Academic literature on the topic 'Effet backlash'
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Journal articles on the topic "Effet backlash":
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Li, Shen Long, Jiang Li Pan, and Xin Yuan Zhao. "Coupling Effect between Gear Backlash of Friction Plate and Axial Separation Gap in Multi-Friction Pairs." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.471.
Abstract:
Multi-plate friction pairs are important components in the gearbox of tracked vehicle. When the multi-friction pairs are in separation state, the uniform separation gaps of friction pairs are key factors affecting their operating performance. Most current research focuses on investigation of the failure modes of friction plate, such as, wear. However, the literatures on the vibration excitations from the inner and outer hub which affect the uniform separation gaps of the friction pairs are rare. This paper developed a rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model with different gear backlashes. The vibration characteristics of manipulate components and the separation gap of the friction pairs are studied. The results show that the model can be utilized to investigate the effects of the gear backlashes for manipulation components on the separation gaps of multi-friction pairs and it can be used to study the failure modes of friction plate in brakes. The developed model is expected to be the foundation for further optimization of the gear backlash. Keywords: Multi Friction Pairs; Separation gap; Gear Backlash; Rigid-flexible Coupling Dynamics Model
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Dong, Hao, Libang Wang, Haoqin Zhang, and Xiao-long Zhao. "Nonlinear Frequency Response Analysis of Double-helical Gear Pair Based on the Incremental Harmonic Balance Method." Shock and Vibration 2021 (April 15, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6687467.
Abstract:
The torsional dynamic model of double-helical gear pair considering time-varying meshing stiffness, constant backlash, dynamic backlash, static transmission error, and external dynamic excitation was established. The frequency response characteristics of the system under constant and dynamic backlashes were solved by the incremental harmonic balance method, and the results were further verified by the numerical integration method. At the same time, the influence of time-varying meshing stiffness, damping, static transmission error, and external load excitation on the amplitude frequency characteristics of the system was analyzed. The results show that there is not only main harmonic response but also superharmonic response in the system. The time-varying meshing stiffness and static transmission error can stimulate the amplitude frequency response of the system, while the damping can restrain the amplitude frequency response of the system. Changing the external load excitation has little effect on the amplitude frequency response state change of the system. Compared with the constant backlash, increasing the dynamic backlash amplitude can further control the nonlinear vibration of the gear system.
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Paterson, Stephanie. "Midwives, Women and the State: (De)Constructing Midwives and Pregnant Women in Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 44, no. 3 (September 2011): 483–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000842391100045x.
Abstract:
Abstract.Ontario'sMidwifery Actcame into effect on January 1, 1994, at a time of radical health care restructuring, marked by hospital closures and staffing cuts. In addition, feminist backlash was rampant in the popular media. Given these conditions, some have suggested that midwifery legislation was implemented because it aligned with the government's cost-cutting initiatives, while others have suggested that the government was responding to the dissatisfaction with obstetric practice outlined by a well-organized lobby. While these factors were no doubt important in the passing of the legislation, I offer a more critical reading of the policy texts, suggesting that the legislation and its enabling regulations problematize not only costs or client satisfaction but also the knowledge of midwives and the women they serve. In framing the issue as one of public safety, the policy ensemble introduced a new form of birthing expert—the expert midwife—reimposing a hierarchical relationship in the birthing process, serving to reify medical science and to objectify birthing women. In so doing, the legislation potentially silences claims for both professional and reproductive autonomy.Résumé.LaLoi sur les sages-femmesde l'Ontario est entrée en vigueur le premier janvier 1994 au cours d'une période houleuse dans le domaine de la santé qui fut marquée par des fermetures d'hôpitaux et des réductions de la main-d'œuvre. De plus, à cette époque, les médias populaires avaient clairement adopté une position antiféministe. Étant donné cette conjoncture, on proposa dans quelques articles que cette loi fut adoptée parce qu'elle cadrait bien avec les priorités gouvernementales de coupures budgétaires, tandis que d'autres insistèrent que le gouvernement ne faisait que réagir au mécontentement à l'endroit de la pratique obstétricale exprimé par un groupe d'intérêts puissant. Ces facteurs ont sans doute joué un rôle important dans l'adoption de la loi, mais je propose, en contrepartie, une interprétation plus critique des textes de politiques publiques. J'avance que la loi et sa réglementation soulignent une problématique qui va au delà des coûts et de la satisfaction de la clientèle, englobant aussi le savoir des sages-femmes et celui de leurs clientes. En formulant le débat en termes de sécurité publique, la législation a instauré une nouvelle forme d'expertise – l'experte sage-femme – qui réimpose une hiérarchie professionnelle dans le domaine de l'accouchement, ce qui a pour effet de solidifier la position de la médecine traditionnelle et d'objectiver les femmes. Ce faisant, la loi risque de négliger les revendications d'autonomie des professionnelles et des partisanes de l'accouchement naturel.
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Cao, Yu Jun, Nai Hui Yu, Zheng Yang, and Jian Zhong Shang. "Multi-Body Dynamics Analysis of Anti-Backlash Gear System Based on ADAMS/ Flex." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1261.
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Anti-backlash gear can improve the static transmission precision of system. Besides, the dynamic characteristics of anti-backlash gear system have a significant effect on the performance of overall mechanism, and the torsion spring preload of anti-backlash gear is an important factor to affect the dynamic characteristic. In order to study dynamic characteristics of the anti-backlash gear, a rigid-flexible coupling model of single-stage anti-backlash system was established based on ADAMS / Flex, and the simulation accuracy was compared with the pure rigid model. The effect of the torsion spring preload on frequency response of the anti-backlash system was studied by virtual sweep experiments.
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Kiyosue, Yuki, and Yasuko Morinaga. "Backlash effect in hiring situation." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 84 (September 8, 2020): PS—018—PS—018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_ps-018.
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Chen, Huitao, Xianhui Wang, Haichao Gao, and Fan Yan. "Dynamic characteristics of wind turbine gear transmission system with random wind and the effect of random backlash on system stability." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 14 (April 6, 2016): 2590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216640572.
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In order to study the dynamic characteristics of gear transmission system of wind turbine with random wind and the effect of random backlash on system stability, a stochastic volatility model is established to obtain the external excitation of gear transmission system of wind turbine. A dynamic model of system is set up with the consideration of gear time-varying mesh stiffness, transmission error and backlash. The dynamic behavior of system with random wind and the effect of random backlash on system stability are obtained using numerical method. The results show that: (1) The vibration displacement of system components has the similar trends with external excitation, and the higher the speed, the greater the vibration displacement. (2) Random backlash has a significantly influence on system stability. The instability of system decreases at first and then increases with the increase of mean backlash, and the stability of system decrease with the increase of standard deviation of backlash. The operation stability of a wind turbine will improve if select an appropriate gear backlash.
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Slamani, Mohamed, Albert Nubiola, and Ilian A. Bonev. "Modeling and assessment of the backlash error of an industrial robot." Robotica 30, no. 7 (January 16, 2012): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574711001287.
Abstract:
SUMMARYThis paper proposes an experimental approach for evaluating the backlash error of an ABB IRB 1600 industrial serial robot under various conditions using a laser interferometer measurement instrument. The effects of the backlash error are assessed by experiments conducted on horizontal and vertical paths. A polynomial model was used to represent the relationship between the backlash error and the robot configuration. A strategy based on statistical tests was developed to choose the degree of polynomial representing the effect of the tool center point (TCP) speed and payload. Results show that the backlash error strongly affects the repeatability of the industrial robot. Statistical analyses prove that the backlash is highly dependent on both robot configuration and TCP speed, whereas it remains nearly unaffected by changes in the payload. It was discovered that the backlash error as measured at the TCP may exceeds 100 μm, and that the positive backlash error increases and the negative backlash error decreases when there is increase in TCP speed.
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Rosendorff, B. Peter, and Todd Sandler. "SUICIDE TERRORISM AND THE BACKLASH EFFECT." Defence and Peace Economics 21, no. 5-6 (October 2010): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2010.491679.
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Lu, Yafei, and Dapeng Fan. "Transmission backlash of precise cable drive system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 10 (January 10, 2013): 2256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212473887.
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Precise cable drive has been developed as an alternative transmission element to gears, belts and pulleys, chains and sprockets in electro-optical tracking system. The analytical method is developed to predict the transmission backlash of precise cable drive to enable designers to better assess the precision performance in the design study phase. Slip angle of precise cable drive is studied, and the effect of the rotational velocity and inertia of cable on the force equilibrium of contact region is considered. The deformation of cable in slip region and free region is calculated respectively and theoretical formulation of transmission backlash for precise cable drive system is carried out. Parametric sensitivity is investigated to evaluate the relationship between the transmission backlash and precise cable drive parameters including preload tension, load tension, friction coefficient, center distance and output drum radius. Experimental setup is built and the transmission backlash is tested. Effect of preload tension on the transmission backlash is tested. Results show that the experimental value and the theoretical curve of the transmission backlash fit well, which validates the theoretical method developed in this article.
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Nilfat Ali. "Backlash Against ISDS." African Journal of Commercial Law 1, no. 1 (November 5, 2021): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.58216/ajcl.v1i1.139.
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Over the years, Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) has spurred a lot of controversies on its legitimacy and integrity. The criticisms mainly stem from the obscuring effect of ISDS on legitimate government regulation and the adventurist manner in which arbitral tribunals interpret substantive rights favouring foreign investors. This, in turn, has resulted in a backlash by States which is illustrated through various forms ranging from withdrawal from traditional Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), the development of new era BITs, to extremities of eliminating ISDS all-together. Although there are plausible reforms that have been adopted, the system is still a work in progress. Mechanisms must be incorporated to strike a balance between promotion and protection of investment and the sovereign right of the State to regulate investment in the public interest. Innovation and the adoption of regulatory tools that meet individual States developmental needs will play a focal role in attaining a comprehensive International Investment Agreements (IIAs) reform. This paper argues that a paradigm shift from the competing interests of States and investors to a sustainable development approach will achieve a necessary balance in ISDS taking into account the interests of all stakeholders involved in investment arbitration.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effet backlash":
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Carrel, Thomas. "Le Modèle de la Projection de Genre : un modèle explicatif du plafond de verre, de l'effet de backlash,et de la falaise de verre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCH034.
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Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de comprendre trois phénomènes de genre en entreprise au regard d’un seul modèle : le Modèle de la Projection de Genre (MPG). Le phénomène du plafond de verre (Kanter, 1977 ; Cook & Glass, 2014) met en avant deux explications cognitive à la sous-représentation des femmes aux postes de directrices : le Think Manager – Think Male (Schein, 1973, 1975) et le lack-of-fit model (Heilman, 1983). Les femmes ne posséderaient pas les bonnes caractéristiques pour devenir directrices, au contraire des hommes. Cependant, si les femmes se présentent avec les caractéristiques adéquates, elles vivront un effet de backlash (Rudman, 1998) : elles ne seront pas choisies pour être directrices car elles sont contre-normatives à leur groupe de genre. Le rôle des femmes (Eagly & Karau, 2002) n’est pas de diriger une entreprise ou une équipe. Néanmoins, sous certaines conditions, les femmes voient leurs chances d’obtenir un poste de directrice augmenter : c’est le phénomène de la falaise de verre (Ryan & Haslam, 2005). Lorsque l’entreprise est dans une position précaire, une femme et les caractéristiques féminines seront alors préférées pour diriger. De nouveaux, des explications cognitives sont avancées : Think Crisis – Think Female (Ryan et al., 2011 ; Gartzia et al., 2012) et Think Crisis – Think not Male (Bruckmuller & Branscombe, 2010 ; Ryan et al., 2011). Le MPG propose une seule explication cognitive et motivationnelle basée sur l’Approche de l’Identité Sociale (Haslam, 2004) et le Modèle de la Projection de l’Endogroupe (Wenzel et al., 2007) à ces trois phénomènes. Le MPG montrent que les hommes projettent plus de caractéristiques masculines sur le prototype du directeur que les femmes (Chapitre 3) et cette projection est modéré par la situation de l’entreprise (Chapitre 4). Et c’est cette élaboration du prototype du / de la directeur.rice qui permet l’évaluation d’un.e candidat.e conforme (Chapitre 3). Lorsqu’une femme est non conforme à son groupe de genre (Chapitre 5), nos résultats soutiennent partiellement la projection de genre comme mécanisme explicatif de l’effet de backlash. Néanmoins, cela ne semble pas être le cas pour un homme non conforme à son groupe de genre (Chapitre 6)This dissertation aims to understand three gender phenomena in business with regard to a single model: the Gender Projection Model (GPM). The glass ceiling phenomenon (Kanter, 1977; Cook & Glass, 2014) puts forth two cognitive explanations for the underrepresentation of women in director positions: the Think Manager - Think Male (Schein, 1973, 1975) and the lack-of-fit model (Heilman, 1983). Women would not have the right characteristics to become managers, while men would. However, if women present themselves with the right characteristics, they will experience a backlash effect (Rudman, 1998): they will not be chosen to be directors because they are counter-normative to their gender group. The role of women (Eagly & Karau, 2002) is not to lead a company or a team. Nevertheless, under certain conditions, women's chances of obtaining a managerial position increase: this is the glass cliff phenomenon (Ryan & Haslam, 2005). When the company is in a precarious position, a woman and female charecteristics will be preferred to lead. Again, cognitive explanations are offered: Think Crisis - Think Female (Ryan et al., 2011; Gartzia et al., 2012) and Think Crisis - Think not Male (Bruckmuller & Branscombe, 2010; Ryan et al., 2011). MPG offers a single cognitive and motivational explanation based on the Social Identity Approach (Haslam, 2004) and the Ingroup Projection Model (Wenzel et al., 2007) to these three phenomena. The MPG shows that men project more masculine characteristics onto the manager prototype than women do (Chapter 3) and this projection is moderated by the company's situation (Chapter 4). And it is this elaboration of the prototype of the manager that allows the evaluation of a normative applicant (Chapter 3). When a woman is non-normative to her gender group (Chapter 5), our results partially support gender projection as an explanatory mechanism for the backlash effect. However, this does not seem to be the case for a gender non-normative man (Chapter 6)
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Soubrier, Charlène. "Attitude à l'égard de la (non)conformité : impact des stéréotypes sur l'évaluation de candidats à l'embauche." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20056/document.
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Depuis quelques années, les stéréotypes sexués font l’objet de débats controversés dans la société française. Ces débats opposent ceux qui sont attachés à leurs différences à ceux qui désirent les gommer afin de permettre une plus grande égalité professionnelle entre les femmes et les hommes. Plusieurs modèles théoriques (américains) expliquent que les effets des stéréotypes s’expriment aussi bien quand un individu se comporte de façon conforme à ses stéréotypes sexués (comportement stéréotypique) que quand il se comporte de façon non-conforme (comportement contre-stéréotypique). Etant donné que très peu d’études ont été menées pour tester ces modèles sur le sol français, le but de la thèse a été double. Il s’agissait à la fois d’examiner le contenu des stéréotypes de sexe et de statut pouvant amener à de l’inégalité de traitement entre les hommes et les femmes dans le milieu du travail; et à la fois de mesurer l’impact de la conformité et de la non-conformité à ces stéréotypes sur le recrutement d’un candidat et sur l’évaluation d’un travailleur en poste. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé 11 études, menées essentiellement auprès d’étudiants issus de diverses disciplines, mais également de salariés en poste (3528 participants au total, dont 2136 femmes, âgés de 25 ans en moyenne). Les résultats montrent l’impact majeur des stéréotypes descriptifs sexués sur l’évaluation des individus mais uniquement lorsque ceux-ci postulent à un poste non conforme à leur sexe. Cet effet délétère disparaît lorsque des informations contre-stéréotypiques sur les candidats sont rendues disponibles. La bonne ou mauvaise évaluation de ce candidat se ferait, dès lors, à partir de l’adéquation entre sa personnalité et le poste visé. Sous l’effet de certaines motivations personnelles, l’évaluateur peut cependant choisir de pénaliser ce candidat contre-stéréotyique, ou de le favoriser davantage. Au final, ce sont surtout les stéréotypes liés aux professions qui impactent le plus le jugement des évaluateurs. Notre discussion portera sur l’importance accordée aux stéréotypes sexués par les politiques françaises alors même qu’un changement de représentations des métiers serait certainement plus à même de diminuer les inégalités de traitement entre les hommes et les femmesIn recent years, gender stereotypes have been the subject of controversial discussions in French society. The debates have polarized into two camps: one driven by the importance they attach to gender differences; the other by the need to erase them and promote gender equality at work. Several (american) models explain the effects of stereotypes on judgment. These effects can either be stereotypical (i.e., when the person behaves in concordance with his stereotypes or counter-stereotypical (i.e., when he behaves differently to his stereotypes). To this day, very few studies have been carried out in France to test these models. Hence, the purpose of this doctoral dissertation was twofold. First, we examined gender and status stereotypes which could lead to sex inequality at work. Second, we tested the impact stereotypic conformity and stereotypic non-conformity had on the recruitment of applicants and on the evaluation of actual workers. We carried out 11 studies among students from different backgrounds and workers. Four studies were focused on characterizing the French gender and hierarchical stereotypes, one study allowed us to determine if French people feel pressure to comply with gender stereotypes and 6 studies were aimed to test the impact of stereotypic and counter stereotypic information on the evaluation of applicants and workers. We recruited 3528 (2136 women) with a mean age of 25 years. Results showed the major impact descriptive gender stereotypes have on the evaluation of people. When applying for a job, behaving stereotypically would benefit the applicants if their gender and status fit with the job. In the other case, it would disadvantage them. However, this impact fades when information about the applicants is available, in particular when the applicants are gender counter stereotypic. The judgment will then be based on the conformity between the applicants’ personality and the job. Depending of the personal motivations of the evaluator, he can decide to either penalize or aid the counter stereotypical candidate. Finally, it is likely that stereotypes associated to jobs are those that have the more impact on the recruitment officer’s judgment. Our discussion will focus on the importance French political authorities devote to gender stereotypes whereas changing representations of occupations would be a more promising solution to reduce gender inequality
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Brandstedt, Nathalie. "The Complexity of Motherhood in Dystopian Novels : A comparative study of Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and Lois Lowry’s The Giver." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44202.
Abstract:
This study explores how motherhood is depicted in Margaret Atwood’s and Louis Lowry’s dystopian novels The Handmaid’s Tale and The Giver. It examines the negative social and psychological consequences of forced surrogacy in the novels’ state-constructed nuclear families, looking closely at a lack of maternal love and care. Using feminist and psychoanalytic criticism, this essay examines the link between the broken connection of mother and child and the protagonists’ search for maternal love in other relationships. It contrasts the protagonists’ rebellion to the social backlash effect and shows how motherhood emerges as a form of resistance against the social engineering of the dystopian societies.
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胡智源. "Intelligent Control of a Dual-Motor Driving System with Gear Backlash and Deadzone Effect." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71632922717379248837.
Books on the topic "Effet backlash":
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Jimerson, Dr Rufus O. The "Ferguson Effect" on College Campuses in the United States of America: Protests, Demands, Backlash, and Impact. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.
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O’Dwyer, Conor. Gay Rights and Political Homophobia in Postcommunist Europe. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037726.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the European Union's impact on gay rights in the region, asking whether accession has fostered gay rights despite the hurdle of still widespread societal homophobia. To the extent that the EU does have a demonstrable effect in promoting legal rights for gays, the chapter examines whether such rights promotion spark a homophobic backlash in the broader political sphere, particularly that of political-party competition. Most empirical analyses of the politics of gay rights in postcommunist Europe to date have relied on country case studies. By and large, individual country studies have offered empirical support for arguments that both the communist legacy and EU conditionality have strongly imprinted themselves on the politics of gay rights.
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Guiney, Thomas C. A New System Takes Shape. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803683.003.0008.
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The chapter examines the legislative planning process that gradually refined the early release framework eventually given legal effect by Part Two of the Criminal Justice Act 1991. The chapter begins with a review of the post-election planning process that gathered pace following the 1987 General Election. It examines the Home Office strategic awayday held at Leeds Castle in September 1987 and goes on to consider the Green Paper, Punishment, Custody and the Community and an unprecedented conference at Ditchley Park which brought together senior decision-makers from across the criminal justice system. The chapter then examines the passage of the Criminal Justice Bill 1990/91 and reflects upon the dramatic backlash against the new parole system in the mid-1990s. The chapter concludes with a critical appraisal of the underlying tensions that defined the development of criminal justice during this transitional period.
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Winter, Stefan. Beyond the Mountain Refuge. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691167787.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses what can in effect be described as the consolidation of the ʻAlawi community in a newfound “compact” form. It argues that the receding tide of Shiʻism did not expose the ʻAlawis to a Sunni or Mamluk backlash, but rather permitted the community to cement both its religious leadership and identity and its position vis-à-vis the state. On the local level, the thirteenth century was witness to an intense debate over the limits of ʻAlawi orthodoxy, a debate that helped give the doctrine its final form and established the ʻulama as the community's uncontested religious authority, but in doing so also removed religion from the sphere of everyday life. Drawing on the Khayr al-Saniʻa as well as a wide range of medieval literature, the subsequent sections explore the relationship between the ʻAlawi community and the Mamluk state beyond the trope of enmity and persecution.
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Torp, Cornelius. The Great Transformation: German Economy and Society, 1850–1914. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0015.
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A study of the German economy and German society form the crux of this article. It shows how both industrialization and globalization transformed the German economy in the second half of the ‘long’ nineteenth century and how they affected German society. First, the long-term developments of the German economy between 1850 and 1914 are described based on quantitative indicators. There are only two points on which the industrialization experts seem to agree. First, the industrialization of the world started in England after the middle of the eighteenth century. In Germany, industrialization gained momentum in the late 1840s. Secondly, industrialization has to be considered not as a national, but as a regional phenomenon. A rapid globalization process in the nineteenth century was brought to a halt by the globalization backlash, which happened during the era of the two World Wars and the Great Depression. This article carefully explains the ushering of the Great Depression, and its effect on German economy.
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Gold, Roberta. “A Piece of Heaven in Hell”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038181.003.0009.
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This chapter examines how the tenant movement lost ground in the early 1970s, mainly due to witnessed recession and conservative backlash across the country, but made a remarkable recovery. It first considers the struggles in city and state legislatures over rent regulation and associated housing policies during the period before discussing the assaults on rent control instigated by propertied interests. It then explores how activists were able to fashion ideals from the late-sixties radical movements into tangible state-supported programs for tenant empowerment through limited-equity cooperatives. It also looks at how the new generation of activists helped to extend the tenant movement's lasting contributions to feminism and left politics. The chapter demonstrates the tenant movement's intergenerational ripple effect and the ways in which new programs, supported by well-placed professionals, extended the legacy of late-sixties radicalism by institutionalizing “sweat equity” and tenant control of housing. Together—if not always cooperatively—tenant activists preserved a modicum of security for working and middle-income New Yorkers in an era of neoliberalism and growing class division.
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Kreuder-Sonnen, Christian. Emergency Powers of International Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832935.001.0001.
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This book explores emergency politics of international organizations (IOs). It studies cases in which, based on justifications of exceptional necessity, IOs expand their authority, increase executive discretion, and interfere with the rights of their rule-addressees. This “IO exceptionalism” is observable in the crisis responses of a diverse set of institutions including the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, and the World Health Organization. Through six in-depth case studies, the book analyzes the institutional dynamics unfolding in the wake of the assumption of emergency powers by IOs. Sometimes, the exceptional competencies become normalized in the IOs’ authority structures (the “ratchet effect”). In other cases, IO emergency powers provoke a backlash that eventually reverses or contains the expansions of authority (the “rollback effect”). To explain these variable outcomes, the book draws on sociological institutionalism to develop a proportionality theory of IO emergency powers. It contends that ratchets and rollbacks are a function of actors’ ability to justify or contest emergency powers as (dis)proportionate. The claim that the distribution of rhetorical power is decisive for the institutional outcome is tested against alternative rational institutionalist explanations that focus on institutional design and the distribution of institutional power among states. The proportionality theory holds across the cases studied in this book and clearly outcompetes the alternative accounts. Against the background of the empirical analysis, the book moreover provides a critical normative reflection on the (anti) constitutional effects of IO exceptionalism and highlights a potential connection between authoritarian traits in global governance and the system’s current legitimacy crisis.
Book chapters on the topic "Effet backlash":
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Ambaye, Getachew A., and Hirpa G. Lemu. "Effect of Backlash on Transmission Error and Time Varying Mesh Stiffness." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 18–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6318-2_3.
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Gárgoles, Paula, and Gabriela Ambás. "The Power of Consumers on Social Media: A Case Study of Balenciaga’s Crisis Communication." In Fashion Communication in the Digital Age, 3–13. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38541-4_1.
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AbstractThe French luxury brand, Balenciaga, recently faced its most important communication crisis. On November 16th 2022, the brand released its holiday gifting campaign featuring children surrounded by sadomasochism-inspired teddy bears/handbags and received immediate backlash from the public, who accused the brand of sexualizing children and promoting pedophilia. The outrage went viral on social media - mainly on Tiktok - with the hashtags #burnbalenciaga and #cancelbalenciaga, which have accumulated more than 300 million views. Balenciaga suffered an incalculable damage on its reputation, having two flagship stores vandalized and a viral online boycott. This investigation follows the case study methodology, by analyzing the timeline of events, the brand’s statements and response, the viral effect of the boycott on social media and the ultimate affectations that the brand underwent due to the crisis. The conclusions reveal that on one hand there are some social anethical boundaries that not even well-positioned and beloved brands can afford to cross, and that slow, unclear and unaccountable answers compose a terrible strategy of crisis management, and on the other hand, the power of consumers on social media has gained enough strength to damage brands like Balenciaga.
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Guoqiang, Dong, and Andrew G. Walder. "Backlash." In A Decade of Upheaval, 137–55. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691213217.003.0007.
Abstract:
This chapter studies Zhang Liansheng's petition, which laid out Paolian's complaints about its persecution at the hands of the People's Armed Department (PAD). Zhang coordinated with the other petitioners from Feng County, several of whom were from rural communes, to collect information about the crackdowns and the violations of central policy in the recent campaigns. As these events were taking place, shifts in Jiangsu's political situation created more favorable circumstances for the petitioners' cause, while threatening to weaken Shao Wen's position back in the county. The shift in Jiangsu's political tides, which favored the petitioners' cause and ultimately the Paolian faction, had the seemingly paradoxical effect of sharpening local conflicts and reviving the factional animosities between Liansi and Paolian. From early June through October of 1974, the conflicts became sharper, and the two sides organized.
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Armstrong, Jill. "A backlash against the way their mothers worked?" In Like Mother, Like Daughter? Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447334088.003.0003.
Abstract:
This chapter explores the idea that one should expect a backlash from the daughters against wanting to work as long hours as their mothers due to having seen their mothers try to ‘have it all’, or because of how they feel their mothers' working hours impacted upon them. The research did not find much evidence to support this notion of a backlash. The chapter then looks at other research which argues that mothers working long hours experience greater work–life conflict in the context of societal expectations that women should work part-time when they have primary school-age children. The implication of the existing research is that mothers may have transmitted feelings of stress to their daughters. On the other hand, other recent research has focused on the effect on children of maternal employment.
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Magrath, Rory. "“Russian Sensation” or “Mean Girl”?" In The Circus Is in Town, 142–64. University Press of Mississippi, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496836502.003.0006.
Abstract:
Maria Sharapova was once one of the most marketable athletes of the past decade. Her 15-month ban from tennis due to performance enhancing drugs was met with a lack of sympathy from her peers and a withdrawal of most of her sponsorship agreements. This chapter analyzes Sharapova’s career, the effect her ban had on tennis, and whether gendered assumptions explain some of the backlash against her.
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Chen, Yuyuan. "Study on the Movement Characteristics of Fire Smoke in V-Shaped Tunnel Under the Chimney Effect." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220876.
Abstract:
Analyze the force of fire smoke in a double-slope coupled V-shaped tunnel to study the influence of tunnel slope, the distance between the change slope point and the fire source on fire wind pressure, determine the basic characteristics of smoke movement, and use numerical simulation to spread the smoke authenticating. The results of the study show that when the smoke spreads to the left (upstream) of the slope change point of the tunnel, and with the increase of the slope, the temperature of the upstream top plate gradually decreases to the ambient temperature, and the smoke layer shows a parallel motion with the tunnel roof. When the tunnel slope reaches more than 10%, the roof temperature drops to the ambient temperature at 5m upstream; the upstream flow decreases with the slope. When the smoke is only in the tunnel to the right of the slope change point, the upstream smoke moves parallel to the horizontal plane. The slope is inversely related to the smoke backlash length, and when the slope is greater than 7%, the smoke backlash length is not sensitive to the change of fire source location.
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Phillips Mackowski, Maura. "The Vision for Space Exploration." In Life in Space, 260–70. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683402602.003.0011.
Abstract:
George W. Bush’s 2004 Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) announcement caught many by surprise, as this chapter relates. Topics include the presidential policy theories behind the VSE decision, early efforts by administrators Sean O’Keefe and Michael Griffin to plan for and implement it, the backlash within the science community (internal and external), and VSE’s curtailment of most life sciences research by the space agency. The ultimate effect of VSE on the emergent private space industry remains for future analysis and discussion.
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Hyslop, Ian Kelvin. "Cycles of crisis and review." In A Political History of Child Protection, 111–41. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447353171.003.0006.
Abstract:
This chapter discusses the cycles of crisis, review, and reorganisation within the broader economic and political milieu. It starts with the Strengthening Families programmes, which had been the response to the silo effect of the efficiency paradigm. Social development was the umbrella term for Aotearoa’s version of the Third Way model as it primarily centred on social exclusion as a function of an unproductive economy. The trajectory of the reform process is linked with the neoliberal or neoconservative agenda for population management and backlash on racist consequences. The chapter also looks into the ontological insecurity of Māori mothers and Pākehā identities.
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Shany, Yuval. "The End of the War/Peace Limit on the Application of International Human Rights Law." In The Limits of Human Rights, 319–28. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824756.003.0022.
Abstract:
In ‘The Limits of Human Rights in Times of Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Armed Violence’, Andrew Clapham explains how the dynamics of international human rights law (IHRL) in recent decades, which give effect to foundational principles such as universality and the non-derogability of core humanitarian norms, have extended the limits of IHRL. This comment discusses three sets of concerns, which are also touched upon by Clapham, explicitly or implicitly: the disruptive effect of IHRL on substantive regulations of conflict situations, the functional limits of IHRL monitoring bodies, and the political backlash encountered due to normative and institutional expansion. The comment also offers a number of critical observations on how IHRL has developed so far in relation to armed conflict situations and how should IHRL monitoring bodies apply IHRL in such situations.
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Ong, Lynette H. "Outsourcing Violence." In Outsourcing Repression, 44–72. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197628768.003.0003.
Abstract:
Chapter 3 conceptualizes a novel form of repression—“everyday repression” carried out by thugs-for-hire—as a state response to foot-dragging and banal noncompliance captured in what James Scott calls “everyday forms of resistance.” Quantitative evidence from an original and unique media-sourced event dataset supports the argument that everyday repression is a lower-cost repressive strategy, pointing to its negative or lesser effect on the likelihood of street protest and violent backlash, particularly in comparison with the police and government officials. Quantitative and qualitative data are used to create a typical profile of thugs-for-hire and the conditions under which they operate.
Conference papers on the topic "Effet backlash":
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Zhu, Rupeng, Dongping Sheng, Fengxia Lu, Miaomiao Li, and Heyun Bao. "Modeling and Bifurcation Characteristics of Double Stage Planetary Gear Train With Multiple Clearances." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46105.
Abstract:
This paper proposes a new non-linear transverse-torsional coupled model for double stage planetary gear train, and gear’s geometric eccentricity error, synthetical transmission error, time-varying meshing stiffness, sun-planet and planet-ring gear pair’s backlashes and sun gear’s bearing clearance are taken into account. The differential governing equations of motion are derived and solved by applying variable step-size Runge-Kutta numerical integration method. The system motion state is investigated systematically and qualitatively, and exhibits diverse bifurcation and chaos characteristics under different bifurcation parameters including meshing frequency, sun-planet backlash and planet-ring backlash. Analysis results showed that the increasing damping could suppress the region of chaotic motion and improve the system’s stability significantly; the route of period-doubling to chaotic motion was observed for both first and second stage’s motion state under the bifurcation parameter of meshing frequency; The routes of period doubling and crisis to chaos were identified under the bifurcation parameter of sun-planet backlash; Besides, the increasing damping ratio could split the bifurcation diagram window into different sections and strong coupling effects are generated to second stage’s motion. Several different types of routes to chaos were observed under the bifurcation parameter of planet-ring backlash including period doubling and 3T-periodic channel; Besides, it concluded that planet-ring backlash could generate a strong coupling effect to both stage’s nonlinear behavior.
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El-Saeidy, Fawzi M. A. "Effect of Backlash on Vibration Spectrum in Spur Gearboxes Incorporating Sleeve Bearings." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0244.
Abstract:
Abstract An Analytical model is presented to simulate effect of tooth backlash on vibration spectrum of spur gearboxes incorporating sleeve bearings. Included in the model are: elasticity of shafts, friction between meshing teeth, interaction between gearbox casing and internals, and time-varying tooth backlash (backlash is a function of operating center distance), mesh stiffness (stiffness is calculated based on the strain energies of the tooth that is treated as a cantilever beam of involute shape) and Hertzian mesh damping. The bearing forces are calculated with consideration of bearing radial clearance and system vibrations. The analysis is applied to a single stage gearbox and equations of motion are numerically integrated to obtain system reponse in time domain. This response is transformed into frequency domain (vibration spectrum) using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and samples of the results are shown for different values of tooth backlash. The results show that backlash has a pronounced effect on gearbox vibration and study provides an analysis procedure for predicting such effects.
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Peine, Joseph W., Varun Agrawal, and William J. Peine. "Effect of backlash on surgical robotic task proficiency." In 2012 4th IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biorob.2012.6290887.
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Blanche, J. G., and D. C. H. Yang. "Cycloid Drives With Machining Tolerances: Part I — Kinematic Analysis." In ASME 1987 Design Technology Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1987-0076.
Abstract:
Abstract The cycloidal speed reducer, or cycloid drive, is an epicyclic gear train in which the profile of the planet gear is an epitrochoid and the annular sun gear has rollers as its teeth. The cycloid drive has very high efficiency and small size, in comparison with a conventional gear mechanism, making it an attractive candidate for limited space applications. On the other hand, in this type of transmissions there exist two major drawbacks, namely, backlash and torque ripple Backlash, the angle through which the output shaft can rotate when the input shaft is held fixed, has a degrading effect on the output accuracy. Torque ripple, the variation in mechanical advantage as the input shaft rotates, causes vibrations and could lead to dynamic instability of the machinery. If the cycloid drive were manufactured to the ideal dimensions, there would be no backlash nor torque ripple. However, in reality, there will always be some machining tolerances. In this paper an analytical model is developed which models the cycloid drive with machining tolerances. This model is used in Part II of this investigation to determine the effect of machining tolerances on backlash and torque ripple. As a result, simple and practical equations for design synthesis of this type of drives are formulated.
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Zhu, Weilin, Shijing Wu, and Xiaosun Wang. "Harmonic Balance Method for Nonlinear Vibration of Compound Planetary Gear Sets." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46040.
Abstract:
In this paper, a new nonlinear time-varying dynamic model for compound planetary gear sets, which incorporates the time-varying meshing stiffness, transmission errors and gear backlash, has been presented. The harmonic balance method (HBM), which is an analytical approach widely used for nonlinear oscillators, is employed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the gear sets. The matrix form iteration algebraic equations has been established and solved by HBM and single rank inverse Broyden method to reveal the effect of transmission error and gear backlash on the frequency response characteristic of the system. Sub-harmonic resonant, super-harmonic resonant and jump phenomenon have been illustrated by several examples.
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Xuefeng Han, Ming Ge, Yang Bai, Hongguang Jia, and Wenqi Ge. "The effect of backlash nonlinear on resonance frequency of electric actuator transmission system." In 2011 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Control (ICACC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacc.2011.6016482.
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Jawale, H. P., and H. T. Thorat. "Comparison of Closed Chain Mechanisms for Positional Deviations." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88522.
Abstract:
Closed Chain Mechanisms are popular in Automation Technology for transmitting motion under specific objective task. Single-Degree of Freedom (DoF) Four-bar chain is basic mechanisms synthesized for such applications. Joint clearances and drive backlash are inevitable in such mechanisms and introduce error in coupler positions while accomplishing the task. The present paper considers effect of joint clearances and drive backlash as error source for coupler positions in single-DoF mechanism. The deviations of desired positions and actual positions are estimated for specific objective task. Further, effect of these error sources is modelled with a higher-DoF mechanism which is kinematically better than single-DoF mechanisms. Two-DoF mechanism is modelled for identical objective task. Maximum positional deviations are estimated for two-DoF mechanism. The comparative analysis of deviation is obtained. Relative maximum positional deviation in both mechanisms is expressed in terms of dimensionless number as measure of performance.
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El Sayed, Mohammed A., and Saeid Habibi. "Inner-Loop Control for Electro-Hydraulic (EHA) Actuation Systems." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2586.
Abstract:
This article presents the development of a multiple inner-loop control strategy for improving the performance of hydrostatic actuation systems. In these actuators, the presence of non-linearities associated with pump/motor static friction and backlash, pressure drop in the piping system, and nonlinear friction at the load have a significant effect on the performance and positional accuracy of the system. The effect of nonlinear friction at the pump/motor interface has been overcome by the use of a high gain pump-speed inner-loop control strategy. In this article, the concept of inner-loop control will be extended to target specific sources of performance degradation. Velocity feedback will be incorporated in this manner to decrease the effects of pump backlash and nonlinear friction at the load. Simulation results supported by theoretical analysis indicate that a considerable improvement in performance can be achieved by the implementation of this control strategy.
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Shing, T. K., Lung-Wen Tsai, and P. S. Krishnaprasad. "Dynamic Model of a Spur Gear System With Backlash and Friction Consideration." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0253.
Abstract:
Abstract A new model which accounts for both backlash and friction effects is proposed for the dynamics of a spur gear system. The model estimates average friction torque and uses it to replace the instantaneous friction torque to simplify the dynamical equations of motion. Two simulations, free oscillation and constant load operation, are performed to illustrate the effects of backlash and friction on gear dynamics. The results are compared with that of a previously established model which does not account for the friction. Finally, the effect of adding a damper on the driving shaft is also studied. This model is judged to be more realistic for real time control of electronmechanical systems to reduce gear noise and to achieve high precision.
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Eritenel, Tugan, Donald R. Houser, Sandeep M. Vijayakar, and James M. Casella. "Effect of Tooth Deflection and Corner Contact on Backside Separation (Backlash) of Gear Pairs." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48014.
Abstract:
Because plastic materials have moduli that are much lower than those of metals, the deflections of loaded plastic gears are much greater than those of steel gears. This paper presents an evaluation of tooth deflections and the effect of load on the backlash of these gears using a finite element program that has an accurate contact deflection analysis embedded within it. In addition to deflection analysis, the effect of tip modification on the contact regime and loads along the edges of the plastic gears is presented. An example spur gear pair and an example helical gear pair are used to demonstrate the analysis methodology. The results of the analysis show that backside tooth contact does not occur as tooth deflections in plastic gears increase with increasing load. In fact, the backside gap actually increases with increasing load.
Reports on the topic "Effet backlash":
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Gulesci, Selim, María Lombardi, and Alejandra Ramos. Telenovelas and Attitudes toward the LGBTIQ Community in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004719.
Abstract:
How does exposure to soap operas with LGBTIQ characters affect attitudes toward the LGBTIQ community? To answer this question, we construct a novel database of 175 telenovelas (soap operas) with LGBTIQ characters airing in 14 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean between 2002 and 2019. Exploiting variation in the introduction of new soap operas with LGBTIQ characters within country and survey-waves, we find that individuals exposed to more soap operas with LGBTIQ characters are less tolerant toward the LGBTIQ community. This short-term backlash is driven by exposure to telenovelas with homosexual characters and shows with comedic storylines. The effect is stronger among traditionally more conservative individuals (e.g., older or frequently attending religious services).