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Journal articles on the topic 'Effects'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Kužel, S., P. Cígler, M. Hrubý, J. Vydra, D. Pavlíková, and P. Tlustoš. "The effect of simultaneous magnesium application on the biological effects of titanium ." Plant, Soil and Environment 53, No. 1 (January 7, 2008): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3189-pse.

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Most of the works published since the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century have brought interesting results about beneficial effects of titanium (Ti) on plants, but much less is known about its phytotoxic effects at higher doses. Here we demonstrate the influence of Mg treatment on the phytotoxic effects of Ti. Mg, Ti + Mg and two different concentrations of Ti leaf sprays were applied on oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Zlaťák) grown on three different soil types (Fluvisol, Luvisol and Chernozem). Physiological parameters of oats as well as some essential elements contents were analyzed. The foliar applications of Ti caused significant toxic manifestations on oats at ≥ 10 mg/kg concentrations. Mg partially ammeliorates these toxic effects if applied together with Ti. The effect was strong on Fluvisol, but weaker on Chernozem and Luvisol. Ti effects are more significant the further the soil is from the nutritional optimum of the plants. This is most evident in the case of Fluvisol, which is deficient in Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn. It seems that Ti possesses a generally equalizing effect on the elements content in the plant.

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2

Aliyev, Z. H. "Azerbaijan effects on Agrochemical Indications and Effect of Erosion Process on Plant Productivity." Pesticide Science and Pest Control 1, no. 3 (August 8, 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2833-0943/012.

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Taking all these into account, it is important to increase the fertility of the soil from the erosion process in Ismayilli and to prevent the washing of fodder crops from perennial herbs. The cultivation of these plants in the mountainous regions protects the slopes from the terrible erosion process and provides the animals with a strong fodder. It is proved by the results of the research that restoration of fertility and ecological balance of erosion lands and the implementation of soil-agro-technical measures to increase productivity are of great importance. Due to the application of these measures, I, as a result of improving the water and physical properties of the affected land, prevent surface water flows. In addition, the results of the study have been proven by the fact that, for certain reason, erosion and erosion hazards are most likely to be taken over by the sowing of perennial herbs. Thus, perennial herbs, in particular, accumulate the nitrogen atmosphere of the legumes, enriches the soil with organic matter, accelerates the formation of water-resistant granular - topical structure and improves its water-physical properties, which in turn facilitates the rapid digestion of foodstuffs.

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3

Matsuyama, Yoichi. "After Effects." Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 65, no. 3 (2011): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.65.312.

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4

Paolo, Antonio, and Alvaro Choi. "School Composition Effects in Spain: Accounting for Interceptand Slope Effects." Revista Hacienda Pública Española 210, no. 3 (2014): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.14.3.3.

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5

Cetin Sanlialp, Sara. "The Cardiovascular Effects of Energy Drinks." Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health 4, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asnh.2020.04.the-cardiovascular-effects-of-energy-drinks.

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6

Mielenz, Thelma J., Janet K. Freburger, and Timothy S. Carey. "TREATMENT EFFECTS 101." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 3, no. 5 (October 11, 2015): 1198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2015.173.

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7

Sutheebanjard, Phaisarn, and Wichian Premchaiswadi. "Analysis of Calendar Effects: Day-of-the-Week Effect on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET)." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 1, no. 1 (2010): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2010.v1.11.

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8

Nespolo, Massimo, and Giovanni Ferraris. "Effects of the stacking faults on the calculated electron density of mica polytypes - The Durovic effect." European Journal of Mineralogy 13, no. 6 (November 26, 2001): 1035–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-1035.

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9

Norin, Jon. "Geomorphological effects of lightning." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 30, no. 2 (July 9, 1986): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/30/1986/141.

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10

Leonenko, N. S. "TOXIC EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES." Biotechnologia Acta 10, no. 3 (June 2017): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech10.03.007.

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11

NAIR, SANDANU R., and ABDUL RAHIM. "Effects of Nanomaterial on Concrete." International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering 10, no. 01 (March 6, 2017): 05–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijee.2017.10.0102.

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12

Nagarajan, N. "Effects of Snakebite in India." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 05 (May 12, 2017): 21752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i5.85.

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13

Mahala, Prakash, and Suman Choudhary. "Effects of Tuberculosis in Pregnancy." Journal of Nurse Midwifery and Maternal Health 5, no. 2 (2019): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jnmmh.2454.7506.5219.6.

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14

KUZIOR, Paulina. "Criminality issues - causes, types, effects ." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2017, no. 110 (2017): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2017.110.12.

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15

Janků, Martina, Lucie Činčalová, Lenka Luhová, Jan Lochman, and Marek Petřivalský. "Biological effects of oomycetes elicitins." Plant Protection Science 56, No. 1 (December 13, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2019-pps.

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Successful plant defence responses to pathogen challenges are based on fast and specific pathogen recognition and plant reaction mechanisms. Elicitins, proteinaceous elicitors secreted by the Phytophthora and Pythium species, were first described in Phytophthora culture filtrates as proteins able to induce a hypersensitive response (HR) and resistance in tobacco at low concentrations. Later, they were classified as microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) able to induce defences in a variety of plant species. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the actual knowledge on the representative elicitins and their structure, perception and activation of plant signalling pathways. The current research of elicitins has been focused on a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the elicitin recognition by plant cells. Moreover, the possibility of elicitin involvement in the establishment and enhancement of plant host resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens has been intensively studied.

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16

Krickl, Robert, Lutz Götze Nasdala, Dieter Grambole, and Richard Wirth. "Alpha-irradiation effects in SiO2." European Journal of Mineralogy 20, no. 4 (August 29, 2008): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1842.

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17

Sedgwick, P. "Treatment effects and placebo effects." BMJ 350, jan16 3 (January 16, 2015): h267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h267.

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18

Green, Michael D., and Marian G. Michaels. "TACROLIMUS: EFFECTS AND SIDE EFFECTS." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 18, no. 4 (April 1999): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199904000-00014.

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19

Sherrick, Brett. "The Effects of Media Effects." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 93, no. 4 (July 10, 2016): 906–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699016637108.

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Prior research in the third-person effects domain has shown that people who believe in harmful media effects are more willing to engage in preventive or accommodative strategies, such as censorship. This research extends that supposition by testing a thus-far unstudied strategy: negative evaluations of media companies. Results show that an overall belief in harmful media effects is connected to negative evaluations of the media companies potentially responsible for those effects. The third-person perceptual gap is not related to these negative evaluations of media companies, suggesting important differences between third-person effects research and influence of presumed media influence research.

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20

Grimaldi, Franco, Giovanni Proto, and Fabio Bertolissi. "Flutamide—Effects and Side Effects." Fertility and Sterility 59, no. 4 (April 1993): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55890-7.

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21

Ellison, David H., and Johannes Loffing. "Thiazide Effects and Adverse Effects." Hypertension 54, no. 2 (August 2009): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.129171.

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22

MyoHtike, Zin. "EFFECTS EMPLOYEE’S ETHIC ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 04 (February 29, 2020): 1543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr201122.

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23

Rao, Ruupa. "Effects and Advantages of Online Training." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, no. 7 (September 1, 2018): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/57858.

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24

Kim, Jaejun, and Myung-Kwan Park. "MERGE-LABELING, Transfer, and CED Effects." Studies in Modern Grammar 115 (September 30, 2022): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14342/smog.2022.115.27.

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Jaejun Kim and Myung-Kwan Park. 2022. MERGE-LABELING, Transfer, and CED Effects. Studies in Modern Grammar 115, 27-50. Since the postulation of Huang’s (1982) condition on extraction domain (CED), adjuncts and subjects have been standardly assumed to be opaque for extraction. However, the CED is empirically contradicted by cases where certain adjuncts and subjects are not islands to movement. Given this background, we propose that adjuncts in general are immediately transferred to resolve a problematic configuration {XP, YP} where labeling cannot be determined (i.e., problem of projection (POP)). Being sent to Transfer, extraction from adjuncts is barred. However, as uncovered by Truswell (2007), there are exceptional adjuncts in which extraction from them is occasionally permitted. In such cases, we claim that labeling via feature sharing can be achieved in the mode of restructuring or reanalysis (cf. Choe 1988; Wurmbrand 2001). Since labeling is properly determined, sub-extraction from them naturally follows. Concerning the typical subjects that ban movement from them, we argue that it is due to the labeling-wise defectiveness of T in English; movement from Spec,TP to Spec,CP is not allowed owing to the prior Transfer of typical subjects in Spec,TP position. With respect to certain exceptional subjects in which sub-extraction from them is licit, we recourse to the determination of labeling at their landing sites; thus, the island-hood of such subjects is voided. All in all, the present paper deduces CED effects within the system of MERGE through labeling and Transfer.

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25

Gupta, PD. "Effects of Low Estrogens: Vaginal Atrophy." Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/096.

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Estrogens are the group of hormones which makes a woman a woman. Girls at menarche start making it and under normal conditions sufficient levels are maintained in the women's body until menopause. During perimenopause, menopause and postmenopause the hormone levels start fluctuating and if maintained low for a longer period, it starts giving various problems. Fluctuating levels of estrogen causes, hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, depression, and mood swings. Sleep disturbances brain fog and may be heart disease, osteoporosis, obesity and the appearance of unwanted facial hair. These problems can be overcome by supplementing with phytoestrogens or hormone replacement therapy.

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26

Nadtoka, Oksana. "Nonlinear Optical Effects in Polymeric Azoesters." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2010): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht04.03.185.

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The new photochromic polymers based on methacrylic azoesters were synthesized. The azobenzene side chains of obtained polymers contain different groups of both acceptor and donor nature as well as flexible alkyl spacer. The third order nonlinear optical susceptibilities (3) of the studied solutions were measured by degenerating four wave mixing (DFWM) method. As a result, the enhancement of the molecular conjugation and the high NLO chromophore concentration in the molecular chain contribute much to heightening the third-order NLO effect. The electronic effect of the substituent on the azobenzol group and the push–pull electronic structure contributes much to enhancing the NLO property

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27

Garg, Pragati, and Swati Yadav. "OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC DRUGS." Era's Journal of Medical Research 6, no. 1 (June 2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24041/ejmr2019.111.

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28

Sara, Cetin. "The Cardiovascular Effects of Energy Drinks." Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/041.

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29

K, Pushkala. "Effects of Low Estrogens: Vaginal Atrophy." Open Access Journal of Gynecology 6, no. 4 (November 2, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajg-16000224.

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Estrogens are the group of hormones which makes a woman a woman. Girls at menarche start making it and under normal conditions sufficient levels are maintained in the women’s body until menopause. During perimenopause, menopause and postmenopause the hormone levels start fluctuating and if maintained low for a longer period, it starts giving various problems. Fluctuating levels of estrogen causes, hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, depression, and mood swings. Sleep disturbances brain fog and may be heart disease, osteoporosis, obesity and the appearance of unwanted facial hair. These problems can be overcome by supplementing with phytoestrogens or hormone replacement therapy

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30

Vorobyeva, Valentina, Irina Vorobyeva, Alla Kochetkova, Vladimir Mazo, Sergey Zorin, and Khaider Sharafetdinov. "Specialized hypocholesterolemic foods: Ingredients, technology, effects." Foods and Raw Materials 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-20-29.

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Introduction. Overweight and obesity are leading risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MS). From 20 to 35% of Russian people have this condition, depending on their age. MS is a precursor of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Specialized foods (SFs) with hypocholesteremic effects are an important component of the diet therapy for MS patients. Creating local SFs to optimize the nutritional status of MS patients and prevent related diseases is a highly promising area of research. The aim of our study was to develop the formulation and technology of SFs and evaluate their effectiveness in MS treatment. Study objects and methods. The objects of the study were food ingredients and SFs. Safety indicators and micronutrient contents were determined by standard methods, whereas nutritional and energy values and amino acid contents were determined by calculation. Results and discussion. Based on medical requirements, we selected functional ingredients and developed a formulation and technology of SFs with an optimized protein, fat, and carbohydrate composition. The formulation included essential micronutrients and biologically active substances with a desirable physiological effect. Clinical trials involved 15 MS patients aged from 27 to 59. For two weeks, they had a low-calorie standard diet with one serving of SFs in the form of a drink instead of a second breakfast. The patients showed a significant improvement in anthropometric indicators. Blood serum tests revealed decreased contents of total cholesterol (by 16.9%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 15.3%), and triglycerides (by 27.9%). Conclusion. We developed technical specifications and produced a pilot batch of SFs. The trials showed an improvement of lipid metabolism in the MS patients who were taking SFs as part of their diet therapy.

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31

WEBER, R. "Effects." Journal of Catalysis 122, no. 1 (March 1990): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(90)90271-k.

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32

Kamel, Eman Mohamed, Shimaa Anter Fareed, and Nassar Ayoub. "THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY SODOIUM NITRITE SUPPLEMENTATION ON JEJUNAL MUCOSA AND POSSIBLE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF VITAMIN A IN ALBINO RATS." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 8, no. 1.1 (January 5, 2020): 7256–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2019.355.

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33

Koganemaru, Masaaki, Keisuke Yoshida, Naohiro Tada, Toru Ikeda, Noriyuki Miyazaki, and Hajime Tomokage. "OS20-3-1 Evaluation of uniaxial-stress effects on DC characteristics of n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2011.10 (2011): _OS20–3–1—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2011.10._os20-3-1-.

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34

Schüttler, J. "Anaesthetic potency — effects and side effects." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 3, no. 4 (August 1990): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199003040-00006.

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35

Schüttler, J. "Anaesthetic potency — effects and side effects." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 3, no. 4 (August 1990): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199008000-00006.

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36

Sear, John W. "Anaesthetic effects, potency, and side effects." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 6, no. 4 (August 1993): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199308000-00003.

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37

Orchard, Dominic, and Nobuko Yoshida. "Effects as sessions, sessions as effects." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 51, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 568–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2914770.2837634.

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38

Zhang, Yan Anthea, and Hongyan May Qu. "Gender Effects or Gender Change Effects?" Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (January 2014): 11981. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.11981abstract.

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39

Cohen, Liron, Sofia Abreu Faro, and Ross Tate. "The Effects of Effects on Constructivism." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 347 (November 2019): 87–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2019.09.006.

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40

Walach, H. "Non-specific effects, placebo effects, healing effects—All doctors are healers." European Journal of Integrative Medicine 1 (November 2008): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2008.08.061.

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41

Jacob, Rolf G., Margaret A. Chesney, David M. Williams, Yijun Ding, and Alvin P. Shapiro. "Relaxation Therapy for Hypertension: Design Effects and Treatment Effects2." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 13, no. 1 (1991): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/13.1.5.

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Abstract The outcome literature on relaxation therapy for hypertension is surveyed and compared with the results of a recent meta-analysis, the Hypertension Intervention Pooling Project (HIPP). The results in the literature appear more favorable than those obtained in the HIPP. It seems that different impressions regarding the efficacy of relaxation therapy are reached depending on whether all studies or only methodologically sophisticated studies are examined. Besides pre-treatment pressure, the effect of baseline entry characteristics of a study were found to affect outcome: the largest declines in systolic pressure were reported in studies that included only one baseline session and used patients who were new to the outcome measurement setting. Comparing the changes of blood pressure in response to different treatment modalities yielded few differences once the effects of pre-treatment pressure and baseline entry characteristics had been considered; nevertheless, further research might be indicated to assess the effect of stress- or anxiety-management and EMG-biofeedback-assisted relaxation, using appropriate designs. The possibility of patient characteristics predisposing to successful treatment outcome was considered, but no clear findings are available at this time. A final concern is a possible lack of generalization of the relaxation effect outside of the blood pressure measurement situation; the declines in blood pressure observed with relaxation therapy may be transient and specific for the measurement situation.

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42

Lee, Tae-Hoon. "담배에 부착된 담뱃갑 경고 그림이 금연효과에 미치는 영향." Journal of Industrial Convergence 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22678/jic.2020.18.1.045.

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43

Y, Khetib. "Statistical and Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Wellbore Trajectories in Williston Basin Horizontal Wells and their Effects on Production Performance." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (October 20, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000320.

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Unconventional plays development requires multistage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells; the wells’ trajectories are complexes and follow different patterns, such as toe-up, toe-down, hold-toe-up, and hold-toe- down. The trajectories patterns and undulations are caused by different factors and do have different consequences on the production performances, literature lacks field data highlighting the effect of the wells’ trajectories on production performance, thus the importance of the present paper’s statistical analysis. The objective of the study is to identify the influence of wells trajectories on their performances based on the public production database provided by the North Dakota Industrial Commission (NDIC) for Williston Basin wells. To achieve the objective, it is required to characterize the undulation and trajectories, Firstly, based on the literature review, drilling methods and technologies used during the lateral section drilling do have an impact, and their selection is crucial for final undulations status and trajectories which influences the production behavior of the wells. Secondly, using an in-house developed code, 22,867 North Dakota Williston Basin drilled horizontal wells are analyzed, and the average angle change (AAC) is calculated for each individual lateral leg, along with the angles arithmetic average (AAA) and Sinuosity Index (SI). Due to the apparent erratic production behavior, a parameter has been defined called Normalized Production Efficiency (NPE) for Oil, Water, and Gas phases, specifically defined to remove 1) the effect of spatially distributed productivity variation, i.e. center of the basin is more productive than the basin periphery. 2) different stimulation treatment sizes, and 3) Early time production peaks. And then the Normalized Production Efficiency was plotted through heat maps and through scatter plots to observe its dependence on the undulations-related parameters. First, it is found that the Williston basin is dominated by toe-down wells and based on the literature review the following statements are inferred, 1) In terms of production performances when compared to the toe-up trajectories, fewer flow instabilities are expected. 2) Higher risk of water and solids accumulation are to be considered, and 3) Larger gas-oil-ratio variation during well production is to be expected. Second, the Normalized production efficiency exhibits a weak inverse correlation to the AAC, where higher AAC tends to correspond to lower normalized production efficiency meaning lower cumulative oil produced. Interestingly the normalized production efficiency parameter forms a bell-shaped scatter plot with the AAA parameter suggesting a spatial dependency as it is expected to see fewer deviated wells in the basin center compared to its flanks. After plotting the NPE for oil, AVG, and AAC on a heat map across the basin, it is shown that no special dependency is exhibited. Similar results are observed for NPE of Water and Gas. The study concludes that flat and toe-down trajectories have the highest probability of showing higher productivity regardless of the well position in the basin or its stimulation treatment. Except the described trend No claim on a quantifiable relationship, with regards to trajectory or undulations can be made and a more detailed study is required, with better assessment of formation quality variability across the basin, and parent, child wells interactions.

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44

Cognasse, Fabrice, Kathryn Hally, Sebastien Fauteux-Daniel, Marie-Ange Eyraud, Charles-Antoine Arthaud, Jocelyne Fagan, Patrick Mismetti, et al. "Effects and Side Effects of Platelet Transfusion." Hämostaseologie 41, no. 02 (March 12, 2021): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1347-6551.

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AbstractAside from their canonical role in hemostasis, it is increasingly recognized that platelets have inflammatory functions and can regulate both adaptive and innate immune responses. The main topic this review aims to cover is the proinflammatory effects and side effects of platelet transfusion. Platelets prepared for transfusion are subject to stress injury upon collection, preparation, and storage. With these types of stress, they undergo morphologic, metabolic, and functional modulations which are likely to induce platelet activation and the release of biological response modifiers (BRMs). As a consequence, platelet concentrates (PCs) accumulate BRMs during processing and storage, and these BRMs are ultimately transfused alongside platelets. It has been shown that BRMs present in PCs can induce immune responses and posttransfusion reactions in the transfusion recipient. Several recent reports within the transfusion literature have investigated the concept of platelets as immune cells. Nevertheless, current and future investigations will face the challenge of encompassing the immunological role of platelets in the scope of transfusion.

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45

Blevins, R. L. "File Effects Sound Effects on Compact Disk." Computer Music Journal 18, no. 1 (1994): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3680530.

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46

Lander, David. "Random-Effects Meta-analysis of Inconsistent Effects." Annals of Internal Medicine 161, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/l14-5017-7.

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47

Keum, NaNa, Chung-Cheng Hsieh, and Nancy Cook. "Random-Effects Meta-analysis of Inconsistent Effects." Annals of Internal Medicine 161, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/l14-5017-8.

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48

Cornell, John E. "Random-Effects Meta-analysis of Inconsistent Effects." Annals of Internal Medicine 161, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/l14-5017-9.

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49

Dawid, A. Philip, and Monica Musio. "Effects of Causes and Causes of Effects." Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 9, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-statistics-070121-061120.

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We describe and contrast two distinct problem areas for statistical causality: studying the likely effects of an intervention (effects of causes) and studying whether there is a causal link between the observed exposure and outcome in an individual case (causes of effects). For each of these, we introduce and compare various formal frameworks that have been proposed for that purpose, including the decision-theoretic approach, structural equations, structural and stochastic causal models, and potential outcomes. We argue that counterfactual concepts are unnecessary for studying effects of causes but are needed for analyzing causes of effects. They are, however, subject to a degree of arbitrariness, which can be reduced, though not in general eliminated, by taking account of additional structure in the problem.

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Smith, Herbert L. "Effects of Causes and Causes of Effects." Sociological Methods & Research 43, no. 3 (February 10, 2014): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124114521149.

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