Academic literature on the topic 'Effet CISS'
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Journal articles on the topic "Effet CISS":
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Silva-Kazama, Daniele Cristina da, Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos, Paula Toshimi Matumoto Pintro, Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer, Ricardo Kazama, Hélène Véronique Petit, and Francilaine Eloise de Marchi. "Effect of storage on fatty acid profile of butter from cows fed whole or ground flaxseed with or without monensin." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 10 (October 2010): 2297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001000028.
Abstract:
Eight Holstein cows with body weight 570 ± 43 kg and 60 ± 20 lactation days were distributed in a double Latin square design with four 21-day periods to determine the effects of feeding ground or whole flaxseed with or without monensin supplementation (0.02% on a dry matter basis) on fatty acid profile of butter stored for 15 and 45 days. Ground flaxseed supply, in comparison to whole flaxseed, reduced relative percentages of 16:0, cis7-16:1, 17:0, and cis10-17:1 but it increased those of cis9,trans11-18:2, cis3-18:3, and omega 3 fatty acids in butter fat, reducing relative percentage of medium-chain fatty acids and increasing the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Supplementation with monensin increased relative percentages of cis9,trans11-18:2 and tended to increase relative percentage of 17:0 and decrease that of saturated fatty acids in butter. Butter from cows fed diet with monensin presented lower relative percentages of cis 6-20:4. Relative percentages of cis 9-16:1, cis10-17:1, 18:0, trans11-18:1, cis9-18:1, cis3-18:3, cis6-20:4 in butter stored for 15 days were higher than those stored for 45 days and the relative percentages of cis3-20:5 tended to decrease with the increase of storage period. As a result, relative percentages of saturated fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids increased with storage time, while those of monounsaturated and long-chain fatty acids decreased. Butter enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids may have a shorter shelf life due to the negative effect of storage on fatty acid profile which may cause oxidation and rancidity.
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Kong, Ling Jian, Gui Fang Zhu, Jian Qiang Zhong, Kui Xia Han, and Xiao Kang Wang. "Time Effect of Sulfurization on the Characterization of Copper Indium Diselenide." Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (September 2013): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.38.
Abstract:
Polycrystalline CuIn(Se,S)2 (CISS) thin films with chalcopyrite structure were synthesized by sol-gel spin-coating method. Sequential reduction, selenization and sulfurization treatments were performed with hydrogen, Se and H2S vapor, respectively. The effects of different sulfurization times on the films were also studyed. X-ray diffraction (XRD), and SEM analysis have been employed to examine the structural properties and surface morphology of polycrystalline CISS thin films. The experimental results demonstrated that the obtained CISS had good crystallinity and uniformity.
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Ramanathan, K., J. Pankow, and S. Asher. "Extrinsic doping effect in the fabrication of CIGS and CIGSS thin film solar cells." physica status solidi (b) 241, no. 3 (March 2004): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200304192.
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Guimarães Gonçalves, Fabrício, and Lázaro Luis Faria do Amaral. "Constructive Interference in Steady State Imaging in the Central Nervous System." US Neurology 07, no. 01 (2011): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usn.2011.07.01.68.
Abstract:
Constructive interference in steady state (CISS) is a fully refocused fast-gradient echo sequence that is mainly used in the assessment of the central nervous system. The most important advantages of steady-state imaging are short acquisition times, high signal-to-noise ratio, and better contrast-to-noise ratio. Owing to its cisternographic effect, CISS is useful in the assessment of the cranial nerves, and can also be used when studying cysts, cystic masses, and neurocysticercosis and in hydrocephalus cases. CISS has been shown to be useful in spinal imaging, especially in cases of arteriovenous malformation and when it is helpful to better characterize intra- and extramedullary cystic abnormalities.
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Gonçalves, Fabrício Guimarães, and Lázaro Luis Faria do Amaral. "Constructive Interference in Steady State Imaging in the Central Nervous System." European Neurological Review 6, no. 2 (2011): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2011.06.02.138.
Abstract:
Constructive interference in steady state (CISS) is a fully refocused fast-gradient echo sequence that is mainly used in the assessment of the central nervous system. The most important advantages of steady-state imaging are short acquisition times, high signal-to-noise ratio, and better contrast-to-noise ratio. Owing to its cisternographic effect, CISS is useful in the assessment of the cranial nerves, and can also be used when studying cysts, cystic masses, and neurocysticercosis and in hydrocephalus cases. CISS has been shown to be useful in spinal imaging, epecially in cases of arteriovenous malformation and when it is helpful to better characterise intra- and extramedullary cystic abnormalities.
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Huisman, Karssien Hero, and Joseph Marie Thijssen. "CISS Effect: A Magnetoresistance Through Inelastic Scattering." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125, no. 42 (October 18, 2021): 23364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06193.
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Michaeli, Karen, Nirit Kantor-Uriel, Ron Naaman, and David H. Waldeck. "The electron's spin and molecular chirality – how are they related and how do they affect life processes?" Chemical Society Reviews 45, no. 23 (2016): 6478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00369a.
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Zhang, Z. Q., D. K. Ward, Y. Xue, H. W. Zhang, and M. F. Horstemeyer. "Interfacial Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube-Polyethylene Composites Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations." ISRN Materials Science 2011 (September 25, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/145042.
Abstract:
The rate-dependent interfacial behavior between a carbon nanotube (CNT) and a polyethylene (PE) matrix is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Various MD simulations were set up to determine the “size” effects on the interfacial properties, such as the molecular weight, or the length of the polymer, the diameter of the CNT, and the simulation model size. The interfacial rate-dependency was probed by applying various relative sliding velocities between the CNT and the polymer. Two quantities, directly obtained from the MD simulations, described the interfacial properties: the critical interfacial shear stress (CISS) and the steady interfacial shear stress (SISS). The simulations show that the SISS was not sensitive to the simulation size. In addition, the CISS was dependent upon the combined factors of the variation in PE stiffness, induced by simulation size changes and the effect of the fixed boundaries of the simulation models. The CISS increases almost linearly with the relative sliding velocity of CNTs. Also, a linear relationship between the SISS and the CNT-sliding velocity is observed when the SISS drops below a critical value. A clear size scaling is observed as the CISS and SISS decrease with increasing CNT radius and increase with the increasing polymer chain length.
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Lathii Fatul Chamidah, Nurul, Nandang Mufti, Atika Sari Dewi, Avita Ayu Permanasari, and Sunaryono. "Effect of Temperature to Fabrication Cigs Solar Cell Using the Sputtering Method." E3S Web of Conferences 473 (2024): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447301004.
Abstract:
Copper-indium-gallium diselenide (CuInGaSe2) or CIGS is one of the most promising materials for thin film solar cell applications. CIGS solar cells were deposited by sputtering method on ZnO/ZnS/CIGS/Mo arrays. Various parameters in sputtering greatly influence the efficiency of CIGS solar cells such as temperature. Thermal parameters are used to compare the effect of the CIGS layer on optimizing the efficiency of CIGS solar cells. The results show that the CIGS layer deposited using temperature has a crystalline structure, besides that the resulting efficiency is also higher than CIGS solar cells deposited without temperature, namely 0.177%.
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Ortuño, Ana M., Pablo Reiné, Sandra Resa, Luis Álvarez de Cienfuegos, Victor Blanco, José Manuel Paredes, Antonio J. Mota, et al. "Extended enantiopure ortho-phenylene ethylene (o-OPE)-based helical systems as scaffolds for supramolecular architectures: a study of chiroptical response and its connection to the CISS effect." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 18 (2021): 5071–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qo00822f.
Abstract:
Versatile enantiopure helical systems are described and are of interest owing to their intense chiroptical responses, their attractive architecture for metallosupramolecular chemistry and CISS effect.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effet CISS":
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Tieriekhov, Kostiantyn. "Applications non-conventionnelles de champs magnétiques à séparation chirale et aux systèmes électrochimiques dynamiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0502.
Abstract:
L’énantioséparation de précision est essentielle pour les industries pharmaceutiques et alimentaires. Les techniques conventionnelles de séparation chirale offrent un large éventail de méthodes, qui reposent toutes sur des sélecteurs chiraux - des phases stationnaires ou des molécules qui distinguent les énantiomères par une interaction stéréospécifique. Malgré le grand nombre de sélecteurs naturels et synthétiques actuellement utilisés, la demande croissante d’énantiopurité stimule la recherche de nouvelles méthodes polyvalentes.Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier des méthodes alternatives de séparation chirale impliquant l'application de champs magnétiques dans diverses configurations. Une idée est centrée sur le concept de vraie et fausse chiralité, introduit par L. Barron pour les systèmes dynamiques d'objets individuels et de grandeurs physiques vectorielles. Sa discussion indique explicitement que ni les champs magnétiques ni électriques statiques, ni aucune combinaison de ceux-ci, ne possèdent une véritable chiralité, la caractéristique requise pour induire une discrimination énantiomérique. Cependant, sa théorie suggère l’existence d’un analogue moléculaire de l’effet Faraday bien connu sous forme de l’application colinéaire d’un champ magnétique à un flux moléculaire.Alternativement, une configuration perpendiculaire au flux moléculaire impliquant un substrat ferromagnétique a démontré des interactions de spin énantiospécifiques, également connues sous le nom d'effet CISS. À cet égard, notre objectif principal était d’explorer une telle interaction dans des conditions dynamiques d’électrophorèse capillaire, qui permet une détection simple et rapide, tout en introduisant des substrats de Ni le long du flux de molécules et en appliquant un champ magnétique orthogonal.Enfin, la configuration orthogonale du champ magnétique a été exploitée pour étudier le comportement dynamique d'objets électropolarisés. Il a été démontré que la rotation présenté par différents objets sous l'effet magnétohydrodynamique induit par la force de Lorentz dépendent de la polarité du champ magnétique. Leur comportement dynamique en fonction du temps ressemble à celui de systèmes faussement chirauxHigh-purity enantioseparation is essential for the pharmaceutical and food industries. Conventional chiral separation techniques provide a wide range of methods, all of which rely on chiral selectors - stationary phases or molecules that discriminate enantiomers through stereospecific interaction. Despite the vast number of natural and synthetic selectors currently in use, the increasing demand for enantiopurity is driving research for new and versatile methods.The aim of this thesis is to investigate alternative methods of chiral separation that involve the application of magnetic fields in various configurations. One idea centers around the concept of true and false chirality, which was introduced by L. Barron for dynamic systems of individual objects and physical vector quantities. His discussion explicitly states that neither static magnetic nor electric fields, nor any combination of those, possess true chirality, the feature required to induce enantiomeric discimination. However, his theory suggests a molecular analog of the well-known Faraday effect based on the collinear application of magnetic field to a molecular flow.Alternatively, a perpendicular configuration with the molecular flow involving a ferromagnetic substrate has demonstrated enantiospecific spin interactions, otherwise known as the CISS effect. In this regard, our main objective was the further exploration of such interactions in dynamic conditions of capillary electrophoresis, which provides simple and fast detection, while introducing Ni substrates along the flow of molecules and applying an orthogonal magnetic field.Lastly, the orthogonal configuration of the magnetic field was exploited to study the dynamic behavior of electropolarized objects. The patterns of the resulting rotation, exhibited by different objects under the influence of a magnetohydrodynamic effect, originating from the induced Lorentz force, are shown to be dependent on magnetic field polarity. Their dynamic behavior as a function of time resembles those of falsely chiral systems
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Bruce, Henrik. "Formulation of Model Problem for Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity Effect." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Materialteori, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414026.
Abstract:
Spin dependent electron transport in chiral molecules, the so-called chirality induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, have attracted much attention over the past few years. Experimentally the spin polarization has been detected, and there is a theoretical consensus on the necessity of both spin-orbit coupling and geometrical helicity in order to get a non-vanishing spin polarization. Several model Hamiltonians has been proposed to describe the CISSS effect, and while they can yield spin polarization agreeing with the experimentally observed magnitudes, they are relying on unrealistic values of the spin orbit interaction parameters. In recent years the importance of electron correlation has been emphasized. Thus, this thesis presents the general theory on how to treat the CISS effect as a many body problem, taking electron correlation into account. The Hamiltonian modelling is described and one approach on how to treat the helical structure of the molecule and the spin-orbit coupling is presented. Building on this thesis, further studies will hopefully lead to a first principle understanding of the CISS effect.
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Stanley, Mishael. "Développement de Cellules Photovoltaiques à base de CIGS de haute performance sur substrats métalliques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEC023.
Abstract:
L’objectif de cette thèse est l’optimisation de cellules solaires à base de Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) sur substrat métallique à très haut rendement (>20%). Les métaux ont généralement une meilleure tenue mécanique que le verre qui est un matériau fragile. Cela permet par exemple de réduire fortement leur épaisseur et d’obtenir des dispositifs photovoltaïques plus légers. De plus, si leur épaisseur est suffisamment réduite, ils deviennent conformables voire flexibles. Cependant, les substrats métalliques ont leurs propres inconvénients. Ils peuvent contenir des impuretés (ex : Fe) qui dégradent les propriétés électroniques du matériau absorbeur. De plus, leur coefficient de dilatation thermique n’est pas toujours adapté aux procédés d’élaboration à haute température du CIGS. Enfin les cellules CIGS déposées sur substrat verre bénéficient d’un apport de sodium, élément connu pour améliorer les propriétés du CIGS, et apporté par la diffusion de cet élément depuis le verre via le molybdène. L’objectif principal de cette thèse consiste à réaliser des cellules solaire à base de CIGS par la technique de coévaporation sur substrats métalliques ayant des performances les plus proches possibles des cellules sur substrats en verre sodocalcique (>20%). Les problématiques auxquelles cette thèse doit répondre sont le choix du substrat métallique, le blocage de la diffusion des impuretés contenues dans les substrats métalliques, l’assurance d’une adhésion forte au substrat, la réduction des contraintes résiduelles (permettant de garantir l’adhésion) et surtout l’optimisation de la couche de Mo adéquate permettant l’apport nécessaire d’élément alcalin (Na/K,…) pour un CIGS de haute performance et l’adaptation de l’absorbeur à ce type de substrat. En effet la qualité du CIGS sera fortement dépendante de la température de dépôt, de l’apport d’élément alcalin provenant du substrat et des gradients de composition In/Ga du contact arrière vers la surface du CIGS. Il est connu qu’il est nécessaire d’avoir un gradient de gallium dans la couche de CIGS afin d’obtenir des cellules à haut. Le dépôt de couches de CIGS par co-évaporation se fera par la méthode du « three-stage process ». Celle-ci consiste à déposer la couche en trois étapes bien définies. Il est important de bien maîtriser ce procédé afin de pouvoir obtenir un absorbeur de qualité pour les cellules solairesThe objective of this thesis is the optimization of solar cells based on Cu (In, Ga) Se 2 (CIGS) on high performance metal substrate (> 20%). Metals generally have better mechanical strength than glass which is a brittle material. This allows for example to significantly reduce their thickness and get lighter photovoltaic devices. Moreover, if their thickness is sufficiently reduced, they become conformable or flexible. However, the metal substrates have their own drawbacks. They may contain impurities (eg Fe) that degrade the electronic properties of the absorber material. Furthermore, their thermal expansion coefficient is not always suitable for methods of making high temperature CIGS. Finally CIGS cells on glass substrate have a sodium intake, known element for improving the properties of the CIGS, and brought by the spread of this element from the glass through the molybdenum. The main objective of this thesis is to make solar cells based on CIGS by co-evaporation technique on metal substrates having the closest possible performance of the cells on substrates of soda lime glass (> 20%). The problems that this thesis must meet are the choice of the metal substrate, blocking the diffusion of impurities in the metallic substrates, ensuring strong adhesion to the substrate, reducing residual stresses (to ensure adherence ) and especially the optimization of the Mo adequate layer allowing necessary intake of alkali metal element (Na / K, ...) for a high performance and adaptation CIGS absorber to this type of substrate. Indeed the quality of CIGS will be highly dependent on the deposition temperature of the intake of alkaline element from the substrate and composition gradients In / Ga the back contact to the surface of CIGS. It is known that it is necessary to have a gradient gallium in the CIGS layer in order to obtain cells high. The deposition of CIGS layers by co-evaporation method will be by the "three-stage process." This involves depositing the layer of three well-defined stages. It is important to control this process in order to get a quality absorber for solar cells
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CIZEAU, JEANNICK. "Effet mutagene du cis-dichlorodiammineplatine(ii) chez drosophila melanogaster." Orléans, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ORLE2014.
Abstract:
Le cis-dichlorodiammineplatine(ii) ou cis-ddp est une drogue antitumorale largement utilisee dans certaines therapies anticancereuses. Il reagit avec l'adn en formant des pontages intrabrins et interbrins avec les n7 des purines. Le cis-ddp a egalement une activite mutagene qui a ete determinee chez des bacteries et des cellules d'eucaryotes en culture. Le cis-ddp induit principalement des mutations ponctuelles. Nous avons etudie cet effet sur un organisme entier: drosophila melanogaster. Deux genes, white et vermilion, situes sur le chromosome x ont ete choisis comme cible de mutagenese car leur phenotype mute est facilement selectionnable. Afin d'etudier l'influence de la sequence homologue sur le spectre de mutagenese, deux experiences ont ete realisees dans deux contextes genetiques differents: male et femelle. Dans le contexte genetique male, les mutants obtenus (28 w et 4 v) correspondent a des deletions intralocus (de 4 a 109 nucleotides). Dans le contexte genetique femelle, sur 42 mutants w, 24 sont dus a des deletions intralocus (de 1 a 353 paires de bases), 18 proviennent de deletions de grande taille pouvant etre estimee a plusieurs centaines de milliers de paires de bases. Le sequencage de deux jonctions issues de large deletions montre que des sequences caracteristiques de la recombinaison illegitime sont proches des points de cassure. L'analyse de la sequence des mutations intralocus suggerent que la plupart d'entre eux resultent d'evenements de recombinaison non homologue entre deux sequences repetees situees aux bornes de la deletion, l'une etant conservee au niveau de la nouvelle jonction. De plus, la comparaison de la nature des mutations intralocus entre les deux contextes genetiques montre que la presence de la sequence homologue n'a pas d'influence sur le spectre de mutagenese du cis-ddp. Cette etude indique que le spectre de mutagenese du cis-ddp, en majorite des deletions, dans un organisme entier est tres different de celui obtenu chez des procaryotes et des cellules d'eucaryotes en culture
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ATMANI, LOUISA. "Effet des donneurs d'electrons sur la fluorescence et l'isomerisation photochimiquetrans--cis et cis--trans des n, n'-diacylindigos." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066015.
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Le, Tulzo Harold. "Exploration de procédés tout-ALD via la synthèse de couches minces à base de sulfures et d’oxydes pour l’élaboration de cellules photovoltaïques de type CIGS." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEC011.
Abstract:
Ce projet s’inscrit dans le champ thématique «Production durable et énergies renouvelables » de l’ADEME et plus particulièrement dans l’axe « Production, gestion et stockage de vecteurs énergétiques issus de sources renouvelables ». Il est proposé d’utiliser les atouts de la technique de dépôt chimique en phase vapeur par flux alternés (ALD) pour la synthèse de matériaux de haute qualité pour initier des transferts vers des procédés ALD optimisés pour l’industrialisation ainsi que permettre l’élaboration de cellules tout-ALD. Soucieux de comprendre les mécanismes de croissance impliqués, faire avancer les connaissances fondamentales liées à l’ALD et afin d’optimiser au mieux le matériau au dispositif, ce projet possède également un fort caractère exploratoire. Il s’inscrit dans les grands projets de recherches communs de l’IPVF (projet II.B en particulier), et profitera directement des ressources et compétences de l’IRDEP. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’utiliser les atouts de la technique ALD pour la synthèse de matériaux pour applications dans les futures générations de cellules solaires en couches minces CIGS. Cette technique permet le dépôt de films uniformes, couvrants et d’épaisseur contrôlée à l’échelle de la monocouche dans des conditions douces. Grâce à ses caractéristiques, elle connaît un développement spectaculaire dans le domaine industriel pour la microélectronique. Dans le domaine du photovoltaïque, le contrôle à une échelle de plus en plus précise des épaisseurs et des interfaces va également dans le sens d’une utilisation accrue de l’ALD dans les années à venir. Le cœur du projet portera sur la synthèse de matériaux et l’ingénierie fine des interfaces pour à la fois l’intégration dans des dispositifs CIGS, mais aussi l’élaboration de cellules tout-ALD. Le doctorant devra non seulement prendre en main un réacteur de dépôt ALD nouveau au laboratoire, mais surtout mettre à profit ses fonctionnalités pour la synthèse de matériaux par l’utilisation de précurseurs chimiques innovants. En parallèle, il utilisera un autre réacteur ALD équipé d’une assistance plasma qui permettra de diversifier les réactivités et le travail d’optimisation des interfaces. La compréhension des mécanismes réactionnels mises en jeu via des études in-situ (dont deux outils seront implémentés par le doctorant durant ce projet) et les caractérisations des matériaux synthétisés (DRX, MEB/EDX, transmission optique, ...) sera primordiale. En effet, cette dernière combinée à une stratégie adaptée de design des molécules permettront la synthèse de nouveaux matériaux de compositions et structures bien définies et des ingénieries d’interface à l’échelle de la monocouche atomique. Enfin, ces matériaux seront directement intégrés aux cellules CIGS, et testés pour valider les concepts et permettre le développement de dispositifs photovoltaïques plus performants et plus économes en matériau. Ils seront par ailleurs les composants fondamentaux d’une première cellule CIGS tout-ALDThe goal of this doctoral research project is to use the advantages of the ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) technique for the synthesis of innovative materials to be used in the future generations of CIGS thin film solar cells. ALD technique allows the deposition in smooth conditions (low temperature, mbar pressure level) of conformal and uniform films, with a high control of the thickness at the atomic layer scale. Due its unique features, it is now widely applied in the field of microelectronics. In photovoltaics, the need to control at smaller scale and more accurately the thickness and the interfaces of the films implies a wide development of ALD in the next years. The main focus of this project is the synthesis of new materials with a fine interface engineering that will be integrated in CIGS devices and allows the elaboration of all-ALD solar cell. The doctoral candidate will pilot a new ALD reactor, and use its new functionalities to synthesize materials from innovative chemical precursors. In parallel, a second ALD reactor equipped with a plasma module will give access to other reactivities and allow further optimization of the interfaces. Understanding the reaction mechanisms involved via in-situ studies (for which two new analytical tools will be implemented by the student during the project) and materials characterization (XRD, SEM/EDX, optical transmission ...) will be compulsory for the success of this project. Finally, those materials will be integrated in CIGS devices, and tested to validate new concepts and allow the development of more efficient photovoltaic devices with reduced cost of atoms. In addition to this, they will be the building blocks of a first all-ALD solar cell
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Dority, Tyler Maxwell. "The Effect of CIBS Participation and Gender on Adolescent Residential Treatment Duration." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2533.
Abstract:
Additional out-of-home placement rates for adolescents in long-term regional treatment center (LTRT) programs in the United States are between 50% and 75%. There appears to be a failure to generalize treatment to home and community in programs that do not fully integrate family involvement. The collaborative intensive bridging services (CIBS) treatment model uses intensive family therapy and brief residential treatment center (RTC) placement to reduce or eliminate use of LTRT. Using family systems theory, the purpose of this study was to determine whether participation in CIBS provided better outcomes than LTRT programs. The study used archival data collected by Family Adolescents and Children's Family Services, Inc. and children's mental health providers in a certain Minnesota county over approximately 5 years. There were 33 adolescents in the CIBS group and 33 in the LTRT group. The 3 research questions were (1) did the CIBS group have significantly fewer total out-of-home placements than the LTRT group, (2) did gender have any effect on this, and (3) were there any interaction effects on total out-of-home placement days from the combination of gender and program participation. Results of two-way ANOVA analyses showed a significant main effect for the first research question (p = .00, partial ɳ-² = .40), no significant main effect for the second (p = .46, partial ɳ-² = .01), and no significant main effect for the third (p = .15, partial ɳ-² = .03). These findings supported the position that participation in CIBS treatment resulted in statistically fewer total out-of-home placement days (TPD) than participation in LTRT. Social change implications include improved individual and family functioning for families in need as well as reduced financial expenditure for treatment.
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Xiao, Meisheng [Verfasser]. "Dissecting cis-regulatory effect on alternative polyadenylation using hybrid mice / Meisheng Xiao." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1117541819/34.
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Maclear, Athlee. "Identification of cis-elements and transacting factors involved in the abiotic stress responses of plants." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007236.
Abstract:
Many stress situations limit plant growth, resulting in crop production difficulties. Population growth, limited availability and over-utilization of arable land, and intolerant crop species have resulted in tremendous strain being placed on agriculturalists to produce enough to sustain the world's population. An understanding of the principles involved in plant resistance to environmental stress will enable scientists to harness these mechanisms to create stress-tolerant crop species, thus increasing crop production, and enabling the farming of previously unproductive land. This research project uses computational and bioinformatics techniques to explore the promoter regions of genes, encoding proteins that are up- or down-regulated in response to specific abiotic stresses, with the aim of identifying common patterns in the cis-elements governing the regulation of these abiotic stress responsive genes. An initial dataset of fifty known genes encoding for proteins reported to be up- or down-regulated in response to plant stresses that result in water-deficit at the cellular level viz. drought, low temperature, and salinity, were identified, and a postgreSQL database created to store relevant information pertaining to these genes and the proteins encoded by them. The genomic DNA was obtained where possible, and the promoter and intron regions identified. The Neural Network Promoter Prediction (NNPP) software package was used to predict the transcription start signal (TSS) and the promoter searching software tool, TESS (Transcription Element Search Software) used to identify known and user-defined cis-elements within the promoter regions of these genes. Currently available promoter prediction software analysis tools are reported to predict one promoter per kilobase of DNA, whilst functional promoters are thought to only occur one in 30-40 kilobases, which indicates that a large perccntage of predictions are likely to be false positives (pedersen et. al., 1999). NNPP was chosen as it was rated as the highest performing promoter prediction software tool by Fickett and Hatzigeorgiou (1997) in a thorough review of eukaryotic promoter prediction algorithms, however results were less than promising as very few predicted TSS were identified in the area 50 bps up- and downstream of the gene start site, where biologically functional TSSs are known to occur (Reese, 2000; Fickett and Hatzigeorgiou, 1997). TESS results seemed to support the hypothesis that drought, low-temperature and high salinity plant stress response proteins have similar as-elements in their promoter regions, and suggested links to various other gene regulation mechanisms viz. gibberellin-, light-, auxin- and development-regulated gene expression, highlighting the vast complexity of plant stress response processes. Although far from conclusive, results provide a valuable basis for future comparative promoter studies that will attempt to deduce possible common transcriptional initiation of abiotic stress response genes.KMBT_363
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Duffett, Rodger Vincent. "The effect of cis-platinum alone or in combination with radiation on mouse lung." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26352.
Abstract:
Cis-platinum is a widely used cytotoxic agent with known radiosensitising properties. It is used in the treatment of various types of lung cancer that may include radiation to the lung as part of the treatment protocol. There is little evidence and some conflict as to whether it sensitises pulmonary tissue to the effects of radiation treatment. This project investigates the effect of cis-platinum alone or in combination with radiation on mouse lung. Four end points were used to evaluate treatments. They were: the release of pulmonary surfactant, changes in breathing rate, a histology based score of damage and changes in TGF-β - a cytokine important in the development of fibrosis. Single doses of either cis-platinum or radiation, cis-platinum given immediately before a single dose of radiation, cis-platinum given immediately before the first of two fractions of radiation and cis-platinum given at various times before and after a single dose of radiation were investigated. Cis-platinum alone was observed to cause an increase in the phospholipid content of lavaged surfactant. Cis-platinum was observed to cause an early release in surfactant and a trend existed for it to induce an early increase in breathing rates as compared to that induced by radiation alone. Cis-platinum was observed to increase radiation damage as assessed using a histology based scoring system. Higher TGF-β levels in lavaged surfactant were observed in C57 /Bl mice as compared to Balb/C. No difference in TGF-β levels was seen in homogenised lung between the strains. Cis-platinum may cause changes in TGF-β in C57/Bl mice but further work is necessary to confirm this.
Books on the topic "Effet CISS":
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MG, Bridge. Part II International Sales Governed by the UN Sale Convention 1980 (CISG), 12 Remedies for Breach of Contract. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792703.003.0012.
Abstract:
This chapter builds on the previous chapter's discussion in drawing distinctions between the CISG and English law. This time the chapter considers the remedies for a breach of contract. In the event of non-performance by one of the contracting parties, various remedies are made available to the other under the CISG, largely recognizable by a common lawyer if not always available in the circumstances and to the same extent in English law. There is, however, a major structural difference that should be observed from the outset. English law draws a sharp distinction between breach of contract and the effect on a contract of impossibility or frustrating circumstances.
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Miyazaki, S., and M. Fremond. Shape Memory Alloys (CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences). Springer, 1996.
Book chapters on the topic "Effet CISS":
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Casier, Tom. "The Clash of Integration Processes? The Shadow Effect of the Enlarged EU on its Eastern Neighbours." In The CIS, the EU and Russia, 73–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230210998_5.
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Arroyo, Ángel, Verónica Tricio, Álvaro Herrero, and Emilio Corchado. "Analysing the Effect of Recent Anti-pollution Policies in Madrid City Through Soft-Computing." In International Joint Conference SOCO’17-CISIS’17-ICEUTE’17 León, Spain, September 6–8, 2017, Proceeding, 286–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67180-2_28.
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Matos, Liliana, Juliana I. Santos, Mª Francisca Coutinho, and Sandra Alves. "How to Design U1 snRNA Molecules for Splicing Rescue." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 89–102. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2010-6_5.
Abstract:
AbstractMutations affecting constitutive splice donor sites (5′ss) are among the most frequent genetic defects that disrupt the normal splicing process. Pre-mRNAsplicing requires the correct identification of a number of cis-acting elements in an ordered fashion. By disrupting the complementarity of the 5′ss with the endogenous small nuclear RNA U1 (U1 snRNA), the key component of the spliceosomal U1 ribonucleoprotein, 5′ss mutations may result in exon skipping, intron retention or activation of cryptic splice sites. Engineered modification of the U1 snRNA seemed to be a logical method to overcome the effect of those mutations. In fact, over the last years, a number of in vitro studies on the use of those modified U1 snRNAs to correct a variety of splicing defects have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. Furthermore, recent reports on its applicability in vivo are adding up to the principle that engineered modification of U1 snRNAs represents a valuable approach and prompting further studies to demonstrate the clinical translatability of this strategy.Here, we outline the design and generation of U1 snRNAs with different degrees of complementarity to mutated 5′ss. Using the HGSNAT gene as an example, we describe the methods for a proper evaluation of their efficacyin vitro, taking advantage of our experience to share a number of tips on how to design U1 snRNA molecules for splicing rescue.
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Naaman, Ron, and David H. Waldeck. "The Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity (CISS) Effect." In World Scientific Reference on Spin in Organics, 235–70. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813230200_0006.
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Cook*, V. Susanne. "CISG: Talking the Leap into Drafting." In Drafting Contracts under the Cisg, 3–42. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340747.003.0001.
Abstract:
Abstract This chapter provides a sample agreement that can be used as a guide when drafting contracts intended to be governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (“CISG” or “the Convention”). This reflects a proactive approach, in contrast to simply analyzing the effect of contract language inadvertently subject to the CISG because of the drafter’s inattention to the intricacies of opting out of the Convention. Anecdotal evidence tells us that even sophisticated practitioners hesitate to permit contracts to be governed by the CISG because the next step—actually drafting the agreement—would place the attorney on unfamiliar ground.
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Zeller, Bruno. "The Methodology for Interpretation of the CISG." In Damages Under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 15–34. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195371864.003.0002.
Abstract:
Abstract One of the problems in contract law is deciding which remedial system is available to an aggrieved party. Solutions to this problem vary between legal systems. For example, the fault principle is commonly discussed in civil law under the heading of legal effect of failure in performance, whereas in common law whether fault is a prerequisite for liability is viewed as a substantive rather than a remedial question. In the CISG and other international model laws such as the UNIDROIT Principles, fault is not mentioned as a requirement of any remedy.
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Semenza, Gregg L. "Cis-Acting Transcriptional Regulatory Elements." In Transcription Factors and Huinan Disease, 26–41. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195112399.003.0002.
Abstract:
Abstract Although it is impossible to discuss the cis-acting DNA sequence elements without reference to the trans-acting factors that bind to these sequences, this chapter will primarily focus on defining the different types of positive and negative cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements. The trans-acting factors will be described in considerable detail in Chapter 3. All the cis-acting elements that affect transcription are defined on the basis of functional criteria. Therefore, none of these elements can be definitively identified solely by the examination of nucleotide sequence data. In general cis-acting elements are DNA sequences containing binding sites for several different transcription factors that are required en bloc for the element to function fully. The first defining criterion is whether the putative element has a positive or negative effect on transcription. In general, positive cis-acting elements contain binding sites for positive trans-acting factors (transcriptional activators) and negative cis-acting elements contain binding sites for negative trans-acting factors (transcriptional repressors). Examples of positive cis-regulatory elements include promoters and enhancers, whereas silencers and transcription-arrest sites represent examples of negative regulatory elements.
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Magnus*, Ulrich. "Delays in Performance UnderCISG." In Drafting Contracts under the Cisg, 459–80. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340747.003.0019.
Abstract:
Abstract “Time is a strange thing” says the Duchess in Richard StrauB’s “Rosenkavalier;’ and the same sigh may be heard from lawyers considering whether time is of the essence with respect to the fate of a contract. Indeed, delays in performance have to do with time, and they are among the most common breaches of contracts in general and of sales contracts in particular—encompassing late delivery, late payment or late performance of any other obligation. In theory, there exist three clearly distinguishable categories of breach of contract, namely non-performance, non-conforming performance and late performance. Non-conforming and late performance are distinguishable in most but not all cases. It is only a matter of time when delayed performance turns into non-performance; what starts as delay may end as complete non-performance. Because of this effect of time, the question that frequently arises is, which remedy is appropriate in case of delayed performance-will damages suffice, or should termination of the contract be granted (and if so, at what point)? The following chapter will first discuss how the CISG, or to be more precise, the practice under the CISG, deals with delay as a specific form of breach of contract. Then I shall examine whether and how parties can, through careful drafting, avoid or minimize legal problems in case of delay in performance.
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Colussi, Giuliana, Pierina Torrens, Liliana Giraldo, Daniel Luna, Luciana Rubin, and Sonia Benitez. "Health Information Systems Adaptation and Flexibility in Extreme Situations: The COVID Effect." In MEDINFO 2021: One World, One Health – Global Partnership for Digital Innovation. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220305.
Abstract:
In 2020, a pandemic forced the entire world to adapt to a new scenario. The objective of this study was to know how Health Information Systems were adapted driven by the pandemic of COVID. 12 CIOS of healthcare organizations were interviewed and the interviews were classified according to the dimensions of a sociotechnical model: Infrastructure, Clinical Content, Human Computer Interface, People, Workflow and Communication, Organizational Characteristics and Internal Policies, Regulations, and Measurement and Monitoring. Adaptation to the Pandemic involved social, organizational and cultural rather than merely technical aspects in private organizations with mature and stable Health Information Systems.
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Gadir, Tami. "Creative Utility, Technology, and Gender." In The Oxford Handbook of Electronic Dance Music. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190093723.013.27.
Abstract:
Abstract This chapter argues that DJs face precarious working conditions, which are a greater struggle when combined with gender and other common forms of discrimination. The DJ is viewed as an edgy entrepreneur, enacting the gendered, neoliberal belief that hard work and competition are rewarded with success. While intersectional social justice struggles such as the #MeToo movement have had a positive effect on gender asymmetries in DJ culture, old divisions between high and low culture influence whether DJing is taken seriously as music-making. From such a defensive posture, notions of high versus low also affect DJ culture internally, for example, through DJs’ relationships with music technologies. These follow the widespread forms of gender prejudice applied to technological expertise—predominantly that cis women are less technically capable than cis men. Ultimately, this chapter makes sense of all such gender and neoliberal ideologies in dance music through an understanding of DJing as labor.
Conference papers on the topic "Effet CISS":
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Watson, Richard A., Enrique Bonugli, and Mathew Greenston. "Frontal Crash Reconstruction Compared to Event Data Recorders in the Crash Investigation Sampling System Database and the Effect on Injury Risk Models." In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-5043.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study compares statistical models for frontal crash injuries based on delta-v data reported by the vehicle event data recorder (EDR) with injury probability models based on delta-v reconstructed by Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS) investigators. Injury probabilities and their follow-on use in advanced automatic crash notification (AACN) systems have traditionally been based on delta-v obtained through accident reconstruction of field crashes in the National Automotive Sampling System Crash Data System (NASS-CDS) database. Field delta-v from EDRs in the CISS database is an alternative source of information for crash injury probability modeling. In this study, frontal impact injury risk probabilities computed from EDR and reconstructed delta-v were compared. All data came from the years 2017–2021 of the CISS database, which contains EDR downloads and also reconstructed delta-v using crush measurements and NHTSA’s WinSmash software. On average, CISS reconstructions overestimated delta-v below 16 kph and underestimated delta-v above 16 kph when compared to EDR delta-v. CISS also records detailed injury data using the 2015 Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) developed by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression to calculate MAIS 1+, MAIS 2+, MAIS 3+, and ISS 16+ injury probabilities. EDR-derived injury probabilities showed a lower risk for serious injury at delta-v above 48 kph when compared to probabilities based on CISS reconstructed delta-v. AACN algorithms are currently based on reconstructed delta-v but are triggered by EDR delta-v in the field. An analysis performed to determine the effect of the difference between the source of delta-v on the AACN notification threshold showed differences for AACN algorithms trained on EDR delta-v compared to reconstructed delta-v. The results of this study showed that the trigger threshold for AACN notification will differ by delta-v source, and this difference leads to variation in injury prediction.</div></div>
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Forment-Aliaga, Alicia, Alejandro García-Regueiro, Miguel Clemente, and Ramón Torres-Cavanillas. "Chiral Spin-Crossover Molecules: Looking for CISS Effect Modulation by Molecular Switches." In MATSUS Spring 2024 Conference. València: FUNDACIO DE LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA SCITO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2024.327.
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Shukla, V. "The Performance Study of CIGS Solar Cell by SCAPS-1D Simulator." In Functional Materials and Applied Physics. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901878-10.
Abstract:
Abstract: The reference structure was simulated by SCAPS-1D simulator. The simulation result showed the effect of CIGS thickness, band gap and effect of EBR on the cell performance. From the simulation it could be seen that all parameters were sharply affected below CIGS thickness of 1000 nm due to increase of recombination velocity at back contact and poor absorption. Open circuit voltage was improved by CIGS thickness and band gap. Reference structure showed 18.78% efficiency after simulation with CIGS thickness of 3000 nm and band gap of 1.15 eV. The back electron reflector (EBR) had been inserted to reduce the effect of back contact recombination. With EBR cell performance was significantly improved. The proposed structure showed 19.30% efficiency with CIGS thickness of 1000 nm.
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Kim, Ki, Min Kim, Byung Ahn, Jae Yun, and Kyung HoonYoon. "Improvement of CIGS microstructure and its effect on the conversion efficiency of CIGS solar cells." In 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcpec.2006.279521.
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Zhang, Mengyuan, Lei Yang, Xiaowen Gong, and Junshan Zhang. "Impact of network effect and congestion effect on price competition among wireless service providers." In 2016 Annual Conference on Information Science and Systems (CISS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2016.7460557.
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Xingyi, Su, Cui Lei, Tu Shangtan, Chen Quan, Yang Peiqing, and Zhuang Lei. "Estimation and Compensation of the Ionosphere Effect in SAR Imaging." In 2023 4th China International SAR Symposium (CISS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciss60136.2023.10380005.
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Dhere, Neelkanth G., Eric Schneller, and Ashwani Kaul. "Effect of shading on CIGS thin film photovoltaic modules." In 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2015.7355707.
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Jha, Sunil, and V. K. Jain. "Evaluation of Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Polishing Fluid and Their Effect on Surface Finish in Ultra Precision Finishing Processes." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-64260.
Abstract:
Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) process for automated lens finishing and Magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing (MRAFF) for internal geometries rely on unique smart behavior of MRP-fluid. The rheological properties of MRP-fluid depend on carbonyl iron particle (CIP) and silicon carbide (SiC) particle size, their volume concentration, magnetic properties and applied magnetic field strength. To study the effect of particle size on rheological properties of MRP-fluid, a hydraulically driven specially designed capillary rheometer is fabricated. The best surface finish improvement was obtained with MRP-fluid containing approximately equal diameter of abrasive particles and CIPs. Least improvement was noticed with smaller CIPs and bigger abrasive combinations used. This is because the smaller size CIPs are incapable of providing the necessary finishing forces for bigger abrasive particles, which results in weak bonding strength.
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Hasoon, Falah S., and Hamda A. Al-Thani. "The formation of the MoSe2 layer at Mo/CIGS interface and its effect on the CIGS device performance." In 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2016.7749861.
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Lin, Tzu-Ying, Chia-Hsiang Chen, and Chih-Huang Lai. "Mo effect on one-step sputtering chalcopyrite CIGS thin films." In 2012 IEEE 38th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2012.6317989.
Reports on the topic "Effet CISS":
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Bansal, Shubhra, Theresa Friedlmeier, Marco Nardone, Kyoung Kweon, and Vincenzo Lordi. Metastability and Long-Term Degradation in CIGS Devices: Effect of Alkali Treatments, Back Contact and Emitter Layers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1773027.
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Jiang, Zhiping, Ao Zhang, Shuxing Wang, Quanlei Ren, and Yizhu Wang. Prognostic value of ASXL1 mutations in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia: A meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0013.
Abstract:
Review question / Objective: A meta-analysis was performed to investigate prognostic value of ASXL1 mutations in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Condition being studied: Some MDS or AML patients have ASXL1 mutations while others haven’t. Main outcome(s): We used OS as the primary endpoint and AML transformation as the secondary endpoint. OS was defined as either death (failure) or survival at the last follow-up. AML transformation was defined as starting when the patient entered the trial and proceeding to the time of AML diagnosis.Combined HRs and 95% CIs for OS and AML transformation were used to evaluate the prognostic effect of ASXL1 mutations using the generic inverse variance method.
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.
Abstract:
The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.
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Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie, and Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.
Abstract:
Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
Abstract:
With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor