail therapy consisted of two kinds of tumor microenvironment-responsive drug and gene delivery nanoparticles to achieve specific delivery of doxorubicin and codelivery of plasmids expressed small hairpin RNA of PD-L1 (pshPD-L1) and hyaluronidase (pSpam1) in the tumor area. Experimental evidences proved that any component in the cocktail therapy was indispensable, and the cocktail therapy exhibited excellent antitumor effects against different types of tumors. The cocktail therapy presented here offers a searching strategy for more synergistic units with ICT and is meaningful for developing more efficient antitumor immunotherapy.
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Angiolini, Fernando E., and Miguel C. Albero. "Optimization of Liquid Scintillation Counting for 14C Dating." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2A (1986): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200007785.
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The effects of different measurement conditions and sample preparation in liquid scintillation counting of benzene for 14C dating were tested. The goal of this work was to find the highest figure of merit through the variation of scintillation cocktail to benzene ratio, and measurement windows. Measurements were performed on 5ml of benzene plus increasing quantities of scintillation cocktail (7g of PPO and 0.5g of Me2POPOP in 1L of scintillation-grade toluene). Spectra of both background and standard were obtained and the counting windows selected for the highest figure of merit (Q). The best condition was 5ml of benzene plus 0.75ml of scintillation cocktail. This spectrum is compared with that of 1) pure toluene-14C plus cocktail, and 2) pure benzene-14C in which the equivalent amount of PPO and Me2POPOP present in 0.75ml of cocktail was dissolved. A correlation between the increase of the amount of cocktail and the broadening of the spectrum was observed. The effect of wrapping the upper part of the counting vial with aluminum foil to reduce background was also tested. A drastic background increment was observed in the low energy range, for unwrapped vials; the standard spectrum showed a broadening and a lower counting efficiency which reduced the figure of merit.
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Guo, Wen, Siu Wong, Weisheng Xie, Tianluo Lei, and Zhijun Luo. "Palmitate modulates intracellular signaling, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, and causes apoptosis in mouse 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 293, no. 2 (August 2007): E576—E586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00523.2006.
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Although fatty acids enhance preadipocyte differentiation in the presence of adequate hormone cocktails, little is known regarding their effects in the absence of these hormones. We have now shown that palmitate, a common long-chain saturated fatty acid, induced apoptosis in both mouse 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes grown in a normal serum-containing medium. Treatment of preadipocytes with palmitate induced multiple endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses, evidenced by increased protein content of CHOP and GRP78 and splicing of XBP-1 mRNA, as well as altered phosphorylation of eIF2α and increased phosphorylation of JNK and Erk1/2. Intriguingly, palmitate induced an early activation of Akt but diminished both Akt activation and its protein mass after prolonged incubation (>6 h). In association with these changes, palmitate reduced expression of β-catenin and its downstream target, c-Myc and cyclin D1, two key prosurvival proteins. Overexpression of constitutively active Akt did not block the apoptotic effect of palmitate. Cotreatment with unsaturated fatty acids (oleate, linoleate) or with LiCl (a glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor) attenuated the palmitate-induced apoptosis. Subsequent analysis suggested that the unsaturated fatty acids probably counteracted palmitate by reducing, not eliminating, ER stress, whereas LiCl probably improved viability by activating the Wnt signaling pathway. Cotreatment of palmitate with a standard adipogenic hormone cocktail also abolished the apoptotic effect and promoted adipocyte differentiation. Collectively, our results suggest that palmitate causes multiple cellular stresses that may lead to apoptosis in preadipocytes in the absence of adipogenic stimuli, highlighting the importance of exogenous hormones in directing cell fate in response to increased fatty acid influx.
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Le Thanh, B. V., J. R. R. Bergstrom, J. D. Hahn, L. F. Wang, E. Beltranena, and R. T. T. Zijlstra. "PSIII-18 Super Dose Phytase and Carbohydrase Cocktail Enhance Ileal Nutrient and Energy Digestibility of Corn-soybean Diets in Nursery Pigs." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.297.
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Abstract Feed enzymes may ameliorate reduced nutrient and energy digestibility in nursery pigs. The objective was to test effects of super-dosing phytase and fiber-degrading enzymes on digestibility of DM, GE, CP, AA, and Ca. We tested supplementing a super dose (added 1,500 FYT/kg) of phytase (Ronozyme Hi-Phos) with or without carbohydrase cocktail that contained 85 FXU β-xylanase/kg, 587 U/g endo-1,4-β-glucanase, 513 U/g endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase, 15,000 U/g hemicellulases, and 3,000 U/g pectinases in corn-soybean meal diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets included 68% corn, 17% SBM, and a basal level of 500 FTU/kg of phytase, and were formulated to contain 2.50 Mcal/kg NE and 5.10 gSID Lys/Mcal NE. Eight ileal-cannulated nursery pigs (initial BW 10 kg) were fed 4 diets at 3.0 × maintenance DE (110 kcal per kg of BW0.75) for four 9-day periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was calculated as apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) minus apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Interactions between super-dosing phytase and carbohydrase cocktail were observed. Supplementing either carbohydrase cocktail or super dose phytase, but not their combination, increased (P < 0.05) diet AID of DM, GE, CP, and most AA by 4–5%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase increased (P < 0.05) AID of P by 16%-units and ATTD of P by 10%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail did not affect AID of Ca and ATTD of GE, CP, and Ca, and diet DE value. Supplementing carbohydrase cocktail without super dose phytase decreased (P < 0.05) diet AHF of DM, GE, and CP. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail increased ileal digestibility of nutrients in nursery pigs, and thereby reduced protein entering the large intestine. Additive or synergistic effects of carbohydrase cocktail and super dose phytase were not detected.
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Li, Yuanqing, Fangyi Wang, Yongbin Chen, Andrzej Cichocki, and Terrence Sejnowski. "The Effects of Audiovisual Inputs on Solving the Cocktail Party Problem in the Human Brain: An fMRI Study." Cerebral Cortex 28, no. 10 (September 25, 2017): 3623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx235.
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Abstract At cocktail parties, our brains often simultaneously receive visual and auditory information. Although the cocktail party problem has been widely investigated under auditory-only settings, the effects of audiovisual inputs have not. This study explored the effects of audiovisual inputs in a simulated cocktail party. In our fMRI experiment, each congruent audiovisual stimulus was a synthesis of 2 facial movie clips, each of which could be classified into 1 of 2 emotion categories (crying and laughing). Visual-only (faces) and auditory-only stimuli (voices) were created by extracting the visual and auditory contents from the synthesized audiovisual stimuli. Subjects were instructed to selectively attend to 1 of the 2 objects contained in each stimulus and to judge its emotion category in the visual-only, auditory-only, and audiovisual conditions. The neural representations of the emotion features were assessed by calculating decoding accuracy and brain pattern-related reproducibility index based on the fMRI data. We compared the audiovisual condition with the visual-only and auditory-only conditions and found that audiovisual inputs enhanced the neural representations of emotion features of the attended objects instead of the unattended objects. This enhancement might partially explain the benefits of audiovisual inputs for the brain to solve the cocktail party problem.
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Srejic, Una, and Faried Banimahd. "Haunting of the phantom limb pain abolished by buprenorphine/naloxone." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 2 (February 2021): e237009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-237009.
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Neuropathic opioid refractory phantom limb pain (PLP) following amputation can be a life long debilitating chronic pain syndrome capable of completely destroying a patient’s life. The pain, its associated depression and sleep deprivation can make many patients suicidal. Ever changing and relentless, it is notoriously unresponsive to traditional cocktails of strong opioids, adjuvant pain medications, antidepressants, local anaesthetics, nerve stimulators, hypnotics and psychotropics. Drug effects are seldom more effective than placebo. We describe a successful sustained rescue of a difficult 2-year-long PLP case with sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone using the drug’s potent multimodal mechanisms of action: potent long-acting mu agonist/antagonist, kapa receptor antagonist, delta receptor antagonist and novel opioid receptor-like 1 (OR-L1) agonist effects. Traditional escalating pure mu-opioid receptor agonists and adjuvant neuropathic pain cocktails often have disappointing efficacy in the treatment of resistant PLP. We suggest introducing buprenorphine/naloxone as an early effective opioid choice in PLP management.
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Münte, Thomas F., Dörte K. Spring, Gregor R. Szycik, and Toemme Noesselt. "Electrophysiological attention effects in a virtual cocktail-party setting." Brain Research 1307 (January 2010): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.044.
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Zamarripa, C. Austin, Tory R. Spindle, Renuka Surujunarain, Elise M. Weerts, Sumit Bansal, Jashvant D. Unadkat, Mary F. Paine, and Ryan Vandrey. "Assessment of Orally Administered Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol When Coadministered With Cannabidiol on Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): e2254752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.54752.
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ImportanceControlled clinical laboratory studies have shown that cannabidiol (CBD) can sometimes attenuate or exacerbate the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). No studies have evaluated differences in pharmacokinetics (PK) of Δ9-THC and pharmacodynamics (PD) between orally administered cannabis extracts that vary with respect to Δ9-THC and CBD concentrations.ObjectiveTo compare the PK and PD of orally administered Δ9-THC-dominant and CBD-dominant cannabis extracts that contained the same Δ9-THC dose (20 mg).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis randomized clinical trial was a within-participant, double-blind, crossover study conducted from January 2021 to March 2022 at the Johns Hopkins University Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Baltimore, MD. Eighteen healthy adults completed 3 randomized outpatient experimental test sessions that were each separated by at least 1 week.InterventionsBrownies containing (1) no cannabis extract (ie, placebo); (2) Δ9-THC-dominant extract (20 mg Δ9-THC with no CBD); and (3) CBD-dominant extract (20 mg Δ9-THC + 640 mg CBD) were administered to participants 30 minutes prior to administering a cytochrome P450 (CYP) probe drug cocktail, which consisted of 100 mg caffeine, 20 mg omeprazole, 25 mg losartan, 30 mg dextromethorphan, and 2 mg midazolam.Main Outcomes and MeasuresChange-from-baseline plasma concentrations for Δ9-THC or Δ9-THC metabolites and scores for subjective drug effects, cognitive and psychomotor performance, and vital signs. The area under the plasma vs concentration vs time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were determined.ResultsThe participant cohort of 18 adults included 11 males (61.1%) and 7 females (38.9%) with a mean (SD) age of 30 (7) years who had not used cannabis for at least 30 days prior to initiation of the study (mean [SD] day since last cannabis use, 86 [66] days). The CYP cocktail + placebo brownie and the CYP cocktail did not affect any PD assessments. Relative to CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC, CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC + CBD produced a higher Cmax and area under the plasma concentration vs time curve for Δ9-THC, 11-OH-Δ9-THC, and Δ9-THC-COOH. The CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC + CBD increased self-reported anxiety, sedation, and memory difficulty, increased heart rate, and produced a more pronounced impairment of cognitive and psychomotor performance compared with both CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC and CYP cocktail + placebo.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this randomized clinical trial of oral Δ9-THC and CBD, stronger adverse effects were elicited from a CBD-dominant cannabis extract compared with a Δ9-THC-dominant cannabis extract at the same Δ9-THC dose, which contradicts common claims that CBD attenuates the adverse effects of Δ9-THC. CBD inhibition of Δ9-THC and 11-OH-Δ9-THC metabolism is the likely mechanism for the differences observed. An improved understanding of cannabinoid-cannabinoid and cannabinoid-drug interactions are needed to inform clinical and regulatory decision-making regarding the therapeutic and nontherapeutic use of cannabis products.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04201197
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Starokozhko, Leonid, and Aleksandr Shevchenko. "STUDYING THE PROSPECTS OF APPLYING INTRAGASTRIC COCKTAILS OF DIFFERENT GAS COMPOSITIONS WITH LICORICE ROOT PREPARATIONS FOR COVID-19 ON AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGY CAUSED BY GAMMA IRRADIATION OF ANIMALS." Medicine and Art 1, no. 3 (December 13, 2023): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.60042/2949-2165-2023-1-3-49-59.
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This article is devoted to the results of an experimental study, the purpose of which was to clarify the mechanisms of action on the immune system of intragastric cocktails of different gas compositions (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen), including in combination with licorice root preparations, with the subsequent prospect of use at different stages of rehabilitation of patients after COVID-19. The experimental model was male Wistar rats, whose acute external gamma irradiation causes a state of immunopathology similar to COVID-19. The data obtained indicated the presence of immunological correction effects under the influence of the studied agents. Moreover, it was noted that in cases of violations of the cellular component of immunity, preference should be given to nitrogen as a dispersion medium and carbon dioxide as a humoral medium, while the immunosuppressive effect is caused by cocktails with oxygen. Thus, it has been established that intragastric cocktails of different compositions differ from each other in the characteristics of the reactions that occur to their use, which in the future can be used at different stages of rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19 and for preventive purposes in the interpandemic period as differentiated methods of immunological correction. This requires additional clinical studies in accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine.
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Głowacki, Maciej J., Mateusz Ficek, Mirosław Sawczak, Anna Wcisło, and Robert Bogdanowicz. "Fluorescence of nanodiamond cocktails: pH-induced effects through interactions with comestible liquids." Food Chemistry 381 (July 2022): 132206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132206.
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Gould, L., T. Vacek, R. Muller, M. Taddeo, and R. Betzu. "Effects of Two Cocktails on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Normal Men." Angiology 40, no. 7 (July 1989): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000331978904000702.
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Bradley, J. E., A. J. Gillespie, K. R. Trenholme, and M. Karam. "The effects of vector control on the antibody response to antigens of Onchocerca volvulus." Parasitology 106, no. 4 (May 1993): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200006710x.
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SUMMARYThe effects of exposure to infective larvae on the antibody response to a cocktail of specific recombinant antigens of Onchocerca volvulus and to a worm extract were evaluated by comparing the responses of individuals from a vector controlled area with those from an area of continuing transmission by ELISA. Individuals from the vector controlled areas were found to have reduced responses to both antigen preparations. Amicrofilerdermic (mf–) individuals from the area of vector control exhibited significantly lower total and subclass IgG responses to the worm extract. In contrast, the responses to the cocktail of specific recombinants were significantly reduced in individuals from the area of vector control who were still microfilerdermia positive (mf+). The distribution of IgG subclass specific responses was similar to both antigen preparations, both dominated by the IgG4 and IgG1 subclasses. IgG1 responses to the worm extract remained elevated in the vector controlled individuals but IgG4 was significantly reduced in the mf – individuals. Both subclasses reflected the total IgG response to the cocktail of recombinants and were significantly reduced in individuals from the vector controlled area, when compared to individuals from the hyperendemic area. IgG1 responses to the cocktail of recombinants are significantly lower than IgG4 in all individuals and virtually absent in individuals from the vector-controlled area. Measuring total IgG and IgG4 is more sensitive than IgG1 in detecting infection, 100 or 97% respectively, but they remain elevated in the individuals from the vector controlled areas even after 8–10 years interruption of transmission. These results have important implications for the serological monitoring of control programmes in individuals who have previously been infected.
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Shaufi, Mohd Asrore Mohd, Chin Chin Sieo, Chun Wie Chong, Tan Geok Hun, Abdul Rahman Omar, Gan Han Ming, and Yin Wan Ho. "Effects of Phage Cocktail, Probiotics, and Their Combination on Growth Performance and Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens." Animals 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2023): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13081328.
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Phages, which are often used therapeutically, have begun to receive interest as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) for enhancing chicken growth. Another option that has been extensively studied as a growth promoter in chickens is probiotics. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no study available on the use of phages and probiotics in combination as potential feed additives for broiler chickens. Therefore, this study demonstrated the effects of a phage cocktail, probiotics, and their combination on the growth performance and gut microbiota of broiler chickens. A total of 288 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly allotted to one of six treatments in a completely randomised design. The treatments were (i) C (basal diet (BD) only), (ii) 1ϕ (BD + 0.1% phage cocktail), (iii) 2ϕ (BD + 0.2% phage cocktail), (iv) P (BD + 0.1% probiotic), (v) 1ϕP (BD + 0.1% phage cocktail + 0.1% probiotic), and (vi) 2ϕP (BD + 0.2% phage cocktail + 0.1% probiotic). The 1ϕP treatment had significantly (p < 0.05) better BW (35 days), BWG (22–35 days, 1–35 days), and FCR (1–21 days, 22–35 days, 1–35 days) compared to C. Unique gut microbiota diversity was also found between the ϕP (1ϕP and 2ϕP) and non-ϕP groups (C, 1ϕ, 2ϕ, and P) in ilea, particularly in the 35-day-old chickens. Microorganisms associated with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers were significantly (p < 0.05) more present in the ϕP group than in the non-ϕP group. The predicted genes related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were significantly upregulated in ϕP groups compared to non-ϕP groups. These genes were involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as the production of energy. Our findings showed that the 1ϕP treatment could be a potential alternative to AGPs for poultry, as growth performance was enhanced, and gut microbiota was positively modulated.