Books on the topic 'Effet essence'

Setting off from the question of the timeliness of the essay film and its dependence on ever-improving technology and against the backdrop of Theodor W. Adorno’s discussion of the essay form’s anachronistic, antisystematic resistance, the introduction discusses the essay film as future philosophy—as a contrarian, political cinema of thought. Drawing on the centrality of the interstice to Gilles Deleuze’s understanding of the cinema as thought, it brings issues of effect and of functioning, rather than of essence, to the fore, arguing that the essay film thinks not just verbally, but also through a disjunctive audiovisual method that exploits in-between filmic spaces to bring about new thought.

Chapter 9 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, and assignment of contracts. In essence, the assignment of a right under Section 9.1 of the PICC is effective without the participation of the obligor. The effect of notice of the assignment to the obligor is that the obligation is no longer discharged in favour of the assignor. The PICC offer efficient and practical solutions to issues concerning the assignment of monetary rights and thereby may contribute to facilitating the transfer of such rights. With respect to the assignment of non-monetary rights, the PICC are the only international instrument that attempts to provide a comprehensive solution. However, the PICC do not address issues of third party rights, with the exception of Art 9.1.11.

Major injury evokes a constellation of reproducible hormonal, metabolic, and haemodynamic responses which are collectively termed ‘the adaptive stress response’. The purpose of the adaptive stress response is to facilitate tissue repair and restore normal homeostasis. If critical illness is prolonged, the adaptive stress response may become maladaptive, in essence exerting a parasitic effect leaching away structural proteins and impairing host immunity. Primarily therapy should be directed towards the underlying illness, as nutritional support per se will not reverse the stress response and its sequelae. Nonetheless, adequate nutritional support in the early stages of critical illness may attenuate protein catabolism and its adverse effects. This chapter covers nutritional assessment; detection of malnutrition; energy and protein requirements; monitoring the effectiveness of nutritional replacements; nutritional delivery; complications; and refeeding syndrome.

This chapter discusses the large exposure regime. The large exposures regime is one of the two substantial components of the prudential capital regulatory system — the other being liquidity — which did not fall within the Basel 2 regime. Both have now been brought within the Basel 3 regime, although the large exposure rules are expected to come into effect only from 1 January 2019. The essence of the large exposures regime is the idea that banks should diversify their risk. There are three core rules which are relevant for the large exposures regime. One is the rule that any exposure which is sufficiently ‘large’ should be reported to the regulator; the second is that no single exposure should be permitted to exceed 25 per cent of capital (15% for exposure to G-SIBs).

This chapter focuses on the immense work of refoundation of political language and culture carried out by two groups in the communal age: the experts of the Ars dictandi and the jurists. The former, through the reworking of materials from the distant past (ancient republicanism, Cicero, then, from the end of the thirteenth century, also Aristotle), came to identify the essence of politics in the government of the community through justice, which alone could guarantee peace and collective profit. The latter, meanwhile, developed the instruments to affirm the primacy of the commune both within and outside the city. The effect was twofold: to legitimize the efforts of the commune, committed to promoting itself as a public power, and to lay the foundations for a relationship with the jurists that would become osmotic and pregnant with consequences.

The strength of the Internet lies in its original design, which in some ways mirrors democratic ideas. As with the separation of powers in a true democratic state, the architecture of the Internet has no centre of control and allows power to flow from the bottom up and even from the margins, rather than always from above. During the past few years, policymakers have directed their attention towards the top layers of the ‘Internet stack’, those where the effect on democracy is more easily observable. Little attention has been paid to the infrastructure of the Internet—the part that is invisible to users yet constitutes the essence of what the Internet is really about. This paper seeks to alert democratic stakeholders to often ignored aspects of the digital threats to democracy, and to highlight the key weak spots of the Internet as an infrastructure upon which democracy itself partly rests.

This chapter treats the second-generation Hasmonean figure John Hyrcanus to whom the virtues of leadership, priesthood, and prophecy are attributed. This ascription is reflected not only in Josephus and rabbinic literature but also receives a hostile twist in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Based on an earlier stratum from a lost Aramaic chronicle, the legend recounts an announcement of military victory by a heavenly voice in the temple. In essence this tale belongs to a genre identified as priestly temple legends. This priestly legend was in turn integrated into both the Josephan and the rabbinic contexts. The new rabbinic setting in effect “rabbinized” the image of John Hyrcanus and inverted the message of the story, using it to announce the end of the era of prophecy. In contrast, Josephus underscored the merit of prophecy and retained the full image of John as a political and military leader. For both corpora, Hyrcanus represents the acme of the Hasmonean rulership.

This chapter explores the doctrine of the providential function of commerce in the work of Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1492–1546), Alberico Gentili (1552–1608), and Hugo Grotius (1583–1645). In this chapter, I argue that the doctrine’s persuasive power lies in the interplay between two factors. First is the fact that while the doctrine is not in origin a religious doctrine, its elements and its narrative logic carried an unmistakable religious sensibility that became indissolubly associated with international trade. But the doctrine’s true efficacy lies in a more subtle internal effect. In essence, the doctrine, which holds at its core an act of exchange among distant peoples, allowed its adherents to idealize international trade by blurring the distinction between the act of commercial exchange and that of gift-exchange. In this manner, international exchange came to be portrayed as an act of friendship and community recognition, rather than a commercial act between strangers.

Aristotle criticizes Plato’s Form of the Good, insisting that goodness is not ‘something common, universal, and one’ (EN 1096a28). He rejects Plato’s univocity assumption to the effect that goodness admits of a single, non-disjunctive essence-specifying account, contending among other things that the Platonists themselves agree that there are no Forms set over ordered series, such as the series of natural numbers. Since good things are arranged as such a series, presumably from the highest good to the least good, it should follow as a direct consequence that there simply is no Form of the Good, even on the Platonists’ own terms. Yet both premises in this argument are perplexing. First, why should the Platonists allow no Forms set over items arranged in a series? Second, even granting that they do (or must), why should they also allow that good things form a series akin to the series of natural numbers?

The throngs at Woodstock, Jane Fonda in Hanoi, I Have a Dream, burning draft cards, fire in the streets--these images of the 1960s are still very much alive today. What happened to the people and principles that dominated that decade? Which leaders from those turbulent years had the most lasting effect on our lives today? How well have the principles for which those leaders fought so strongly withstood the test of time? This thought-provoking biographical dictionary allows the reader to study the leaders, both conservative and liberal, their ideals, and their enduring influence. With major sections on racial democracy, peace and freedom, sexuality and gender, the environment, radical culture, and visions of alternative societies, Leaders from the 1960s includes entries on a wide selection of nationally prominent activists of the 1960s. In addition to those who dominated only the sixties, the volume includes earlier activists who came into prominence in the 1960s and activists of the era who came into prominence since the 1960s. Each entry provides a biographical sketch, but the focus of the entries is on the person's basic concepts or the essence of his or her work and the public response it generated. Included are extensive bibliographies on the individuals and the period.

The so-called ‘decolonization era’ witnessed a fundamental challenge to (legalized) Western hegemony through a new vision of the institutional environment and political economy of the world. It is during this era, arguably couched between classic European imperialism and a new form of US-led Western hegemony, that fundamental legal debates took place over a new international legal order for a decolonized world. These debates consist in essence of a battle that was fought by diplomats, lawyers and scholars over, in particular, the premises and principles of international law. In a moment of relative weakness of European powers, ‘newly independent states’ and international lawyers from the South fundamentally challenged traditional Western perceptions of international legal structures engaging in fundamental controversies over a new international law. This book argues that international legal structures in many areas of international relations, including international economic law, the use of force, international humanitarian, the law of the sea, and human rights have been transformed during this era. The effect of this transition, however, was enabling the change from classic European imperialism to new forms of US-led Western hegemony. It draws on Koselleck’s Sattelzeit concept—bridging two different forms of global Western dominance—in which fundamental concepts of international law were re-imagined, politicized, and transformed. All aspects of this battle are of vital importance for any future project aiming to address and alter the relationship between international law and fundamental inequalities in this world.

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.

Der Ausbruch der Coronakrise verunsichert, aber Verträge sind in der Welt. Was hat Bestand, was bedarf der Anpassung? <b>Der Tagungsband</b> dokumentiert die Beiträge der Online-Tagung „Vertragsrecht in der Coronakrise“ in zitationsfähiger Form. Von grundlegenden dogmatischen Aspekten wie dem allgemeinen Leistungsstörungsrecht über das massenhaft relevante Verbraucher- sowie Mietrecht bis hin zu Spezialfragen in der Insolvenz beantworten Rechtsexperten die drängenden Fragen in der Pandemie, z.B. Wer trägt die Hotelkosten, wenn ein Pauschalreisender wegen Flugausfällen an der Rückreise gehindert ist? Können Arbeitnehmer auf erhöhte Schutzvorkehrungen im Betrieb pochen? Wer haftet, wenn eine Warenlieferung an der Landesgrenze durch überlange Kontrollen verspätet eintrifft oder zwischenzeitlich verdirbt? <b>Herausgeber und Autoren</b> Herausgegeben von PD Dr. Daniel Effer-Uhe und Dipl.-Psych. Alica Mohnert, Mag. iur., LL.M. (CUPL). Mit Beiträgen von Dr. Caspar Behme, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Dr. Jonas Brinkmann, Universität Bielefeld; Dr. Ann-Marie Kaulbach, Universität zu Köln; Stephan Klawitter, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Jun.-Prof. Dr. Andreas Maurer, Universität Mannheim; PD Dr. Patrick Meier, Notarassessor, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Jun.-Prof. Dr. Jens Prütting, Rechtsanwalt, Bucerius Law School Hamburg; Prof. Dr. Thomas Riehm, Universität Passau; Prof. Dr. Jens M. Schmittmann, Rechtsanwalt, Mitglied des Senats für Anwaltssachen des Bundesgerichtshofs, FOM Hochschule Essen; Dipl.-Kfm. Dr. Bernd Scholl, Rechtsanwalt, Universität zu Köln.