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Journal articles on the topic 'Effects of heat'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Losnegard, Thomas, Martin Andersen, Matt Spencer, and Jostein Hallén. "Effects of Active Versus Passive Recovery in Sprint Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0218.

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Purpose:To investigate the effects of an active and a passive recovery protocol on physiological responses and performance between 2 heats in sprint cross-country skiing.Methods:Ten elite male skiers (22 ± 3 y, 184 ± 4 cm, 79 ± 7 kg) undertook 2 experimental test sessions that both consisted of 2 heats with 25 min between start of the first and second heats. The heats were conducted as an 800-m time trial (6°, >3.5 m/s, ~205 s) and included measurements of oxygen uptake (VO2) and accumulated oxygen deficit. The active recovery trial involved 2 min standing/walking, 16 min jogging (58% ± 5% of VO2peak), and 3 min standing/walking. The passive recovery trial involved 15 min sitting, 3 min walk/jog (~ 30% of VO2peak), and 3 min standing/walking. Blood lactate concentration and heart rate were monitored throughout the recovery periods.Results:The increased 800-m time between heat 1 and heat 2 was trivial after active recovery (effect size [ES] = 0.1, P = .64) and small after passive recovery (ES = 0.4, P = .14). The 1.2% ± 2.1% (mean ± 90% CL) difference between protocols was not significant (ES = 0.3, P = .3). In heat 2, peak and average VO2 was increased after the active recovery protocol.Conclusions:Neither passive recovery nor running at ~58% of VO2peak between 2 heats changed performance significantly.

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Flouris, Andreas D., Andrea Bravi, Heather E. Wright-Beatty, Geoffrey Green, Andrew J. Seely, and Glen P. Kenny. "Heart rate variability during exertional heat stress: effects of heat production and treatment." European Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 4 (January 5, 2014): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2804-7.

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3

AKBARI, Mohammad Mustafa, Akira MURATA, and Sadanari MOCHIZUKI. "C214 Effects of Delta Wings on Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Fin-and-Tube Type Heat Exchanger." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2006 (2006): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2006.291.

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4

Pretorius, Thea, Gerald K. Bristow, Alan M. Steinman, and Gordon G. Giesbrecht. "Thermal effects of whole head submersion in cold water on nonshivering humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 2 (August 2006): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01241.2005.

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This study isolated the effect of whole head submersion in cold water, on surface heat loss and body core cooling, when the confounding effect of shivering heat production was pharmacologically eliminated. Eight healthy male subjects were studied in 17°C water under four conditions: the body was either insulated or uninsulated, with the head either above the water or completely submersed in each body-insulation subcondition. Shivering was abolished with buspirone (30 mg) and meperidine (2.5 mg/kg), and subjects breathed compressed air throughout all trials. Over the first 30 min of immersion, exposure of the head increased core cooling both in the body-insulated conditions (head out: 0.47 ± 0.2°C, head in: 0.77 ± 0.2°C; P < 0.05) and the body-exposed conditions (head out: 0.84 ± 0.2°C and head in: 1.17 ± 0.5°C; P < 0.02). Submersion of the head (7% of the body surface area) in the body-exposed conditions increased total heat loss by only 10%. In both body-exposed and body-insulated conditions, head submersion increased core cooling rate much more (average of 42%) than it increased total heat loss. This may be explained by a redistribution of blood flow in response to stimulation of thermosensitive and/or trigeminal receptors in the scalp, neck and face, where a given amount of heat loss would have a greater cooling effect on a smaller perfused body mass. In 17°C water, the head does not contribute relatively more than the rest of the body to surface heat loss; however, a cold-induced reduction of perfused body mass may allow this small increase in heat loss to cause a relatively larger cooling of the body core.

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Cheung, Stephen S., and Tom M. McLellan. "Heat acclimation, aerobic fitness, and hydration effects on tolerance during uncompensable heat stress." Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 1731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.5.1731.

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—The purpose of the present study was to determine the separate and combined effects of aerobic fitness, short-term heat acclimation, and hypohydration on tolerance during light exercise while wearing nuclear, biological, and chemical protective clothing in the heat (40°C, 30% relative humidity). Men who were moderately fit [(MF); <50 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1maximal O2 consumption; n = 7] and highly fit [(HF); >55 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1maximal O2 consumption; n = 8] were tested while they were euhydrated or hypohydrated by ∼2.5% of body mass through exercise and fluid restriction the day preceding the trials. Tests were conducted before and after 2 wk of daily heat acclimation (1-h treadmill exercise at 40°C, 30% relative humidity, while wearing the nuclear, biological, and chemical protective clothing). Heat acclimation increased sweat rate and decreased skin temperature and rectal temperature (Tre) in HF subjects but had no effect on tolerance time (TT). MF subjects increased sweat rate but did not alter heart rate, Tre, or TT. In both MF and HF groups, hypohydration significantly increased Tre and heart rate and decreased the respiratory exchange ratio and the TT regardless of acclimation state. Overall, the rate of rise of skin temperature was less, while ΔTre, the rate of rise of Tre, and the TT were greater in HF than in MF subjects. It was concluded that exercise-heat tolerance in this uncompensable heat-stress environment is not influenced by short-term heat acclimation but is significantly improved by long-term aerobic fitness.

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6

Jinsart, W., and S. Thepanondh. "Effects of Climate Change on Heat Accumulation and Precipitation in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 5, no. 4 (2014): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2014.v5.505.

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7

Latzka, William A., Michael N. Sawka, Scott J. Montain, Gary S. Skrinar, Roger A. Fielding, Ralph P. Matott, and Kent B. Pandolf. "Hyperhydration: thermoregulatory effects during compensable exercise-heat stress." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.3.860.

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Latzka, William A., Michael N. Sawka, Scott J. Montain, Gary S. Skrinar, Roger A. Fielding, Ralph P. Matott, and Kent B. Pandolf.Hyperhydration: thermoregulatory effects during compensable exercise-heat stress. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 860–866, 1997.—This study examined the effects of hyperhydration on thermoregulatory responses during compensable exercise-heat stress. The general approach was to determine whether 1-h preexercise hyperhydration [29.1 ml/kg lean body mass; with or without glycerol (1.2 g/kg lean body mass)] would improve sweating responses and reduce core temperature during exercise. During these experiments, the evaporative heat loss required (Ereq = 293 W/m2) to maintain steady-state core temperature was less than the maximal capacity (Emax = 462 W/m2) of the climate for evaporative heat loss (Ereq/Emax= 63%). Eight heat-acclimated men completed five trials: euhydration, glycerol hyperhydration, and water hyperhydration both with and without rehydration (replace sweat loss during exercise). During exercise in the heat (35°C, 45% relative humidity), there was no difference between hyperhydration methods for increasing total body water (∼1.5 liters). Compared with euhydration, hyperhydration did not alter core temperature, skin temperature, whole body sweating rate, local sweating rate, sweating threshold temperature, sweating sensitivity, or heart rate responses. Similarly, no difference was found between water and glycerol hyperhydration for these physiological responses. These data demonstrate that hyperhydration provides no thermoregulatory advantage over the maintenance of euhydration during compensable exercise-heat stress.

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8

Rao, NelloreMohan, Asim Saha, and HarshadC Patel. "Heat exposure effects among firefighters." Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 10, no. 3 (2006): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.29572.

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9

Piyathaisere, Duke V., Eyal Margalit, Shih-Jen Chen, Jeng-Shyong Shyu, James D. Weiland, Rhonda R. Grebe, Lynnea Grebe, et al. "Heat Effects on the Retina." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 34, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1542-8877-20030301-07.

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10

Fujieda, Shuko, and Junko Kawahito. "A heat exchange calorimeter for smaller heat effects involving an optronic heat source." Thermochimica Acta 161, no. 1 (April 1990): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(90)80297-c.

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11

Min, Jingchun, and Lining Wang. "Heat of adsorption and its effects on transmembrane heat transfer." Journal of Membrane Science 409-410 (August 2012): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.03.053.

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12

Taylor, Robert P., Philip H. Love, Hugh W. Coleman, and M. H. Hosni. "Step heat flux effects on turbulent boundary-layer heat transfer." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 4, no. 1 (January 1990): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.29175.

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13

Ren, Chuan. "Parametric effects on heat transfer in loop heat pipe’s wick." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54, no. 17-18 (August 2011): 3987–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.04.026.

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14

Ciofalo, Michele. "Local effects of longitudinal heat conduction in plate heat exchangers." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50, no. 15-16 (July 2007): 3019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.12.006.

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15

Sekiguchi, Yasuki, Courteney L. Benjamin, Ciara N. Manning, Jeb F. Struder, Lawrence E. Armstrong, Elaine C. Lee, Robert A. Huggins, Rebecca L. Stearns, Lindsay J. DiStefano, and Douglas J. Casa. "Effects Of Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation And Intermittent Heat Training On Time-trial Performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 53, no. 8S (August 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000763276.49763.01.

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16

Edafeadhe, Godspower O., and Harold C. Godwin. "Effects of Steelmaking Ladle Holding Period on Continuous Casting Yield." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.339.

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The study was undertaken to ascertain the effects of holding time during secondary steel making, casting duration, strand loss per heat, and tonnage of steel returned per heat on continuous casting yield (%). A total of 1910 heats, spanning a period of seven years (41 production months) were used for the study. Monthly tonnage of liquid steel produced and cast and the corresponding yield were computed from the casting reports. Also extracted from the casting reports are the average monthly holding time (mins) during secondary steel making, monthly average heat casting duration (minutes), average strand loss per heat and monthly average tonnage of steel returned per heat. A statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data obtained. The yield was found to be negatively correlated to steel holding time during secondary steel making (-0.257 mins), strand loss per heat (-0.753 tons), and tonnage of heat returned per heat (-0.944 tons), but positively correlated to casting duration (0.371 mins). The result showed that increase in holding time during secondary steel making, strand loss per heat and tonnage of steel returned per heat decrease the yield of continuous casting process. The model formulated was able to explain 93.4% of the total variation in the observed yield. Efforts should therefore be made to monitor and reduce these parameters that decrease the yield through proper process control, regular checks of the continuous casting machines, replacement of worn out moulds, and in-house training and retraining of casters for optimum process performance.

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17

Reynolds, Luke F., Christine A. Short, David A. Westwood, and Stephen S. Cheung. "Head Pre-Cooling Improves Symptoms of Heat-Sensitive Multiple Sclerosis Patients." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 38, no. 1 (January 2011): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100011136.

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Abstract:Background:Damage to the central nervous system by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) leads to multiple symptoms, including weakness, ambulatory dysfunction, visual disturbances and fatigue. Heat can exacerbate the symptoms of MS whereas cooling can provide symptomatic relief. Since the head and neck areas are particularly sensitive to cold and cooling interventions, we investigated the effects of cooling the head and neck for 60 minutes on the symptoms of MS.Methods:We used a double blinded, placebo controlled, cross-over study design to evaluate the effects of head and neck cooling on six heat-sensitive, stable, ambulatory females with MS (Extended Disability Status Scale 2.5-6.5). To isolate the effects of perceived versus physiological cooling, a sham cooling condition was incorporated, where subjects perceived the sensation of being cooled without any actual physiological cooling. Participants visited the clinic three times for 60 minutes of true, sham, or no cooling using a custom head and neck cooling hood, followed by evaluation of ambulation, visual acuity, and muscle strength. Rectal and skin temperature, heart rate, and thermal sensation were measured throughout cooling and testing.Results:Both the true and sham cooling elicited significant sensations of thermal cooling, but only the true cooling condition decreased core temperature by 0.37°C (36.97±0.21 to 36.60±0.23°C). True cooling improved performance in the six minute walk test and the timed up-and-go test but not visual acuity or hand grip strength.Conclusions:Head and neck cooling may be an effective tool in increasing ambulatory capacity in individuals with MS and heat sensitivity.

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18

Goosey-Tolfrey, Victoria L., Nicholas J. Diaper, Jeanette Crosland, and Keith Tolfrey. "Fluid Intake During Wheelchair Exercise in the Heat: Effects of Localized Cooling Garments." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.2.145.

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Background:Wheelchair tennis players, competing in hot and humid environments, are faced with an increased risk of heat-related illness and impaired performance. This study examined the effects of head and neck cooling garments on perceptions of exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TS), and water consumption during wheelchair exercise at 30.4 ± 0.6°C.Methods:Eight highly trained wheelchair tennis players (1 amputee and 7 spinal cord injured) completed two 60-min, intermittent sprint trials; once with cooling (COOL) and once without cooling (CON) in a balanced cross-over design. Players could drink water ad libitum at five predetermined intervals during each trial. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, peak speed, TS, and RPE were recorded during the trials. Body mass and water consumption were measured before and after each trial.Results:Water consumption was lower in COOL compared with CON (700 ± 393 mL vs. 1198 ± 675 mL respectively;P= 0.042). Trends in data suggested lower RPE and TS under COOL conditions (N.S.). Total sweat losses ranged from 200 to 1300 mL; this equated to ~1% dehydration after water consumption had been accounted for when averaged across all trials. The ad libitum drinking volumes matched and, in some cases, were greater than the total sweat losses.Conclusions:These results suggest that there is a counterproductive effect of head and neck cooling garments on water consumption. However, despite consuming volumes of water at least equivalent to total sweat loss, changes in body mass suggest an incidence of mild dehydration during wheelchair tennis in the heat.

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19

Kaban, G., and D. Bayrak. "The effects of using turkey meat on qualitative properties of heat-treated sucuk." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 33, No. 4 (June 3, 2016): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2/2015-cjfs.

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20

Schiebel, Korbinian, Guntram Jordan, Anders Kaestner, Burkhard Schillinger, Robert Georgii, Kai-Uwe Hess, Sandra Böhnke, and Wolfgang W. Schmahl. "Effects of heat and cyclic reuse on the properties of bentonite-bonded sand." European Journal of Mineralogy 30, no. 6 (December 20, 2018): 1115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2784.

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21

Li, Cheng, Pucheng Fan, and Huanran Fan. "ICONE23-1119 EFFECTS OF THE UP-COMER WIDTH ON THE PCCS HEAT REMOVAL." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2015.23 (2015): _ICONE23–1—_ICONE23–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2015.23._icone23-1_64.

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22

Jordan, E. R. "Effects of Heat Stress on Reproduction." Journal of Dairy Science 86 (June 2003): E104—E114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)74043-0.

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23

Denney, Dennis. "Expansion-Cone Material: Heat-Treatment Effects." Journal of Petroleum Technology 64, no. 06 (June 1, 2012): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0612-0110-jpt.

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Mohammadi, Fatemeh, Navid Nezafat, Manica Negahdaripour, Fatemeh Dabbagh, Afshin Borhani Haghghi, Sedigheh Kianpour, Mehrzad Banihashemi, and Younes Ghasemi. "Neuroprotective Effects of Heat Shock Protein70." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 17, no. 10 (November 23, 2018): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527317666180827111152.

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Background & Objective: Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) increase response to many stresses in cells. Stroke is a neural shock that leads to the destruction of a large number of brain cells, whereas induction and expression of HSPs can decrease the amount of damage, and in some conditions can cure damaged cells. HSP70 family is considered as the most important member of HSPs in normal and stress condition of cells. They are strongly up-regulated by stresses and have protective roles in under stressed cells. Therefore, in this review, we briefly consider the association between HSP70 and stroke. We searched in Pubmed and Scopus databases using the specified keywords and selected the articles based on the certain association between HSP70 and stroke. HSP70 protects cells from damage through a variety of cellular and biochemical processes such as chaperone function, anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Conclusion: Protective effects of HSP70 in neurodegenerative shocks are illustrated in the review, and it can be concluded that the induction of HSP70 in stresses can be considered as a therapeutic factor, although it needs further studies.

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Analitis, Antonis, Paola Michelozzi, Daniela D’Ippoliti, Francesca de’Donato, Bettina Menne, Franziska Matthies, Richard W. Atkinson, et al. "Effects of Heat Waves on Mortality." Epidemiology 25, no. 1 (January 2014): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e31828ac01b.

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26

Bukharaev, A. A., D. A. Bizyaev, T. F. Khanipov, N. I. Nurgazizov, and A. P. Chuklanov. "Heat-assisted effects in ferromagnetic nanoparticles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 478 (December 19, 2013): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/478/1/012022.

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27

Sabet‐Dariani, R., and D. Haneman. "Heat‐treatment effects on porous silicon." Journal of Applied Physics 76, no. 2 (July 15, 1994): 1346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357801.

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28

Chen, Feng, Yi Gao, and Michael Galperin. "Molecular Heat Engines: Quantum Coherence Effects." Entropy 19, no. 9 (September 4, 2017): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e19090472.

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29

Haines, M. G. "Heat flux effects in Ohm's law." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 28, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 1705–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/28/11/007.

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30

Ageev, A. I., M. V. Levin, G. B. Smykov, and A. N. Shamichev. "Secondary effects in wound heat exchangers." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 27, no. 7 (July 1991): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01262670.

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31

Senft, J. R. "Pressurization effects in kinematic heat engines." Journal of the Franklin Institute 328, no. 2-3 (January 1991): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-0032(91)90034-z.

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32

de Waele, A. T. A. M. "Finite heat-capacity effects in regenerators." Cryogenics 52, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2011.09.015.

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Lark, B. S., Satindar Kaur, and Surjit Singh. "Ternary heat effects in ternary mixtures." Thermochimica Acta 105 (September 1986): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(86)85239-x.

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34

Jones, J. C. "Thermocouple configuration and heat transfer effects." Fire Safety Journal 42, no. 2 (March 2007): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.12.002.

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35

LEE, Chang-franw, Tetsuo KATSUURA, Hajime HARADA, and Yasuyuki KIKUCHI. "Effects of Handgrip Work and Heat Load on Heart Rate Variability." Annals of physiological anthropology 13, no. 5 (1994): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/ahs1983.13.233.

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Chen, K., and S. Suphasith. "Latent Heat Effects in Thermoelectric Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Equipped With a Heat Exchanger." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2793866.

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The effects of moisture on the performance of thermoelectric air conditioning systems and heat pumps equipped with a heat exchanger were studied. Coefficients of performance and fluid temperature variations were calculated for heat capacity ratios from 1 to 10 and relative humidities ranging from 0 to 100 percent at the cold fluid inlet. Only the energy effects of the water condensation are considered as it is assumed that the heat transfer coefficients are those of a dry heat exchanger. It was found that different flow arrangements and the energy associated with condensation on the cold fluid side have no strong effects on the variation of the hot fluid temperature. The coefficient of performance decreases and the cold fluid exit temperature increases when condensation occurs. When the moisture content at the cold fluid inlet increases most of the cases studied show a decrease in the difference between the optimum and uniform current results. The difference among different flow arrangements also becomes smaller as more water vapor condenses in the cold flow.

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Boonruksa, Pongsit, Thatkhwan Maturachon, Pornpimol Kongtip, and Susan Woskie. "Heat Stress, Physiological Response, and Heat-Related Symptoms among Thai Sugarcane Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176363.

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Prolonged or intense exposure to heat can lead to a range of health effects. This study investigated heat exposure and heat-related symptoms which sugarcane workers (90 sugarcane cutters and 93 factory workers) experienced during a harvesting season in Thailand. During the hottest month of harvesting season, wet bulb globe temperature was collected in the work environment, and workloads observed, to assess heat stress. Urine samples for dehydration test, blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature were measured pre- and post-shift to measure heat strain. Fluid intake and heat-related symptoms which subjects had experienced during the harvesting season were gathered via interviews at the end of the season. From the results, sugarcane cutters showed high risk for heat stress and strain, unlike factory workers who had low risk based on the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs) for heat stress. Dehydration was observed among sugarcane cutters and significant physiological changes including heart rate, body temperature, and systolic blood pressure occurred across the work shift. Significantly more sugarcane cutters reported experiencing heat-related symptoms including weakness/fatigue, heavy sweating, headache, rash, muscle cramp, dry mouth, dizziness, fever, dry/cracking skin, and swelling, compared to sugarcane factory workers. We conclude that the heat stress experienced by sugarcane cutters working in extremely hot environments, with high workloads, is associated with acute health effects. Preventive and control measures for heat stress are needed to reduce the risk of heat strain.

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McManus, Concepta M., Danielle A. Faria, Carolina M. Lucci, Helder Louvandini, Sidney A. Pereira, and Samuel R. Paiva. "Heat stress effects on sheep: Are hair sheep more heat resistant?" Theriogenology 155 (October 2020): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.047.

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Roy, Rahul, and Balaram Kundu. "Effects of fin shapes on heat transfer in microchannel heat sinks." Heat Transfer-Asian Research 47, no. 4 (April 20, 2018): 646–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/htj.21332.

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Gogonin, I. I. "The effects of heat-release wall properties on boiling heat transfer." Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 16, no. 2 (June 2007): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s181023280702004x.

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Latzka, William A., Michael N. Sawka, Scott J. Montain, Gary S. Skrinar, Roger A. Fielding, Ralph P. Matott, and Kent B. Pandolf. "Hyperhydration: tolerance and cardiovascular effects during uncompensable exercise-heat stress." Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 1858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.1858.

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This study examined the efficacy of glycerol and water hyperhydration (1 h before exercise) on tolerance and cardiovascular strain during uncompensable exercise-heat stress. The approach was to determine whether 1-h preexercise hyperhydration (29.1 ml H2O/kg lean body mass with or without 1.2 g/kg lean body mass of glycerol) provided a physiological advantage over euhydration. Eight heat-acclimated men completed three trials (control euhydration before exercise, and glycerol and water hyperhydrations) consisting of treadmill exercise-heat stress (ratio of evaporative heat loss required to maximal capacity of climate = 416). During exercise (∼55% maximal O2 uptake), there was no difference between glycerol and water hyperhydration methods for increasing ( P < 0.05) total body water. Glycerol hyperhydration endurance time (33.8 ± 3.0 min) was longer ( P < 0.05) than for control (29.5 ± 3.5 min), but was not different ( P > 0.05) from that of water hyperhydration (31.3 ± 3.1 min). Hyperhydration did not alter ( P > 0.05) core temperature, whole body sweating rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, or core temperature tolerance. Exhaustion from heat strain occurred at similar core and skin temperatures and heart rates in each trial. Symptoms at exhaustion included syncope and ataxia, fatigue, dyspnea, and muscle cramps ( n = 11, 10, 2, and 1 cases, respectively). We conclude that 1-h preexercise glycerol hyperhydration provides no meaningful physiological advantage over water hyperhydration and that hyperhydration per se only provides the advantage (over euhydration) of delaying hypohydration during uncompensble exercise-heat stress.

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Launay, Jean-Claude, Yves Besnard, Angélique Guinet, Germain Bessard, Christian Raphel, and Gustave Savourey. "Effects of modafinil on heat thermoregulatory responses in humans at rest." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-092.

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The effects of modafinil on heat thermoregulatory responses were studied in 10 male subjects submitted to a sweating test after taking 200 mg of modafinil or placebo. Sweating tests were performed in a hot climatic chamber (45°C, relative humidity <15%, wind speed = 0.8 m·s1, duration 1.5 h). Body temperatures (rectal (Tre) and 10 skin temperatures (Tsk)), sweat rate, and metabolic heat production (Mdot) were studied as well as heart rate (HR). Results showed that modafinil induced at the end of the sweating test higher body temperatures increases (0.50 ± 0.04 versus 0.24 ± 0.05°C (P < 0.01) for deltaTre and 3.64 ± 0.16 versus 3.32 ± 0.16°C (P < 0.05) for deltaTbarsk (mean skin temperature)) and a decrease in sweating rate throughout the heat exposure (P < 0.05) without change in Mdot, leading to a higher body heat storage (P < 0.05). DeltaHR was also increased, especially at the end of the sweating test (17.95 ± 1.49 versus 12.52 ± 1.24 beats/min (P < 0.01)). In conclusion, modafinil induced a slight hyperthermic effect during passive dry heat exposure related to a lower sweat rate, probably by its action on the central nervous system, and this could impair heat tolerance. Key words: modafinil, heat, human, thermoregulation.

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De Blois, Jonathan, Tord Kjellstrom, Stefan Agewall, Justin A. Ezekowitz, Paul W. Armstrong, and Dan Atar. "The Effects of Climate Change on Cardiac Health." Cardiology 131, no. 4 (2015): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000398787.

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The earth's climate is changing and increasing ambient heat levels are emerging in large areas of the world. An important cause of this change is the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases. Climate changes have a variety of negative effects on health, including cardiac health. People with pre-existing medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease (including heart failure), people carrying out physically demanding work and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. This review evaluates the evidence base for the cardiac health consequences of climate conditions, with particular reference to increasing heat exposure, and it also explores the potential further implications.

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Hansen, Peter J. "Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1534 (November 27, 2009): 3341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0131.

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Heat stress can have large effects on most aspects of reproductive function in mammals. These include disruptions in spermatogenesis and oocyte development, oocyte maturation, early embryonic development, foetal and placental growth and lactation. These deleterious effects of heat stress are the result of either the hyperthermia associated with heat stress or the physiological adjustments made by the heat-stressed animal to regulate body temperature. Many effects of elevated temperature on gametes and the early embryo involve increased production of reactive oxygen species. Genetic adaptation to heat stress is possible both with respect to regulation of body temperature and cellular resistance to elevated temperature.

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Thomas, Samuel D., Howard H. Carter, Helen Jones, Dick H. J. Thijssen, and David A. Low. "Effects of Acute Exercise on Cutaneous Thermal Sensation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 6, 2020): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072491.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of exercise intensity on the thermal sensory function of active and inactive limbs. In a randomised and counterbalanced manner, 13 healthy young male participants (25 ± 6 years, 1.8 ± 0.1 m, 77 ± 6 kg) conducted: (1) 30-min low-intensity (50% heart rate maximum, HRmax; LOW) and (2) 30-min high-intensity (80% HRmax; HIGH) cycling exercises, and (3) 30 min of seated rest (CONTROL). Before, immediately after, and 1 h after, each intervention, thermal sensory functions of the non-dominant dorsal forearm and posterior calf were examined by increasing local skin temperature (1 °C/s) to assess perceptual heat sensitivity and pain thresholds. Relative to pre-exercise, forearm heat sensitivity thresholds were increased immediately and 1 hr after HIGH, but there were no changes after LOW exercise or during CONTROL (main effect of trial; p = 0.017). Relative to pre-exercise, calf heat sensitivity thresholds were not changed after LOW or HIGH exercise or during CONTROL (main effect of trial; p = 0.629). There were no changes in calf (main effect of trial; p = 0.528) or forearm (main effect of trial; p = 0.088) heat pain thresholds after exercise in either LOW or HIGH or CONTROL. These results suggest that cutaneous thermal sensitivity function of an inactive limb is only reduced after higher intensity exercise but is not changed in a previously active limb after exercise. Exercise does not affect heat pain sensitivity in either active or inactive limbs.

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Giesbrecht, Gordon G., Tamara L. Lockhart, Gerald K. Bristow, and Allan M. Steinman. "Thermal effects of dorsal head immersion in cold water on nonshivering humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 5 (November 2005): 1958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00052.2005.

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Personal floatation devices maintain either a semirecumbent flotation posture with the head and upper chest out of the water or a horizontal flotation posture with the dorsal head and whole body immersed. The contribution of dorsal head and upper chest immersion to core cooling in cold water was isolated when the confounding effect of shivering heat production was inhibited with meperidine (Demerol, 2.5 mg/kg). Six male volunteers were immersed four times for up to 60 min, or until esophageal temperature = 34°C. An insulated hoodless dry suit or two different personal floatation devices were used to create four conditions: 1) body insulated, head out; 2) body insulated, dorsal head immersed; 3) body exposed, head (and upper chest) out; and 4) body exposed, dorsal head (and upper chest) immersed. When the body was insulated, dorsal head immersion did not affect core cooling rate (1.1°C/h) compared with head-out conditions (0.7°C/h). When the body was exposed, however, the rate of core cooling increased by 40% from 3.6°C/h with the head out to 5.0°C/h with the dorsal head and upper chest immersed ( P < 0.01). Heat loss from the dorsal head and upper chest was approximately proportional to the extra surface area that was immersed (∼10%). The exaggerated core cooling during dorsal head immersion (40% increase) may result from the extra heat loss affecting a smaller thermal core due to intense thermal stimulation of the body and head and resultant peripheral vasoconstriction. Dorsal head and upper chest immersion in cold water increases the rate of core cooling and decreases potential survival time.

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Latzka, William A., and Michael N. Sawka. "Hyperhydration and Glycerol: Thermoregulatory Effects During Exercise in Hot Climates." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 25, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h00-035.

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Hyperhydration or increasing body water content above normal (euhydration) level was thought to have some benefit during exercise heat-stress; however, attempts to overdrink have been minimized by a rapid diuretic response. The perception that hyperhydration might be beneficial for exercise performance and for thermoregulation arose from the adverse consequences of hypohydration. Many studies had examined the effects of hyperhydration on thermoregulation in the heat; however, most of them suffer from design problems that confound their results. The design problems included control conditions not representing euhydration but hypohydration, control conditions not adequately described, cold fluid ingestion that reduced core temperature, and/or changing heat acclimation status. Several investigators reported lower core temperatures during exercise after hyperhydration, while other studies do not. Some investigators reported higher sweating rates with hyperhydration, while other studies do not. Recent research that controlled for these confounding variables reported that hyperhydration (water or glycerol) did not alter core temperature, skin temperature, whole body sweating rate, local sweating rate, sweating threshold temperature, sweating sensitivity, or heart rate responces compared to euhydration trail. If euhydration is maintained during exercise-heat stress then hyperhydration appears to have no meaningful advantage. Key words: Hydration, fluid replacement, exercise heat-stress, total body water exercise

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Rendell, Rebecca A., Jamie Prout, Joseph T. Costello, Heather C. Massey, Michael J. Tipton, John S. Young, and Jo Corbett. "Effects of 10 days of separate heat and hypoxic exposure on heat acclimation and temperate exercise performance." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 313, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): R191—R201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017.

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Adaptations to heat and hypoxia are typically studied in isolation but are often encountered in combination. Whether the adaptive response to multiple stressors affords the same response as when examined in isolation is unclear. We examined 1) the influence of overnight moderate normobaric hypoxia on the time course and magnitude of adaptation to daily heat exposure and 2) whether heat acclimation (HA) was ergogenic and whether this was influenced by an additional hypoxic stimulus. Eight males [V̇o2max = 58.5 (8.3) ml·kg−1·min−1] undertook two 11-day HA programs (balanced-crossover design), once with overnight normobaric hypoxia (HAHyp): 8 (1) h per night for 10 nights [[Formula: see text] = 0.156; SpO2 = 91 (2)%] and once without (HACon). Days 1, 6, and 11 were exercise-heat stress tests [HST (40°C, 50% relative humidity, RH)]; days 2–5 and 7–10 were isothermal strain [target rectal temperature (Tre) ~38.5°C], exercise-heat sessions. A graded exercise test and 30-min cycle trial were undertaken pre-, post-, and 14 days after HA in temperate normoxia (22°C, 55% RH; FIO2 = 0.209). HA was evident on day 6 (e.g., reduced Tre, mean skin temperature (T̄sk), heart rate, and sweat [Na+], P < 0.05) with additional adaptations on day 11 (further reduced T̄sk and heart rate). HA increased plasma volume [+5.9 (7.3)%] and erythropoietin concentration [+1.8 (2.4) mIU/ml]; total hemoglobin mass was unchanged. Peak power output [+12 (20) W], lactate threshold [+15 (18) W] and work done [+12 (20) kJ] increased following HA. The additional hypoxic stressor did not affect these adaptations. In conclusion, a separate moderate overnight normobaric hypoxic stimulus does not affect the time course or magnitude of HA. Performance may be improved in temperate normoxia following HA, but this is unaffected by an additional hypoxic stressor.

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Martini, Angelo Ruediger Pisani, João Batista Ferreira-Júnior, Daniel Barbosa Coelho, Diego Alcântara Borba, Leonardo Gomes Martins Coelho, and Luciano Sales Prado. "Effects of human head hair on performance and thermoregulatory responses during 10-km outdoor running in healthy men." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 18, no. 2 (May 23, 2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p155.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p155 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of human head hair on performance and thermoregulatory responses during 10-km outdoor running in healthy men. Twelve healthy males (29.5 ± 3.7 years, 174.9 ± 4.3 cm, 72.7 ± 3.2 kg and VO2max 44.6 ± 3.4 ml.kg-1.min-1) participated in two self-paced outdoor 10-km running trials separated by 7 days: 1) HAIR, subjects ran with their natural head hair; 2) NOHAIR, subjects ran after their hair had been totally shaved. Average running velocity was calculated from each 2-km running time. Rectal temperature, heart rate and physiological strain index were measured before and after the 10-km runs and at the end of each 2 km. The rate of heat storage was measured every 2 km. The environmental stress (WBGT) was measured every 10 min. The running velocity (10.9 ± 1 and 10.9 ± 1.1 km.h-1), heart rate (183 ± 10 and 180 ± 12 bpm), rectal temperature (38.82 ± 0.29 and 38.81 ± 0.49oC), physiological strain index (9 ± 1 and 9 ± 1), or heat storage rate (71.9 ± 64.1 and 80.7 ± 56.7 W.m-1) did not differ between the HAIR and NOHAIR conditions, respectively (p>0.05). There was no difference in WBGT between the HAIR and NOHAIR conditions (24.0 ± 1.4 and 23.2 ± 1.5ºC, respectively; p=0.10). The results suggest that shaved head hair does not alter running velocity or thermoregulatory responses during 10-km running under the sun.

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Ku, Min Ye, Hon Chung Shin, and Gyo Woo Lee. "Effects of Symmetrically Arranged Heat Sources on the Heat Release Performance of Extruded-Type Heat Sinks." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 40, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2016.40.2.119.

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