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Journal articles on the topic 'Effects of washing'

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Published: 1 April 2023

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1

Dalziel, Katharine. "Atopic subjects—washing effects." British Journal of Dermatology 117, no. 5 (November 1987): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb07509.x.

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2

Yılmaz, Elif, Sevda Altaş, and Nildeniz Adman. "LAMİNASYON TEKNİĞİ İLE ÜRETİLEN FİLMLERE UYGULANAN TEKRARLI YIKAMALARIN, PARLAKLIK, LAMİNASYON KUVVETİ VE OPTİK DANSİTE ÖZELLİKLERİ AÇISINDAN ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ." e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy 15, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2020.15.4.1a0460.

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Metalized yarns are produced by cutting the films in different thicknesses, metalized with aluminum on one or both sides, in a rectangular form in the desired dimensions and wrapping them on bobbins under a certain tension. Textile products made of these yarns are exposed to repetitive washings like most textile products; metal surfaces of metalized yarns are abraded over time, their bright appearance decreases or disappears. It is undesirable because it affects the lifetime of the final product. In the study, laminated films were produced by the lamination technique using different raw materials to produce metalized yarns with the improved fastness and mechanical properties. Laminated films were subjected to repetitive washings at different temperatures, and the effects of washings on the surface appearance of the films, lamination strength, and optical density properties were examined. As a result of the study, it was determined that repetitive washings reduce the lamination strength, the gloss property is affected by raw material type, the sample type, washing temperature, and the number of washing cycles affect the optical density.
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3

TOKUYASU, KIYOTERU. "Effects of washing On positive staining." Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica 25, no. 1/2 (1992): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1267/ahc.25.143.

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4

Wang, Wen-Yi, Jia-Chi Chiou, Joanne Yip, Ka-Fu Yung, and Chi-Wai Kan. "Development of Durable Antibacterial Textile Fabrics for Potential Application in Healthcare Environment." Coatings 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060520.

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Recently, efforts at development of functional textiles with antibacterial effect have accelerated, the purpose being to provide protection against airborne bio-particles and micro-organisms. Growth of microbes on surface of textile materials can be inhibited by biocidal approach and biostatic approach. This paper describes the development of a healthcare textile with durable antibacterial properties by optimizing the conventional and commercialized antimicrobial agent polybiguanide derivative—poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) (PHMB). Pad-dry-cure method was used to coat PHMB on cotton fabrics. The durability to simulated healthcare laundering of the fabric samples was evaluated in detail. Specifically, effects of detergent and washing cycles were examined. It was found that the optimum finishing condition can impart to the fabrics excellent durability for simulated healthcare washing. The fabric samples showed 100% bactericidal effect after 52 washing cycles, and 104 washings slightly reduced the bactericidal activity. Nevertheless, both simulated healthcare washing and coating treatment were found to have slightly negative influence on the hand feel and tearing strength properties of cotton fabrics.
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5

Eriksson, Gunnar, Anders Rasmuson, and Hans Theliander. "Displacement washing of lime mud: tailing effects." Separations Technology 6, no. 3 (July 1996): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-9618(96)00154-3.

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6

Sülar, Vildan, and Eren Oner. "Impact of Repeated Home Laundering on the Cyclic Deformation Performance of Elastane Knitted Sportswear Fabrics." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 1(133) (February 28, 2019): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7513.

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After washing cycles, textiles having minimum deformation, maximum dimensional stability and the same performance of an unused product are major expectations of customers. This study examined the effects of washing cycles on the cyclic deformation of elastane knitted fabrics in detail. 12 knitted fabrics with two different linear densities of viscose yarn and three different polyamide/elastane gimped yarn of two different tightness levels (normal and tight) were used in the experiments. M&S P15A test method were used to evaluate the cyclic deformation of unwashed and washed fabrics (0, 5, 15 and 25 cycles) for four different recovery time periods (0 min, 2 min, 30 min and 24 h). Dimensional change, tightness factor and mass per unit area values were also examined in order to investigate the residual deformation of the fabrics after each washing stages. Consequently, it is determined that the fabrics having 21 tex viscose ground yarn and 78dtex20f elastane gimped yarn with higher setting show less residual extension (%). 5 and 15 washing cycles and a 30 min. recovery time are found significant for all repeated washings.
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7

Phutthichayanon, Thanyada, and Surapol Naowarat. "Effects of Hand Washing Campaign on Dynamical Model of Hand Foot Mouth Disease." International Journal of Modeling and Optimization 5, no. 2 (April 2015): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmo.2015.v5.444.

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8

Zhao, Xu, Bingxin Wang, Li Jiang, Qingbo Yang, and Jianli Liu. "Modeling desorption and adsorption kinetics of reactive red 195 in washing microenvironment." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 17 (January 2022): 155892502211311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589250221131123.

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The faded-on stains of cotton clothes are a common daily phenomenon. The desorption and adsorption of reactive dyes are theoretically responsible for the faded-on stains on cotton clothes in the washing microenvironment, especially when the light color cotton fabrics ( LCFs) are washed together with the cotton fabrics dyed in highly saturated color ( CFSCs). However, the effects of washing parameters on the desorption and adsorption kinetics of reactive dyes and the mitigation of faded-on stains in the washing microenvironment through washing parameter optimization are poorly understood. This study thoroughly discusses the desorption and adsorption behaviors of reactive red 195 in the washing microenvironment from the inhibition of color transfer. Firstly, CFSCs and LCFs were prepared by using reactive red 195 and cotton fabrics. Secondly, the effects of washing parameters, washing temperature, washing liquor ratio, and washing solution pH, on the dye desorption and adsorption rate were studied with the simulated washing device ( SWD), followed by the response surface analysis of washing parameters. Thirdly, the modeling of desorption and adsorption kinetics and velocity were detailed. Finally, the model of dye desorption and adsorption was validated in a drum washing machine ( DWM). The results are helpful for the design of scientific washing procedures to curb the faded-on stains of cotton clothes effectively.
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9

Bogaard, John, and Paul M. Whitmore. "Effects of Dilute Calcium Washing Treatments on Paper." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 40, no. 2 (2001): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3180025.

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10

Sarker, Shikha, Md Rakesh, Md Alam, and Abhijit Roy. "Effects of Dry Washing Process on Denim Garment." Chemical Science International Journal 17, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/csji/2016/29399.

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11

Gwon, Ye-Seul, and Eun Jung Kim. "Effects of Soil Particle Sizes on Soil Washing." Journal of the Korean Society of Urban Environment 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33768/ksue.2018.18.1.53.

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12

Bogaard, John, and Paul M. Whitmore. "Effects of Dilute Calcium Washing Treatments on Paper." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 40, no. 2 (January 2001): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713601806113102.

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13

Xu, Shiguo, Xingning Wang, Wenyan Zhang, Kaihua Xu, Xiaoyan Zhou, Yujun Zhang, Haibo Wang, and Jianqing Zhao. "The effects of washing on LiNi0.83Co0.13Mn0.04O2 cathode materials." Solid State Ionics 334 (June 2019): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2019.01.037.

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14

Lee, Ahjin, Moon Hwo Seo, Seungdo Yang, Joonseok Koh, and Hyungsup Kim. "The effects of mechanical actions on washing efficiency." Fibers and Polymers 9, no. 1 (February 2008): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-008-0017-1.

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15

Hwangbo, Na-Kyung, Na-Eun Nam, Jong-Hoon Choi, and Jong-Eun Kim. "Effects of the Washing Time and Washing Solution on the Biocompatibility and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Dental Resin Materials." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 4410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244410.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is highly regarded in the field of dentistry. Three-dimensional printed resin restorations must undergo a washing process to remove residual resin on the surface after they have been manufactured. However, the effect of the use of different washing solutions and washing times on the biocompatibility of the resulting resin restorations is unclear. Therefore, we prepared 3D-printed denture teeth and crown and bridge resin, and then washed them with two washing solutions (isopropyl alcohol and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether) using different time points (3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min). After this, the cell viability, cytotoxicity, and status of human gingival fibroblasts were evaluated using confocal laser scanning. We also analyzed the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and surface SEM imaging. Increasing the washing time increased the cell viability and decreased the cytotoxicity (p < 0.001). Confocal laser scanning showed distinct differences in the morphology and number of fibroblasts. Increasing the washing time did not significantly affect the flexural strength and surface, but the flexural modulus of the 90 min washing group was 1.01 ± 0.21 GPa (mean ± standard deviation), which was lower than that of all the other groups and decreased as the washing time increased. This study confirmed that the washing time affected the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of 3D printed dental resins.
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16

Zhu, Zhihua, Jianle Wang, Xueqiang Liu, Le Yuan, Xueming Liu, and Hong Deng. "Comparative study on washing effects of different washing agents and conditions on heavy metal contaminated soil." Surfaces and Interfaces 27 (December 2021): 101563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101563.

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17

SAMELIS, JOHN, JOHN N. SOFOS, PATRICIA A. KENDALL, and GARY C. SMITH. "Effect of Acid Adaptation on Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Meat Decontamination Washing Fluids and Potential Effects of Organic Acid Interventions on the Microbial Ecology of the Meat Plant Environment." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.1.33.

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The acid tolerance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 may be pH inducible. Correspondingly, organic acid meat decontamination washing fluids may enhance the establishment of acid-adapted E. coli O157:H7 strains in packing plants, especially in mixtures with water washings from meat that may be of sublethal pH. Acid-adapted and nonadapted cultures of a rifampin-resistant derivative of the acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strain ATCC 43895 were tested to evaluate their survival in meat-washing fluids over a wide pH range. The cultures were exposed (105 CFU/ml) to acidic (2% lactic acid, 2% acetic acid, or a mixture of the two with water washings at ratios of 1/1, 1/9, or 1/99 [vol/vol]) or nonacid (water) meat washings for up to 14 days at 4 or 10°C storage. E. coli O157:H7 survived in water washings, but the low storage temperatures and predominant natural microbiota synergistically inhibited its growth. Compared with acid-adapted populations, nonadapted populations displayed greater potential for survival and a tendency to initiate growth in water meat washings at 10°C. The pathogen survived in most of the acid washings throughout storage (14 days), sometimes with minimal population reductions. Overall, nonadapted populations declined faster than acid-adapted populations, while the declines increased as the acid concentration and temperature of storage increased and were more dramatic in lactate, compared to acetate, washings. Acid-containing washings were selective for growth of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, indicating that organic acid treatments may alter the microbial ecology of meat plant environments and potentially that of the meat. These results should be considered when selecting decontamination technologies for meat.
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18

Nogales-Delgado, S., A. M. Fernández-León, J. Delgado-Adámez, M. T. Hernández-Méndez, and D. Bohoyo-Gil. "Effects of several sanitisers for improving quality attributes of minimally processed Fragaria vesca strawberry." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 1 (January 10, 2013): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/378/2011-cjfs.

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In order to decrease microbial contamination, fresh-cut industry commonly uses sodium hypochlorite as a disinfection agent, however, the by-products such as trihalometanes and chloramines are potentially harmful for human health making necessary the search for alternative disinfectant agents. A comparative study on the effectiveness of different disinfection methods on the quality of minimally processed F. vesca strawberry is presented. The fruit was processed in a clean room through the following steps: reception, cutting, washing, draining, and packaging. The processed strawberries were packaged in thermally sealed polypropylene trays using passive modified atmosphere. During a storage period of 8 days at 4&ordm;C, the quality parameters, sensory attributes, and microbial counts were determined. As conclusion, the use of lactic acid at a concentration of 2.5 g/l in the washing water was effective in reducing microbial counts, maintaining the sensory attributes and quality of the product during the storage. The present study demonstrates that the use of lactic acid in the washing water could be a good alternative of the use of sodium hypochlorite and suggests that strawberries could make an acceptable fresh-cut product. &nbsp;
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19

Zheng, Xiao-Jun, Qi Li, Hao Peng, Jian-Xiong Zhang, Wei-Jiang Chen, Bu-Chan Zhou, and Ming Chen. "Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils with Soil Washing: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 13058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013058.

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Soil with heavy metals’ contamination has caused worldwide concern, and there is an increasing interest in the application of washing agents for the remediation of soils with heavy metals’ contamination. The review summarizes the recent findings about soil washing with different washing agents. For soil washing technologies, the solubilizing capability, toxicity, and biocompatibility of agents are essential concerns. Washing agents can enhance heavy metals’ desorption and removal from soil. Inorganic acids/bases/salts, synthetic surfactants, and synthetic chelators are often limited due to their adverse effects on soil. Biosurfactants, HAs (humic acids), and LMWOA (low-molecular-weight organic acids) are suggested washing agents, but the limitation of their low production needs to be conquered. Moreover, both washing with a mixture agent and sequential washing have often been adopted to improve the overall capacity of the washing agent for decontamination. Mixture washing can obtain the synergetic effect for soil washing and increase washing efficiency. Sequential washing can apply an agent with a high heavy metals removal rate. However, this may cause environmental risks in the early stage, and then remove the washing agent injected in the early stage by the secondary washing stage. Overall, the already known cases reveal the good prospect of soil washing for soil remediation.
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20

Amir, Nizar, Makhfud Efendy, Rachmad Hidayat, and Misri Gozan. "The Effects of Dry and Wet Grinding Processes on The Salt Quality." E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132807011.

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Studies were conducted on the salt quality, such as NaCl percent and whiteness achieved by dry and wet grinding methods. Crude solar salt is carefully collected from traditional solar salt ponds to ensure the uniformity of the sample. Several salt processing methods were applied in this research, such as washing, grinding, and dewatering by centrifuge hydro extractor and drying. The effect of reducing salt particle size to 0.6 and 0.25 mm was also studied. The dry grinding method is conducted before the washing stage, while the wet grinding method is applied after the washing stage. Both dry and wet grinding methods provide high-quality salt products, indicating high NaCl percent and whiteness. The dry grinding method produces higher NaCl percent and whiteness than the wet grinding method. However, the wet grinding method was better in water management and equipment durability with loss of salt losses during the washing stage. Finally, both grinding methods have advantages and disadvantages, so for developing the salt processing industry, both methods should be correctly chosen and match product output requirements.
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21

Hyer, Glenda, and Karena Cooper-Duffy. "Preparing Interns to Use Functional Story-Based Instruction to Teach Students With a Severe Intellectual Disability in Rural Schools." Rural Special Education Quarterly 38, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756870519826928.

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The primary purpose of this study was to prepare special education interns to implement two-task analyses to teach elementary students with severe intellectual disability (SID) emergent literacy and hand washing skills. The secondary purpose was to evaluate the effect of intern instruction on both the independent emergent literacy and hand washing responses of the students. A multiple probe across participant design was used to evaluate the effects of a multicomponent instruction package on the number of steps interns completed correctly on story-based and hand washing task analyses. A second simultaneous multiple probe across students design was used to evaluate the effects of functional story-based instruction on the independent emergent literacy and hand washing responses. Collateral behaviors showed as interns correctly implemented the steps of the story-based and hand washing task analyses, the students with SID increased emergent literacy and hand washing responses. Implications for rural educators are provided.
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22

Baek, Dong-Jun, Ye-Eun Kim, Moon-Young Jung, Hye-On Yoon, and Jinsung An. "Feasibility of a Chemical Washing Method for Treating Soil Enriched with Fluorine Derived from Mica." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020134.

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High levels of fluorine in soil may pose health risks and require remediation. In this study, the feasibility of using a practical chemical washing method for the removal of fluorine from an enriched soil was evaluated. The chemical washing procedures were optimized through experimental analyses of various washing solutions and washing conditions (i.e., washing solution concentration, solid–liquid ratio, agitation speed, and reaction time). Additionally, the effects of techniques for improving the washing efficiency, such as ultrasonic washing, aeration, and multi-stage washing, were evaluated. Herein, among all applied methodologies, the maximum washing efficiency achieved for the total fluorine present in soil was only 6.2%, which indicated that chemical washing was inefficient in remediating this particular soil. Further sequential extraction analysis showed that the fluorine in this soil was present in a chemically stable form (residual fraction), possibly because of the presence of mica minerals. It was demonstrated that chemical washing may not be effective for remediating soils containing such chemically stable forms of fluorine. In these cases, other physical-based remediation technologies or risk management approaches may be more suitable.
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23

Zhang, Chun-Qing, Rongyu Fang, Ru Zhang, Martin S. Hagger, and Kyra Hamilton. "Predicting Hand Washing and Sleep Hygiene Behaviors among College Students: Test of an Integrated Social-Cognition Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041209.

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Objective: Hand washing and sleep hygiene are two important health behaviors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the motivational and volitional antecedents of college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors based on an integrated model of behavior that combined social-cognition constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Methods: Using a prospective design, college students (N = 1106) completed a survey assessing the motivational constructs of action self-efficacy, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and behaviors of hand washing and sleep hygiene at Time 1. Demographic variables were also collected. One month later, at Time 2, college students (N = 524) self-reported on their volitional factors of maintenance self-efficacy, action planning, coping planning, and behaviors of hand washing and sleep hygiene. A further 2 months later, at Time 3, college students (N = 297) were asked to self-report on their hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors over the past month. Findings: Data were analyzed using variance-based structural equation modelling. Results showed significant direct effects of attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on intentions; significant direct effects of action self-efficacy on maintenance self-efficacy; and significant direct effects of maintenance self-efficacy on action planning and coping planning. Significant direct effects of intention on action planning (sleep hygiene only), and significant direct effects of intention, maintenance self-efficacy (hand washing only), action and coping planning on behavior were also observed. Action planning also moderated the intention–behavior relationship, but only for hand washing. There were also significant total indirect effects of action self-efficacy on behavior mediated by maintenance self-efficacy, action planning, and coping planning for both behaviors, and significant total indirect effects of subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on behavior mediated by intention for sleep hygiene. When past behavior was included in the integrated model predicting all the psychological variables and behavior, all of the structural relations were attenuated. Discussion: Current findings indicate that college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors are a function of both motivational and volitional factors. Findings also indicate that the TPB and HAPA pathways might differ for the two health behaviors. Implications of the current findings for future health interventions aimed at improving college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene are discussed.
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24

Kim, Min-Suk, Namin Koo, Jeong-Gyu Kim, and Sang-Hwan Lee. "Effects of Washing Solution, Washing Time, and Solid-Solution Rate on the Maximum Heavy Metals Removal Efficiency." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 11, 2021): 6398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146398.

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In Korea, for heavy metal-contaminated soil, there are insufficient basic data as well as field application cases for soil washing. This study was conducted to suggest the significant factors and optimal operation conditions for the maximum heavy metal removal efficiency. Five types of washing solution [acid solution (HCl), citric acid, oxalic acid, EDTA, and CaCl2], washing time (10–360 min), and solid-solution ratio (1:2–1:100) were selected as significant operational factors. Non-observed effect concentration (NOEC) and central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were applied to derive the optimal conditions. The soil pH was slightly alkali, and it was highly contaminated by Cd (17.34 mg kg−1), Cu (307.76 mg kg−1), Pb (714.78 mg kg−1), and Zn (1755.47 mg kg−1), complexly. For all heavy metals, CaCl2, a neutral salt, was difficult to achieve the remediation goal. On the other hand, Cd, Cu, and Pb were removed successfully from the soil by acid solution, citric acid, oxalic acid, and EDTA. For Zn, only acid solution and oxalic acid could meet the remediation goal (300 mg kg−1). As the washing time increased, the heavy metal removal efficiency showed a tendency to increase overall. Especially, oxalic acid and acid solution were able to reach the highest efficiency point within 30 min, whereas citric acid and EDTA took 2 to 4 h at the longest. In the case of 1 M citric acid, through the CCRD experiment, optimal operation conditions (solid-solution ratio and washing time) could be deduced for each heavy metal. Furthermore, this series of processes can be utilized as a useful tool to find the optimal operating conditions and, at the same time, achieve the remediation goal.
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Napper, Imogen E., and Richard C. Thompson. "Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions." Marine Pollution Bulletin 112, no. 1-2 (November 2016): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025.

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Lee, Hye-Ja, Hye-Ja Yoo, and Hee-Jeong Lim. "Washing Treatment Effects on Cotton and Kenaf Blend Fabrics." Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 34, no. 3 (March 31, 2010): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2010.34.3.448.

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27

Ju, Jung-Sun, and Jang-Hui Han. "Effects of Agricultural Green Washing on Consumer Purchasing Behavior." Journal of Business Convergence 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31152/jb.2022.02.7.1.1.

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28

Hughes, Peter. "Briefing: The effects of power washing on concrete durability." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Maritime Engineering 166, no. 3 (September 2013): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/maen.2011.45.

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29

刘, 哲英. "Effects of Hand Washing on Implicit Anti-Fat Bias." Advances in Psychology 06, no. 11 (2016): 1217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2016.611153.

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30

Houang, E., P. Bodnaruk, and Z. Ahmet. "Hospital green salads and the effects of washing them." Journal of Hospital Infection 17, no. 2 (February 1991): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(91)90176-9.

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31

Lizárraga-Mata, Wendy L., Celia Olivia García-Sifuentes, Susana M. Scheuren-Acevedo, María E. Lugo-Sánchez, Libertad Zamorano-García, Juan C. Ramirez-Suárez, and Marcel Martinez-Porchas. "Mince from Tilapia-Backbone: Effects of Washing and Cryoprotectant Addition during Frozen Storage." Journal of Food Research 5, no. 5 (August 22, 2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n5p32.

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Mince obtained from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (backbone) was evaluated; the effect of washing and the addition of a commercial cryoprotectant on the quality of the mince obtained were also assessed. Physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial analyses were carried out at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days of frozen storage (-20 ºC). During washing treatment 91% of lipids was removed from the mince (p<0.05). The proximal composition was stable during the storage time (p>0.05). Parameters such as L* and “θ” increased while a*, b*, chroma and TBARS decreased due to the washing treatment (p<0.05). The cryoprotectant effect resulted in a decrease of L*, “θ” (Hue) and TBARS (p<0.05). The addition of the cryoprotectant caused a significant decrease of L*, “θ” and TBARS. During the storage period, the proximate composition was stable and the microbial load remained below the official limits. The panelists detected changes on the odor, color and texture in the mince evaluated. Results suggest that the washing treatment improved the stability of the mince compared to the addition of cryoprotectant.
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32

Yener, S., and H. Köksel. "Effects of washing and drying applications on deoxynivalenol and zearalenone levels in wheat." World Mycotoxin Journal 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2013.1544.

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In this study, the effects of washing and drying procedures on deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) levels of a naturally contaminated wheat sample were investigated. Wheat grain was washed with water, chlorinated water, and sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions for 1 and 2 min with a pressurised washing system. Washed wheat samples were dried by using three different procedures, i.e. oven drying at low temperatures, and microwave and infrared drying. Pressure washing of wheat grains with water followed by oven drying reduced mycotoxin levels with a minimum of 30.3% for DON and 21.1% for ZEA. Infrared and microwave drying of pressure washed grains caused further reductions in DON and ZEA concentrations up to 89.0%. Using chlorinated water, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions for 1 min reduced DON levels in the range of 37.3-91.2% and ZEA levels in the range of 31.6-83.6%. The results of this study indicated that pressure washing and microwave and infrared drying are promising methods for decontamination of wheat grains, even at high mycotoxin concentrations.
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33

Krishna, H., A. Carpenter, and F. Potter. "Effects of washing additives on the incidence of rots and an enumeration of surface microbes in stored squash." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3778.

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Postharvest losses through rot in squash fruit exported to Japan result in poor quality or rejected fruit Mechanical washing aids in the removal of soil microorganisms and other debris from fruit surfaces Washing agents could enhance this removal but their effect on the incidence of rots and on the total number of surface microorganisms in squash is unknown This study evaluated the effect of two commercial washing agents on the incidence of rots and used platedilution to enumerate microbes on the surfaces of squash fruit in storage The commercial washing agents VeggiWash and the experimental formulation Y14258 reduced the incidence of rots by about 42 and 18 respectively compared to unwashed squash The estimated populations of microorganisms on squash fruit without lesions after 7 weeks in storage ranged between 1x103 1x105 colony forming units/cm2
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Salahuddin, Mir, and Young-A. Lee. "Are Laundry Balls a Sustainable Washing Option for Consumers? Investigating the Effect of Laundry Balls on Microfiber Pollution through the Lens of Cradle-to-Cradle Design Model." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 14314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114314.

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Laundry balls are promoted as a sustainable washing option because they do not contain chemical elements, unlike laundry detergent, which causes water pollution. However, little research exists to showcase the impact of laundry balls on microfiber pollution during home laundering. Using a cradle-to-cradle framework, this study aimed to investigate the effect of laundry balls on microfiber shedding during the home laundering process of synthetic clothing with different washing cycles. A factorial experimental design, consisting of 4 (washing options) × 3 (washing cycles) × 2 (repetitions) was used for this study. The ANOVA test was applied using SAS software. The findings revealed that different laundry balls including a ceramic laundry ball, lint remover laundry ball, and scrubbing laundry ball, did not reduce microfiber shedding of synthetic clothing. In fact, the use of the ceramic laundry ball accelerated microfiber shedding. It also presented the effects of different washing cycles on microfiber shedding of synthetic clothing. The study findings point towards the need to educate consumers about choosing the right washing options to minimize microfiber shedding. The findings also have implications for the industry and researchers to develop more sustainable washing options to reduce negative environmental effects by controlling microfiber pollution in home laundering.
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Yu, Ying Han, Guan Hua Yue, and Qi Wang. "Research on the Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Technologies in First Washing Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 1096 (April 2015): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.12.

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In recent years, large amounts of wastewater are mostly discharged directly to environment without being properly treatment in many washing industry, bringing tremendous damage to the environment. From the perspective of reducing energy consumption of washing waste water treatment, the first washing wastewater containing the highest pollutant concentration are tested properly, the second and third washing wastewater could be recycled. In this research, the treatment effects of six coagulants are tested, the appropriate coagulant and an economic treatment scheme of first washing wastewater are developed according to the characteristics of wastewater. Adopting the method of centralized treatment, by which we can reduce water consumption and carbon emissions and can be used in the small and medium-sized enterprise of washing industry.
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Endoma, L. F., J. H. C. Gabo, R. M. Sargadillos, C. G. Condrillon, W. A. Francisco, I. P. Daet, F. C. Silaya, K. J. M. Monaya, and M. F. S. Muegue. "Physico-chemical properties and sensory quality of surimi from bigtooth pomfret (Brama orcini) at different washing cycles." Food Research 6, no. 5 (October 8, 2022): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(5).597.

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In this study, the effects of different washing cycles on the physico-chemical and sensory properties of surimi from Brama orcini were determined. The isolated muscle from B. orcini was divided into five different treatment lots, WC0 (minced, no washing), WC1 (washing cycle 1), WC2 (washing cycle 2), WC3 (washing cycle 3), and WC4 (washing cycle 4) as washing cycle treatments. Both washed and unwashed samples have been added with cryoprotectants and analysed for physico-chemical and sensory evaluation. Results in this study highlighted that increased washing cycle (WC) improved the waterholding capacity of WC3 (88.89%) and WC4 (86.11%) samples, as compared WC0 (63.84%), WC1 (73.51%), WC2 (82.82%) samples (p<0.05). Three to four washing cycles (WC3, WC4) also favoured a significant reduction in the total ash levels (0.50, 0.45%), increased moisture content (71.5, 74.39%), decreased expressible drip losses (11.11, 13.89%), improved whiteness indices (52.46, 51.74%), and increased product over-all acceptability scores (7.12, 8.44) in surimi without compromising its yield (32.00, 31.23%) and total protein content (22.15, 20.84%). This study suggested that washing three times with cold saltwater (10-15°C) improved the physico-chemical and sensory properties of surimi from B. orcini.
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Xu, Jie, Zhenglei He, Sheng Li, and Wenbo Ke. "Production cost optimization of enzyme washing for indigo dyed cotton denim by combining Kriging surrogate with differential evolution algorithm." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 15-16 (February 2, 2020): 1860–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520904352.

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The enzyme washing process is extensively applied in the industrial production of denim garments. The process parameters of enzyme washing have significant effects on washing performances and costs. Since the relationships between the process parameters and washing performances cannot be expressed explicitly, it is impractical to determine the process parameters to obtain the optimal production cost while satisfying requirements of customers intuitively. This paper proposes an optimization methodology by combining Kriging surrogate and differential evolution (DE) algorithm to address the production cost optimization of enzyme washing for indigo dyed cotton denim. First, an experiment using Taguchi L16 orthogonal array is conducted where temperature and concentration of cellulase enzyme are taken into consideration with processing time as the input parameters, while the washing performances (including color strength value, stiffness, and tensile strength in warp and weft directions of the washed denim fabrics) are the output responses. Second, the relationships between the inputs and outputs are established using the Kriging model. Third, the effects of the input parameters on the washing performances are analyzed, and the production cost optimization model is illustrated. Finally, a case study is given to depict the optimization process and a verification experiment is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the optimal values. On the whole, the proposed hybrid method, Kriging-DE, shows great capability of optimizing the production costs of the enzyme washing process for indigo dyed cotton denim.
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Noguchi, Yuko, Daisuke Nonaka, Sengchanh Kounnavong, and Jun Kobayashi. "Effects of Hand-Washing Facilities with Water and Soap on Diarrhea Incidence among Children under Five Years in Lao People’s Democratic Republic: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020687.

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Diarrhea is a leading cause of death among children under five (U5) in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). This study assessed the association between the presence of household hand-washing facilities with water and soap and diarrhea episodes among children U5 in Lao PDR. Data from the Lao Social Indicator Survey II were used. The outcome variable was diarrhea episodes in the two weeks preceding the survey. The main predictor variable was the presence of household hand-washing facilities with or without water and/or soap. Mixed-effect logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association, controlling for clustering, and other predictor variables. Of the 8640 households surveyed with 11,404 children, 49.1% possessed hand-washing facilities with both water and soap and 34.7% possessed hand-washing facilities with water alone. Children whose households possessed hand-washing facilities with water alone were significantly more likely to have a diarrhea episode compared to children whose households possessed hand-washing facilities with both water and soap (8.1% vs. 5.9%; odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–1.81). The association remained significant even after adjusting for other predictors. The absence of soap in hand-washing facilities was associated with higher odds of having a diarrhea episode among children U5 in Lao PDR.
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Cookson, P. G., and A. G. De Boos. "Effects of Synthappret BAP-Based Treatments on the Cuff-Edge Felting and Mechanical Properties of a Lightweight Woven Wool Fabric." Textile Research Journal 62, no. 10 (October 1992): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759206201007.

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Cuff-edge felting of a pure wool shirting fabric treated with Synthappret BAP, either alone or in combination with a polyurethane or polyacrylate, has been examined. Using appropriate levels of polymer, cuff-edge felting was prevented after the recommended test of five 5A washing cycles in a Wascator. The inherent stiffness of the polymer-treated fabric was reduced by washing, decatizing or, especially, dry-cleaning; reductions in bending rigidity were accompanied by increases in extensibility. Scanning electron micrograph studies showed that mechanical action along a cuff edge during washing caused fiber damage and failure of the polymer. Mechanical action also occurred during dry-cleaning, and this lead to more severe cuff-edge felting as a result of subsequent washing. The level of weave crimp has a major bearing on cuff-edge felting.
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Hou, Chih-Yao, Yun-Ru Chen, Jong-Shinn Wu, Hsiu-Ling Chen, Chun-Ping Hsiao, Chih-Tung Liu, and Chia-Min Lin. "Antibacterial Efficacy and Physiochemical Effects of Ozone Microbubble Water on Tomato." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 6549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116549.

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The consumption of fresh produce is steadily increasing and chlorine washing is the most commonly used method of disinfecting fresh produce. However, chlorine washing possesses a potential risk. Hence, this study used ozone microbubble (OMB) water to disinfect Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli on tomatoes. After injecting ozone into the microbubble generator, OMB was fulfilled in a 10 L tank for 10 or 20 min. The inoculated tomatoes were washed for 30 or 60 s. Control groups included unwashed, water-washed, microbubble-only, and ozone-only. The microbial populations were significantly lower on the OMB-treated tomatoes than controls (p < 0.05), but not between various fulfilling or treatment time (p > 0.05). When tomatoes were treated with OMB with 10 min fulfilling and 30-s washing, the differences of tested bacteria and water washing, ozone-only, and microbubble-only were: S. Enteritidis: 4.11, 3.37, 2.54 log CFU/tomato; S. Typhimurium: 4.83, 4.50, 2.78 log CFU/tomato; E. coli: 4.31, 4.08, 2.09 log CFU/tomato; S. aureus: 4.12, 3.93, 2.82 log CFU/tomato. In addition, significant higher ozone concentrations and conductivity were detected in OMB water than other groups (p < 0.05). Color, texture, and sensory characteristics of the OMB-treated tomatoes were not significantly different from other groups (p > 0.05). This study demonstrated that OMB effectively inactivated bacteria on tomatoes and did not affect the physical and sensory characteristics of tomatoes.
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ACUFF, G. R., C. VANDERZANT, M. O. HANNA, J. G. EHLERS, and F. A. GARDNER. "Effects of Handling and Preparation of Turkey Products on the Survival of Campylobacter jejuni." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.8.627.

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Various cooking procedures (roasting, braising, stewing and microwave cooking) applied to turkey thighs, and washing procedures for contaminated utensils (knives and cutting boards) and food handlers' hands were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing Campylobacter jejuni. Roasting, braising and stewing were effective in destruction of C. jejuni on contaminated turkey thighs even when the meat was undercooked, reaching an internal temperature of 55°C. Destruction of C. jejuni by microwave cooking was assured more fully if a meat thermometer was used to check the internal temperature of the sample rather than by visual evaluation. Washing of utensils with water and detergent, either by hand or in a dishwasher, removed C. jejuni except from wooden cutting boards washed by hand. Minimal hand washing procedures may not assure complete removal of C. jejuni from contaminated hands.
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Arju, Asma, Srabonti Saha, Niru Lama, Kamal Ahmed, Mohammod Habibur Rahman, and Mohammad Alamgir Kabir. "Pattern of Household Activities and its Effects on Low Back Pain Among Bangladeshi Housewives." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 46, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v46i3.52254.

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Background: Housework is traditionally an unpaid labour performed by women. It involves routine and compulsory household maintenance tasks can create musculoskeletal disorder like Law back pain (LBP). Objective: The main objective of the study was to identify the effects of household activities on LBP among Bangladeshi housewives. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 255 respondents. At the Musculoskeletal department of Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Savar, Dhaka. The questionnaire was designed according to Bangladesh perspectives regarding household activities that housewife do at home. Severity of pain was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and data ware collected using face to face interview. Results: Study found that household activities like cooking and chopping (p<.0001), washing dish and cloth (p<.0001), sweeping floor/cleaning toilet (p<.0001) were significantly associated with LBP. The results from regression analysis showed that having LBP compare with the time duration of cooking (OR=11.2; CI=2.62-47.73), chopping (OR=2.67; CI=1.44-4.93), washing dish (OR=3.33; CI=1.50-7.39), washing cloth (OR=5.71; CI=2.94-11.10), sweeping floor (OR=4.71; CI=2.33-9.53) was significantly higher among housewife than who don’t do this activity at home. Conclusion: This study revealed that all of married women had to do their household activities for a long period in awkward posture. Elderly housewives suffer more, as the duration of married life and duration of doing household activities are high among them. Among the activities coking, chopping, washing dish, washing cloth, lift heavy objects and sweeping the floor/cleaning toilet were done by maximum housewives. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2020; 46(3): 189-195
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GORMAN, BRENDA M., J. BRAD MORGAN, JOHN N. SOFOS, and GARY C. SMITH. "Microbiological and Visual Effects of Trimming and/or Spray Washing for Removal of Fecal Material from Beef." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.9.984.

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Microbiological and visual evaluations were performed to compare the efficacy of hand trimming, spray washing, or a combination of treatments, in the removal of bacteria and fecal material from beef adipose tissue. Subcutaneous adipose samples with intact fascia from the surfaces of briskets (obtained within 15 min postmortem) were inoculated on different sizes of surface areas (0, 0.3125, 0,625, 1.25, 1.875, or 2.50 cm2) with a bovine fecal paste containing a culture of streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli ATCC 11370. The samples were then spray washed with water at 35°C in a specially designed automated spray washing cabinet at pressures of 2.76, 13.79, 20.68, or 27.58 bar and at chain speeds equivalent to 100, 200, or 300 carcasses per hour (exposure times of 36, 18, or 12 s). Total aerobic mesophilic plate counts, streptomycin-resistant bacterial plate counts and visual scores for fecal contamination were obtained. There was a reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in microbiological counts on the treated samples compared with those on the unwashed and/or untrimmed inoculated (control) samples. The variation in removal of fecal material from, and in reduction of microbiological contamination on, different sizes of surface areas of fecal material contamination and with different chain-speeds was minor under the conditions of the study. Hand trimming followed by spray washing compared to spray washing alone were similiar in their effectiveness for reduction of microbiological contamination and slightly different in the extent of fecal material removal. Overall, however, higher spray washing pressures (20.68 or 27.58 bar) were more effective (P &lt; 0.05) than the lower spray washing pressures (2.76 or 13.79 bar) in removing fecal material from and reducing bacterial numbers on adipose tissue samples.
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44

Ren, Jiang, Jian Zhong Shao, Mei Lan Yu, Chen Ying Xu, and Ya Qin Qiu. "Fluorescence Analysis of Detergency Mechanisms of Olive Oil on Single Cotton Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.691.

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In this article, the detergency mechanisms at the single fiber level were examined from the microscopic perspective. Unlike the previous research, we improved the traditional method to investigate washing mechanism. The washing situation of cotton fiber soiled by olive oil was observed by Inverted Fluorescence Microscope, and the effects of the surfactant LAS (0.5 g/L) and Lipase (0.5 g/L) were discussed. The results indicated that the oil was rolled up from the fiber after washing with surfactant LAS, and the oil was broken down into soluble substances in water by hydrolysis after lipase washing.
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Xu, Chen Ying, Jiang Ren, and Jian Zhong Shao. "Optimization of Washing Conditions with Lipase by Response Surface Methodology." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.625.

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Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the washing conditions. A four-factorial three-level Box-Behnken partial orthogonal design was chosen to explain the washing process based on four critical factors, detergent concentration, lipase concentration, washing temperature and buffer pH. According to the responses from the experimental model, the effects of each variable were assessed and the interactions between variables were also determined. The experiment suggested that the optimal conditions for removal of olive oil from the cotton fabrics were 0.60g/L detergent, 4.37g/L lipase, washing temperature of 25.06 and buffer pH of 7.29. By actual washing confirmation, the wetting time of the washed fabric under the optimal condition was 0.51s. Home laundry could be conducted at low temperature with addition of lipase.
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Ismail, Ishamri, Nurul Huda, Fazilah Ariffin, and Noryati Ismail. "Effects of Washing on the Functional Properties of Duck Meat." International Journal of Poultry Science 9, no. 6 (May 15, 2010): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.556.561.

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47

Wulandari, Lisa Ayu, and Widihastuti Widihastuti. "Development and effects of naphthol dyes in the washing processes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1700 (December 2020): 012093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1700/1/012093.

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48

어미경 and 서미아. "A Study on the Washing Finishing Effects of Denim Fabrics." Research Journal of the Costume Culture 15, no. 5 (October 2007): 852–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29049/rjcc.2007.15.5.852.

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Ibanoglu, Senol. "Wheat washing with ozonated water: effects on selected flour properties." International Journal of Food Science and Technology 37, no. 5 (June 2002): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00593.x.

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50

Hamel, Amanda F., Jerrold S. Meyer, Elizabeth Henchey, Amanda M. Dettmer, Stephen J. Suomi, and Melinda A. Novak. "Effects of shampoo and water washing on hair cortisol concentrations." Clinica Chimica Acta 412, no. 3-4 (January 2011): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2010.10.019.

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