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Journal articles on the topic "Effet stark quantique"

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Kraft, Matthew A. "How to Make Additional Time Matter: Integrating Individualized Tutorials into an Extended Day." Education Finance and Policy 10, no. 1 (January 2015): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00152.

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Evidence on the effect of extending the school day is decidedly mixed because of the stark differences in how schools use additional time. In this paper, I focus narrowly on the effect of additional time used for individualized tutorials. In 2005, MATCH Charter Public High School integrated two hours of tutorials throughout an extended day. The unanticipated implementation of this initiative and the school's admissions lottery allow me to use two complementary quasi-experimental methods to estimate program effects. I find that providing students with daily tutorials that are integrated into the school day and taught by full-time, recent college graduates increased achievement on tenth-grade English language arts exams by 0.15–0.25 standard deviations per year. I find no average effect in mathematics beyond the large gains students were already achieving, although quantile regression estimates suggest the tutorials raised the lowest end of the achievement distribution in mathematics.
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Nguyen, Thanh Minh, Tuyen Quang Tran, and Long Thanh Do. "Government Support and Firm Profitability in Vietnam." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 21, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0029.

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Existing studies on the linkage between government subsidies and firm financial performance often use a mean regression approach and focus mainly on developed countries. To fill the gap, this study, for the first time, considers the impact of government support activities on the profitability of manufacturing SMEs in a developing country, Vietnam. Using an unbalanced panel dataset covering the period 2009–2015, government financial supports show an insignificant linkage with firm profitability when using OLS. However, a fixed‑effect quantile approach reveals that government financial support is negatively related for firms with low profit but is positively related for firms in the high profitability percentile. Our findings also suggest that policymakers should focus on helping start‑ups instead of ineffective, informal firms.
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Modjo, Mohamad-Ikhsan, and Agus-Supriatna Wibowo. "Pricing Strategy for a Smart-Tourist Area: Does Location Matters?" E3S Web of Conferences 426 (2023): 02061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342602061.

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This study aims to investigate the effect of hotel characteristics, particularly their locations, on room pricing strategy for hotels in the Bogor Area, Indonesia. The author applies the quantile hedonic regression model on a dataset of Bogor Hotels collected through a travel agent’s website. A total of 194 hotels were collected and used as data samples. Our findings suggest that locations near tourist attractions are a significant factor in explaining hotel room prices in the Bogor area, while in contrast, the city center location is not. In addition, we also find that hotel room size and stars-awarded have significant positive effects on room rates. The outcomes of this study advocate for the continuation of fine-tuning the existing pricing strategy adopted by hoteliers to optimize revenue.
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Ozyilmaz, Ayfer, Yuksel Bayraktar, Esme Isik, Metin Toprak, Mehmet Firat Olgun, Serdar Aydin, and Tuncay Guloglu. "The Impact of Refugees on Income Inequality in Developing Countries by Using Quantile Regression, ANN, Fixed and Random Effect." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 9223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159223.

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Refugees affect the hosting countries both politically and economically, but the size of impact differs among these societies. While this effect emerges mostly in the form of cultural cohesion, security, and racist discourses in developed societies, it mostly stands out with its economic dimension such as unemployment, growth, and inflation in developing countries. Although different reflections exist in different societies, the reaction is expected to be higher if it affects social welfare negatively. Accordingly, one of the parameters that should be addressed is the effect of refugees on income distribution since the socio-economic impact is multifaceted. In this study, the effect of refugees on income inequality is analyzed by using quantile regression with fixed effects and Driscoll–Kraay Fixed Effect (FE)/Random Effect (RE) methods for the period of 1991 to 2020 in the 25 largest refugee-hosting developing countries. According to the findings of the study, the functional form of the relationship between refugees and income inequality in the countries is N-shaped. Accordingly, refugees first increase income inequality, decrease it after reaching a certain level, and then start increasing it, albeit at a low level.
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Butkus, Mindaugas, Laura Dargenyte-Kacileviciene, Kristina Matuzeviciute, Dovile Rupliene, and Janina Seputiene. "Are there more than three regimes in the output-unemployment relationship? A panel quantile regression estimates of Okun's gap model in EU countries." Eastern Journal of European Studies 15, no. 1 (2024): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/ejes-2024-0109.

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Until recently, the output-unemployment relationship (Okun’s coefficient) was believed to follow two regimes, implying a uniform effect of expansionary fiscal policy on unemployment during economic booms and declines. However, research by Oh (2018) and Donayre (2022) introduced a three-regime approach, suggesting this relationship varies over different economic phases. Building on this, we propose a multinomial Okun’s coefficient model using a gap model and quantile regression to estimate the coefficient at various unemployment levels. Our findings reveal that Okun's coefficient is significantly higher during severe recessions and lower at the onset of economic decline compared to the two-regime model. This indicates that the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy in reducing unemployment is limited when implemented at the start of a recession and is more effective during severe recessions, suggesting a need to re-evaluate the timing of such policies.
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Vishnu, Chakrapani Lekha, Thomas Oommen, Snehamoy Chatterjee, and Kochappi Sathyan Sajinkumar. "Addressing the Effect of Intra-Seasonal Variations in Developing Rainfall Thresholds for Landslides: An Antecedent Rainfall-Based Approach." GeoHazards 5, no. 3 (July 3, 2024): 634–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards5030033.

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We developed a rainfall threshold model with the objective of limiting the effects of uncertainties typically associated with them, such as a lack of robust landslide database, the selection of the contributing rain gauge, seasonal variations in rainfall patterns, and the effect of extreme rainfall conditions. With the aid of gauge-corrected satellite precipitation data and a landslide database compiled from various sources, separate rainfall thresholds were developed for two waves of the monsoon season in the Western Ghats, India. The daily vs. antecedent rainfall distributions for different scenarios of antecedent rainfall were analyzed for landslide occurrence. The different scenarios considered included 1, 2, 3, 5, 10-, 20-, 30- and 40-day antecedent rainfalls along with the monsoon antecedent defined as the cumulative rainfall from the start of the monsoon to the day prior to landslide occurrence, and the event antecedent defined as the cumulative rainfall from the start of a rainfall event to the day prior to landslide occurrence. A statistically defined critical value was used to define the thresholds for extreme rainfall conditions, while ordinary least squares and quantile regression models were compared to identify the best-fit model for the non-extreme rainfall threshold. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed on all these models and the best model was chosen based on the efficiency values. The daily vs. monsoon antecedent threshold was the best model for the first monsoon wave, and the daily vs. event antecedent model was the best model for the second monsoon wave. A separate rainfall threshold was defined for the entire monsoon without subdivision into separate waves, and corresponding ROC statistics were compared with the former approach to analyze the efficacy of intra-seasonal variations in rainfall threshold development. The results suggest that cumulative rainfall makes a significant contribution towards landslide initiation and that intra-seasonal variations should be necessarily considered in rainfall threshold modeling.
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Vettas, Nikos, Konstantinos Peppas, Sophia Stavraki, and Michail Vasileiadis. "The contribution of industry to the Greek economy: facts and prospects." Economic bulletin, no. 52 (December 1, 2020): 29–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52903/econbull20205202.

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The scope of the study is to examine the impact of various factors on the growth of Greek industrial firms, in order to identify those that can contribute to a gradual recovery of Industry in the coming years. In this context, we estimate a firm growth model with the Quantile Regression econometric method, using an unbalanced panel dataset of 18,143 companies that were active in Greek Industry over the period 2005-2018. The explanatory variables used are firm-, sectorand macroeconomic environment-specific. Further, we estimate the effects on firm growth from the structural reforms related to business environment and from the sector’s participation in global value chains within or beyond the EU. The estimations highlight the positive effect on firm growth from exports and the reduction in the time and cost required to export, the availability of funding from the banking sector and the stock market, as well as from the reduction in the cost and procedures to start a business. Positive effects also stem from the participation of the faster-growing Greek industrial companies in value chains mainly outside the EU. By contrast, high corporate debt to banks, adverse macroeconomic conditions, energy costs and the participation of businesses other than the faster-growing ones in value chains in EU countries have a negative impact on firm growth. The latter effect is possibly due to the strong competition that these businesses face in the European markets. Some differences appear when estimates are made for the subsamples of high and low performance industrial sectors in terms of economic activity, financial efficiency, innovativeness and extroversion. The study includes policy recommendations based on the results of the estimations, to support growth in Industry. These concern the reduction of energy costs, the change in the depreciation method for investments in machinery and equipment, as well as the financing of the sector.
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Erbakan, Ayşe Naciye, Müzeyyen Arslan Bahadir, Fatoş Nimet Kaya, Büşra Güleç, Miraç Vural Keskinler, Özge Faydaliel, Banu Mesçi, and Aytekin Oğuz. "The effect of close and intensive therapeutic monitoring of patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes with different glycemic background." Medicine 102, no. 50 (December 15, 2023): e36680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000036680.

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Patients with type 2 diabetes who have HbA1c values ≥ 10% have different previous glycemic trends, including new diagnosis of diabetes. We aimed to assess the efficacy of 3 months of intensive and facilitated antihyperglycemic treatment in patients with different glycemic backgrounds. In this observational study, patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control (indicated by an HbA1c level of > = 10%) were divided into groups based on their previous HbA1c levels (group 1; newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics, group 2; patients with previously controlled but now deteriorated HbA1c levels, group 3; patients whose HbA1c was not previously in the target range but was now above 10%, and group 4; patients whose HbA1c was above 10% from the start). Patients received intensive diabetes management with close monitoring and facilitated hospital visits. For further analysis, patients who were known to have previously had good metabolic control (either did not have diabetes or had previously had an HbA1c value < =7) and patients who had prior poor metabolic control were analyzed separately. Of the 195 participants [female, n = 84 (43.1%)], the median age was 54 years (inter-quantile range [IQR] = 15, min = 29, max = 80) and the median baseline HbA1c was 11.8% (IQR = 2.6%, min = 10%, max = 18.3%). The median duration of diabetes was 10 years (IQR = 9, min = 1, max = 35) when newly diagnosed patients were excluded. The ≥ 20% reduction in HbA1c at month 3 was observed in groups 1 to 4 in 97%, 88.1%, 69.1%, and 55.4%, respectively. The percentage of patients who achieved an HbA1c level of 7% or less was 60.6%, 38.1%, 16.4%, and 6.2% in the groups, respectively. The rate of those who achieved an HbA1c of 7% or less was nearly 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had previously had good metabolic control, whereas successful control was achieved in only 1 in 10 patients with persistently high HbA1c levels. Patients’ glycemic history played an important role in determining their HbA1c levels at 3 months, suggesting that previous glycemic management patterns may indicate future success in diabetes control.
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Mainz, Jeppe, Grethe Andersen, Jan Brink Valentin, Martin Faurholdt Gude, and Søren Paaske Johnsen. "Disentangling Sex Differences in Use of Reperfusion Therapy in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke." Stroke 51, no. 8 (August 2020): 2332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.028589.

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Background and Purpose: Previous studies from local settings have reported that women with acute ischemic stroke have a lower chance of receiving reperfusion therapy treatment, including intravenous thrombolysis and thrombectomy, than men, but the underlying mechanisms of this disparity have not been identified. We aimed to examine sex differences in the utilization of reperfusion therapy focusing on all the phases of pre- and in-hospital time delay in a nationwide population-based cohort. Methods: This study was based on data from nationwide public registries. The study population included patients aged at least 18 years admitted with acute ischemic stroke using emergency medical services in Denmark dispatched after an emergency call in the period 2016 to 2017. Study outcomes included time delays from symptom onset to start of reperfusion therapy and use of reperfusion therapy. Data were analyzed using multivariable quantile regression and logistic regression. Results: A total of 5356 stroke events fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Women (26.6%) were less likely to receive intravenous thrombolysis than men (30.2 %), corresponding to an unadjusted odds ratio of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.74–0.95). In addition, women experienced a 20 minutes longer median time delay from stroke symptom onset to stroke unit arrival than men. Adjusting for onset-to-door time only appeared to have a limited effect on the sex differences in use of intravenous thrombolysis, whereas the odds ratio was 1.06 (95% CI, 0.93–1.21) when adjusting for age at stroke, stroke severity, and cohabitation status. No sex difference was observed for the use of thrombectomy. Conclusions: Women received less reperfusion therapy than men and had a longer time delay from symptom onset to stroke unit arrival, primarily due to a longer delay from symptom onset to emergency medical services call. These differences appeared to be due to the higher age and the higher proportion of women living alone at the time of the stroke.
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Schmidt, Lena Katharina, Till Francke, Peter Martin Grosse, Christoph Mayer, and Axel Bronstert. "Reconstructing five decades of sediment export from two glacierized high-alpine catchments in Tyrol, Austria, using nonparametric regression." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 27, no. 9 (May 11, 2023): 1841–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1841-2023.

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Abstract. Knowledge on the response of sediment export to recent climate change in glacierized areas in the European Alps is limited, primarily because long-term records of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) are scarce. Here we tested the estimation of sediment export of the past five decades using quantile regression forest (QRF), a nonparametric, multivariate regression based on random forest. The regression builds on short-term records of SSCs and long records of the most important hydroclimatic drivers (discharge, precipitation and air temperature – QPT). We trained independent models for two nested and partially glacier-covered catchments, Vent (98 km2) and Vernagt (11.4 km2), in the upper Ötztal in Tyrol, Austria (1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), where available QPT records start in 1967 and 1975. To assess temporal extrapolation ability, we used two 2-year SSC datasets at gauge Vernagt, which are almost 20 years apart, for a validation. For Vent, we performed a five-fold cross-validation on the 15 years of SSC measurements. Further, we quantified the number of days where predictors exceeded the range represented in the training dataset, as the inability to extrapolate beyond this range is a known limitation of QRF. Finally, we compared QRF performance to sediment rating curves (SRCs). We analyzed the modeled sediment export time series, the predictors and glacier mass balance data for trends (Mann–Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator) and step-like changes (using the widely applied Pettitt test and a complementary Bayesian approach). Our validation at gauge Vernagt demonstrated that QRF performs well in estimating past daily sediment export (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73) and satisfactorily for SSCs (NSE of 0.51), despite the small training dataset. The temporal extrapolation ability of QRF was superior to SRCs, especially in periods with high-SSC events, which demonstrated the ability of QRF to model threshold effects. Days with high SSCs tended to be underestimated, but the effect on annual yields was small. Days with predictor exceedances were rare, indicating a good representativity of the training dataset. Finally, the QRF reconstruction models outperformed SRCs by about 20 percent points of the explained variance. Significant positive trends in the reconstructed annual suspended sediment yields were found at both gauges, with distinct step-like increases around 1981. This was linked to increased glacier melt, which became apparent through step-like increases in discharge at both gauges as well as change points in mass balances of the two largest glaciers in the Vent catchment. We identified exceptionally high July temperatures in 1982 and 1983 as a likely cause. In contrast, we did not find coinciding change points in precipitation. Opposing trends at the two gauges after 1981 suggest different timings of “peak sediment”. We conclude that, given large-enough training datasets, the presented QRF approach is a promising tool with the ability to deepen our understanding of the response of high-alpine areas to decadal climate change.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effet stark quantique"

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Le, Thomas Nicolas. "Diode laser accordable en longueur d'onde par effet Stark quantique confiné." Grenoble INPG, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPG0116.

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Haas, Helge. "Effet Stark quantique dans les puits de CdTe/CdZnTe et développement d'un dispositif photoréfractif." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10146.

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Nous presentons le developpement et l'etude d'un dispositif photorefractif a puits quantiques ainsi que les mecanismes physiques fondamentaux associes a ce type de composants. La structure de bande de type i pour les trous lourds et de type ii pour les trous legers permet une mesure precise du decalage de bande de valence de cdte/cd#. #7#2zn#0#. #3#8te egal a +11% 2%. Cette situation particuliere produit une degenerescence entre niveaux de trous lourds et trous legers. Dans les puits peu profonds, l'exciton leger est de type i grace au potentiel coulombien exerce par l'electron sur le trou leger. Sous champ electrique, nous mettons en evidence une transition type i-type ii de l'exciton leger. Lorsque l'energie de liaison de l'exciton augmente, la constante dielectrique et l'interaction des excitons avec le reseau diminuent. L'observation de complexes exciton-phonon a basse temperature et leur disparition progressive lorsque l'energie de liaison augmente est favorable a cette interpretation. Une absorption excitonique intense a temperature ambiante est cependant observee lorsque l'energie de liaison est proche ou superieure a l'energie des phonons optiques longitudinaux. En nous fondant sur ces resultats, nous avons developpe un dispositif photorefractif a partir d'une diode schottky et nous avons mesure un rendement de diffraction proche de la valeur theorique. Un maintien du reseau de diffraction inscrit de quelques microsecondes necessite un blocage des porteurs qui ecrantent localement le champ applique. L'introduction de barrieres de potentiel en cdmgznte bloquent efficacement le mouvement perpendiculaire des electrons. Un modele qualitatif et des simulations numeriques permettent de cerner le comportement dynamique du dispositif. La diffusion laterale a l'interface est acceleree par le gradient de potentiel entre zones eclairees et sombres et limite le temps de maintien du reseau. Par des mesures de type pompe-sonde, nous avons determine la diffusion laterale et sa dependance avec le champ applique
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Donon, Jeremy. "Caractérisation de paires d’ions par spectroscopies IR, UV et rayons X, interprétées par calculs de chimie quantique." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS106.

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Les paires d'ions sont omniprésentes dans la nature, depuis l'eau de mer, les aérosols, jusqu'aux organismes vivants. Elles influencent les propriétés des solutions concentrées en ions, et jouent ainsi un rôle majeur dans divers réactions chimiques et processus biologiques. Cependant, la caractérisation des paires d’ions se heurte à une double difficulté : d'une part, plusieurs types de paires coexistent, et d'autre part, ce sont des espèces transitoires en solution. Dans ce contexte, ce travail présente plusieurs études menées selon trois axes de recherche principaux grâce à une approche originale en phase gazeuse, puis en solution. Le premier axe consiste à étudier les effets du champ électrique produit par la paire d’ions sur la spectroscopie d’un chromophore UV en phase gazeuse (effets Stark). Les groupes ioniques sont capables de produire un champ électrique suffisamment élevé pour induire des effets Stark électroniques significatifs sur un chromophore UV situé à proximité. Cette étude est menée sur des systèmes modèles de formule générale (C₆H₅-(CH₂)n₋COO⁻,M⁺) avec M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs et n = 1-3, permettant de faire varier le champ électrique ressenti par le chromophore UV. Ces différents systèmes sont étudiés en phase gazeuse par spectroscopie UV combinée à des calculs de chimie quantique, ainsi que par des expériences de spectroscopie IR sélective en conformation. Grâce à cette approche, des attributions conformationnelles précises peuvent être proposées pour des transitions électroniques séparées de quelques cm-1, sur la base de l’analyse des effets Stark observés sur le spectre UV, sans recourir à la spectroscopie IR, ni aux calculs de fréquences. Il s’agit ensuite de comprendre les effets d’environnement sur les paires d’ions par des expériences de microsolvatation en phase gazeuse. La paire d’ions d’acétate de sodium [CH₃-COO⁻,Na⁺] est étudiée pour la première fois dans un complexe trimère avec le p-xylène par spectroscopie IR. Des expériences de microhydratation sont ensuite réalisées sur des paires d’ions chargées ([CH₃-COO⁻,M²⁺] ; M = Ca, Ba), mettant en évidence deux comportements différents en fonction de la nature du dication. Les différentes expériences montrent que la signature IR du groupement carboxylate est sensible à son environnement proche, mais également à l’environnement du cation qui lui est apparié. Le dernier axe consiste à détecter et identifier les structures formées par les ions dans les solutions électrolytiques par spectroscopies IR et RX. Une première analyse est effectuée sur des solutions électrolytiques ([CH₃-COO⁻,M⁺] ; M = Li, Na et K) par spectroscopie IR-TF en variant la concentration en ions. Une étude théorique est ensuite réalisée dans l’objectif de proposer un spectre théorique pour chaque type de paires, et de les confronter aux spectres expérimentaux en solution. L’approche repose sur le calcul de la signature IR de paires ([CH₃-COO⁻,M⁺] ; M = Li, Na, K, Rb et Cs) et de l’anion libre, entourés successivement de molécules d’eau explicites décrites au niveau chimie quantique, puis au niveau champ de force et enfin par un modèle de solvant continu. Pour chaque type de paires, des familles spectroscopiques compatibles avec les données expérimentales sont identifiées. Cette approche originale ouvre la voie vers l’identification des structures supramoléculaires dans les solutions électrolytiques. Enfin, la première expérience FZRET en micro-jet liquide est réalisée sur une solution d’acétate de potassium, donnant accès à une mesure de la distribution des distances entre cations et anions appariés. Au cours de ces études, différentes méthodes sont employées allant de l’expérience à la théorie, de la phase gazeuse à la solution. Cette thèse illustre la nécessité de combiner plusieurs méthodes afin d’obtenir des données complémentaires permettant une meilleure caractérisation de l’organisation supramoléculaire des ions et de leur environnement
Ion pairs are ubiquitous in nature, from sea water, aerosols, to living organisms. They influence the properties of concentrated ion solutions, and thus play a crucial role in various chemical reactions and biological processes. However, the characterization of ion pairs faces some difficulties: on one hand, several types of pairs coexist, and on the other hand, they are transient species in solution. In this context, this work presents several studies carried out according to three main research studies, backed by an original approach in the gas phase, and then in solution. Firstly, the effects of the electric field produced by the ion pair on the UV spectroscopy of a chromophore in gas phase (Stark effects) are studied. The ion groups can produce an electric field high enough to induce significant electronic Stark effects on a nearby UV chromophore. This study is conducted on model systems (C₆H₅-(CH₂)n-COO⁻,M⁺) with M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and n = 1-3, allowing to vary the electric field experienced by the UV chromophore. These different systems are studied in the gas phase by UV spectroscopy combined with quantum chemistry calculations, as well as by conformation selective IR spectroscopy. Based on the analysis of the electronic Stark effects, precise conformational assignments can be proposed for electronic transitions separated by a few cm-1, without resorting to IR spectroscopy, or frequency calculations. The next study is focused mainly on understanding the environmental effects on ion pairs by microsolvation experiments in gas phase. The pair of sodium acetate ions [CH₃-COO⁻,Na⁺] is studied for the first time in a trimer complex with p-xylene by IR spectroscopy. Microhydration experiments are then carried out on charged ion pairs ([CH₃-COO⁻,M²⁺]; M = Ca, Ba), highlighting two different behaviours depending on the nature of the cation. The final research is to detect and identify the structures formed by the ions in electrolytic solutions by IR and RX spectroscopy. The first experiment is carried out on electrolytic solutions ([CH₃-COO⁻,M⁺]; M = Li, Na and K) by TF-IR spectroscopy by varying the ion concentration. A theoretical study is then carried out in order to propose a theoretical spectrum for each type of pair, and to confront them with experimental spectra in solution. The approach is based on the calculation of the IR signature of pairs ([CH₃-COO⁻,M⁺]; M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) and free anion in solution, where the first solvation layer were described at the quantum level, followed by a solvent continuum. For each type of pair, spectroscopic families, consistent with the experimental data, are identified. This original approach paves way to the identification of supramolecular structures in electrolytic solutions. Finally, the first FZRET experiment in liquid micro-jet is carried out on a potassium acetate solution, providing access to a measurement of the distance distribution between cations and paired anions.In these studies, different methods are used ranging from experiment to theory, from the gas phase to solution. This work illustrates the need to combine several methods in order to obtain additional data and allow a better characterization of the supramolecular organisation of ions and their environment
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Billaud, Baptiste. "Sur quelques propriétés des boîtes quantiques sphériques semiconductrices." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066615.

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La question des effets de confinement d'une paire électron-trou en interaction au sein d'une boîte sphérique semiconductrice est mise en perspective. Nous proposons une approche analytique à ce problème sur la base de l'approximation de la masse effective et du confinement par un puits de potentiel sphérique infini. Ce cadre théorique montre la nécessité d'un pseudo-potentiel permettant l'amélioration de la description des cavités semiconductrices de faible rayon. Dans le régime de confinement fort et dans la limite de champ électrique faible, nous déterminons alors qu'un déplacement de Stark de l'état fondamental d'un exciton confiné, se comportant comme la puissance seconde de l'amplitude du champ électrique et comme la puissance quatrième du rayon de la cavité, s'accorde convenablement aux données empiriques dans le domaine de validité des hypothèses physiques introduites. Nous inspectons notamment en détails le rôle de l'interaction coulombienne entre électron et trou, ainsi que celui de la polarisation du semiconducteur. Nous examinons aussi les effets Lamb et Purcell au sein de telles microstructures, comme illustration respective de l'Electrodynamique Quantique et de l'Electrodynamique des Cavités. Nous montrons en particulier qu'il semble envisageable d'y mesurer le déplacement de Lamb pour un semiconducteur et un rayon de cavité savamment choisis. Enfin, nous prouvons la possibilité théorique d'amorcer l'émission LASER dans le domaine spectral visible, en mettant à profit l'effet Purcell au sein de boîtes quantiques semiconductrices
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Teissier, Jean. "Nouvelles fonctionnalités dans les lasers à cascade quantique : contrôle de l'indice optique complexe intracavité." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077262.

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Le contrôle de l'indice complexe du mode optique d'un laser à cascade quantique (LQC) est un enjeu important en spectroscopie comme en télécommunication. En effet, cela permettrait un contrôle fin de la longueur d'onde par le biais de la génération de bandes latérales pour la partie imaginaire et directement pour la partie réelle. Nous avons dans un premier temps développé un système permettant le contrôle intracavité des pertes d'un laser. L'idée est de coupler la cavité laser avec une autre contenant une région de contrôle. Cette région de contrôle est composée d'une série de deux puits couplés asymétriques dont l'énergie d'absorption est contrôlée par effet Stark intersousbande, en appliquant ainsi la tension de contrôle de façon indépendante de celle du laser. Ceci permet la modulation en amplitude en s'affranchissant des élargissements spectraux typiques de la modulation directe due aux effets thermiques, avec une puissance consommée de l'ordrer du mW. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence les relations de Kramers-Koenig dans un LQC, ainsi que démontré son fonctionnement à haute fréquence. Ce travail est issu d'une collaboration MPQ/LPN/IEF et est financé par l'ANR Metalguide
The control of the complex refractive index of the optical mode in a quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a major issue as in spectroscopy as in telecommunications. Indeed, this control would allow a precise tuning of the laser wavelength due to the generation of lateral sidebands for the real part and directly for the imaginary part. In a first time we developed a device allowing the intracavity control of the laser losses. The idea is to couple the laser cavity with another one containing a control area. This control area is composed by a stack of two asymmetric coupled wells who's absorption energy is controlled by the interssuband Stark effect, by appling a bias on this control area independently from the laser bias. This allows an amplitude modulation that can avoid the spectral linewidth enhancement due to thermal effects, with a consumed power near the milliwatt. We also shown the Kramers-Koenig relations inside a QCL, and his application to high frequencies. This word is a collaboration between MPQ/LPN/IEF and is financed by ANR MetalGuide
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6

Pellarin, Michel. "Etude des états de Rydberg de l'argon et du francium par spectroscopie colinéaire : analyse des résultats par la théorie du défaut quantique à une ou plusieurs voies." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10011.

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Etude des niveaux de rydberg de l'atome d'argon par utilisation d'une methode de spectroscopie laser colineaire sur un jet monocinetique accelere. Mesure des nombres d'onde des differents niveaux de structure fine des configurations liees: np et nf pour n allant de 12 a 40. Analyse des series paires par la methode du defaut quantique. Etude egalement, des etats de rydberg du francium 212 et nouvelle determination de son potentiel d'ionisation
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7

Jankovic, Aleksandar. "Etats électroniques des boîtes quantiques de semiconducteur : rôle de l'environnement et couplage dépendant du spin." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00111990.

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Après avoir calculé les états liés d'électrons et de trous dans une boîte quantique auto-organisée InAs/GaAs isolée, nous présentons certaines caractéristiques des propriétés optiques de ces nanostructures.

Dans une premièm partie, nous étudions le rôle joué par l'environnement électrostatique sur la perte de cohérence dans les boîtes. Nous montrons que les fluctuations électrostatiques sont essentiellement de deux types, engendrant soit un décalage en énergie de la transition sans induire de déphasage, soit un élargissement homogène du type rétrécissement par le mouvement.

Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à l'effet de l'interaction d'échange longue portée sur la structure fine de l'exciton confiné dans la boîte. En particulier, nous montrons la possibilité d'annuler le splitting d'échange résultant de l'anisotropie de forme de la boîte en appliquant un champ électrique le long de son grand axe. Nous montrons enfin qu'une anisotropie de polarisation apparaît à cause de la nature même de l'interaction d'échange.
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8

Vasanelli, Angela. "Transitions optiques interbandes et intrabandes dans les boites quantiques simples et couplées verticalement." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003115.

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Après avoir présenté les méthodes utilisées pour le calcul des états électroniques, nous discutons les états liés d'électrons et de trous dans une boite isolée. Nous calculons la force d'oscillateur et les régles de sélection pour les transitions intrabandes. Nous montrons qu'il faut distinguer entre les excitations polarisées dans le plan et celles polarisées verticalement; notre calcul montre que dans une boite isolée l'absorption est très anistrope. Dans le cadre des boites isolées nous développons également un modèle pour interpréter plusieurs experiences récentes de STM, qui prétendent l'observation directe des fonctions d'onde d'électrons et de trous. Nous étudions ensuite les systèmes de boites empilées. Nous discutons le couplage entre les boites en fonction de l'epaisseur de la barriere qui les separe. Nous nous interessons en particulier au regime de boites fortement couplees. Nous montrons que l'anisotropie typique des boites uniques diminue considerablement dans le cas des systemes de boites fortement couplees. Ces derniers sont particulierement interessants si l'on regarde les effets du champ electrique. Nous montrons ainsi que les systemes de boites fortement couplees sont aussi polarisables que les puits quantiques, avec une proprite en plus: le confinement dans le plan. La derniere partie de ce travail presente une discussion detaille des etats du continuum bidimensionnel (couche de mouillage) et tridimensionnel (barriere). Le role du continuum est particulirement important dans le cas des transitions interbandes: nous montrons que les transitions croisees entre etats lies et etats du continuum sont a l'origine d'un fond continu entre la partie basse energie du spectre (due aux transitions liees) et le seuil de la couche de mouillage. Cet effet, observe exprimentalement, montre de facon claire que le modele ``atome artificiel'' est trop simple pour decrire de facon adequate les propriets des boites quantiques.
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9

Ollagnier, Antoine. "Microscopie de Photoïonisation : une étude classique, semi-classique et quantique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00250373.

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La microscopie de photoïonisation est une technique qui permet d'obtenir une image macroscopique de la fonction d'onde électronique habituellement confinée autour d'un atome. L'expérience consiste à photoïoniser près du seuil un atome en présence d'un champ électrique statique. Le traitement classique du mouvement d'un électron se déplaçant dans un champ coulombien en présence d'un champ électrique statique, montre qu'une multitude de trajectoires électroniques mènent à un point de l'espace classiquement accessible. Quantiquement, les ondes partielles associées à ces trajectoires interfèrent, et ce phénomène est directement mesurable au moyen d'un détecteur sensible en position. Cette thèse propose une étude classique, semi-classique et quantique de la microscopie de photoïonisation. L'originalité de ce travail est le développement de simulations par propagation de paquets d'ondes grâce un algorithme de type Split-Operator. Nous proposons une étude systématique de l'Hydrogène et montrons qu'il est possible d'observer à l'aide d'un microscope de photoïonisation, la fonction d'onde des états Stark résonants du continuum d'ionisation de l'Hydrogène. Enfin nous décrivons l'effet du cœur électronique sur la microscopie d'atomes non-hydrogénoïdes.
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10

Saab, Mohamad Yehia. "Photochimie organique guidée par pulses laser : Applications : Benzopyrane et Pyrazine." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20014/document.

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La photo-isomérisation par ouverture de cycle du benzopyrane a été étudiée à l'aide de la méthode MCTDH (Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree). Nous avons introduit différentes stratégies pour contrôler la conversion du benzopyrane en mérocyanine à l'aide d'impulsions laser. Nous avons utilisé un modèle pour le potentiel électronique à six dimensions développé dans le cadre d'un travail antérieur. Le modèle repose sur une généralisation des Hamiltoniens modèles standards pour les couplages vibroniques et utilise les six coordonnées les plus importantes pour le processus. Le principal objectif est de fournir des stratégies de contrôle qui pourront être utilisées par les expérimentateurs par la suite. Plus précisément, nous avons proposé: (i) une technique de type pompe-sonde pour contrôler la photostabilité, (ii) une stratégie en deux étape avec une préexcitation vibrationnel du système,(iii) une stratégie reposant sur un contrôle par effet Stark induit par un laser non-résonant
The ring-opening photoisomerization of benzopyran, which occurs via a photochemical route involving a conical intersection,has been studied with quantum dynamics calculations using the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree method (MCTDH). We introduce a mechanistic strategy to control the conversion of benzopyran to merocyanine with laser pulses. We use asix-dimensional model developed in a previous work for the potential energy surfaces (PES) based on an extension of thevibronic-coupling Hamiltonian model (diabatization method by ansatz), which depends on the most active degrees of freedom. The main objective of these quantum dynamics simulations is to provide a set of strategies that could help experimentalists tocontrol the photoreactivity vs. photostability ratio (selectivity). In this work we present:(i) a pump-dump technique used tocontrol the photostability, (ii) a two-step strategy to enhance the reactivity of the system: first, a pure vibrational excitation inthe electronic ground state that prepares the system and, second, an ultraviolet excitation that brings the system to the firstadiabatic electronic state; (iii) finally the effect of a non-resonant pulse (Stark effect) on the dynamics
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