Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets biogéochimiques'
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Yan, Chen. "Effets des antibiotiques sur les processus biogéochimiques et développement de l'antibiorésistance." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066601.
Full textThe presence of antibiotics in the environment could affect biogeochemical process, such as denitrification and nitrification in sediment or/and sewage plant, due to their action against bacteria. Studies regarding the effects of environmental relevant concentration antibiotics on resident microbial communities in environment are needed. The aim of this work was therefore to investigate the effects of antibiotics on denitrification and nitrification as well as microbial communities involved in these processes in the presence of environmental and therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics. In addition, antibiotics were determined in the initials and treated sediments and biofilms in order to investigate the fate of antibiotics. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of denitrifying enrichments (MIC-E) were determined in order to investigate effects of antibiotics on the denitrifying community. The results of this work showed that environmental concentrations of antibiotics did not significantly affect denitrification and nitrification activity; however, a significant inhibition, although incomplete, was observed in the presence of therapeutic concentrations. The diversity and structure of bacterial and denitrifying communities changed upon exposure to environmental and therapeutic antibiotic concentrations. Investigation of MIC-E showed that the denitrifying community was able to adapt under high antibiotic exposure which may favor antibiotic resistance. In addition to that, determination of antibiotics concentrations in sediments and biofilms showed that antibiotics behaved differently
Abdou, Melina. "Cycles biogéochimiques du platine dans les environnements côtiers." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0068/document.
Full textPlatinum (Pt) is a Technology-Critical Element (TCE) and an emerging contaminant increasingly released into all Earth compartments, but its environmental occurrence, distribution, and dynamics are under- documented. The present research combines laboratory observations and field monitoring studies on Pt biogeochemistry in coastal systems (Atlantic Ocean and northwestern Mediterranean Sea), including its distribution between seawater, particles, and living organisms. Exposure experiments with oysters facing a wide range of exposure levels provide the first Pt accumulation kinetics in marine bivalves, supporting uptake of Pt from seawater in line with field observations. At environmentally-relevant Pt levels (50 and 100 ng.L-1), the positive linear relation between exposure and Pt accumulation in tissues justifies the use of oysters as integrative sentinels for seawater Pt contamination. At relatively high Pt levels (10,000 ng.L-1), deleterious physiological effects (e.g. increased oxidative stress and energetic stock mobilization) occurred in oysters. Field observations at contrasting sites have provided regional background Pt concentrations in seawater in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts (0.05 ng.L-1 and 0.08 ng.L-1, respectively) and bioconcentration factors for phytoplankton (~ 104), and bivalves (oysters and mussels ~ 103). Spatial distribution of Pt levels in seawater, plankton and bivalves suggest higher contamination along the northwestern Mediterranean coast, especially in semi-enclosed, industrialized/urbanized systems (Toulon Bay and Genoa Harbor). Historical records in sediments (~ 1900 - 2010) and bivalves (1980 to present) from the Gironde watershed and the Toulon Bay showed past Pt contamination due to industrial (metallurgic, oil-refining, coal) activities, whereas the strong recent increase in Pt contamination originates from emerging Pt sources, e.g. car catalytic converters, hospital effluents, and sewage. High temporal resolution observation of Pt partitioning, together with environmental master variables (O2, Salinity, Chl-a, nutrients etc.), suggests that in coastal systems, biogeochemical processes including phytoplankton production and degradation may play an important role in Pt behavior and fate
Migon, Christophe. "Étude de l'apport atmosphérique en métaux-traces et sels nutritifs en milieu côtier méditerranéen : implications biogéochimiques." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE4219.
Full textAskri, Amira. "Valorisation des digestats de méthanisation en agriculture : effets sur les cycles biogéochimiques du carbone et de l'azote." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0023.
Full textAnaerobic digestion is a biological treatment of organic wastes which is strongly developing in France. In addition to producing energy, anaerobic digestion produces a digestate that has interesting agronomic potential. The objective of this work was thus to study the effect of applying digestates to a soil on the biogeochemical cycles of C and N, particularly the C storage potential in soil and the availability of N for plants, as well as the N2O emissions. The variation of these effects with the type of digested inputs and with the post-treatments after digestion was also studied. These studies were based on laboratory experiments, a short-term field experiment and modeling.Five types of digestates were used: three of agricultural origin and two from urban wastes coming from separate collection or not. Four raw digestates were produced by wet anaerobic digestion and underwent phase separation producing thus two digestates: liquid and solid. The other digestate was produced by dry anaerobic digestion. The solid digestates from urban origin underwent composting also while the two digestates of agricultural origin underwent reverse osmosis and drying.The digestates produced from agricultural wastes have the higher fertilizer and amending potentials. The phase separation produced a solid product which can mostly be used to maintain soil C stocks and which can be further improved by composting and a liquid product that has a greater fertilizing potential. All digestates raw, solid and liquid are characterized by a residual fraction of readily biodegradable C ranging from 23 to 91% of their organic C and related to the C content of the hot water extractable fraction. The biological stability of the digestates increases in this order: liquid 18%, the solid and the composted digestates have an interesting amending potential. The anaerobic digestates have also a high nitrogen fertilizer value, mainly related to the fraction of ammonia N initially present in the digestate; nevertheless, the high organic C/N ratios generate relatively high nitrogen organization associated with the degradation ofdigestate organic matter.A unique set of parameters was determined from the previous experimentations to simulate the C and N mineralization kinetics, after applying digestates to the soil, using the CANTIS model. This set of parameters was used to evaluate the relationship between the soil C stock and the fertilizer value of digestate and their biochemical properties.N2O emissions are higher from the raw digestates; but post-treatment by phase separation and composting reduce these emissions, while reverse osmosis and drying increase them showing thus the difficulty in associating agronomic interest and lack of environmental impacts at the same time.In the field, a high loss of mineral nitrogen is found after application of digestate, probably because of the volatilization of ammonia nitrogen. The non-composted digestates have fertilizer equivalence between 0.37 and 0.52; the origin of the digestate and phase separation didn‟t have effect on this parameter. On the other side, composting decreases by more than 80% the equivalence to nitrogen fertilizer
Capdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304.
Full textPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
Pique, Gaétan. "Apport de la télédétection pour la simulation spatialisée des composantes du bilan carbone des cultures et des effets d'atténuation biogéochimiques et biogéophysiques des cultures intermédiaires." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30038.
Full textClimate change and the demographic growth of the world's population are leading the agricultural world to adapt to meet these two major challenges. While agricultural land, which represents nearly one third of the world's land area, contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers the possibility of implementing climate change mitigation levers. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to increase our knowledge of the functioning of agricultural areas, to provide tools for assessing the contribution of cultivated surfaces to climate change, and to quantify the biogeochemical (C storage) and biogeophysical (albedo effect) effects of climate change mitigation through the implementation of cover crops. To meet these objectives, two modeling approaches were developed during this work. The first part of this thesis focused on the development of a spatialized modeling approach, allowing to provide estimates of production (biomass and yields), CO2 and water fluxes, these variables being used to quantify the carbon and water budgets for cropland. To this end, the SAFYE-CO2 agro-meteorological model assimilating satellite products of vegetation index at high spatial and temporal resolutions was developed and applied to different crops (wheat, maize and sunflower) and intercrop vegetation (spontaneous regrowth, weeds, cover crops). This approach has been validated on a network of plots in southwestern France, taking advantage of a large number of satellite images and validation data on the Regional Spatial Observatory area. In particular, it has allowed to accurately estimate wheat, sunflower and corn production, as well as CO2 and water fluxes on wheat and sunflower crops. Vegetation, which can develop on the plots during intercropping periods, was also considered in order to improve the estimation of CO2 and water fluxes. In particular, this made it possible to quantify the impact of intermediate crops on the C balance components of plots allocated to field crops in the study area. The second part of the project aimed at developing a model for the introduction of cover crops at a European scale, in order to estimate the radiative forcing induced by the modification of the surface albedo generated by this practice. Thanks to medium resolution albedo products (1/20°), developed by the CNRM (and in collaboration with this laboratory), this modelling approach allowed to provide estimates of the albedo effect related to cover crops. Several introduction scenarios were simulated to account for the impact of certain factors, such as snow or rain. They have allowed us to highlight the potential negative impact of soil darkening, induced in the long term (via the enrichment of soil organic matter) by cover crops on the radiative forcing of cultivated areas. Finally, as any change in agricultural practice induces biogeochemical and biogeophysical effects on climate, an analysis of these coupled effects was conducted using these two modelling approaches. We conclude that once intercropping is implemented, the soil should be permanently covered so that the soil darkening effect does not cause the other climatic benefits of this agricultural practice to be lost
Capdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304/document.
Full textPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
Masbou, Jérémy. "Étude des processus métaboliques, écologiques et biogéochimiques contrôlant le fractionnement isotopique du Hg chez les mammifères marins de l'Arctique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3093/.
Full textSince the discovery of atmospheric Hg depletion events (AMDE) in the Arctic, the Polar Regions have become key in understanding the Hg global cycle. The impact of Hg on human health depends on both Hg concentration and chemical form. In particular, monomethylmercury (MMHg) is a potent neurotoxin. High MMHg concentrations are observed in Arctic top predators due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes in the food webs. Hence, the characterization of the transformations leading to the formation (methylation) and the degradation (demethylation) of MMHg is of great concern to assess its fate and impact in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, we present an environmental study on three Arctic bio-indicators: the ringed seal (Pusa hispida), the beluga whale (Delphinaperus leucas) and the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). Hg isotope analysis of the bio-indicator liver tissues show both mass dependent isotope fractionation (MDF, delta202Hg) and mass independent fractionation (MIF, delta199Hg). While the changes in d202Hg are widely linked to in vivo metabolic processes, the time trend (1988-2002, Pusa hispida) and the latitudinal gradient (60°N-71°N, Delphinaperus leucas) observed for ?199Hg signatures suggests the influence of sea ice cover on the Arctic biogeochemical Hg cycle. In a second part of this dissertation, we propose a novel and promising molecular approach with the first measurements of the isotopic compositions of Hg and carbon on the MMHg molecule in biological samples. These results are very promising for tracing MMHg origin in aquatic environments
Diop, Souleymane. "Dynamique de l'albédo de surface et bénéfice climatique de l'agriculture de conservation au Zimbabwe sub-humide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB066.
Full textIn Sub-Saharan Africa, studies of potential climate change mitigation levers by CA focus more on biogeochemical effects (C storage, GHG emissions) while biogeophysical effects (albedo effects, energy fluxes) are often ignored. In this context, it is very relevant to delve into the effects of CA on agriculture's biogeophysical contributions to climate in order to identify potential mitigation levers associated with changes in practices and possible synergies with the biogeochemical effects. We conducted studies to quantify the biogeophysical effects through measurements of surface albedo, heat radiation, surface temperature, water content in soil, and dynamics of crop growth during two growing years in Zimbabwe on two types of contrasting soil: a sandy, light-coloured abruptic Lixisol and a clayey, dark-coloured xanthic Ferralsol. Three cropping practices are compared in this study: conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT) and no-tillage with mulch (NTM). The results showed an increase in surface albedo following the adoption of NT practice compared to CT regardless of soil type. The contribution of crop residues to surface compared with CT lead to contrasting effects according to soil types. Indeed, the residues contribute to an increase in surface albedo on dark clay soils and contribute to its decrease on light sandy soils. These albedo changes have led to negative radiative forcing associated with a cooling climatic effect on the NT regardless of soil type and contrasting effects for the NTM, with a cooling effect on dark clay soils and a warming effect on light sandy soils. We compared these surface albedo-induced radiative forcings with the biogeochemical effects of carbon (C) storage and N2O emissions induced by these same practices. The results obtained showed that over 30 years of CA practice, albedo changes related to NT and NTM practices have climatic effects ranging from -1.27 to +1.15 t CO2-eq ha-1 year-1, comparable to the potential for carbon storage in soils in Sub-Saharan Africa. On dark clay soils, these practices enhance the cooling effect, while on light sandy soils, they cause a warming effect in the short term, negating the climate benefits of long-term stored C. To better understand the determinants of albedo dynamics and to be able to simulate them according to practices, the STICS model was used, revealing limitations in the consideration of the effect of senescent tissues and surface moisture on the dynamics of surface albedo. New formalisms were then proposed and tested, which allowed to improve the simulations of the surface albedo. This study highlights the importance of integrating biogeophysical and biogeochemical effects to better assess climate impacts of agricultural practices and optimize adaptation and mitigation measures
Poszwa, Anne. "Utilisation des isotopes du strontium pour évaluer la dynamique des éléments minéraux dans des écosystèmes forestiers sous climat boréal, tempéré et tropical." Nancy, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0128_POSZWA.pdf.
Full textBucciarelli, Eva. "Rôle du fer dans le contrôle de la pompe biologique de CO2 de l'océan austral." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2041.
Full textThis work concerns the role played by iron in controlling the CO2 biological pump in the Southern Ocean. Iron, indeed, is a micro-nutrient essential to life and numerous experiments have shown that its subnanomolar concentrations in the water column (co)-limited the primary production in various oceanic areas, e. G. In the Southern Ocean. The thesis is divided in two complementary parts, a geochemical part and a biogeochemical one. The geochemical part aims at a better understanding of the oceanic geochemical cycle of iron. It presents measurements of dissolved iron and manganese in the wake of the Kerguelen Islands (Bucciarelli et al. 2001) and of dissolved and total dissolvable iron in the open Southern Ocean (Crozet basin). The samplings were conducted as part of the Antares program (France JGOFS), during the Antares 3 cruise in the wake of the Kerguelen island, and during the Antares 4 cruise in the Crozet Basin. The data give insigths into the sources and sinks of iron in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. The biogeochemical part focuses on the effects of iron stress on natural phytoplanktonic community on one hand (Blain et al. 2001, Blain et al. 2002, Sedwick et al. 2002), and on laboratory monospecific cultures of three species of diatoms on the other hand. A decoupling between the cycles of silicon, carbon and nitrogen has been shown under iron stress conditions. The decoupling is quantified in a range of iron concentrations varying from iron-limiting to iron-sufficient conditions
Kirchen, Gil. "Effet du type de sol sur le fonctionnement biogéochimique des écosystèmes forestiers." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0308/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the impact of soil type on the biogeochemical functioning of a typical forest ecosystem of Central and Western Europe. For this study, a strongly instrumented experimental site was implemented in a beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) within the state forest of Montiers-sur-Saulx (Meuse, France), in order to monitor the biogeochemical cycling between the different compartments of the ecosystem (the atmosphere, the canopy, the forest floor and the soil). The particular value of the Montiers experimental site resides in the strong contrast between soil types under the same beech stand: Rendzic Leptosol, Eutric Cambisol and Dystric Cambisol. For the first time, stocks and fluxes of water and elements were measured and compared in situ and over the long term (from January 2012 to December 2015) on different forest soil types, all other site conditions being equal (climate, atmospheric inputs, stand age and structure). Total and exchangeable pools in the soil and stocks in the different compartments of the vegetation (branches, trunk, fine and coarse roots) were determined via chemical analysis and modelisation. Fluxes of elements were calculated from monthly sampling of the ecosystem’s solutions (atmospheric deposition, throughfall, stemflow, gravitational and bound soil solutions) and of litter fall. The water balance model BILJOU© was used to estimate the different components of the water budget. The results show that the soil water holding capacity, the stocks of elements in the soil, the chemical composition of soil solutions, the rooting strategy and the perennial biomass production differ strongly between soil types. Contrary to what might have been expected in regard to the marked differences between the chemical signatures of the soils solutions in the three soils, the foliar elemental composition of the beech stand and the aboveground fluxes of elements in solution (canopy exchange, stand deposition) and in solid state (litter fall) do not differ significantly between the three experimental stations for the majority of the studied elements. The biological part of the mineral cycles is overall predominant and the recycling through fine roots turnover is generally higher than litter fall. We also show that the quantity of water transpired by the forest canopy, directly linked to the soil water holding capacity, is the primary control factor of the annual stand productivity. Stand adaptation mechanisms to physico-chemical soil properties seemed to reduce, or even entirely compensate for, secondary factors controlling the stand productivity (in particular nutrient availability in the soil). Thus a significant issue for forest managers might be to further adapt forestry practices to management units based on soil physical properties, especially depth to the bedrock and rooting depth
Lequy, Emeline. "Dépôts atmosphériques particulaires sur les écosystèmes forestiers de la moitié Nord de la France : influence sur les cycles biogéochimiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0277/document.
Full textQuantifying the little-known inputs of atmospheric particulate deposition (APD) is critically important for a sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Indeed, harvesting and subsequent nutrient losses are going to increase so as to meet the demand in renewable energy, including fuel-wood. This work aims at filling this gap by (i) describing the deposition rate, mineralogical and chemical compositions of APD and (ii) evaluating the influence of APD nutrient inputs on forest biogeochemical cycles. To do so, 4 beech stands in North French forests were equipped for a 4-week sampling. After a metrological development, samplers out of and below canopy were used for a 2-year sampling, as well as methods to separate APD from atmospheric dissolved deposition. These methods were conceived to separate the organic and mineral fractions of APD according to the conceptual model designed in this work. My results validated this model and indicated (i) a quite constant deposition rate of 19±3 kg.ha-1.year-1 of hardly soluble minerals over the North of France, made of various minerals suggesting heterogeneous sources of particles, (ii) nutrient inputs inferior to those of atmospheric dissolved deposition and soil weathering, but improving ecosystem fertility, (iii) an interception effect of the canopy, and (iv) the dissolution of mineral particles in the atmosphere which enriched atmospheric dissolved deposition in nutrients. Extending and optimizing the sampling would allow confirming and clarifying these results, especially concerning high atmospheric load periods and APD below canopy
Ternon, Eva. "Dépôts atmosphériques en Méditerranée : quelle réponse de la biogéochimie marine ?" Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066136.
Full textLochon, Iris. "Effets du chaulage sur le fontionnement de l'écosystème prairial en moyenne montagne." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC053/document.
Full textThe development of sustainable agriculture requires greater understanding of the impact of management practices on agroecosystem functioning, and on the ecosystem services provided by these agroecosystems. Representing nearly 68% of world's agricultural surfaces and contributing to the livelihoods of more than 800 million people, grasslands are one of the major agroecosystems where optimized agricultural practices are of concern. This PhD focuses on liming, a well-known practice for counteracting soil acidification (due to ongoing natural processes or accelerated by management practices), but which has variable efficiency in permanent grasslands. Indeed, liming effects on grassland are poorly documented and existing studies rarely take into account grassland multifunctionality. My thesis uses an integrated approach to improve the knowledge of liming impacts on grassland functioning. Different types of experiments – in the field (in situ), in semi-controlled conditions (mesocosms) and laboratory soil incubations (microcosms) – were used to study liming effects on different grassland compartments (vegetation, microorganisms, soil) along with possible interacting factors. Liming effectively increased soil pH in all the experiments. However, improving pH status did not always lead to greater forage production or increases in microbial and root biomass. My results showed that liming can enhance greenhouse gas emissions through several pathways (reemission of lime-derived carbon or stimulation of carbon mineralization), but may also reduce CO2 emissions from ecosystem respiration. Collectively, my findings emphasize the importance of pedoclimatic conditions for liming impacts on permanent grasslands and highlight the difficulty of upscaling liming effects, particularly on forage production and greenhouse gas emissions. The efficiency of liming appears to depend on the type and dose of soil improvers and can also interact with other management practices such as nitrogen fertilization and management intensification
Clesse, Margaux. "Étude multi-sites de la réponse de la fertilité chimique des écosystèmes forestiers dans un contexte de changements (dépôts atmosphériques et substitution d’essences)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0009.
Full textForest ecosystems often grow on acidic, nutrient-poor soils. In many places, high acidic atmospheric deposition (sulfuric and nitric acids) has significantly accelerated the acidification of soils and surface waters during the second half of the 20th century, frequently leading to soil fertility degradation and forest decline. In addition, species selection and/or substitution by forest management can also have a significant effect on the biogeochemical functioning of soils and forest ecosystems. In this context, their sustainability is questioned and it is necessary to quantify the evolution of the chemical fertility of forest ecosystems in the face of these pressures and to better understand their biogeochemical functioning, in order to ensure sustainable forest management. The main objectives of this thesis are i) to quantify the evolution of chemical fertility of forest ecosystems using four diagnosis methods: soil resampling, monitoring of soil solutions, foliar concentrations and calculation of the "input-output" budget, ii) to understand the mechanisms underlying this evolution and iii) to compare the results obtained by the different methods, taking into account the uncertainty surrounding the budget. To do this, we quantified the evolution of fertility over a period of 20 to 30 years by these 4 methods, on monospecific plots of the Breuil-Chenue site and on 8 level III plots of the RENECOFOR network. The results showed that the species had an effect on soil acidification and on the pools of exchangeable nutritive cations in the soil. Hardwoods appear to acidify soils less intensely than coniferous. A restoration of pH is observed under oak and beech, whereas acidification seems to continue under coniferous, especially under Douglas fir and pine, and even more under Nordmann fir and spruce. Soil acidification and associated nutrient losses have also been demonstrated on some RENECOFOR sites. Nitrate and sulphate seem to be the main drivers of acidification. However, their origin depends on the site studied: they are sometimes derived from current atmospheric deposition, but internal sources to the ecosystem may also intervene via excess nitrification (especially under Douglas fir, pine, oak at Breuil and CPS 77) or desorption of S into the soil (especially on RENECOFOR sites). Leaching of S and N and associated cations tends to acidify soils. However, the response of sites to acidification can vary, depending on the predominance of either biological or geochemical cycling. Sites identified with predominant geochemical cycling (CHS 41, CPS 77, HET 30, and SP 38) have nutrient pools supported more by weathering and atmospheric deposition fluxes, whereas the sites dominated by biological cycling (EPC 08, EPC 87, PS 67a, SP 57) have nutrient pools supported primarily by recycling fluxes. Finally, the results showed that the comparison between the different fertility diagnosis methods is not easy. Differences were highlighted, with sometimes contradictory results. Taking into account the uncertainty around the budget does not alone explain the differences observed by the soil resampling approach. Uncertainty in the choice of model could perhaps partly explain the origin of the discrepancies. This work highlights the importance of continuing research on i) understanding the response of forest ecosystems to changes in atmospheric deposition and species substitution and ii) assessing the uncertainties surrounding the different approaches to fertility diagnosis
Alarcon, Charles. "Cycle biogéochimique du silicium en environnement tropical : application à l'étude des sols à Mascareignite de l'île de la Réunion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30030.
Full textBlotevogel, Simon. "Etude des transferts élémentaires et mécanismes biogéochimiques dans le continuum sol-plante-vin par l'utilisation de traceurs isotopiques et biochimiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30373/document.
Full textIn western Europe, soil is of primordial importance for wine making. Soil qualities are often discussed and an influence on wine flavor is frequently inferred. However, evidence for a role of soil chemistry on wine composition and taste is scarce, but mineral nutrition of grapevine plants is one possible way of influence. This thesis approaches the complex question of elemental cycling between soil and plant through the use of geochemical tracers in vineyard environments. A combination of traditional tracers such as elemental ratios and mass balances as well as innovative tools such as Cu isotope analysis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) are used on different observation scales. The influence of soil type on wine elemental composition was investigated using over 200 wine samples from France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Results of chemical analysis were then statistically linked to environmental conditions. At this scale, elemental contents of wine vary depending on soil type (calcareous or not), meteorological conditions, and wine making practice. To determine which soil properties can influence the chemical composition of grapevine plants, two vineyard plots on contrasted soils in Soave (Italy) were examined. Soil forming mechanisms were studied along two catenas and subsequently linked to elemental composition of grapevine plants and biochemical markers of plant health. Even though soil morphology was different, complex soil forming processes led to similar geochemical properties of soils. Differences in plant chemical compositions between soil types are small compared to inter-individual and inter-annual variability. However the use of Sr isotopic ratios allows the determination of the pedological origin of plants. In a next step, the fate of Cu pesticides in vineyard soils was studied. Cu-based pesticides have been used for almost 150 years in European vineyards and Cu accumulates in soils, so that the fate of Cu and its ecotoxicological implications are of growing importance. Therefore, Cu mobility in vineyard soils and transfer to grapevine plants were investigated using stable Cu-isotope ratios and EPR-measurements. Isotope ratios of Cu-based fungicides vary largely between products, covering Cu isotope ratios in soils reported in literature and thus making source tracing impossible. However, Cu isotope ratios are useful for tracing biogeochemical mechanisms of Cu transport in soils. The vertical transport of Cu in different soil types was investigated in the Soave vineyard using a combination of mass balance calculations, kinetic extractions and δ65Cu-isotope ratios. Results suggest that Cu can be transported to depth even in carbonated environments. Besides it is shown that heavy organic-bound Cu is lost from carbonated soil columns likely caused by dissolution of Cu carbonates by organic matter. [...]
Mcheik, Amale. "Évaluation de la biodisponibilité des métaux dans l’eau de surface et les sédiments de la rivière Al-Ghadir (Mont-Liban)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1163.
Full textThe biogeochemical cycle of trace metals was greatly accelerated by human activities that have led to the contamination of water and river sediments. Following their emissions, the majority of trace metals exist in particulate form which can be transported by runoff and end up in rivers where they settle and where a portion can be dissolved into the water column in response to changes in the physico-chemical conditions of the site and under the action of indigenous microorganisms which later can interact with the food chain and pose a potential danger of toxicity to humans and other living organisms. In this study, we have chosen to work on Al-Ghadir River which represents an exceptional and an original case of pollution where the height of sediments, including several types of pollutants, is more than one meter. The aim of this work was to understand and to evaluate the role of the microbial compartment in the sediments of the Al-Ghadir River, which is the most polluting source to the Mediterranean, on the mobility of metals and their effects on underground water. This study was realized in two series of experiments (batch and soil column) with situations similar to those found in the river. A physico-chemical and chemical characterization of the studied sites was conducted as a first step to begin, after that, with the experimental approach which was used to isolate the physico-chemical processes from those which are attributable to microbiological activity. In the experiments conducted in closed reactors (batch), results obtained showed that the microbial activities are correlated with the strong dissolution of metals, especially for Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu and Zn. Iron appeared the most solubilized element and its solubilisation was correlated with the other trace metals suggesting that these metals are associated to iron oxides. This hypothesis was confirmed by sequential extraction procedure indicating the presence of iron-reducing bacteria, which, during the fermentation of glucose and the production of organic acids, reduced iron oxides. These later have led to the dissolution of trace metals and to a change in the bacterial populations which were detected after five days of incubation by the microbiological and the genetic studies. The effect of the bacteria on the mobilization of metals in sediments was then studied in hydrodynamic columns, under conditions similar to those in the field. Results obtained showed that: (i) Studied metals are not leached in the same order and showed the following order (in μg/l): Fe > Mn > Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb ≥ Cr; (ii) Metals will reprecipitate on the neoformed phases after the system returns to equilibrium. Studies of the distribution profile of metals in columns showed that metals were leached homogenously from the sediments during incubation. This distribution was shown to depend on the height of the sediment where the re-distribution was shown at its maximum at the surface of the column sediments (0-10 cm) and became null at a depth between 10 and 25 cm. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the metals after being dissolved and passed into solution, were then readsorbed to the negative electrochemical, neoformed and colloidal sediment phases which explains the decrease in the concentration of metals in the leachate obtained in the laboratory and suggests that the mechanism of trapping of metals in the column limits the migration of these later to underground water, as the adsorption capacity of present colloïds is not reached and the system is at equilibrium
Toussaint, Flora. "Variabilité temporelle des processus biogéochimiques influençant le carbone organique terrigène dans les sédiments du prodelta du Rhône." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0059.
Full textDeltaic areas are the main link between continents and the coastal zone. The Rhône prodelta shows intense sedimentation and mineralization rates which decrease rapidly off the River mouth to the continental shelf. This study was carried out under the "MERMEX river" project with the objective of identifying sources of organic matter and studying the temporal variability of biogeochemical processes affecting the fate of organic carbon. It also aimed at calculating mass balances for carbon fluxes in the Rhône prodelta. The prodelta has been studied intensively with fourteen sea cruises spread over three years of thesis and the completion of the development of an autonomous benthic station equipped with oxygen microelectrodes. This dataset has highlighted the temporal variations (seasonal and annual) of benthic mineralization. An Increase of benthic mineralization have been identified during resuspension events. Isotopic measurements of carbon (δ13C and Δ14C) coupled with density separations allowed to discriminate organic carbon sources and determine the process for sedimentation and burial of the material. Several processes interact: the retention of terrigenous organic matter in the prodelta (around 50%), the transport by resuspension of dense and fine material from the continental shelf, the low proportion of marine plankton carbon in sediment and massive inflows of black carbon during river floods. Terrigenous organic matter is mainly subject to the process of burial and mineralization is strongly related to its reactivity
Loulergue, Laetitia. "Contraintes chronologiques et biogéochimiques grâce au méthane dans la glace naturelle : une application aux forages du projet EPICA." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00329799.
Full textL'air extrait des glaces polaires du Groenland et de l'Antarctique constitue un véritable témoin des évolutions passées de l'atmosphère de notre planète. L'exploitation des données issues des carottes de glace a mis en évidence une forte corrélation entre les teneurs atmosphériques en gaz à effet de serre (CO2, CH4, N2O) et la température depuis des centaines de milliers d'années. Ces études ont par ailleurs révélé que les concentrations élevées en gaz à effet de serre aujourd'hui n'ont pas d'équivalent sur les derniers 650'000 ans, dans la limite de résolution des analyses. Enfin, elles offrent l'opportunité de mieux comprendre le lien entre climat et cycles biogéochimiques, responsable des variations passées de ces gaz et susceptible de rétroagir sur le climat futur.
Ce travail de thèse a consisté dans un premier temps à analyser à haute résolution temporelle le méthane piégé dans les bulles d'air des récents forages antarctiques EPICA, à Dôme C et à Dronning Maud Land. Ces analyses nous ont permis ensuite (i) de conceptualiser les causes du lien méthane/climat au cours des derniers 800'000 ans et (ii) d'améliorer la chronologie des gaz piégés dans la glace, tout en discutant la séquence des événements climatiques entre les deux hémisphères.
Nous concluons que la modulation à basse fréquence des niveaux de méthane est probablement liée à la variabilité de la mousson asiatique et au déplacement de la zone de convergence intertropicale. A cette modulation se superpose l'apport des zones humides des hautes latitudes lors des transitions glaciaires-interglaciaires. A l'échelle millénaire, au cours des huit dernières périodes glaciaires, nous montrons l'omniprésence d'une variabilité climatique rapide et la persistance probable d'un mécanisme de bascule bipolaire, redistribuant l'énergie entre les deux pôles et au sein des forages antarctiques.
Le calcul de la différence d'âge entre les bulles d'air et la glace environnante (delta âge) est entaché de larges erreurs pour les conditions climatiques passées. Grâce à la synchronisation des signaux de méthane entre les carottes EPICA, et en utilisant l'anomalie de béryllium-10 associé à l'événement géomagnétique de Laschamp, nous avons pu ré-évaluer ce delta âge et montrer une forte surestimation par le modèle de densification du névé pendant la dernière période glaciaire. Ceci nous conduit à réviser à la baisse le retard du dioxyde de carbone sur la température antarctique en début de transition glaciaire-interglaciaire. Les causes exactes de cette surestimation du delta âge en conditions glaciaires restent indéterminées au terme de la thèse ; mais elles impliquent très probablement à la fois les incertitudes sur les paramètres climatiques d'entrée du modèle (température, accumulation) et la physique de la densification du névé en conditions glaciaires.
Perrier, Thomas. "Etude théorique et expérimentale du comportement biogéochimique de l'Américium-241 en conditions rhizosphériques simplifiées : application dans un sol agricole calcaire." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10058.
Full textOur research investigated the relevant biogeochemical processes controlling 241Am migration in the rhizosphere of agricultural soils. Lixiviation tests were performed on columns packed with calcareous soil artificially contaminated with Am, with various solutions containing citrate and/or glucose to simulate root exudates. Results show contrasted Am releases: minute for a solution in equilibrium with the soil or containing 10-4 M concentrations in exudates, small for important glucose supply, they were 300 to 10000 greater with citrate at >10-2 M with or without glucose, by complexing Am released in solution after the dissolution of carrier phases. Significant Am colloidal transport was also systematically observed. The complexity and inter-connectivity of the processes are pointed out and modelling directions are discussed on the basis of a specific thermodynamical database
Cattaneo, Raffaela. "Effet du carbone suie sur les communautés virale et procaryotique dans les eaux marines côtières." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066579.
Full textLoulergue, Laetitia. "Contraintes chronologiques et biogéochimiques grâce au méthane dans la glace naturelle : une application aux forages du projet EPICA." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10299.
Full textFouché, Julien. "Effets du réchauffement climatique sur le fonctionnement biogéochimique de deux cryosols arctiques dans la région de Salluit, Nunavik, Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25418.
Full textL’augmentation de la décomposition de la matière organique des cryosols arctiques sous l’effet du réchauffement et de la dégradation du pergélisol contribuerait à une rétroaction positive sur les changements climatiques. Nous étudions les interactions entre le régime thermique, le comportement hydrique et le fonctionnement biogéochimique de deux cryosols, l’un développé dans une tourbière (cryosol histique : H) et l’autre dans des argiles marines postglaciaires (cryosol turbique : T), en conditions naturelles et réchauffées expérimentalement. Les profils ont été instrumentés à Salluit (Nunavik, Canada ; 62°14’N, 75°38’W) et les mesures ont été faites pendant les étés 2010 et 2011. Du fait des propriétés isolantes de la tourbe, la couche active du site H est moins épaisse que celle du site T. Le réchauffement augmente la respiration de l’écosystème (ER) de manière plus intense pour H que pour T, bien que ER pour H soit plus faible. La sensibilité thermique de ER (Q10) est supérieure pour T que pour H et diminue avec le réchauffement pour les deux sols. L’étude montre que les cycles journaliers de ER forment des hystérésis en fonction de la température de surface du sol. L’explication de la variance de ER est améliorée lorsqu’on prend en compte la température minimale de la journée et la profondeur du front de dégel pour H. Pour T, l’ajout de la vitesse du vent et la radiation solaire améliore l’explication de la variance de ER. Nous montrons trois dynamiques spécifiques aux écosystèmes nordiques : 1) ER est dépendante des propriétés du sol et de la composition de la solution du sol ; 2) des variables thermo-indépendantes affectent significativement ER et 3) Q10 évolue au cours de la journée, la respiration basale varie d’une année sur l’autre. La décomposition de la matière organique serait la principale source de CO2 pour H alors que les processus végétaux contrôleraient ER pour T. L’approfondissement du front de dégel contrôle les concentrations des solutés dans la solution des deux cryosols. Nos résultats contribuent à la compréhension et à l’extrapolation des mesures ponctuelles dans les écosystèmes de toundra, pouvant amener à l’amélioration de la modélisation du cycle du carbone dans les cryosols. Mots clés : cryosol histique et turbique, modélisation thermique, teneur en eau volumique, toundra, réchauffement expérimental, respiration de l’écosystème, solution du sol, pergélisol arctique, décomposition de la matière organique, respiration dérivée de la végétation.
Increased organic mater decomposition rate in Arctic Cryosols due to warming and to permafrost thawing can lead to the release of greenhouse gases, thus potentially creating a positive feedback on climate change. We aim to assess the interactions between the thermal regime, the hydric behaviour and the biogeochemical functioning of two different permafrostaffected soils (i.e. Cryosols), one being developed in frozen peat (Histic Cryosol: H), the other being developed in postglacial marine clays (Turbic Cryosol: T), both in natural conditions and under an experimental warming. Profiles were instrumented in Salluit (Nunavik, Canada; 62°14’N, 75°38’W) and monitored during summers 2010 and 2011. Both thermal monitoring and modeling results stressed differences between sites due to the insulating properties of dried peat in summer the active layer at the H site is thinner than at the T site. The induced warming increased CO2 fluxes in both soils; this impact was however more striking at H even if ecosystem respiration (ER) was lower than at T. Temperature sensitivity of ER (Q10), which decreased with warming, was higher at T than at H. We highlighted that diurnal ER cycles showed hysteretic loops as a function of soil surface temperatures. Linear models performed to explain ER variance were improved when we added daily minimum temperature and thaw front depth at H. In contrast at T, adding wind speed and solar radiation in models improved the ER variance explanation. We showed three specific CO2 flux dynamics related to northern ecosystems: 1) the large difference of ER depending on soil properties and soil solution composition; 2) environmental variables strongly alter CO2 fluxes and 3) the diurnal Q10 variations and the inter annual variability of basal respiration. Our results support the assumption that organic matter decomposition might be the major source of CO2 at H while plant-derived processes dominated ER at T. Finally, the thaw front depth controlled solute concentrations in the soil solution at H and T. Our results contribute to understand and extrapolate the numerous punctual measurements of CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems, improving carbon cycle modeling in Cryosols. Keywords: Histic and Turbic Cryosol, Thermal modeling, Volumetric water content, Tundra, Experimental warming, Ecosystem respiration, Soil solution, Arctic permafrost, Organic matter decomposition, Plant-derived respiration.
Poblete-Grant, Patricia Victoria. "Impact of poultry manure application, alone or combined with phosphate rock on biogeochemical cycling of C and P in grassland soils." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS294.
Full textPhosphate fertilizers are manufactured from the non-renewable phosphate rock (RP) sources. In the future, it has been prospected a scarcity of this sources due to its high demand to enhance crops yields for feeding the growing world population. Alternatives in the use of inorganic phosphorus (P) sources are encouraged to promote the sustainability in agricultural systems. This thesis project was performed to assess the impact of poultry manure (PM) application, alone or combined with RP, on soil quality, carbon (C) sequestration, P availability and ryegrass production. We sampled four different farms amended with long-term PM compost and, also, we performed a 13C labelled laboratory experiment using PM compost, RP, and their combination (PMRP) on ryegrass plants grown on two soil types. Our research showed that soils receiving long-term PM compost increased significantly SOC content. Promoting larger particle size by PM led to an increase on SOC and available P. On the other hand, from the laboratory experiment we reported that the combined use of PM and RP, showed a positive effect for soil available P in both soils, while for plant parameters, synergistic and antagonistic effects were soil type dependent. Our study clearly indicated that both PM compost and its mixture with RP applied in two different soil types increased total SOC and labile organic C. Moreover, the greatest contribution to stored SOC were observed as PM compost-derived C. Further field experiments are needed to account realistic and effective effect of PM alone and its mixture with RP to assess long-term soil C stabilization and P availability, including plant productive and quality parameters
Fouché, Julien. "Effet du réchauffement climatique sur le fonctionnement biogéochimique de deux cryosols arctiques dans la région de Salluit, Nunavik, Canada." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4306.
Full textIncreased organic mater decomposition rate in Arctic Cryosols due to warming and to permafrost thawing can lead to the release of greenhouse gases, thus potentially creating a positive feedback on climate change. We studied the biogeochemical functioning of two different permafrost-affected soils (i.e. Cryosols): a Histic Cryosol (H) and a Turbic Cryosol (T), both in natural conditions and under an experimental warming. Profiles were instrumented in Salluit (Nunavik, Canada) and monitored during summers 2010 and 2011. The induced warming increased CO2 fluxes in both soils; this impact was however more striking at H even if ER was lower than at T. Temperature sensitivity of ER (Q10) was higher at T than at H and decreased both with warming. We highlighted that diurnal ER cycles as a function of temperature showed hysteretic loops. Linear models performed to explain ER variance were improved adding daily minimum temperature and thaw front depth at H. In contrast at T, adding wind speed and solar radiation in models improved the ER variance explanation. We showed three specific CO2 flux dynamics related to northern ecosystems: 1) the large difference of ER depending on soil properties and soil solution composition; 2) environmental variables strongly alter CO2 fluxes and 3) the diurnal Q10 variations and the inter annual variability of basal respiration. Our results support the assumption that organic matter decomposition might be the major source of CO2 at H while plant-derived processes dominated ER at T. Our results contribute to understand and extrapolate the numerous punctual measurements of CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems improving carbon cycle modeling in Cryosols
Demestihas, Constance. "Analyse des conflits et synergies entre services écosystémiques multiples en vergers de pommiers." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0690/document.
Full textThe concept of « ecosystem service », which has been used increasingly since the publication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005, has highlighted the importance of ecosystem’s non-marketed performances. In orchards, ensuring high productivity while preserving natural resources and human health has become a real challenge that could be analyzed with the concept of ecosystem service. Which ecosystem services are delivered in an apple orchard? How to analyze them? What are the relationships - conflicts or synergies – among multiple ecosystem services and how do cropping systems change multiple ecosystem service profiles? This PhD work aims at answering those questions with an innovative approach combining experimental measures, modeling and statistical analysis.Based on a literature review of ecosystem services in orchards, five services were selected: fruit production, nitrogen availability in soil, climate regulation based on the prevention of nitrogen denitrification and on carbon sequestration, maintenance and regulation of water cycle, including water quality, and pest control. We also considered the environmental disturbances caused by the use of pesticides. For each service, we identified the underlying ecosystem functions as well as the agricultural practices and soil and climate conditions affecting these functions. Services and functions were described by one or multiple indicators and quantified using models in the case of (i) nine existing cropping systems on two experimental sites in southeastern France differing in terms of soil and climate conditions, and (ii) 150 virtual cropping systems designed out of the combination of five major agricultural practice levers and their modalities, in identical soil and climate conditions. The two models used were STICS, a generic soil-crop simulation model under the influence of practices which required a parameterization and an evaluation on apple orchards based on experimental measures, and IPSIM, a generic modeling framework simulating the impacts of agricultural practices and local conditions on crop injuries caused by pests. IPSIM was parameterized on apple orchards, based on an important literature review and expert opinions. Model simulations were analyzed with simple statistics in the case of the nine existing cropping systems and with two-table multivariate analyses (principal component analysis with instrumental variables) for virtual cropping systems.Concerning the existing cropping systems, 14 important relationships were identified among ecosystem services, especially conflicts, like the one between nitrogen denitrification or leaching prevention and soil nitrogen availability on the short term, and synergies such as the one between soil humidity or carbon sequestration and nitrogen availability on the short term. These relationships are explained by the underlying ecosystem functions. Comparing service profiles among cropping systems highlighted the impacts of agricultural practices on some services. That way, on a same site, a high planting density increases fruit production and carbon sequestration. An exclusively organic fertilization decreases fruit production through nitrogen stress but also nitrogen leaching in drained water. Furthermore, service profiles are strongly influenced by the soil and climate conditions of each site. These results strengthen the need to explicitly consider the ‘agricultural practices x soil and climate conditions’ interdependence in order to analyze ecosystem services. The results obtained with the virtual cropping systems simulations confirmed those of the existing ones and gave precision on the impacts of fertilization, irrigation and pest control for codling moth, rosy apple aphid and apple scab on ecosystem functions and services
Perveen, Nazia. "Intégration de l'écologie microbienne dans les modèles biogéochimiques : conséquences pour les prévisions du stockage du Carbone et la fertilité des sols." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066340.
Full textIntegration of the priming effect* (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, some basic knowledge to model the PE is lacking such as the relationship between decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MB). Moreover, the PE has never been inserted in a plant-soil model to analyze its role on plant-soil interactions. The main objectives of this thesis were to 1) integrate the activity, biomass and diversity of soil microorganisms in models of ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in order to simulate the PE, and 2) determine the consequence of this integration for ecosystem functioning and response to global change. These objectives were achieved thanks to the combination of diverse approaches such as modeling, experimentation and statistical. In a lab experiment, I show that the rate of SOM decomposition increases 1) linearly with MB, and 2) with a saturating effect with SOM content. The linear response of SOM decomposition to MB is explained by the very limited microbial colonization of SOM reserves. However, the positive effect of SOM content on decomposition rate indicates that the local availability of SOM may be limiting for microbial mineralization. The observed co-limitation of SOM decomposition was accurately modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation. Finally, incorporating this equation in a simple model of soil C dynamics explained how carbon often continuously accumulates in undisturbed soils whereas it reaches steady state in cultivated soils. Moreover, I present the first parameterized PE embedding plant-soil model (SYMPHONY) which provides realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. SYMPHONY also shows that plant persistence depends on a fine adjustment of microbial mineralization of SOM to plant nutrient uptake. This fine adjustment was modeled by considering the destruction of SOM through PE and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM-decomposers and SOM-builders. Moreover, consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY explains how elevated CO2 induce modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock
Perveen, Nazia. "Intégration de l'écologie microbienne dans les modèles biogéochimiques : conséquences pour les prévisions du stockage du Carbone et la fertilité des sols." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066340.
Full textIntegration of the priming effect* (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, some basic knowledge to model the PE is lacking such as the relationship between decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MB). Moreover, the PE has never been inserted in a plant-soil model to analyze its role on plant-soil interactions. The main objectives of this thesis were to 1) integrate the activity, biomass and diversity of soil microorganisms in models of ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in order to simulate the PE, and 2) determine the consequence of this integration for ecosystem functioning and response to global change. These objectives were achieved thanks to the combination of diverse approaches such as modeling, experimentation and statistical. In a lab experiment, I show that the rate of SOM decomposition increases 1) linearly with MB, and 2) with a saturating effect with SOM content. The linear response of SOM decomposition to MB is explained by the very limited microbial colonization of SOM reserves. However, the positive effect of SOM content on decomposition rate indicates that the local availability of SOM may be limiting for microbial mineralization. The observed co-limitation of SOM decomposition was accurately modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation. Finally, incorporating this equation in a simple model of soil C dynamics explained how carbon often continuously accumulates in undisturbed soils whereas it reaches steady state in cultivated soils. Moreover, I present the first parameterized PE embedding plant-soil model (SYMPHONY) which provides realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. SYMPHONY also shows that plant persistence depends on a fine adjustment of microbial mineralization of SOM to plant nutrient uptake. This fine adjustment was modeled by considering the destruction of SOM through PE and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM-decomposers and SOM-builders. Moreover, consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY explains how elevated CO2 induce modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock
Mohamed, Ahmed Daldoum. "Rôle du facteur édaphique dans le fonctionnement biogéochimique et l'état de santé de deux pessières vosgiennes : effet d'un amendement calci-magnésien." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10345.
Full textDelmotte, Sébastien. "Rôle de la bioturbation dans le fonctionnement biogéochimique de l'interface eau-sédiment : modélisation de la diversité des transports biologiques et effets sur la diagenèse précoce des sédiments d'une retenue." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30122.
Full textThis study deals with the role of bioturbation in the early diagenesis of freshwater sediments, particularly the effects of the diversity of the biological transports. To understand the complex interactions between the bio-transports and the reactions of matter transformation, some models of reactive transport were developed including the bio-transport diversity. In a first chapter, cadmium transport by oligochætes tubificids was modelled using an existing dataset. Then, the more complex case of the organic matter mineralization in the Malause reservoir (West South of France) has been addressed. Bioturbation by the natural benthic community was measured. A model of early diagenesis of organic matter was developed including this bioturbation, and particularly the non-local transports. Finally, an extension of bioturbation models is proposed in the last chapter, to account for the effects of the patchiness in the distribution of bioturbators
Yan, Xingcheng. "Greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient retentions in reservoirs of the Seine Basin : budget and modelling." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS152.
Full textThe impacts of reservoirs on greenhouse gas (GHG, including CH4: methane, CO2: carbon dioxide, and N2O: nitrous oxide) emissions and the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients (including C: carbon, N: nitrogen, P: phosphorus, and Si: silica) have received widespread attention. This work first estimates GHG emissions from global reservoirs and examines their long-term evolution, and then focuses on the main reservoirs in the Seine Basin to elucidate their contribution to GHG emissions and their impact on downstream nutrient and CO2 concentrations. Finally, the updated process-based Barman model was applied to these reservoirs to unravel the nutrient fates and CO2 dynamics in these reservoirs. At the global scale, the average fluxes of CH4, CO2, and N2O were 125.7 ± 21.2 mg C m-2 d-1, 415.7 ± 36.0 mg C m-2 d-1, and 0.28 ± 0.11 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively. Combing with the GranD database (global reservoir and dam database, v 1.3), we estimated that the annual GHG emission from global reservoirs amounted to 12.9 Tg CH4-C yr-1, 50.8 Tg CO2-C yr-1, and 0.04 Tg N2O-N yr-1. A high increase rate of GHG emissions occurred from 1950 to 1980, due to the rapid increases of the numbers and surface areas of global reservoirs at the same period. Focusing on the three main reservoirs of the Seine Basin, obvious seasonal patterns of CH4 and CO2 were observed, CH4 concentrations in these reservoirs were high in summer and autumn and low in winter and spring, and were significantly and positively correlated with water temperate and SDO (saturation of dissolved oxygen), which is in contrast to CO2. The three reservoirs were slight sources of GHG, with the average values of 6.6 mg CH4–C m–2 d–1, 132.7 mg CO2–C m–2 d–1, and 0.03 mg N2O–N m–2 d–1, which were lower than the average values of global reservoirs. Based on the long-term (1998-2018) water quality data and our field measurements (2019-2020), we found that the reservoirs significantly change their downstream water quality. They increase DOC (dissolved organic matter) and BDOC (biodegradable DOC) concentrations, while decrease the concentrations of DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen), PO43- (orthophosphate), DSi (dissolved silica), and CO2 during their emptying periods. The mass-balance calculation revealed that these reservoirs retained 16-53%, 26-48%, 22-40%, and 36-76% of the inputs of DIN, PO43-, DSi, and SM, respectively. Qualitative analysis suggested that the mixing effect of entering water (quantity and quality) and biogeochemical processes in these reservoirs are the two dominant factors affecting reservoir water quality changes, and thus resulting in the changes in downstream water quality. The application of the Barman model satisfactorily simulates the changes of water quality variables (nutrients and CO2) and explicitly unravels nutrient (C, N, P, and Si) fates in these reservoirs. The phytoplankton assimilation (for NO3-, PO43-, and DSi) and benthic denitrification (for NO3-) are the dominant processes in removing nutrients. The precipitation of CaCO3 and CO2 emission are responsible for the DIC removal in these reservoirs. The results of scenario analysis suggested that reservoir trophic states (P concentrations) and morphological characteristics (mean depth) would significantly affect the retention efficiencies of NO3- and DSi, and thus its biogeochemical functions to downstream reservoirs
Corti, Roland. "Assèchement des cours d'eaux : effets sur les communautés d'invertébrés et la dynamique de la matière organique particulaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10048/document.
Full textAquatic-terrestrial transitions play a major role in the functioning of ecosystems. In rivers that periodically cease to flow, these transitions move laterally in riparian zones and longitudinally along dry riverbeds. The objective of this thesis was to determine in drying rivers the effects of aquatic-terrestrial transitions on terrestrial invertebrate communities and on particulate organic matter dynamic, a key ecological process for ecosystem functioning. The results show that riparian communities are poorly dependent on aquatic resources from the rivers but are essential to invertebrate diversity in dry riverbeds. Organic matter has a pulsed dynamic in drying rivers with transport and processing stages limited to aquatic conditions, potentially influencing nutrient availability in river networks
Ramondenc, Simon. "Analyse des variations spatio-temporelles du zooplancton gélatineux et son effet sur les flux de matières à l'aide d'une approche combinant expérimentation et écologie numérique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066528.pdf.
Full textThe term “plankton” refers to all the organisms drifting in the water following the currents. Commonly, the vegetable autotrophic and mainly photosynthetic, “phytoplankton” is distinguished from the heterotrophic and animal “zooplankton”. In the last decades, many studies reported an increase in the abundances and spatial distributions of gelatinous zooplankton in many oceans. Even if the concept of “jellyfication of the oceans” needs to be used with caution, jellyfish populations show an increase in Mediterranean Sea over the last 40 years. The species Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) is considered as the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean basin since the 70s. Due to its massive presence in this area, it is essential to evaluate precisely the impact of P. noctiluca on both biogeochemical cycles and pelagic ecosystem structure. Thus, the contribution of P. noctiluca to the two main factors regulating the biological carbon transfer in the oceans: carbon sequestration via the biological carbon pump and carbon transfer through trophic networks. This manuscript is divided in 3 main sections : (i) providing an initial budget of the particulate (POCtotal) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean sea, (ii) building an ecophysiological model of P. noctiluca to estimate its contribution to the biological carbon pump, and (iii) assessing the trophic level of P. noctiluca and its potential impact on lower trophic levels
Cantarel, Amélie. "Impacts du changement climatique sur les bilans de carbone et de gaz à effet de serre de la prairie permanente en lien avec la diversité fonctionnelle." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662443.
Full textGilmullina, Aliia. "Effect of mowing and grazing on soil organic matter quality and microbial functioning." Thesis, Poitiers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020POIT2283.
Full textGrasslands can contribute to climate change mitigation through soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, however, the magnitude of SOC sequestration is dependent on the management practices and pedoclimatic conditions. Grazing and mowing are both harvesting techniques, but their effect on the plant-soil system may be different. In this context the general aim of the PhD was to determine the effect of grazing and mowing on soil organic matter (SOM) quality and soil biogeochemical processes under contrasting pedoclimatic conditions. To this end, I analysed soil and plant parameters in grazing and mowing at two experimental sites of SOERE ACBB in Lusignan and Clermont Ferrand. My results indicate that grassland management practices altered plant chemistry, in particular its lignin content, resulting in higher plant litter quality under grazing compared to mowing. However, the soil lignin composition was not related to shoot and root lignin composition suggesting that soil lignin is controlled by microbial decomposition. Moreover, grassland management influenced the root biomass, which consequently controlled microbial functioning. Pedoclimatic conditions determined the grassland management effects on SOC and N: grazing resulted in higher SOC content compared to mowing in C-poor soil whereas in C-rich soil both resulted in similar SOC contents as in unmanaged grassland. However, regardless of the pedoclimatic conditions, mowing led to more degraded SOM and less efficient microbial functioning as compared to grazing.To conclude, both grazing and mowing have the potential to increase SOC sequestration albeit grazing has bigger potential in C-poor soil, which may be explained by contrasting effects of grazing and mowing on soil biogeochemical processes
Laclau, Jean-Paul. "Dynamique du fonctionnement minéral d'une plantation d'eucalyptus. Effet du reboisement sur un sol de savane du littoral congolais ; conséquences pour la gestion des plantations industrielles." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005778.
Full textLes cycles biogéochimiques ont été étudiés dans une plantation clonale d'eucalyptus âgée de 6 à 9 ans (fin de la rotation) et dans une savane représentative de l'écosystème originel. Les stocks d'éléments biodisponibles dans les sols des 2 écosystèmes ont été quantifiés et les principaux flux d'éléments minéraux sous forme dissoute ont été mesurés pendant 3 années : apports atmosphériques, pluviolessivats, écoulements de troncs, ruissellements superficiels, transferts sous la litière et à la base des différents horizons pédologiques (jusqu'à 6 m de profondeur). Lors du brûlis de la savane, les restitutions au sol sous forme de cendres ainsi que les transferts dans l'atmosphère ont été quantifiés. La localisation spatiale des racines a également été étudiée dans la plantation ainsi que la dynamique d'incorporation des éléments dans la savane entre 2 brûlis annuels. L'étude de chronoséquences de peuplements couvrant l'ensemble de la rotation de futaie a permis d'aborder les dynamiques (i) d'incorporation d'éléments minéraux dans la biomasse, (ii) de retours au sol avec les litières, ainsi que (iii) de transferts internes dans les arbres.
Les résultats montrent que les cycles biogéochimiques dans l'écosystème de savane ont été profondément modifiés par la plantation d'eucalyptus. Le cycle de l'azote a été le plus affecté en raison de l'arrêt des brûlis et de la fixation symbiotique, qui représentent des flux importants en savane. Ce clone d'eucalyptus s'est révélé très bien adapté malgré la pauvreté des sols, en raison en particulier d'un recyclage intense d'éléments nutritifs. Les transferts internes de N, P, K dans la biomasse et les restitutions importantes de N, Ca et Mg avec les litières permettent de limiter la dépendance des arbres vis à vis des réserves du sol en fin de rotation. Les bilans entrées-sorties indiquent néanmoins que les fortes productions de biomasse des eucalyptus ont lieu aux dépens du capital d'azote hérité de la savane et qu'une augmentation importante des apports par fertilisation sera indispensable pour maintenir la production. Des recommandations sylvicoles ont été proposées afin de limiter au maximum les exportations minérales et orienter les futures expérimentations.
Gil-Díaz, Teba. "Comportement biogéochimique d’antimoine (Sb) et de tellure (Te) dans le milieu côtier : vers des scénarios de dispersion des radionucléides de Sb et de Te en cas de rejets accidentels de centrales nucléaires (projet AMORAD, ANR-11-RSNR-0002)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0004/document.
Full textAntimony (Sb) and tellurium (Te) are relatively uncommon contaminants (stable isotopes) and may form short-lived fission products (radionuclides) released into the environment during nuclear power plants accidents. Little is known about their respective biogeochemical behaviours, necessary for general contamination studies and post-accidental radiological risk assessment.This work provides original knowledge on Sb and Te biogeochemical behaviour in highly dynamic continent-ocean transition systems: the Gironde Estuary and the Rhône River. Concentrations, spatial/temporal variations, solid/liquid partitioning (Kd), and fluxes are studied from long-term records at the watershed scale. Four estuarine sampling campaigns during contrasting hydrological conditions show higher Sb solubility and Te particle affinity in the estuary than in the upstream fluvial reaches. Historical records (1984-2017) in wild oysters from the estuary mouth do not show clear trends of past or recent contamination, but measurable bioaccumulation suggests that potential uptake of radionuclides is likely to occur. Combined adsorption experiments using isotopically-labelled (spiked) Sb and Te, and subsequent selective extractions of carrier phases from suspended particulate matter (SPM) suggest that spiked Sb and Te are more mobile and potentially bioaccessible than their environmental (inherited) equivalents. Radiotracer adsorption experiments using environmentally representative concentrations of both Gironde and Rhône systems underpin that highly soluble elements may show contrasting reactivity between inherited and spiked forms.Radionuclide dispersion will greatly depend on (i) the geographical position of the source (Rhône) and/or the maximum turbidity zone (MTZ; Gironde fluvial-estuarine system), (ii) the succession of hydrological situations during and after the accident, and (iii) the biogeochemical reactivity and half-lives of the radionuclides. First scenarios on hypothetical dissolved radionuclide dispersion in the Gironde Estuary suggest (i) low sorption of Sb to the SPM, implying a transport of radionuclides in dissolved phase towards the coast, and (ii) high retention of Te within the MTZ, especially for accidental releases during flood conditions, linking the fate of radioactive Te to long estuarine SPM residence times (1-2 years). Potential upstream migration of Te radionuclides in the MTZ towards the city of Bordeaux during the following summer season and Te decay into radioactive iodine warrants further evaluation of the associated potential radiotoxicity
Corti, Roland. "Assèchement des cours d'eau : effets sur les communautés d'invertébrés et la dynamique de la matière organique particulaire." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828092.
Full textRamondenc, Simon. "Analyse des variations spatio-temporelles du zooplancton gélatineux et son effet sur les flux de matières à l'aide d'une approche combinant expérimentation et écologie numérique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066528/document.
Full textThe term “plankton” refers to all the organisms drifting in the water following the currents. Commonly, the vegetable autotrophic and mainly photosynthetic, “phytoplankton” is distinguished from the heterotrophic and animal “zooplankton”. In the last decades, many studies reported an increase in the abundances and spatial distributions of gelatinous zooplankton in many oceans. Even if the concept of “jellyfication of the oceans” needs to be used with caution, jellyfish populations show an increase in Mediterranean Sea over the last 40 years. The species Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) is considered as the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean basin since the 70s. Due to its massive presence in this area, it is essential to evaluate precisely the impact of P. noctiluca on both biogeochemical cycles and pelagic ecosystem structure. Thus, the contribution of P. noctiluca to the two main factors regulating the biological carbon transfer in the oceans: carbon sequestration via the biological carbon pump and carbon transfer through trophic networks. This manuscript is divided in 3 main sections : (i) providing an initial budget of the particulate (POCtotal) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean sea, (ii) building an ecophysiological model of P. noctiluca to estimate its contribution to the biological carbon pump, and (iii) assessing the trophic level of P. noctiluca and its potential impact on lower trophic levels
Collard, Blanche. "Effet de l’organisation spatiale intra-parcellaire des habitats sur le contrôle biologique par conservation : étude et modélisation des déplacements de dermaptères dans les bananeraies Spatial organisation of habitats in agricultural plots affects per-capita predator effect on conservation biological control: an individual based modelling study." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0710.
Full textIn this thesis, we investigated whether - and how - the intra-plot spatial patterns of habitats favourable to generalist predators could influence the conservation biological control (CBC) through their foraging behaviour. The general approach of this work is based on a modelling approach guided by experiments on the earwig E. caraibea, a generalist predator in banana fields of Martinique. In an experiment in banana fields, we found that the abundance and activity of earwigs seemed to be influenced by habitat types: banana tree residues appeared to be particularly more favourable to earwigs than bare soil.We developed a spatially explicit and individual-based model (Foragescape) of the foraging movements of an earwig-like predator in a banana field - based on the favourable or unfavourable nature of habitats. We found that the per-capita predator effect was strongly affected by a spatial dilution of predators, induced by favourable habitat addition, but this negative effect could be partially or fully mitigated by their spatial organisation.A key hypothesis of the Foragescape model was found on earwigs in a mesocosm experiment: earwigs movements are slower and more sinuous on residues, a favourable habitat, than on bare soil, an unfavourable habitat. Therefore, the model's predictions on spatial organisation and CBC can to some extent be adapted to the earwigs in banana fields
Jones, Auriane. "Effect of an engineer species on the diversity and functioning of benthic communities : the Sabellaria Alveolata reef habitat." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0142/document.
Full textCoastal zones worldwide are home to a large diversity of ecosystem engineers that perform key functions such as the recycling of organic matter and nutrients. The habitats resulting from the biological activity of these species are exposed to numerous disturbances such as over harvesting and trampling or via coastal modification. In this context, it is becoming key to understand the functioning of these engineered habitats and how they are affected by increasing disturbances. During my PhD, I used the reef habitat built by the gregarious tubiculous polychaete Sabellaria alveolata as a study case. First, the environmental and biotic changes associated with the establishment of a S. alveolata reef and its increasing disturbance were assessed, focusing on sediment characteristics (e.g. grain-size distribution, organic matter content) along with taxonomic diversity and species assemblage. In the same vain, the third article looks into the trophic functioning of the reef community and a control community to understand the effects of the establishment of the engineer species on carbon transfers, successively looking at the whole consumer community, the primary consumers and the importance of autochthonous (microphytobenthos and Ulva sp.) vs allochthone (phytoplankton) food sources. In this part, I used carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and different analytical approaches such as isotopic niche metrics and mixing models. Article 2 aims towards understanding the interactions between reef habitat complexity, autochthonous food source heterogeneity and spatial scales in explaining the carbon isotopic ratio variations of S. alveolata and an associated suspension-feeder. In the last two chapters, I address the functioning of the engineered habitat either directly, using benthic core incubations to measure biogeochemical fluxes (e.g. oxygen demand) or indirectly, through the use of integrative functional and isotopic diversity indices. This last part reveals the existence of an optimum value of S. alveolata density, used as a disturbance proxy, where the trophic niche and the biogeochemical functioning of the reef are both maximal
Brédoire, Félix. "Impacts of global change on the biogeochemical cycling of water and nutrients in the soil-plant system and consequences for vegetation growth in south-western Siberia." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0033/document.
Full textPredicting the evolution of vegetation productivity in SW Siberia in the contextof global change remains a challenge because of major uncertainties concerningthe biogeochemical cycling and the plant-availability of water and nutrients. Weprovided insights on their relation to climate and soil properties, investigating sixcontrasting sites.Aspen stem radial growth is mainly sensitive to soil water budget in the foreststeppezone established in the south of SW Siberia while it is enhanced by highsummer temperatures in the sub-taiga, in the north of the region.Field measurements and water budget simulations revealed that snow-melt isimportant re-filling soil water reserves in the south. In the north, these reservesare mostly re-filled in autumn and snow-melt is associated with drainage. A thicksnow-pack also prevents soil from freezing in winter in the sub-taiga. Water deficitand soil freezing largely impact the distribution of fine roots within the soil profilewhich is deeper in forest-steppe than in sub-taiga.The homogeneous soil phosphorus (P) status in the region investigated revealedthis nutrient has not been yet very impacted by contrasting soil processes. High Pstocks, and in particular plant-available forms, suggest P is unlikely to be limitingunder current and future conditions.By contrast, we found differences in nitrogen (N) status. Above-ground litterdecay and the release of N occurs faster in sub-taiga than in forest-steppe. Higherdrainage may explain deeper N transfer in sub-taiga soils. However, sub-taiga soilsalso seem to be efficient in retaining N, limiting losses from the soil–plant system
Minaudo, Camille. "Analyse et modélisation de l'eutrophisation de la Loire." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4047/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at studying the physical and chemical causes and consequences that result from excessive phytoplankton growth in the Loire River. The analysis identified some parameters characterizing river eutrophication and was conducted on several spatial and temporal scales. This was based on long-term water quality time-series (1980-2012), a daily survey carried out during this work (2012-2014), and the numerical modeling of the river biogeochemical functioning with an hourly resolution. Phytoplankton development in summer was reduced 2.5-fold in the Loire River and in the main tributaries, synchronously with the generalized reduction 3-fold of bioavailable phosphorus as a result of controlling and limiting phosphorus point sources. However, the Loire River remains sensitive to eutrophication, with a significant urban and agricultural pressure, low water levels in summer, and its multiple channels morphology slowing down the water velocity. All these factors combined favor phytoplankton development. When hydrological conditions are favorable, phytoplankton grows and significantly affects the ecosystem functioning, with an impact on nutrients, carbon and oxygen biogeochemical cycles
Maire, Vincent. "Des traits des graminées au fonctionnement de l'écosystème prairial : une approche de modélisation mécaniste." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725487.
Full textMaire, Vincent. "Des traits des graminées au fonctionnement de l'écosystème prairial : une approche de modélisation mécaniste." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21934.
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