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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effects of water pollution on'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bird, Linda Margaret. "The effects of saline pumping water on freshwater invertebrate communities." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253693.

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2

Rolph, R. P. G. "The effects of dichlorvos on intertidal communities." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1316.

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3

Southern, Roger L. "The effects of oil spillages on soil fauna." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357081.

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4

Hebel, Dagmar Karina. "Effects of copper on gill structure and physiology in Carcinus maenas." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2296.

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The effects of sublethal copper exposure at three levels of biological organisation were studied in the common shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea, Decapoda). The three levels included the ultrastructure of respiratory and osmoregulatory gill tissues; ventilatory physiology (scaphognathite activity); and tissue metallothionein levels. Respiratory gill epithelia were more sensitive to sublethal copper exposure than osmoregulatory gill tissues. The cellular damage observed included severe epithelial necrosis and vacuolation, hyperplasia and haemocyte infiltration. In the respiratory gills

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5

Van, Egmond Roger Albert. "The effects of organic pollution on fish detoxification mechanisms and reproduction." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386002.

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6

Amakiri, Jonathan Ombo. "Effects of oil pollution on the saltmarch grass Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37616.

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7

Berktay, Ali. "The effects of pressure on aerobic biological wastewater treatment using rotating biological contractors." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1993. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11709.

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The aim of this research was to investigate the application and effects of pressure on an aerobic biological wastewater treatment process. For the purpose of the investigation two specially designed, identical, laboratory-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) units were constructed. One of these was held in a steel pressure vessel while the reference unit was operated open to the atmosphere. The treatment capabilities of the pressurized unit, as compared to those of the reference unit, were determined for a variety of organic loadings at increasing pressures up to a limit of 6 bar. During

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8

Bruce, Lorna J. "The effects of heavy metal-rich sewage sludge on Collembola communities in grassland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266457.

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9

Sanyi, Hassan H. A. R. "Effects of liming of upland soils on nutrient mobilities in relation to water quality." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1989. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU020937.

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The work in this thesis relates to understanding the potential effects of using surface liming of upland soils to ameliorate water acidification. Effects on vegetation, soil, and drainage water chemistry are considered. Part I of this thesis reviews the environmental conditions of British Uplands (climate, soils and vegetation), and the relevant literature on water acidification in North-East Scotland. In Part II, each chapter deals with materials, methods used, discussion of the results and conclusion for one of a series of individual experiments. This pattern is followed for a number of labo

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10

Tan, Lo 1963. "The effects of activated carbon adsorption and ozonation on trihalomethane speciation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276953.

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Two surface water sources in the southwestern United States, Colorado River Water (CRW) and California State Project Water (SPW), were studied in bench-scale experiments examining two Trihalomethane (THM) precursor removal processes, activated carbon adsorption and ozone oxidation. Both source water contained bromide (Br-) ion leading to brominated THMs upon chlorination. Activated carbon removed THM precursors, as measured by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), while having little effect on bromide. The net result was an increase in the ratio of Br-/DOC and an increase in the relative abundance o

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11

Dooa, Anita. "The effects of metals on plants in the Avonmouth area with particular reference to Lemna minor." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336516.

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12

Jobling, Susan. "Environmental oestrogenic chemicals and their effects on sexual development in male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)." Thesis, Brunel University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262498.

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13

Pandia, Setiaty. "The effects of detergents in wastewater on foaming at activated sludge plants and on receiving water quality." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277392.

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14

Kozak, Caroline. "Water quality assessment and its effects on diffuse pollution considering a new water quality and quanttity approach." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/43629.

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Orientador : Prof. Cristóvão V. S. Fernandes, PhD<br>Coorientador : Prof. Sérgio M. Braga, D.Sc<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Recursos Hídricos e Ambiental. Defesa: Curitiba, 18/03/2016<br>Inclui referências : f.165-174<br>Resumo: Os processos de poluição difusa, assim como as fontes de poluição pontual, podem causar degradação da qualidade da água nos rios. As fontes difusas são abrangentes e de difícil quantificação além de receberem grande influência dos eventos de chuva. Quando a chuva acontece, o

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15

Poulton, Madeline June. "Toxic effects of freshwater pollutants on the survival, behaviour and reproduction of Gammarus pulex (L.) and Asellus aquaticus (L.)." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320266.

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The toxic effects of cadmium on aspects of the survival, behaviour and reproduction of Gammarus pulex and Asellus aquaticus are described in some detail. Some of the laboratory procedures were validated in field experiments. The presence of the parasites Pomphorhynchus laevis and Echinorhynchu_s1truttae does not modify the toxicity of cadmium (0.01-1.0 mgl ) to their intermediate-Fost G. pu7ex. Pretreatment for 24 hours with 0-47 μgl cadmium alters the distribution of separation times when precopula pairs of G. pu7ex are disrupted by the invertebrate anaesthetic 2- phenoxyethanol. Precop1la is

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16

Tizini, Omar Abdullah. "Heavy metal concentrations in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) from the North Eastern Irish Sea and their possible effects on growth." Thesis, University of Salford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272959.

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17

Millward, R. N. "The effects of chronic and acute metal-enrichment of the nematode community structure, composition and function in Restronguet Creek, SW England." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296865.

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18

Leaver, Michael J. "Studies on the effects of oiled drill cuttings on marine sediments and on the hepatic cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases of plaice." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU010249.

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Section 1 deals with the effects of four low toxicity oiled drill cuttings samples and one diesel oiled cuttings sample on marine sediments. The sediments were contained in 18 onshore tank systems and, after equilibration for 3 months, cuttings were added at levels comparable to those found at about 500m from North Sea oil installations. Tanks containing uncontaminated sediments acted as controls. All contaminated tanks showed identical changes in redox profiles, becoming most reduced after 3 months and gradually recovering thereafter. The highest sulphide levels were recorded in tanks with th

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19

Mejía, Manuel. "Effects of water table management on water quality and strip cropped corn-soybean yields." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27378.

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A two-year field study was carried out in eastern Ontario to investigate the effects of water table management (WTM) on water quality and crop yields. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) were planted in alternate strips across the three treatments of 50 cm controlled water table (CWT), 75 cm CWT and free drainage (FD). Drainflow volume and nitrate-N concentration of the drainage water were measured. Soil samples were collected and analysed for total N, P, K, available N, soil moisture and organic matter levels. Chlorophyll-meter readings and plant harvest parameters were also me

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20

Boryslawskyj, Michael. "The dynamics and effects of persistent organochlorine insecticides in a freshwater system." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292246.

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21

Ruiz, Jose Miguel. "Metallic pollution in estuaries, with special reference to the effects of tributyltin (TBT) and copper on the early life stages of Scrobicularia plana (Mollusca: Bivalvia)." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2480.

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During the 1980s a decline in populations of the bivalve Scrobicularia plana was noted in several U.K. estuaries: tributyltin (TBT) was suspected of being the cause although its toxicity to adults could not be demonstrated except at elevated concentrations; disappearance of clam populations has been also observed in other European countries. Laboratory tests have revealed that: i) D-larvae hatching from embryos after 48 hours in TBT concentrations of 188 ngSn/l amounted to < 50% of control values, and doses of 364 ngSn/l or 20 µgCu/l prevented normal development in = 90% of embryos. ii) plankt

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22

AlKindi, Abdulaziz Yahya Ahmed. "The effects of the water-soluble fraction of crude oil on flounders and larvae of turbot." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260638.

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23

Wong, Tiow P. "Polyacrylamide (PAM) Effects on Viruses and Bacteria Transport in an Unsaturated Oxisol." Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22251.

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Experiments were to study the effects of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) on viruses and bacteria movement in soil. A water pollution problem which affects all areas with significant rainfall is soil erosion and subsequent transport of soil and all land-based pollutants. In recent year, high molecular weight polymers, such as anionic polyacrylamides (PAMs), have been used for soil erosion control and subsequent environmental problems. PAM is found to enhance infiltration. Land application of manure, sludge, and wastewater is common in many areas of the world, including the United States. Bacteria,

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24

Arrueta, Antequera Lourdes D. "Simulating the effects of behavioral and landscape heterogeneity on non-point source pollution." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1589943030581552.

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25

Sharifi, Abdol Rahim. "Heavy-metal pollution and its effects on recent foraminiferids from Southampton Water, southern England, UK." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316316.

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26

Wallace, Katherine Hay. "Trading pollution for water quality : assessing the effects of market-based instruments in three basins." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39938.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-90).<br>Since its passage in 1972, the majority of pollution reduction under the federal Clean Water Act has resulted from technology-based limits imposed on point source dischargers. However, most U.S. water bodies are unmonitored and of those that are, between 40 and 50 percent remain impaired. Given this limited progress, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, multiple state agencies, and non-governmental organizations have proposed water qualit

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27

Redick, Melinda. "Effects of Sublethal Copper Exposure on Escape Behavior and Growth of Rana pipiens Tadpoles." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3119/.

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This research is designed to test how sublethal exposure to copper affects tadpole predator-escape behavior and how quickly tadpoles recover. After exposure, tadpoles were separated. Escape behavior was recorded for two-thirds of exposed tadpoles while one-third of the exposed population was measured weekly to determine growth and recovery. Control tadpoles were consumed within 15 minutes whereas those exposed to higher concentrations were consumed at a slower rate, which does not support the hypotheses. Although the rate of predation was lower, tadpoles exposed to higher Cu concentrations wer

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28

Gheorghiu, Cristina. "Concentration-dependent effects of waterborne zinc on the interactions between Gyrodactylus turnbulli (Monogenea) and the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102979.

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This research investigated the effects of waterborne zinc (Zn) on the interactions between guppies, Poecilia reticulata (Peters), and Gyrodactylus turnbulli Harris, 1986, a monogenean parasite of its skin and fins. The first objective was to determine if sublethal concentrations of waterborne Zn (up to 240 mug/L added to artificial freshwater) exerted a concentration-dependent effect on the population dynamics of Gyrodactylus on isolated guppies. Whereas survival of uninfected fish was unaffected, mortality of infected fish increased linearly with increasing Zn concentration. In addition, the

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29

Lang, David A. King Ryan Steven. "Effects of nutrient enrichment on alkaline phosphatase activity and nitrogen fixation potential in stream periphyton." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5071.

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30

Tessier, Catherine. "Ecotoxicological impacts of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, a new food source for lesser scaup, Aythia affinis." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34468.

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Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have invaded a great proportion of the waters of the eastern part of North America. This mollusk may be a useful sentinel species for bioaccumulation of heavy metals and organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. The zebra mussel's capacity to bioaccumulate cadmium at environmentally relevant exposure and to sequester metals in metal-binding proteins, metallothioneins, was investigated. Elevated (relative to control) concentrations of Cd$ sp{2+}$ were detected in Dreissena exposed to $ ge$2 $ mu$g Cd/liter suggesting that zebra mussels cannot regulate Cd$

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31

Sarakinos, Helen C. "The use of chemical analyses, bioassays and benthic biomonitoring in the toxicity assessment of complex industrial effluents." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0019/MQ44271.pdf.

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32

Mohan, C. V. "Modulatory effects of cadmium and copper on the susceptibility and immune response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L) to selected pathogens." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280056.

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33

Thomas, Kevin Victor. "Characterisation and environmental effects of unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/462.

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The gas chromatograms of crude oil hydrocarbons reveal both resolved and unresolved components. The unresolved feature is commonly referred to as the unresolved complex mixture (UCM). UCMs are thought to result from the co-elution of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties and become more obvious as resolved components are removed by processes such as weathering and refining. Consequently UCMs are a prominent feature in oil-polluted sediments, biodegraded crudes and refineiT products. The characterisation of both aliphatic and aromatic unresolved complex mixtures (UCM

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34

Love, Danielle M. Matthews Robin A. "Effects of salmon-derived nutrients on an artificial stream system /." Online version, 2009. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=321&CISOBOX=1&REC=9.

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35

Alloy, Matthew Michael. "Effects of Suspended Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Daphnid Growth and Reproduction." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28383/.

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Multi-walled carbon nanotube aggregates can be suspended in the aqueous phase by natural organic matter. These aggregates are ingested by filter feeding zooplankton. Ingested aggregates result in decreased growth and decreased reproduction. These effects may be caused by reduction in energy input from normal feeding behavior. pH alters natural organic matter structure through changes in electrostatic repulsion. Altered natural organic matter structure changes multi-walled carbon nanotube aggregate size. This size variation with variation in pH is significant, but not large enough a change in s

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36

Lonergan, Sean P. "Macroinvertebrate community responses to acidification : isolating the effects of pH from other water chemistry variables." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68205.

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The effect of lake acidification was evaluated, in the field, in terms of its impact on both the structural and functional composition of the macrozoobenthic community. The littoral macrozoobenthic community and water chemistry of 45 Canadian Shield lakes was sampled. The water chemistry variables sampled included pH, total dissolved calcium, conductivity, and dissolved organic acid (measured as colour). Partial canonical correlation analysis and partial regression analysis were used to identify those components of the macrozoobenthic community that most directly reflected pH variability. This

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37

Chernicharo, Carlos Augusto de Lemos. "The effect of temperature and substrate concentration on the performance of U.A.S.B. reactors." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308963.

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38

Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. "The effect of heavy metals on the marine ciliate Euplotes mutabilis (Tuffrau, 1960)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358875.

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39

Tijunelyte, Inga. "Development of SERS nanosensor for detection of water pollution." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD007/document.

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La pollution des eaux par des composés organiques constitue un problème mondial majeur. Parmi cescomposés, les molécules aromatiques de faibles masses molaires constituent une famille largementrependue dont la toxicité et la cancérogénicité est avérée et bien documentée. La Directive-CadreEuropéenne sur l’eau (2000/60/EC, 2006/118/EC and 2006/11/EC) établit des normes de qualitéenvironnementales ayant pour objectif d’améliorer la qualité des eaux. Dans ce contexte, ledéveloppement d’outils analytiques robustes, permettant de détecter et de quantifier précisément et insitula présence de polluan

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40

Chingombe, Wisemen. "Effects of land-cover - land-use on water quality within the Kuils - Eerste River catchment." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5893_1373463134.

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<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt<br>line-height:150%<br>font-family:&quot<br>Times New Roman&quot<br>,&quot<br>serif&quot<br>">The most significant human impacts on the hydrological system are due to land-use change. The conversion of land to agricultural, mining, industrial, or residential uses significantly alters the hydrological characteristics of the land surface and modifies pathways and rates of water flow. If this occurs over large or critical areas of a catchment, it can have significant short and long-term impacts, on the quality of water. While there are methods availa

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41

Dando, Chrtistine. "The effect of zinc on physiological function in Gammarus pulex : a between-individual variation approach." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274947.

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42

Shaw, Peter James. "The effect of humic substances on the speciation and bioavailability of iron and phosphate in lakes." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239867.

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43

Tennakoon, Nihal Ananda. "Effect of heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge on biological and chemical properties of coniferous forest soils." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU549118.

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A field study was carried out at Ardross forest, northern Scotland where heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge had been applied to a peaty podzol at rates of 500 (low) and 1000 (high) kg N ha-1 before tree (Sitka spruce) planting. Nitrogen mineralisation rates determined by field incubation of sealed cores ranged from 3.7 to 4.5 and 7.3 to 9.4 kg N h-1 over the growing season (May to September, 1991) in soils amended with low and high rates of sludge respectively. For the control soil, to which no sludge had been added, mineralisation rates ranged from 2.4 to 2.9 kg N ha-1. Mineralisation of

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44

Warwick, Oliver William Tindle. "The use of a biomarker to assess the effect of xenobiotic exposure on the freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10191/.

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Contamination of freshwaters is of concern because of its effect on ecosystem health. The effect of contamination can be assessed at all levels of biological organisation, from the ecosystem level to the molecular level. At the biochemical level, enzymes that are involved in the detoxification of organic chemical contaminants are useful as markers of contaminant exposure as they are often one of the first systems to respond to chemical exposure. Furthermore, changes in the activity of these enzymes may be indicative of effects at higher levels of biological organisation. In this study, the use

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45

Poff, Boris, and Daniel G. Neary. "International Co-Operative Program on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests: The Sierra Ancha Experimental Forest, Arizona." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296685.

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46

Watson, Jay L. "Collective action problems and cumulative effects : addressing pollution of marine waters in Hood Canal, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5515.

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47

Laopaiboon, Lakkana. "The effect of sublethal and lethal concentration of biocides on the performance and characteristics of rotating biological contactors and the properties of their biofilms." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369763.

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48

Chivers, Alicia M. "Investigating the Effects of 17α-Ethynylestradiol on Mitochondrial Genome Stability". PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2989.

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Environmental toxicants are ubiquitous throughout the environment as a result of human activity. Among these toxicants, environmental estrogens are a category of particular concern due to their environmental prevalence and potency in altering reproductive traits. While many studies have addressed the detrimental effects of environmental estrogens on both aquatic and terrestrial organisms, few have analyzed the potential for these compounds to alter mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are the primary energy-generating system for all eukaryotic life, supporting all aspects of development, metab

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49

Womack, Michael. "Temporal effects on orhophosphate removal from municipal wastewater in a subsurface-flow constructed wetland." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1020163.

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Orthophosphate removal from wastewater in a subsurface-flow constructed wetland (SFCW) was studied during the fall of 1995. The SFCW consisted of a cell with an impervious liner, filled with 1.27 to 3.81 cm river rock and planted with common reeds (Phragmites australis) and soft-stem bulrushes (Scirpus validus). Municipal wastewater was pumped through the wetland and comparisons were made between inlet and outlet orthophosphate concentrations. Comparisons were also made at locations within the cell. A mean orthophosphate reduction of 62% with a range of 91% to 32% was observed for the duration

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50

Nallani, Gopinath C. "Determination of Bioconcentration Potential of Selected Pharmaceuticals in Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas, and Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33189/.

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The primary objective of this work was to determine the tissue-specific bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the selected pharmaceuticals: norethindrone (NET), ibuprofen (IBU), verapamil (VER), clozapine (CLZ) and fenofibrate (FFB) in two freshwater fishes: fathead minnow and channel catfish. BCF tests on fathead followed the standard OECD 42-day test while a 14-day abridged test design was used in catfish exposures. Additional objectives included a) comparing the measured BCFs to the US EPA's BCFWIN model predicted values, b) comparing the BCF results from the standard and reduced tests, and c)

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