Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effects of washing'
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Ward, David. "Hydrodynamic effects on soiled surfaces : an experimental study and theoretical analysis." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58091/.
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Caudill, Amber Brooke. "Effects of cool water washing of shell eggs on Haugh unit, vitelline membrane strength, aerobic bacteria, yeast, and mold." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Fall%20Theses/Caudill_Amber_2.pdf.
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Flynn, Ross Christopher. "Persistence of diatoms as trace evidence in clothing fabrics: The effects of active removal (machine washing) and passive removal (time and environment)." Thesis, Flynn, Ross Christopher (2021) Persistence of diatoms as trace evidence in clothing fabrics: The effects of active removal (machine washing) and passive removal (time and environment). Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/63158/.
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Literature available in the field of forensics covering terrestrial-based evidence is comprehensive; however, many aspects of aquatic environmental evidence have yet to be well researched. One such developing area of aquatic evidence is that of diatoms, a major group of unicellular algae that exist in natural bodies of both fresh and marine waters. Due to their unique qualities and characteristics, diatoms have the potential to be used as evidence of contact with specific water sources. While initially used in forensics to aid drowning diagnoses, more recent case studies and research have investigated diatoms in the context of their use as a form of trace evidence, as well as factors affecting initial transfer and subsequent extraction. This research was the first to investigate factors affecting the persistence of diatoms in fabrics in both passive and active removal pressure contexts. The pressure environments selected represent realistic case circumstances, in which someone may discard (passively affect), or machine wash (actively affect) their clothing after its exposure to diatoms. Additionally, this study investigated whether cross contamination of diatoms could occur between diatom enriched fabrics and blank fabrics within a washing machine environment.
Both experiments' test fabrics were immersed in diatom enriched waters containing equal parts C. Muelleri and Navicula sp. species at 2,000,000 dv/mL. The passive removal experiment tested the influence of exposure (indoor and outdoor environments) and time (week 1/2/3/4/8/12) on the concentration of diatoms across three various fabrics (cotton knit/denim weave/polyester knit). The active removal experiment tested the machine type (front loader/top loader), wash temperature (warm ~40°C/cold) and the number of washes (1/2/3) on concentrations within DEFs, in addition to testing for cross contamination using blank fabrics within the washing load. Diatoms were extracted from fabrics using the established H2O2 method and quantified under a compound light microscope (CLM) at 400x magnification.
The passive experiment (PE) showed that exposure environment and time both played an important role in diatom persistence, with concentration reductions occurring much quicker initially outdoors compared to indoors, but still featuring notable loss for the indoor group during experiment. Rainfall was noted as heavier on average when the outdoor group lost the majority of its diatom concentrations. The active experiment (AE) showed that the number of washes most greatly impacted the concentration, followed by machine type, followed by wash temperature and these trends were consistent across all tested fabrics. By the first wash all groups still contained diatoms, however at a much lower concentration, and by the second, mostly the top loader washes still contained quantifiable diatoms and by the third wash none of the groups contained quantifiable diatoms. Front loader washes removed diatoms from clothing more effectively than top loaders, and within these machine groups, warm washes were more effective at removal than cold washes. Trends observed in the PE and AE were mostly consistent across all varieties of fabrics tested. Additionally, the AE showed that cross contamination between DEFs and blank fabrics was possible, however at relatively low levels. Across both the passive and active experiments, it is consistently shown that time is of the utmost importance when it comes to retrieving DEF evidence as diatoms appear to be lost passively over time even when left alone in different environments in addition to being vulnerable to machine washing removal.
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Wong, Soak Wai. "The Effects of Perspiration Application, Weathering Exposures, Washing Action of Automatic Home Clothes Washers, and Repeated Laundering on the Ultraviolet Protection of a Naturally Colored Lightweight Cotton Fabric." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76676.
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Sun protection has gained worldwide attention because repetitive overexposure to ultraviolet radiation can result in harmful effects on human skin, including sunburn, premature skin ageing, and in the worst case, skin cancer (Eckhardt and Rohwer, 2000; Sengupta and Blain, 2001). The diminishing stratospheric ozone layer, due to environmental degradation in the past few decades, combined with the modern outdoor-oriented lifestyles, are leading to unexpected levels of skin cancer (Davis, Capjack, Kerr, and Fedosejevs, 1997). Wearing Ultraviolet protective clothing is a simple way of practicing sun safety; however, regular cotton generally has very low ultraviolet protection and it is one of the most environmentally damaging crops despite of it is commonly used to make summer clothing. With the increased interest of public awareness related to sustainability and environmental issues, naturally colored cotton was recommended as it provides better ultraviolet protection than regular cotton. In addition, the production of naturally colored cotton is more environmentally friendly than regular cotton. Although several studies have been conducted on the UVR protection of naturally colored cotton, many questions regarding the factors that influence the UVR protection of fabrics remain unanswered.
The primary purpose of the study was to examine the effects of perspiration application, weathering exposures, washing action of automatic home clothes washers, and repeated laundering on the UVR protection of a NC lightweight cotton fabric. In addition, five fabric property changes in the test specimen after the treatments of perspiration, weathering exposure, washing action, and repeated laundering (i.e., fabric count change, thickness change, weight change, color change and dimensional change) were included in this study to serve as secondary dependent variables to examine if the four treatment factors (i.e., perspiration application, weathering exposures, washing action of automatic home clothes washers, and repeated laundering) will cause changes in these five fabric properties, and if these changes will lead to changes of UVR protection of NC lightweight cotton fabric.
Based on the purpose and objectives of the study, a split-plot repeated measures experimental design was used for the current study. In this study, the whole plot treatment was the weathering exposure, which contained three levels (i.e., semi-tropical climate without water spray, semi-arid climate, and standard conditioning), and the split plot treatments were the combinations of two treatment factors. In order to understand the effects of repeated laundering on the UVR protection and the five fabric properties, except for the control group, all test specimens were laundered after being treated with the three treatment factors (i.e., perspiration, weathering exposure, and washing action), and this process was repeated 15 times. The UVR protection (i.e., express in UPF value change in current study) and the five fabric properties of these treated test specimens were measured before laundering, and after each laundering cycle.
The results of UPF value change showed that test specimens treated with perspiration had a lower change in UPF value than the specimens without treatment. The test specimens exposed to Florida condition had the most UPF value change, followed by Arizona and Standard textile testing conditions. A significant difference also found in test specimens that laundered in a traditional washer after ninth cycle and the UPF value decreased as the number of laundering cycle increased. However, test specimens that laundered in a front-loading HE washer showed no significant UPF value change. For the five fabric properties that listed in secondary objective, all four treatments significantly influenced fabric count, fabric thickness and fabric weight. However, perspiration treatment had no significant effect on the dimensional change in warp direction of test specimens, and washing action had no significant effect on the dimensional change in filling direction of the test specimen as well as both Delta E and Delta L of color change. For testing the relationship between the changes of the five fabric properties and UPF value change, Delta E and Delta L of color change had the highest correlation coefficient with UPF value change. Therefore, it is possible that the changes of these two properties caused by the four treatments and lead to the UPF value change. Future research is needed to confirm this relationship.
In conclusion, of perspiration application, weathering exposures, washing action of automatic home clothes washers, and repeated laundering do have influence on the ultraviolet protection of the naturally colored cotton. The color change of the test specimens caused by these four treatments possible lead to the change of the ultraviolet protection of the test specimens. More studies are needed to confirm this relationship.Ph. D.
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Johansen, Karin Bonde. "Effect of washing of cellulose triacetate films with different degrees of degradation." Connect to PDF file, 2004. http://www.dfi.dk/NR/rdonlyres/2E5738B1-6FAA-45D6-9D93-AEE4C26020BC/0/specialeKarin.pdf.
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Thesis (masters)--Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Conservation, 2007.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 20, 2009). "Keywords: Aqueous treatment, 35 mm b/w motion picture film, cellulose triacetate, Water-Leach Free Acidity Test, AFT-FTIR, shrinkage measurements, titration with NaOH, autocatalytic point; the vinegar syndrome"--P. ix. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-97).
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Henning, Sebastian, Laura Kühn, Juan Herranz, Maarten Nachtegaal, Rene Hübner, Matthias Werheid, Alexander Eychmüller, and Thomas Justus Schmidt. "Effect of Acid Washing on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pt-Cu Aerogel Catalysts." Elsevier, 2018. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001346861730484X.
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Developing highly active and durable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts is crucial to reduce the cost of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). To meet those requirements, unsupported Pt-Cu alloy nanochains (aerogels) were synthesized by a simple co-reduction route in aqueous solution and their structure was characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and STEM-EDX. These catalysts exceeded the ORR activity of commercial Pt/C catalysts by more than 100 % in RDE experiments and met the US DOE targets, thereby qualifying as very promising materials. The behavior of Pt-Cu aerogels under PEFC operation conditions was mimicked by acid washing experiments which showed that the Cu content in the alloy phase and ORR activity decrease through this step. Comparing composition, structure and ORR activity for various specimens, the Cu content in the alloy phase was identified as the main descriptor of ORR activity. An almost linear correlation was found between those two parameters and complemented by supporting data from the literature.
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Paech, Robert J. "The effect of soil moisture stress, rewatering and leaf washing on the efficacy of glyphosate on selected plant species /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17705.pdf.
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Karayannakidis, Panayotis D. "The effect of washing, frozen storage, and various additives on the properties of Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) mince kamaboko gels." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441671.
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Luedeker, Christopher Craig. "Development of a Surface Washing Agent Protocol: Effect of temperature and salinity on the recovery of heavy weight oil from substrate." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243355929.
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Luedeker, Christopher C. "Development of a surface washing agent protocol effect of temperature and salinity on the recovery of heavy weight oil from substrate /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243355929.
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Gericke, Adine. "A comparison of the effect of the mechanical wash action on textile fabric deterioration and soil removal efficiency." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52065.
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Thesis (MSc )--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Washing and cleansing in an aqueous washing solution is a complex process involving the interaction of numerous physical and chemical processes. Investigations indicate that various factors present during repeated laundering might have an adverse effect on textile fabrics. Little is known, however, about the effect of the different mechanical wash actions on the deterioration of textiles. The automatic washing machines commonly used in South African households are often broadly classified as top loaders and front loaders. On closer inspection, however, it becomes clear that marked differences exist between the horizontal drum machines (H), vertical drum agitator type (V(A)) and vertical drum impeller type machines (V(/)). The effect of laundering on the wear life of textile fabrics has been extensively investigated, but a serious need for research on the effect of the different mechanical washing actions of the different washing machines on textile fabrics exists on both national and international level. A number of factors have an effect on textile deterioration during washing, e.g. number of washes, temperature of wash liquid, detergent type as well as fabric finishes and water quality. Fabric properties like changes in tensile strength, print deterioration and fraying, as well as electron microscope photographs, were used as indicators of mechanical deterioration to textiles. The broad aim of this exploratory study was firstly, to compare the effect of repeated washing in different domestic automatic washing machines (commonly used in South Africa) on the possible mechanical damage to textile fabrics and, secondly, to compare the soil removal efficiency of the mechanical wash actions of the different machines. An experimental study was therefore decided on. The washing of the test fabrics, as well as the testing, was carried out under controlled conditions in a laboratory. Apart from the different mechanical wash actions of the individual machines, the effect of the variables wash temperature, level of detergent and number of washes, was also investigated. This was done by measuring tensile strength, print deterioration and fraying propensity on samples laundered repeatedly at 40°C or 60°C, with and without detergent in the washing liquid, and comparing the colour change measured on laboratory-soiled test fabrics after washing. Analysis of the mechanical wash actions of the seven washing machines compared in this study indicated conspicuous differences among machines. It can be concluded that the mechanical wash action in the category V(A) machines is the most severe, and causes the highest reduction in tensile strength, the greatest print deterioration and the highest degree of fraying. These machines did not, however, exhibit greater soil removal efficiency than the other two categories of washing machines. The machines from category H did not exhibit a significantly different soil removal efficiency than those from category V(A), but their mechanical wash action proved to be less severe. Category V(/) machines seem to have the most delicate wash action and will probably cause the slightest fabric deterioration over the long term, but unfortunately produces poor soil removal efficiency results. This study also confirmed that washing fabrics in water alone causes more deterioration of tensile strength in fabrics than washing with detergent in the wash solution. Due to the limited scope and exploratory nature of this research/study, certain aspects of automatic washing machine processes could not be tested empirically. Recommendations for future research and implications for consumers were formulated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Was en skoonmaak in 'n waterige oplossing is 'n komplekse proses wat 'n interaksie tussen verskeie fisiese en chemiese prosesse behels. Ondersoeke dui aan dat verskeie van die faktore teenwoordig tydens herhaalde wasprosesse 'n nadelige effek op tekstielstowwe mag he. Baie min is egter bekend oor die effek van die verskillende meganiese wasaksies op die degenerasie van tekstiele. Die outomatiese wasmasjiene wat algemeen in Suid-Afrikaanse huishoudings gebruik word, word dikwels breedweg geklassifiseer as bolaaiers en voorlaaiers. By nadere ondersoek word dit egter duidelik dat daar opvallende verskille bestaan tussen die horisontale drom masjiene (H), die vertikale drom roerder tipe ((V)A)) en die vertikale drom stuwer tipe (V(/)) masjiene. Die effek van was op die draleeftyd van tekstielstowwe is uitvoerig ondersoek, maar daar bestaan op beide nasionale en internasionale vlak In ernstige behoefte aan navorsing oor die effek van die verskillende meganiese wasaksies van die verskillende wasmasjiene op tekstielstowwe. Faktore 5005 die aantal wasse, temperatuur van die wasoplossing, detergent tipe, water kwaliteit en tekstielstoftipe en -afwerking(s) het In effek of tekstieldegenerasie gedurende was. Tekstielstofeienskappe 5005 veranderinge in die breeksterkte van die tekstielstof of die tekstielstofmassa per eenheidsarea, agteruitgang van bedrukking, rafeling, sowel as elektronmikroskoop foto's word as aanduiding van meganiese degenerasie t.o.v. tekstiele beskou. Die oorkoepelende doe I van hierdie eksploratiewe studie was eerstens, om die effek te vergelyk van herhaalde was in verskillende outomatiese wasmasjiene (algemeen in gebruik in Suid-Afrika) op die moontlike meganiese beskadiging aan tekstielstowwe, en tweedens, om die doeltreffendheid van vuilverwydering op die wasaksies van die verskillende masjiene te vergelyk. Daar is gevolglik op In eksperimentele studie besluit. Die was van die tekstielstowwe, sowel as die laboratoriumtoetse, is onder gekontroleerde atmosferiese toestande in In laboratorium uitgevoer. Afgesien van die verskillende meganiese wasaksies van die individuele masjiene, is die effek van die veranderlikes westemperetuur, detergentv!ak en aanta! wasse ook ondersoek. Dit is gedoen deur die bepaling van breeksterkte en die meting van die mate van agteruitgang van bedrukking en mate van geneigdheid tot rafeling van kledingstowwe na herhaalde was by 40°C en 60°C, met en sonder detergent in die wasvloeistof. Die kleurverandering na was is ook gemeet op laboratorium gevlekte monsters. Die analise van die meganiese wasaksie van die sewe wasmasjiene wat in hierdie studie vergelyk is, het opvallende verskille tussen masjiene uitgewys. Daar kan tot die gevolgtrekking gekom word dat die meganiese wasaksie in kategorie V(A) masjiene die ergste is, wat gevolglik die grootste verlaging in breeksterkte en die meeste afieruitgang van bedrukking en rafeling veroorsaak het. Hierdie masjiene het egter nie meer doeltreffende vuilverwydering tot gevolg gehad in vergelyking met die ander kategoriee van wasmasjiene nie. Die masjiene in kategorie H het nie 'n betekenisvolle verskil in doeltreffenheid van vuilverwydering van die van kategorie V(A) getoon nie, maar die meganiese wasaksie was minder straf. Kategorie V(/) masjiene het blykbaar die mees delikate wasaksie en sal moontlik die minste tekstielstof degenerasie oor die langtermyn toon, maar ongelukkig is die resultate t.o. v. die doeltreffendheid van vuilverwydering swak. Die studie bevestig dat die was van tekstielstowwe in water aileen 'n groter verlaging in breeksterkte van tekstielstowwe veroorsaak as wat die geval is wanneer met 'n detergent in die wasvloeistof gewas word. Weens die beperkte omvang en eksploratiewe aard van die studie kon sekere aspekte van die outomatiese wasprosesse nie empiries getoets word nie. Aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing en implikasies vir verbruikers is geformuleer.
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Ozturk, Salih Baris. "Modelling, simulation and analysis of low-cost direct torque control of PMSM using hall-effect sensors." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4905.
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This thesis focuses on the development of a novel Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme for permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors (surface and interior types) in the constant torque region with the help of cost-effective hall-effect sensors. This method requires no DC-link sensing, which is a mandatory matter in the conventional DTC drives, therefore it reduces the cost of a conventional DTC of a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor and also removes common problems including; resistance change effect, low speed and integration drift. Conventional DTC drives require at least one DC-link voltage sensor (or two on the motor terminals) and two current sensors because of the necessary estimation of position, speed, torque, and stator flux in the stationary reference frame. Unlike the conventional DTC drive, the proposed method uses the rotor reference frame because the rotor position is provided by the three hall-effect sensors and does not require expensive voltage sensors. Moreover, the proposed algorithm takes the acceleration and deceleration of the motor and torque disturbances into account to improve the speed and torque responses. The basic theory of operation for the proposed topology is presented. A mathematical model for the proposed DTC of the PMSM topology is developed. A simulation program written in MATLAB/SIMULINKî is used to verify the basic operation (performance) of the proposed topology. The mathematical model is capable of simulating the steady-state, as well as dynamic response even under heavy load conditions (e.g. transient load torque at ramp up). It is believed that the proposed system offers a reliable and low-cost solution for the emerging market of DTC for PMSM drives. Finally the proposed drive, considering the constant torque region operation, is applied to the agitation part of a laundry washing machine (operating in constant torque region) for speed performance comparison with the current low-cost agitation cycle speed control technique used by washing machine companies around the world.
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Kunnil, Joseph. "Identification Studies of Bacillus Spores Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1311.
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Fluorescence spectroscopy was examined as a potential technique for identifying aerosol particles like bacterial spores. This technique was used for laboratory measurements on some common biological agent simulants. We have measured the intrinsic steady-state fluorescence emission spectra as a function of the excitation wavelength for several bacterial spores (washed and unwashed) in dry and aqueous suspensions at room temperature using excitation wavelengths from 200 to 600 nm. These measurements were compared to those of common, naturally occurring biological components like fungal spores and pollen and non spore samples like ovalbumin. The spectra of samples were combined into fluorescence profiles or fluorescence fingerprints. Different substrates were used for collection and detection of spores. Each bacterium produces a unique in vitro fluorescence profile when measured in dried and aqueous suspension and exhibits a strong maximum in its fluorescence emission spectrum near 330-340 nm. The fluorescence profiles were reproducible. The complexity of microorganisms made the interpretation of their spectral signature a difficult task. Principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were done as a data reduction technique for detection and identification from different backgrounds. PCA illustrates that linear combination of detected fluorescence intensities, which are present in different ratios in each of samples studied, can be used to discriminate biological agent simulants from other biological samples. The hydration effects, washing effects and the role of tryptophan on spore fluorescence were also investigated. The emission spectra of the dried spores showed a maximum near 330 nm, suggesting a hydrophobic environment for its tryptophan residues. The aqueous solution of tryptophan showed fluorescence shifted to 360 nm and in ethanol solution the maximum was shifted to 340 nm, suggesting a rather more polar average location of the tryptophan. To find the limit of detection we measured the quantum efficiency (QE) of a few samples. We concluded that spectroscopy techniques coupled with effective interpretation models are applicable to biological simulants agents. Index Heading: Bacteria; Spores; Identification; Fluorescence; Fluorescence Quantum Efficiency; Principal Components Analysis; Cluster Analysis.
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汪欣樺. "Washing effects on the surface of pigment-coated paper." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87561227627820197195.
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碩士國立臺南藝術大學
博物館學與古物維護研究所
99
The history of pigment-coated paper began in the earlier than 16th century. As time went by, various kinds of pigment-coated papers were produced due to the development of printing techniques. In order to meet the quality of printing, special processes, such as calendaring and coated-layer structure, for making pigment-coated paper are required. The coated-layer with clay and binder is, however, sensitive to moisture. As the result, the surface of pigment-coated paper could be altered after washing. This thesis is to evaluate wash effects on the surface of pigment-coated paper. There are many papers to discuss about characters, recipe and process of pigment-coated paper, but very few in washing effects on this kind of paper. This study is to do literature survey relating to treatment of the pigment-coated paper, and to conduct an experiment on evaluating washing effects on its surface. Three washing methods – immersion, washing on slanted support, and washing using suction disk were selected and conducted on before- and after- aged samples using two types of cleaning solutions: pure water and 30% ethanol. The characteristics of paper surface were analyzed using SEM, XRF, FT-IR and UV and Polarized light microscopy. According to this study, washing using suction disk could result in serious cracks apparently on the surface of coated-layer; washing on slanted support is the most moderates for paper with thickness, gloss and roughness. The least change in whiteness and △E* is immersion. In conclusion, washing treatment can probably be applied on pigment-coated paper through thorough examination of thickness and condition of pigment-coated paper objects. Although washing might bring the brightness of paper object, it must be pay attention on damages along with washing methods and to understand the side effects after washing.
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CAI, SHI-YONG, and 蔡世勇. "Washing effects of saline to remove dithiocarbamates residues from fruitsand vegetables." Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05394922324268817933.
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Chen, You-Chen, and 陳佑禎. "Effects on chemical characteristics of copper contaminated soil by washing method." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79104089344309615582.
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碩士國立宜蘭大學
環境工程學系碩士班
99
In this study, copper contaminated soil were collected from ShinWu in TaoYuan County, Taiwan. The soil come from a farmland was polluted by the electrical factory sewage effluent. The soil samples contain 693.28 mg/kg of Cu that were far above the Soil Pollution Control Standard of Taiwan for farmland, 200 mg/kg. The objective of this research was remediation of contaminated soil using chemical washing method, and evaluated the viability of reusing as a farmland after chemical washing for copper contaminated soils. The two-phase washing for Cu contaminated soil was carried out. In the first phase, copper extraction by extractant was used HCl, citric acid, EDTA, Na2EDTA, mixture of Na2EDTA(30%) and citric acid(70%) (Na2E:C) and mixture of EDTA(30%) and citric acid(70%) (E:C) with 0.5 M and 0.8 M. In the second phase, HCl and citric acid with 0.01 M, 0.05 M, mixture of EDTA(30%) and citric acid(70%) with 0.1 M, 0.5 M and distilled water were used for washing Cu contaminated soil. In the first phase, removal efficiency was increased when the concentration of extractant was added, while the copper removal rate had little influence. The use of extractant of 0.8 M was not good for the soil properties after washing the contaminated soils, had influence including pH, EC, Ca/Mg and available P. In the second phase, metal removal rate decreased in the order E:C> distilled water> citric acid>HCl. Effects on chemical characteristics of copper contaminated soil had influence including pH, K, ESP(Exchangeable sodium percentage) and Ca/Mg. The results of this study indicate that, the better two-phase soil washing method should used mixture extractant, which washed soil once with an E:C extractant, and twice with distilled water. After two-phase washing, the soil needed addition lime, K, Ca to improve soil fertility.
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Bashor, Michael Paul. "Effects of carcass washing systems on campylobacter contamination in large broiler processing plants." 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05132003-110450/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Chen, Hongyu, and 陳鴻煜. "Effects of Sampling Sites and the Frequency of Washing on Hair Cortisol Concentrations of Canine." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41950477102737812517.
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碩士國立中興大學
獸醫學系暨研究所
105
Hair analysis has been a useful tool in detecting compounds in human body, especially drugs and stimulants, because these substances can deposit in hair so that it will provide an information of long-term memory. Many researches have proved positive correlation between cortisol concentration in human and canine hair and in their saliva, urine or faeces. Therefore, it is also a good tool to evaluate a long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity by measurement of hair cortisol. But there are many factors that could influence the values of hair cotisol, which should be found and analysed. So, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the sampling sites and the frequency of washing have effects on hair cortisol concentrations. Seven dogs were selected in experiment 1. Hair samples were collected from dorsal neck, dorsal scapula and dorsal waist in each dog and were measured the cotisol levels by using EFLA kit. The results revealed that hair cortisol concentrations in these three regions didn’t have significant difference (P>0.05). And the hair in waist region had the lowest intra-individual variation with a mean coefficient of variation of 17.51%. On the other hand, the hair samples in dorsal waist from 20 dogs were analysed in experiment 2. The results showed that breed, age, gender, weight, character and living with other animals didn’t have influence on hair cortisol levels, but the values in dogs with taking shower once a week were significant higher than those with lower frequency of washing (P<0.01). In summary, the region of dorsal waist is a suitable site for sampling and analysing the hair cortisol, and canine hair cortisol concentrations couldn''t be affected by some individual parameters (eg. breed, age, gender, or neutered status) but would be influenced by the frequency of washing.
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ZUO, ZHI-REN, and 左智仁. "Washing effects of saline to remove organophate and carbamate insecticide residues from fruits & vegetables." Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22746251151869782915.
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Wang, Tzu-Yuan, and 王慈圓. "Effects of spices, herbs, Monascus koji and washing on the quality of marinated and spiced pork shank." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06896421549900978924.
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碩士國立中興大學
畜牧學系
82
k本實驗所用之自來水總生菌數為5.4×102 CFU/g。而漂洗前的豬腱肉總 生菌數比漂洗後總生菌數明顯提高(P<0.05)。但漂洗亦明顯地降低豬腱肉 中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05)。原料豬腱肉之總膠原蛋白含量與滷煮豬腱肉之總 膠原蛋白含量相近，而滷煮過之豬腱肉其可溶性膠原蛋白含量則約為原料 豬腱肉之 2倍。而滷煮完成之肉其彈性及咀嚼度比其他製作階段的肉低 。 4℃下冷藏1、4、7、14、21天測滷肉之TBA值、VBN值、總生菌數、厭 氣菌數及水活性，比較香辛料、藥草及紅麴米對中式滷肉品質之影響。經 測試後發現 VBN值、總生菌數、厭氣菌數及水活性在儲存期間並不因添加 香辛料、藥草及紅麴米而與對照組有明顯差異，TBA 值雖因儲存時間增加 而上升，但加入香辛料及藥草者TBA 值明顯地較對照組低，顯示出其抗氧 化效果。而真空包裝比非真空包裝對滷肉之安定性有較佳之影響。香辛料 、藥草及滷肉、滷汁之揮發性物質分析後發現，滷肉及滷汁中含有來自香 辛料及藥草之揮發性物質如 eucalyptol、 linalyl 2-methyl propanoate、anethole、ethyl cinnamate及 ethyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenate 等，而這些揮發性物質均屬具有抗菌 、抗氧化作用的物質。 The total plate counts of the tap water used for the ex- periment was 5.4×102 CFU/ml. The total plate counts of pork shank increased significantly after washing, however, the crude fat content of the washed pork shank decreased by washing. The contents of total collagen and soluble collagen of raw pork shank and marinated ＆ spiced pork shank were simi- lar.The soluble collagen of marinated and spiced pork was about two folds of that of the raw pork shank. The elasticity and chewiness values of the finished marinated products were lower than the products from the other stages of the processing . VBN content, total plate counts, anaerobic microbialcounts and Aw of the products obtained from the pork mariated with spices and herbs and Monscus koji during storage at 4℃ for 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 days were not significantly different(P>0.05) from those of the control. Although TBA value increased as the storage time increased, that of spices and herbs and Monascus products was lower than the control significantly (P<0.05 ). It showed the stability of marinated ＆ spiced pork shank packaged under vacuum was better than the marinated ＆ spiced pork shank wi- thout vacuum packaging. The volatile compounds of spices, herbs and marinated ＆ spiced pork shank and marinade were identification. The com- pounds of marinated ＆ spiced pork shank contained the com- pounds obtained from spices and herbs, such as eucalyptol, linalyl 2-methyl propanoate, propanoate, amethole, ethyl cin- namate and ethyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenate. All of these volatile compounds were antimicrobial and antioxidative com- pounds .
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Chang, Jiun-Wei, and 張君偉. "The Effects of Water Washing Pre-treatment and Additives on the Sintering Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48365439794977524410.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
環境工程研究所
88
To reduce heavy metal evaporation during thermal treatment of MSWI fly ash, and to obtain a sintered ash with low heavy metal leachability and better mechanical properties, this study investigated the effects of a water washing pre-treatment and SiO2-containing additives (silicic acid, kaolinite and sludge ash) on the mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu and Cr) in the fly ash. The results indicate that the evaporation of heavy metals in fly ash depends on the volatility of heavy metals and/or their compounds, the presence of chlorides, low melting components, and silica oxides. A water washing process at a liquid to solid ratio of 1:100 removed approximately more than 90% chloride ions, 40% Na and K, and about 20% Ca and S from the fly ash. The washing process removed most of the soluble chlorides necessary for heavy metals to form volatile metallic chlorides, thus decreasing the evaporation of volatile Cd and Pb at 600-800℃. However, this process also removed the low melting point components which work to immobilize heavy metals during heating, thereby resulting in increasing evaporation of Cd and Pb againe at 800-1000℃. With respect to the medium to low volatile heavy metals such as Zn, Cu and Cr, no significant effects were noted on their evaporization caused by the washing process. The addition of Silica in washed ash reduced the volatilization of heavy metals during sintering process by forming inert mineral phases. On the other hand, the presence of silica in raw fly ash samples enhanced the ability of chlorides (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2) to release chlorine by forming silicates. The available Cl then attacked the heavy metal oxides to form metallic chlorides and increased heavy metal volatilization, especially for Cu and Zn. The results also indicates that the leaching of heavy metals were related to the fractions bound to carbonates and exchangeable cations. A washing step can significantly decrease the heavy metals located in the above fractions, thus decreasing the Cd, Pb, and Zn concentration in the TCLP leachate of the sintered ash. Heating the washed fly ash at 600-800℃ increased the Cr fraction bound to the readily exchangeable cations as the Cr was converted into soluble K2CrO4, whereas heating the washed ash at 800-1000℃resulted in the formation of Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 and (Fe,Mg)(CrFe)2O4, thereby decreasing the Cr concentrations in the TCLP leachate. The SiO2-containing additives were also found to have enhanced the formation of insoluble silicates and thus the Cd, Zn, and Cr leaching concentration. The additives were also found to have improved the decreased compressive strength and soundness of the washed-ash monoliths caused by the washing process.
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Polsky, Jacob A. "Effects of sanitizer time and concentration in produce washing water on cross-contamination by Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7." 2008. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/polsky%5Fjacob%5Fa%5F200808%5Fms.
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Chen, Yuming Jr. "Effects of micronization, ethanol washing, and enzymatic hydrolysis processing alone or in combination on trypsin inhibitors, lipoxygenase activities and selected “beany” flavour related compounds in soybean flour." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30590.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean production and consumption has increased in recent decades. However, trypsin inhibitor activity and “beany” flavour are two drawbacks limiting the utilization of soybean. In the present study, micronization, ethanol washing, and enzymatic hydrolysis (alone or in combination) were used to treat soybean. Micronization at 100 °C and 135 °C decreased the activity of both trypsin inhibitors (53% and 80% respectively), and lipoxygenase (51% and 99%, respectively). Ethanol increased the trypsin inhibitor activity while alcalase hydrolysis decreased its activity. Different treatment combinations affected trypsin inhibitor activity, with micronization having a major influence. “Beany” flavour related volatiles (hexanal, (E)- 2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, heptanal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 2,4-decadienal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentylfuran and 3-octen-2-one) were significantly decreased with micronization. Ethanol effects varied with different volatiles. Soybean micronized at 135°C and washed with 65% ethanol was recommended for soybean processing due to its low trypsin inhibitor activity and low “beany” related volatile content.
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Chang, Guo-Shian, and 張國賢. "The Effects of Values, Moral Judgment and Moral Intensity on Green Product Purchase Intention in Light of Moral Decision — An Example of Washing Powder Product." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38347330208589287762.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立嘉義大學
管理研究所
95
When consumers are aware that only earth exists and they need to protect and value it, green products become one of the important purchasing options. Consumers buy green products because they think it’s good to protect the earth, which means purchasing green product decision implies ethical decision. Although ethical incentive may have great impact on green product purchasing decision,the academic circle doesn’t take it into account when discussing the process of green product decisions and doesn’t take it into consideration when discussing ethical consumption, either. Therefore, I will discuss values, moral judgment, and moral intensity in affecting green product purchase intension, and study area only covers detergent industry, which is seldom discussed in Taiwan but is closely linked to water pollution. At research design, I design two experiment products- the green product and the non-green product, according to green product attributes. I divide 265 responses into two groups- those who highly value green products and moderately value them by cluster analysis and verify research hypothesis with the whole sample and two groups above. At first, I extract potential factors of every variable by exploratory factor analysis and then make regression analysis. Finally, I compare consumers by T test to show if they have significant difference between green and non-green product purchase intension. The result indicates: 1. Consumers are more willing to buy green products than non- green products. 2. Besides those who moderately value green products, moral judgment and moral intensity of social Consensus and real benefit have great impact on purchase intension. 3. At values, people who have different level of values will have different moral judgment and moral intensity, in which self-fulfillment, sense of belonging, warn relationships with others and self-respect influences moral judgment and moral intensity most of all. Moreover, those four values will indirectly influence purchase intension through moral judgment and moral intensity.
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Li, Kuei-Yun, and 李桂雲. "The study on improving quality of meat and meat products:I. Effects on the recovery and characteristics of mechanically deboned chicken meat by different washing solutions. II.The study on the WOF of m." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52512304606731442308.
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Zhang, Jing Tang, and 張景棠. "The effect of the rheology of washing liquid and chemical conditioning on cake washing." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31157476021097213931.
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Weidner, Annett. "Effects of community - based water, sanitation and hygiene activities on hygiene behaviour in different ethnic groups from north-west Lao PDR -measured before and after an intervention project." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2015070313302.
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Worldwide, around 780 million people lack access to improved drinking water sources and 2.5 billion lack improved sanitation (WHO, 2013c). The United Nations (UN) declared access to drinking water and sanitation a fundamental human right in July 2010 (UN, 2010).
Each year there are approximately 1.7 billion cases of diarrhoea worldwide. It kills around 2.2 million people globally each year (4.0% of all death), of which 760,000 are children under five years old, mostly in developing countries. Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old (WHO, 2013c).
The lack of drinking water, sanitation facilities and good hygiene practises are considered the main causes for diarrhoea (WHO, 2013d).
For this dissertation, a specific health intervention (CBHFA - Community based Health and First Aid) was evaluated which had taken place during three years in 20 target communities in Bokeo Province in Lao PDR. The activities were in the field of water supply, sanitation facilities and hygiene education against diarrhoea.
Objective:
The objective of this survey study is to show that hygiene behaviour changes in a certain target population through the implementation of CBHFA, if a) individuals have access to improved drinking water sources; b) have access to a HH latrine and c) receive hygiene information. An improvement by 50.0% for each of the hygiene indicator: water use and treatment, hand washing, sanitation, food handling, waste disposal and cleanliness was considered a behavioural change and thus an illustration of the effectiveness of CBHFA.
Methods:
Hygiene behaviour was measured before and after the CBHFA intervention through above mentioned hygiene indicators. Quantitative figures were collected at two different points in time, in a pre- and post-survey, then analysed and evaluated. Interviews and observations were done through community assessment/evaluation with 20 focus groups in all target communities. 488/487 (pre-survey/post-survey) households (HHs) were interviewed and observed. Knowledge about diarrhoea (definition/signs, prevention, danger, treatment and modes of transmission) was tested. The change in hygiene behaviour as well as the water and sanitation situation was measured through a comparison of the pre- with the post-results. The Relative Risk (RR) and Odds Ratio (OR) were calculated for different variables, such as ethnicity, gender, education, age and income and their changes before and after the implementation of the health intervention project.
Results:
Water use and sanitation
This research clearly shows that the availability of a public water system (gravity fed water system) in the target communities has increased (from 45.0% to 85.0%) as well as the availability and use of hand flush pit latrines (from 20.2% to 63.7%). 95.2% of HHs that owned a latrine used them. The water treatment through “boiling” (from 70.1% to 75.0%) in HHs has improved, but not significantly. Open defecation (OD) decreased from 78.9% to 34.7% (by 56.0%). However it is still practised by more than a third of HHs. OD is one of the highest transmission risks of diarrhoea and can only be eliminated by 100.0% sanitation within the community (WHO, 2008).
Hand washing
There has been a significant increase of interviewees washing their hands with water and soap (from 8.0% to 38.0%). This result was confirmed by observing the existence of soap in kitchens with 33.0% and in latrines with 20.3% of HHs. The ORs calculated for hand washing “with water and soap” and compared for each stratum of the variables gender, formal education and age group show no statistical difference, but there is a statistical difference regarding income and washing hands “with water and soap”. Relevant occasions for hand washing, such as “after defecation” and “before food preparing”, that could reduce the risk of the transmission of diarrhoeal diseases have not achieved a meaningful improvement.
Waste disposal
Waste disposal, such as collecting and burning has increased from 23.4% to 42.5% (by 81.6%) according to the HH responses. A matter of concern is the increased HHs (from 26.8% to 29.0%) that disposed their waste by “throwing the waste outside the village”. This waste disposal method is statistically different regarding formal education. The number of HHs with non-educated interviewees where this method was practised has increased over the intervention time in contrast to the number of HHs with educated interviewees.
Knowledge about diarrhoea
Knowledge was tested. The definition/signs of diarrhoea, its prevention, danger, treatment and modes of transmission were not known by more than 50.0% of the interviewees. It seems that hygiene indicators can improve without this awareness, if improved water and sanitation facilities are provided. However, further investigations are required. The results show that knowledge about diarrhoea is not statistically different regarding formal education and age, but regarding gender. Giving at least one right answer was higher in women than in men.
Results and income
The results of the pre-survey show that income is significantly associated with owning a latrine and using water vessels, such as pots and jars for drinking, but not associated with using soap for hand washing.
However after the implementation of the health interventions, the comparison of the ORs of the HHs with low income per capita (≤200,000 LAK, exchange rate: 1 EUR=10,000 LAK) versus the HHs with high income per capita (>200,000 LAK) shows a statistical difference regarding hand washing “with water and soap”. The OR of the high income per capita group is stronger than the OR of the low income per capita group. Owning a latrine does not show a statistical difference regarding income due to the provision of subsidized latrines by the health intervention project.
Occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases
The pre-survey results clearly show that diarrhoeal diseases ranked at the top of all recorded cases of diseases. The post-survey results show fewer villages with diarrhoeal outbreak and reduced numbers of reported cases.
Summary:
An improvement by 50.0% has been reached in hand washing with water and soap, reduction of OD, safe food (by covering), waste disposal (by collecting and burning) and cleanliness but no improvement has been reached in the hygiene indicators “water use and treatment” and in crucial “occasions for hand washing (after defecation, before food preparing)”. Therefore the CBHFA intervention is considered only partially effective in the field of hygiene behaviour change.
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Akins, E. Deann. "Effect of washing practices on the microflora on Georgia-grown cantaloupes." 2005. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/akins%5Fedith%5Fd%5F200508%5Fms.
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Yu, Shu-Han, and 于書翰. "Fabrication of the silicon nanowire field-effect transistors:detection of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and the washing efficiency of washing bufferby SiNW FETs." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65990867360798666242.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
化學系
96
Small GTP binding proteins, also called G-proteins, for example Rab3A, are involved in modulating many physiological activities, including gene expression, cytoskeleton rearrangement, exocytosis, etc. These G-proteins have GTPase activity and normally are inactive bound with GDP; when activated, GDP will be exchanged with GTP to allow the G-proteins to interact with downstream proteins. Exocytosis, endocytosis and transcytosis are performed by intracellular vesicle trafficking. Exocytosis secretion of neurotransmitters and hormones is a fundamental step in synaptic neurotransmission and cell-cell communication and involves sequential steps of complex protein-protein interactions. In this experiment, we used GSH for the surface modification of silicon nanowires. And we then conducted a real-time, label-free electrical signal measurement for GST biosensing, and test of the washing efficiency with washing buffer by silicon nanowire field-effect transistors. Detection and quantification of biological and chemical species are central to many areas of healthcare and life sciences, ranging from diagnosing disease to the discovery and screening of new drug molecules. Semiconductor nanowires configured as electronic devices have emerged as a general platform for ultra-sensitive direct electrical detection of biological and chemical species. Here we describe a detailed protocol to fabricate nanowire electronic sensors. First, the growth of uniform, single crystal silicon nanowires, and subsequent isolation of the nanowires as stable suspensions are outlined. Second, fabrication of addressable nanowire device arrays is described. Third, modification of the nanowire device surfaces with receptors is described. Fourth, an example modification and measurements of the electrical response from devices are detailed. The silicon nanowire (SiNW) devices have demonstrated applications for label-free, ultrasensitive and highly-selective real-time detection of a wide range of biological and chemical species, including proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules and viruses.
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Haidar, Saleh A. "Effect of soil washing on diesel fuel removal efficiency and hydraulic conductivity." 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18132.
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Wang, Tsan-Shen, and 王燦燊. "Comparison of wicking material‘s functional effect by using ultraviolet radiation and washing." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vtx427.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
有機高分子研究所
102
Most products with wicking properties of moisture diffusion are used in strong sunlight with ultraviolet irradiation of the environment. The properties of color and appearance decay by washing are determined with the stander level but not ultraviolet at present. This study provides the data of moisture management including PET and NYLON 66 that treated with wash and ultraviolet respectively. The data shows results of absorbency, wicking and drying test that revealed, compared with washing, the wicking function decrease of PET and NYLON 66 by ultraviolet. That could affect the moisture management of the products with wicking properties of moisture diffusion.
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林湘芸. "Studies of the washing effect of koji on improving the manufacture of Inyu." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45798833496898826189.
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碩士國立中興大學
食品科學系
92
Properties of Inyu made from washed and warm koji were determined. The efficiency of washing facilities designed was also compared to obtain a good method for practical use. The results obtained were as follows. Washing koji made Inyu which quality was more better. During three months pH value, amino nitrogen（AN）, and total nitrogen（TN） for the raw Inyu made from koji without washing ranged at 5.1~5.4, 0.64~0.67 g/100 ml, and 1.7~2.28 g/100 ml, respectively, which were lower than that of washed（pH：5.2~5.6、AN：0.62~0.98 g/100ml and TN：1.51~2.69 g/100ml）. Washing and incubation of koji resulted in the increase of protease activity. This maybe related to low acidity and high content in amino nitrogen of raw Inyu made from washed koji. With three designed washing facilities, mix-stirring method was effective on water absorbance and bean swelling, water-circulation method was excellent for maintaining the bean figured, and high pressure water-spraying method was easily operated and had high quality of raw Inyu . All the three methods could adequately remove spores adhered on bean surface. Besides amino nitrogen content, color and flavor of the Inyu made from washed koji were better than that of unwashed. The results indicate that washing to remove spores was effective and necessary for making Inyu. Inyu decomposition of protein and aging is important on quality of inyu. Three aging types of inyu were carried out to investigate the enhanced effects from gradient salt-adding and protease. Type a：addition of salt at a time by 20％ NaCl solution；Type b：gradient addition of salt by 5％ of NaCl solution first, then added salt up to 10％ and 15％, respectively, on the 3rd and 15th day, finally added salt to make inyu contain 20％ NaCl on 30th day；Type c： gradient addition of salt as Type b along with protease, flavourzyme, which were dilutions of enzyme by 100、300 and 500 fold. Enzyme activity were 66.56、22.01及11.37 Unit/ml. Results indicated that pH value for raw inyu made from three aging types ranged at 5.1 ~ 5.4, while acidities increased with aging time and then dropped a little. Activity were different by each of product. And it was getting lower during aging process. Type b and Type c exhibited higher protease activity and so as total nitrogen（T.N）. Especially, T.N content for raw inyu from Type c with addition of 100-fold diluted flavourzyme had reached the utmost value（2.6 g/100 ml）on the 14th day during aging. NH2-nitrogen contents and free amino acid also showed a similar tendency as T.N. Gradient addition of salt and addition of protease promoted aging effect so that increased quality of inyu.Browning for all aging types increased with aging time and then reduce during aging. Reducing sugar content of addition of salt at a time was higher than others. Alcohol content of addition of protease was the highest.
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Chen, Wen-Ben, and 陳文彬. "Investigation the Effect of Washing Reagent on the Physico-chemical Properties of Coal Fly Ash." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54310776631865085685.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
96
Coal fly ash is generated from the air-pollution control devices of coal-burn electric-generation plants. Because the producing amount is huge day by day, and non-hazardous, coal fly ash has already changed into a additive industrial waste into a mineral additive of concrete, to improve the defect of the traditional concrete. The nature of the coal fly ash is influenced by the coal source, system of burning, operating conditions and environmental factor etc, resulted in a unstable quality and various appearent color of coal fly ash. This research focused on the effect of different washing reagent on physico-chemical property of washed ash. In this study, for the ashes were collected from the coal-fired and oil-fired plants. Results indicate that the washing treatment actually improves the compression strength of acetone-washed ash concrete by 15 kg/cm2, and reduces the oil content. In addition the residual percentage of <#500 mesh sieve has increased to be 15~20%. The economic analysis also illustrated that acetone is a better washing reagent that water for coal fly ash.
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TZOU, HSIN-JU, and 鄒心茹. "The effect of the Reduction Clearing Condition on the Washing Fastness of Dyed Polyester Fabric." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9my8h5.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
分子科學與工程系紡織技術及國際行銷產業碩士專班
107
The request of washing fastness of polyester is becoming more and more strict. In order to improve the washing fastness of polyester fibers, the factory may change the dyes with better fastness. However, the replacement of dyes may increase the production costs. Without changing the dyes, this experiment wants to test whether the fastness may have better performance by some different combinations of different post-treatments, such as changing the temperature of the reduction washing, the length of the holding time, and changing the concentration of the additive. In order to test the fastness, the experiment may test some colors which have poor washing fastness, such as red, deep blue and fluorescent colors, by using different additives, temperature, holding time, or changing the reduction clearing condition.
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Liao, Chien wei, and 廖健維. "The Bactericidal Effect of Heated Shell Powders on Clinical and Environmental Pathogens and Application of Vegetable Washing." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12019952300168979663.
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碩士國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產食品科學研究所
98
Hard clam, oyster, freshwater clam, abalone and purple clam are main five aquaculture shells in T$aiwan, and most of their shells are regarded as commercial waste after processing. Bactericidal effects of the five heated shells against clinical and environmental pathogens, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio vulnificus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger studied. Bactericidal effects of the five heated shell powder suspensions were increased by raising its concentration. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the five heated shell powder against Gram negative G(-) bacteria were between 0.05% and 0.5% for 3 minutes. On the other hand, (MBC) of the five heated shell powder against Gram positive G(+) bacteria S. sobrinus and S. sanguis were above 1% for 3 minutes. The 1% of the five heated shell powder can reduce 5.6-6.7 Log CFU/mL of C. albicans for 1 hour treatment, whereas , 0.4-0.6 Log spores/mL of A. niger was reduced for 1 hour. Furthermore, we evaluated the heated oyster shell powder suspension and other wash solution on application of vegetables (cabbage, cucumber and broccoli) preservation. Oyster shell powder solution could effectively reduce aerobic plate count (APC) and total colifrom (TC) after washing treatment and well retard the growing of APC and TC at storage period. At the same time, NaOCl solutions has less effect on microorganism qualities and distill water shows no effectiveness for washing treatment. Moreover, the oyster shell powder solution could increase the crispness of vegetables after washing treatment and slow the loss of the crispness. The oyster shell powder solution also can maintain the color and appearance of cabbage. Although the oyster shell powder solution decreased L* value of cucumber and broccoli, but it also reduced the losing of green and retard the express of yellow. In addition, the shell powder suspension was elucidated that pesticides degradation activity of heated oyster shell powder was tested by in vitro. Our results showed heated oyster shell could enhance degradation of pesiticides for 1 minute treatment. The heated oyster shell possesses most effective degradation activity on Methyomyl and achieved 70-90% degradation after 60 minutes. On the other hard, both Isazofos and Pendimethalin have less degradation effect for 65-70% degradation. According to the results, the heated oyster shell powder demonstrated the ability for bacteria inactiveation and on vegetable preservation.
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Chen, Hsuan-Yu, and 陳烜宇. "An Investigation of the Effect on Properties into the Use of Immersion Washing on Black Printing Ink." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89429340735190261270.
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碩士國立臺南藝術大學
博物館學與古物維護研究所
100
In Taiwan, paper was usually found the deteriorations of foxing, stains, acids and discoloration because of the poor storage environment caused by the high temperature and relative humidity. The use of “Aqueous treatment” was usually advised to reduce the situations in most of investigations of paper conservation. However, when doing the washing treatment for a print, the effect on printing ink should be considered as important as the paper, and thus the best way could be used for the treatment by controlling the washing efficiently. In the study, the ingredients and properties of printing ink would be understood by researching the literatures. According to the factors of deterioration on the printing ink, the conditions of the experiments, including that how to print the printing dummies (Intaglio) and age them, could be designed, and the use of immersion washing was carried out. After the analysis on the visual, physical, chemical and structural properties, the potential effect on the printing ink could be estimated by comparing the washing influence in the washing baths with 23±2℃ room temperature water, 80±0℃ water and light in 48 hrs. The results of experiments showed that the influence on printing ink did not be observed obviously, especially by the naked eye, but did recognize the changes by the instruments. However, the printing ink was stabilized after aged or washed in the washing baths with room temperature water and light, but would be affected on the chromatism and contact angle by the high temperature water, and even damaged the ink film or let ink permeate into the paper fibers. In summary, printing ink can be seen as a stabilized material generally. It doesn’t be affected obviously even by washed in the high temperature water bath. However, washing is an irreversible treatment, and thus the use of washing should be considered carefully. For a print, if the purpose of washing is preservation, the print will be suggested to wash the decomposition products off by room temperature water, but will allow washing with the light without UV or moderate temperature water for the purpose of visual feeling of white on paper. Otherwise, washing should not be a necessary process without the purpose of preservation and visual feeling.
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Wu, Chun-Lang, and 吳慶榔. "EFFECT ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF THE PROMOTION PLAN OF STREET DUSTING AND BROOM-WASHING IN TAICHUNG COUNTY,TAIWAN." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65390502562269786740.
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Lin, Chien-Chun, and 林建君. "Effect of Washing on the Gel Properties of Milkfish Meat (Chanos chanos) and Recovery of Proteins from the Washed Solution." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19883678674567365489.
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碩士國立中興大學
食品科學系
85
The cultured milkfish were used as raw materials for washing in difference ion strength. Membrane technology was applied to recover the proteins from washed solutions and to improve pollutionproblems. Gel properties of milkfish meat added with protein powderprepared by membrane were determined. The effect of washing conditions containing washing cycles, time, and water : flesh ratio on protein dissoluton and gel properties of washed meat were also investigated. The results obtained were as follows:1. Milkfish mince washed in different ion strength solutons (I=0~20) showed a good gel forming properties due to undesirable compounds removal and myofilbrillar protein concentration. The highest value in gel strength was obtained from washing by 0.075M KCl-10mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The color (whiteness, L-3b) of gel was also improved by washing.2. Water soluble proteins dissolved in washed solutons was recovered by ultrafiltration (ES-030 membrane, MWCO 30,000) or ceramic membrane (Micro CARBOSEP 40 membrane, MOCO 40,000 and reverse osmosis (TW30-2013 membrane). UF could recover 35 ~ 45% protein ans 29 ~ 34 % total solids from washed solutions. The UF treatment resulted in the reduction of BOD value from 14,000 to 5,600 ~ 7,500 ppm, and total plate counts from 18,850 ~ 55,300 to 300 ~ 1,100 cfu/ml. Similar results were obtained by ceramic membrane. The BOD value and total plate counts could further be reduced to 100 ~ 137 ppn and 40 ~ 70 cfu/ml by RO treatment. 3.Protein powder prepared from concentrated retentate by using freeze drying was added to fish paste. Gel strength, water holding capacity, and whiteness of milkfish meat gel decreased with the increase of the recovered protein. However, no obvious effect was observed if the addition content was controlled below 10%. 4.Protein dissolved to washed solutions was closely related to the numbers of washing cycle and step. Four cycles washing by 0.3M KCl-10mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) resulted in 45.9% protein loss. Washing by water showed lower loss in protein than washing by salt solutions. 5.Small amount of salt in washing solutions not only improved gel properties and water holding capacity of washed meat but also decreased protein loss. However, high salt concentration resulted in the decrease of gel strength. The whiteness of gel made from washed meat increased with the increase of washing cycles.
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Roets, Leon. "The effect of mineral addition on the pyrolysis products derived from typical Highveld coal / Leon Roets." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15528.
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Mineral matter affect various coal properties as well as the yield and composition of products released during thermal processes. This necessitates investigation of the effect of the inherent minerals on the products derived during pyrolysis, as pyrolysis forms the basis of most coal utilisation processes. A real challenge in this research has been quantifying the changes seen and attributing these effects to specific minerals. Thus far it has been deemed impossible to predict product yields based on the mineral composition of the parent coal. Limited research regarding these aspects has been done on South African coal and the characterisation of pyrolysis products in previous studies was usually limited to one product phase. A novel approach was followed in this study and the challenges stated were effectively addressed.
A vitrinite-rich South African coal from the Highveld coal field, was prepared to an undersize of 75 μm and divided into two fractions. HCl/HF acid washing reduced the ash yield from 14.0 wt% d.b. to 2.0 wt% d.b. (proximate analysis). Pyrolysis was carried out with the North-West University (NWU) Fischer Assay setup at 520, 750 and 900°C under N2 atmosphere and atmospheric pressure. The effect of acid washing and the addition of minerals on the derived pyrolysis products were evaluated.
Acid washing led to lower water and tar yields, whilst the gas yields increased, and the char yields were unaffected. The higher gas yield can be related to increased porosity after mineral removal as revealed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) CO2 adsorption surface area analysis of the derived chars. Gas chromatography (GC) analyses of the derived pyrolysis gases indicated that the acid washed coal fraction (AW TWD) derived gas contained higher yields of H2, CH4, CO2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H4, C3H6 and C4s when compared to the gas derived from the raw coal fraction (TWD). The CO yield from the TWD coal was higher at all final pyrolysis temperatures. Differences in gas yields were related to increased tar cracking as well as lower hydrogen transfer and de-hydrogenation of the acid washed chars. Analyses of the tar fraction by means of simulated distillation (Simdis), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) –flame ionization detection (–FID) and size exclusion chromatography with ultraviolet (SEC-UV) analyses, indicated that the AW TWD derived tars were more aromatic in nature, containing more heavier boiling point components, which increased with increasing final pyrolysis temperature. The chars were characterised by proximate, ultimate, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform (DRIFT) and BET CO2 analyses.
Addition of either 5 wt% calcite, dolomite, kaolinite, pyrite or quartz to the acid washed fraction (AW TWD) was done in order to determine the effect of these minerals on the pyrolysis products. These minerals were identified as the most prominent mineral phases in the Highveld coal used in this study, by XRD and quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN) analyses. It was found that mineral activity decreased in the order calcite/dolomite>pyrite>kaolinite>>>quartz. Calcite and dolomite addition led to a decrease in tar yield, whilst the gas yields were increased. Markedly, increased water yields were also observed with the addition of calcite, dolomite and pyrite. Kaolinite addition led to increased tar, char and gas yields at 520°C, whilst the tar yield decreased at 750°C. Pyrite addition led to decreased tar and gas yields. Quartz addition had no noteworthy effect on pyrolysis yields and composition, except for a decrease in char yield at all final pyrolysis temperatures and an increased gas yield at 520°C. Regarding the composition of the pyrolysis products, the various minerals had adverse effects. Calcite and dolomite affected the composition of the gas, tar and char phases most significantly, showing definite catalytic activity. Tar producers should take note as presence of these minerals in the coal feedstock could have a significant effect on the tar yield and composition. Kaolinite and pyrite showed some catalytic activity under specific conditions. Model coal-mineral mixtures confirmed synergism between coal-mineral and mineral-mineral interactions. Although some correlation between the pyrolysis products derived from the model coal-mineral mixtures and that of TWD coal was observed, it was not possible to entirely mimic the behaviour of the coal prior to acid washing.
Linear regression models were developed to predict the gas, tar and char yields (d.m.m.f.) with mineral composition and pyrolysis temperature as variables, resulting in R2 coefficients of 0.837, 0.785 and 0.846, respectively. Models for the prediction of H2, CO, CO2 and CH4 yields with mineral composition and pyrolysis temperature as variables resulting in R2 coefficients of 0.917, 0.702, 0.869 and 0.978, respectively. These models will serve as foundation for future work, and prove that it is feasible to develop models to predict pyrolysis yields based on mineral composition. Extending the study to coals of different rank can make the models universally applicable and deliver a valuable contribution in industry.MIng (Chemical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Wang, Chun-lung, and 王駿龍. "A Study on Service Quality, Consumer Satisfaction, and Consumer Loyalty of Car-Washing Services in Gasoline Stations－The Moderating Effect of Consumer Characteristics." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s739g5.
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碩士國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
103
From the year of 2011 to 2015 March, according to the reports, there were 139 gas stations out of business, which represents the oil market has been saturated, the market demand is much lower than the supply, so to survive on this market, we must create a competitive advantage, such as promotion of self-fueling spending and savings in manpower in order to create a rewarding feedback to the consumers; additionally to provide service quickly to meet consumers’ demands (stations of fine car wash). It also increased the station''s revenue. We believed that a good quality car washing service to meet the needs and opportunities to create the industry''s customers will be operating on one of the most favorable conditions for future competition. This study will explore the various car wash service quality as to consumer acceptance, as well as different consumers characteristics whether service quality and customers satisfaction will produce a mediating role, and to understand the relationships between customers’ satisfaction and customers’ loyalty as a whole will depend on us analysis of the various facets to explore. First, investigation the relationship between the quality of service gas station car washing were three dimensions (reliability, courtesy, professionalism) and overall customer satisfaction. Second, learn how to mediate the effect of washing consumer traits to affect the relationship between the car washing service quality and customer satisfaction. Third, investigation the gasoline station car washing service, the quality satisfaction, as the three facets (value-added wash attendant, car washing equipment and the environment, Case Corporation) relationship with overall customer loyalty. According to this study, the quality of service will affect customers’ satisfaction; quality of customers’ satisfaction will further influence customers’ loyalty, so in order to make greater use of the gasoline station, by providing car washing to reach the high consumers’ satisfaction, we must improve the car washing service. That is required to provide a reliable service attitude to meet customer needs, and to stand in the customer''s position to design all service process. Finally, according to results of the study, we will make suggestion to gasoline station on the car washing service.
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Cheng-fang, chen, and 陳正芳. "An Experimental Study on the Dehydration Vibration For the Single－Tub Washing Machine －The effect of the Liquid Balancer on the System Vibration." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06306606115445279656.
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碩士大同工學院
機械工程研究所
86
The balancer is generally used for reducing the vibration ofan automatic washing machine with a flexible-supported tub. In the present study, based on the general structure of a bal-ancer, four experimental parameters such as the quantity ofliq-uid filled, the rib shape, the angle between rib and centripetal-line and the cross section of the balancer , are considered to study how these parameters mentioned above affect the effec-tiveness of the liquid balancer and how to promote the effectiv-eness of the balancer by a series of experiments. The experimental results show that we can increase the effectivemass of balance to reduce the amplitude of the tub in vibrating. Two new types of the balancer, the solid balancer and the single ring balancer with multi-concentric troughs, are also proposed inthis paper.
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Jinn, Liang Wen, and 梁文進. "An Experimental Study on the Dehydration Vibration for the Flexible-Supported System of the Single-Tub Washing Machine -- the Effect of the Liquid Balancer on the System Vibration Characteristics." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32638757908438587839.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大同工學院
機械工程研究所
81
The liquid balancer is generally used for reducing the vibration of an automatic washing machine with a flexible- supported tub. In the present study, ba- sed on the general structure of a liquid balancer, three experimental parameters such as the quantity of liquid filled, the rib shape and the number of ribs in the liquid balancer, are considered to study how these parameters mentioned above affect the eff- ectiveness of the liquid balancer directly wih an ex- periment.