Journal articles on the topic 'Effectiveness of incentives'
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Yan, Yaqian. "Study on the Effectiveness of Equity Incentive Models Affecting Internal Control." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 1 (November 28, 2022): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v1i.2673.
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The article studies how the equity incentive affects the effectiveness of internal control of listed companies by taking Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2016 as a sample and using the Shenzhen Dibo internal control index of listed companies from 2011 to 2016 to measure the effectiveness of internal control of listed companies. The following three questions are discussed: (1) Whether the impact of equity incentive model on the effectiveness of internal control is positive? (2) Whether the impact of equity incentive intensity on the effectiveness of internal control is nonlinear? In other words, whether there is excess incentive? (3) Is there any difference in the impact of equity incentives between state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises? The study found: The use of equity incentives has a positive effect on the effectiveness of the internal control of the company. When the incentive is excessive, it will result in over-incentives, that is, the greater the incentive, the less effective the internal control of the company. The relationship between incentives and the effectiveness of corporate internal control is inverted U-shaped. Different from the viewpoint of the existing literature, the study found that equity incentives in state-owned enterprises can further enhance the effectiveness of internal control. The results of the study show that although most people think equity incentives are conducive to reducing agency problems and increasing the effectiveness of internal control, it is still necessary to control the strength of equity incentive and prevent it from backfiring, which helps firms to reduce the conflict of interests between principles and agents.
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Liu, Yuewen, and Juan Feng. "Does Money Talk? The Impact of Monetary Incentives on User-Generated Content Contributions." Information Systems Research 32, no. 2 (June 2021): 394–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/isre.2020.0971.
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Many platforms use monetary incentives to encourage user-generated content (UGC) contributions. The empirical evidence, however, is contradictory: monetary incentives are shown to either increase or decrease contribution. We make the first attempt to build a unified theoretical model to understand the complex nature of the impact of monetary incentives. We consider contributors differentiated not only by their attitudes toward monetary incentives but also by their effectiveness to attract audience. We identify two scenarios where contributors can be crowded out when monetary incentives are present: (1) when a small amount of monetary incentive is introduced, the non–money-driven contributors reduce or even stop contributing (motivation crowding out); or (2) when the monetary incentive is relatively large, the high-effectiveness contributors crowd out the low-effectiveness ones (competition crowding out). As a result, an increase in the monetary incentive can either increase or decrease contributors’ participation and the total content volume contributed. Our results offer guidelines for different UGC platforms to design monetary incentive mechanisms.
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Hinderlich, Björn. "Incentives – Effectiveness and efficiency." Journal of Governance and Regulation 3, no. 1 (2014): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v3_i1_p1.
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This paper covers the question if and how incentive schemes work evaluated by their impact on company performance (market capitalization and profit before tax). Based on a unique data set for German executive directors of DAX companies it can be proved that neither short (STI) nor long term incentives (LTI) plans necessarily support the company success. It rather depends on the efficiency of each plan, i. e. on its design. Special attention has to be paid on target setting. Short term focused objectives often miss their targets, whereas long term oriented objectives significantly support the company success. To solve the prisoner’s dilemma between employers and employees by a quasi-endless game, additional measures may be helpful, such as share ownership guidelines.
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Armstrong, J. Scott, and J. Thomas Yokum. "Effectiveness of monetary incentives." Industrial Marketing Management 23, no. 2 (April 1994): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501(94)90014-0.
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Faisol, Imam Agus, and Tito IM Rahman Hakim. "Analysis of the Participation of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Taxpayers in Utilizing Tax Incentives Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic." TIJAB (The International Journal of Applied Business) 5, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/tijab.v5.i1.2021.71-80.
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This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the COVID-19 tax incentives that the government has issued. It focused on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) taxpayers to participate in COVID-19 tax incentives. Using a qualitative method, this study used in-depth interviews with 2 informants who were a tax consultant and a small-medium enterprise accountant. The findings show that the effectiveness of the COVID-19 tax incentive is still lacking, and it is in line with the participation of MSMEs that is still low in utilizing tax incentives. The low participation of MSMEs in utilizing tax incentives can be seen from the data, which shows that after 5 months of running the program, out of around 2.3 million MSMEs, only 200,000 have taken advantage of this facility. The tax consultant states that the scheme that has been implemented in mitigating the financial burden of MSMEs is not effective for the object of incentives in not substantial. The informant suggests incentives to cover value-added tax also. The government is expected to create a new and better incentive scheme. The new incentive scheme is also to provide an equilibrium of responsibility for both government and society. This paper contributes theoretically by examining new types of tax incentives, namely COVID-19 tax incentives, and helping policymakers make better tax incentive schemes in the future.
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Korostelkina, Irina Alekseevna, and Anastasiya Olegovna Androsova. "Effectiveness of tax incentives for innovative activity in the Russian Federation: assessment and calculation." Тренды и управление, no. 1 (January 2020): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0730.2020.1.33232.
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The subject of this research is tax incentive that is a part of the process of innovative activity. Taxation is viewed as a tool for advancement of innovations. The experience of foreign countries demonstrates that government support in the form of funding, tax incentives, government subsidized loans, and creation of essential infrastructure play a big role in modernization processes. Expansion of the practice of implementation of tax incentives for stimulating innovations requires a theoretical comprehension of this process. This article examines the coefficient that characterizes economic effectiveness of tax incentives as correlation of separate indexes of innovation activity of recipients and benefits from tax spending. Assessment is conducted on the effectiveness of tax incentives in accordance with the data on innovation activity and tax revenue from different sectors that are leaders in the innovation sphere. The following conclusions were made: tax mechanism of stimulating innovation activity are not very popular and effective; precision of calculation is significantly affected by the current issues with the information base: complete absence of information with respect to stimulus recipients; the results of analysis demonstrate that the rate of increase of decreasing budget revenue surpasses the rate of growth that characterizes innovation activity of the taxpayer that testifies to the insufficient effectiveness of the provided tax incentives, prompting suggestion of new means for stimulation of tax incentives. The author proposes to amend statistical tax report, highlighting the information on the entire range of existing tax incentives. Consideration and control over rationality of tax incentive mechanisms would allow optimizing the list of tax incentives for innovation activity, as well as expand the list of sectors that use such incentives.
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Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. "Ten Principles for State Tax Incentives." Economic Development Quarterly 9, no. 4 (November 1995): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124249500900407.
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The use of tax incentives for economic development is growing among states. This growth is partially caused by a response to new incentives of neighboring states, and similar incentive laws are passed in the interest of remaining competitive. As a result, many states have adopted tax incentives not well founded on economic theory or empirical evidence. This article draws on the latter to develop ten principles that states can employ to enhance the fairness and effectiveness of tax incentives. To illustrate their application, the principles are used to evaluate the state of Georgia's incentive programs.
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Susilawati, Neni, Citra Yadin Ramadhena, Mayang Permatasari Syahputri, and Regina Canda Wardhani. "EVALUATING COVID-19’ TAX INCENTIVES: MEASURING THE POLICY EFFECTIVENESS AND PROSPECTIVE POLICY ANALYSIS ON THE EXTENDED PROVISION." Sebatik 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46984/sebatik.v26i1.1813.
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Policy-making strength is an integral part of the government vigor. When policies fail, monetary and fiscal costs would significantly increase. Covid-19's Tax Incentive is one of the costs that must be incurred due to the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the absorption of this tax incentive has not been optimal, as indicated by the large gap between the budget and the realization of the tax incentives absorption. This research's aims are to evaluate the policy effectiveness of the Covid-19's tax incentives and analyzing the prospective policy of extended provision based on the evidences. This qualitative research was conducted with literature study as data collection technique. The qualitative data was processed using NVivo software. As the result, the policy aims of Covid-19's Tax Incentives are to maintain the economic growth stability, maintain people's purchasing power, maintain the productivity of certain sectors, support the handling of the Covid-19's impact, and maintain stock market stability. Covid-19's Tax Incentives provides quite effective results in dealing with the negative impacts of the pandemic. Most of the tax incentive policy targets appear to have been achieved, step by step. However, some policies have not been optimally absorbed. The provision of tax incentives can have a positive impact on the economy. However, on the other hand, evidence of increasing national debt can be an indicator that these incentives can also harm financial conditions. The government must be more effective. According to the data, not all types of tax incentives have a level of leverage for national economic recovery.
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Kuznetsova, Lidia, Elizabeth Diago-Navarro, Rachel Mathu, and Antoni Trilla. "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination Mandates and Incentives in Europe." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101714.
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During 2021–2022 many countries in the European region of the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted mandatory and incentive-based vaccination measures to stimulate immunization against COVID-19. The measures ranged from positive incentive-based programs (i.e., cash incentives, meal discounts, and lotteries) to introducing COVID-19 certificates and enforcing the universal mandatory vaccination with fines. We assessed the effect of such interventions on COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the population of eight countries within the region. An interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was performed using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) approach to account for autocorrelation and seasonality. The results showed the immediate positive impact of vaccination incentives on vaccine uptake in most cases, with the highest impact being cash incentives for the population (1197 per million population per day). Discount incentives did not show any significant impact. The introduction of COVID-19 certificates was associated with a significant immediate or gradual increase in daily administered vaccine doses in all the countries included in the study, up to 117,617 doses gained per million per month. The effect of mandatory vaccination for all or some groups of the population varied from a continuous decrease in daily administered doses (332 per million capita per day), no significant effect, or a delayed or temporary increase (1489 per million capita per day).
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Orsingher, Chiara, and Jochen Wirtz. "Psychological drivers of referral reward program effectiveness." Journal of Services Marketing 32, no. 3 (May 14, 2018): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-07-2017-0247.
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Purpose Empirical research presents conflicting findings with regards to the effectiveness of referral reward programs (RRPs) and supports two alternative and conflicting views on the effectiveness of incentivizing recommendations. They are, first, a positive effect via perceived attractiveness of the incentive, and second, a negative effect via metaperception of the recommendation. The purpose of this paper is to examine these two opposing psychological mechanisms to reconcile the conflicting findings. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted three experiments. Study 1 tests the base model. Studies 2 and 3 add moderators to test whether each mediating variable operates exclusively on its intended relationship. Findings Incentive size enhanced the attractiveness of an incentive, but reduced the metaperception favorability of the recommendation. These two opposing mechanisms operated in parallel, independently and fully mediated the effects of incentive size to likelihood of making a recommendation. Thus, the net impact of incentives on recommendation behavior depended on the relative strengths of these two opposing forces. Practical implications The study recommends managers to design RRPs with incentives that recommenders perceive as highly useful (i.e. to increase attractiveness) but have a low face value (i.e. to reduce metaperception concerns) and to target RRPs to strong rather than weak ties. Originality/value Our work offers an integrated theoretical account of consumers’ responses to incentivized recommendations and provides managerially relevant guidelines for the design of effective RRPs.
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Stanley, Marshica, Jessica Roycroft, Ashley Amaya, Jill A. Dever, and Anup Srivastav. "The Effectiveness of Incentives on Completion Rates, Data Quality, and Nonresponse Bias in a Probability-based Internet Panel Survey." Field Methods 32, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x20901802.
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Previous research has shown that increasing the size of incentives can increase response rates for probability-based, cross-sectional surveys. However, the effects of incentives on web panels have not been extensively studied. We sought to answer the question: What is the effect of larger, postpaid incentives on (1) response, (2) data quality, and (3) nonresponse bias for individuals in a web panel? We analyzed data from the 2015 and 2016 National Internet Flu Survey, a survey that uses the GfK KnowledgePanel® as its sampling frame. We compare panel members who received a postpaid, standard 1,000-point (the equivalent of US$1) incentive in 2015 to panelists who received a larger, 5,000-point (the equivalent of US$5) incentive in 2016. We found that larger incentives were associated with increased interview completion rates with minimal impact on data quality or bias.
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Brownstone, David, and Thomas F. Golob. "The effectiveness of ridesharing incentives." Regional Science and Urban Economics 22, no. 1 (March 1992): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(92)90023-t.
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Thirumurthy, Harsha, Katherine L. Milkman, Kevin G. Volpp, Alison M. Buttenheim, and Devin G. Pope. "Association between statewide financial incentive programs and COVID-19 vaccination rates." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): e0263425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263425.
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To promote COVID-19 vaccination, many states in the US introduced financial incentives ranging from small, guaranteed rewards to lotteries that give vaccinated individuals a chance to win large prizes. There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of these programs and conflicting evidence from survey experiments and studies of individual states’ lotteries. To assess the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination incentive programs, we combined information on statewide incentive programs in the US with data on daily vaccine doses administered in each state. Leveraging variation across states in the daily availability of incentives, our difference-in-differences analyses showed that statewide programs were not associated with a significant change in vaccination rates. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in vaccination trends between states with and without incentives in any of the 14 days before or after incentives were introduced. Heterogeneity analyses indicated that neither lotteries nor guaranteed rewards were associated with significant change in vaccination rates.
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Kibuchi, Eliud, Patrick Sturgis, Gabriele B. Durrant, and Olga Maslovskaya. "Do Interviewers Moderate the Effect of Monetary Incentives on Response Rates in Household Interview Surveys?" Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology 8, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 264–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smy026.
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Abstract As citizens around the world become ever more reluctant to respond to survey interview requests, incentives are playing an increasingly important role in maintaining response rates. In face-to-face surveys, interviewers are the key conduit of information about the existence and level of any incentive offered and, therefore, potentially moderate the effectiveness with which an incentive translates nonproductive addresses into interviews. Yet, while the existing literature on the effects of incentives on response rates is substantial, little is currently known about the role of interviewers in determining whether or not incentives are effective. In this article, we apply multilevel models to three different face-to-face interview surveys from the United Kingdom, which vary in their sample designs and incentive levels, to assess whether some interviewers are more successful than others in using incentives to leverage cooperation. Additionally, we link the response outcome data to measures of interviewer characteristics to investigate whether interviewer variability on this dimension is systematically related to level of experience and demographic characteristics. Our results show significant and substantial variability between interviewers in the effectiveness of monetary incentives on the probability of cooperation across all three surveys. However, none of the interviewer characteristics considered are significantly associated with more or less successful interviewers.
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Abdelazeem, Basel, Kirellos Said Abbas, Mostafa Atef Amin, Nahla Ahmed El-Shahat, Bilal Malik, Atefeh Kalantary, and Mostafa Eltobgy. "The effectiveness of incentives for research participation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 22, 2022): e0267534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267534.
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Background Recruitment plays a vital role in conducting randomized control trials (RCTs). Challenges and failure of proper recruitment lead to early termination of trials. Monetary incentives have been suggested as a potential solution to these challenges. Therefore, we aimed to do a systematic review and analysis to evaluate the effect of incentives on the number of participants willing to consent to and participate in RCTs. Methods Electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to September 23rd, 2021, using the following keywords: payments, incentive, response, participation, enrollment, randomized, randomization, and RCT. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess the quality of the included trials. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). All analyses were done with the random-effects model. We used Revman software to perform the analysis. Results Six RCTs with 6,253 Participants met the inclusion criteria. Our analysis showed significant improvement in response rate (RR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.55; P = 0.02) and consent rates (RR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.85; P = 0.006) when an incentive payment was offered to participants. Even a small amount of incentive showed significant improvement in both consent (RR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.73; P = 0.03) and response rates (RR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.47; P = 0.004). Conclusion In conclusion, our meta-analysis demonstrated statistically significant increases in the rate of consent and responses from participants when offered even small monetary value incentives. These findings suggest that incentives may be used to reduce the rate of recruitment failure and subsequent study termination. However, further RCTs are needed to establish a critical threshold beyond which incentive amount does not alter response rates further and the types of RCTs in which financial incentives are likely to be effective.
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Siegel, Robert, Meghan E. McGrady, Linda Dynan, Roohi Kharofa, Kristin Stackpole, Paula Casson, Francesca Siegel, and Nadine A. Kasparian. "Effects of Loss and Gain Incentives on Adherence in Pediatric Weight Management: Preliminary Studies and Economic Evaluation of a Theoretical Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010584.
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Pediatric weight management is often hampered by poor engagement and adherence. Incentives based on loss have been shown to be more effective than gain-based incentives in improving outcomes among children with health conditions other than obesity. In preparation for a clinical trial comparing loss-framed to gain-framed incentives, a survey of youth and caregiver attitudes on weight management incentives, reasons for program attendance, and an economic evaluation of a theoretical trial were conducted. Ninety of 835 (11%) surveys were completed by caregiver and child. The economic evaluation showed that loss-framed incentives had a preferable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (a lower value is considered preferable) than gain-based incentives. Most youth and caregivers felt a gain incentive would be superior, agreed that the full incentive should go to the youth (vs. the caregiver), and identified “improving health” as a top reason for pursuing weight management.
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Zalainé Piros, Márta. "Study of Educational Motivation among Agricultural Managers." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 9 (December 10, 2002): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/9/3577.
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It is a priority for companies to utilise human resources as much as possible. The form and effectiveness of the utilisation of labour largely depends on how much the manager of the company and the human resource management area support and encourage labour to develop individually and work more efficiently – as far as the size of the company justifies and allows. Effective incentive methods have to be set and run. Training incentives will have to play an important part in the future.There has been no major difference between training incentives between managers and subordinates. Material incentives continue to be the key factor. For managers, exchange of information is currently a primary training incentive, as is the opportunity to meet other experts and exchange their ideas. Further, performance-related payment and bonuses applied jointly are also some material incentives. In the future, material incentives will gain in importance. For subordinates, the operation of material incentives is currently highly important as a training incentive. This is not expected to change in the future either, while expectations linked to quality work will strengthen.
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Takwate, Kwaji Tizhe. "Psychosocial Effect of Motivational Incentives on Senior Secondary Schools Teachers’ Work Effectiveness in Adamawa State, Nigeria." Britain International of Linguistics Arts and Education (BIoLAE) Journal 3, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biolae.v3i3.520.
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This study investigated the psychosocial effect of motivational incentives on Senior Secondary Schools teachers’ work effectiveness in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design. The population of this study consisted of 162 school administrators and 74 teachers selected from 58 Government owned Senior Secondary Schools in Adamawa State, from a which a sample of 40 respondents were selected using purposive sampling technique. Motivational Incentives and Teachers’ Effectiveness Questionnaire (MITEQ) was used for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that there is lack of service improvement, seminars, and inadequate provision of teaching and learning materials. Teachers are always internally motivated, inconsistent performance evaluation, promotions are not awarded as at when due, and issuance of query letters at slightest provocations by principals. The also revealed that, motivation is the backbone of effective service delivery. This study also revealed that motivational incentive has significant effect on teachers’ work effectiveness and that there is no significant difference between male and female teachers’ reaction and response to motivational incentives. No significant difference was found between different types of motivation incentives and their effect on senior secondary school teachers’ work effectiveness in Adamawa State. The study recommended others that the government as a matter of urgency The study recommends the provision of regular performance enhancement seminars for teachers, adequate provision of teaching and learning materials, prompt payment of teachers’ salary and other monetary incentives and teachers should be internally motivated on the job. For the incentive to have the intended impact on teachers the study recommend that it should be awarded only to those teachers who actually exhibit the intended behaviours and such incentives should be distributed based on collaborative performance rather than on individual performance.
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Jensen, Nathan M. "Job creation and firm-specific location incentives." Journal of Public Policy 37, no. 1 (March 29, 2016): 85–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x16000039.
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AbstractGovernment economic development programmes provide opportunities for firms to leverage financial incentives for business expansion and relocation. This article examines the ability of these incentives to promote employment. Using establishment-level data from the state of Kansas as well as original firm-level survey data, I evaluate the effectiveness of financial incentives in creating jobs through recipient firms. My findings from the establishment-level data indicate that incentive programmes have no discernable impact on firm expansion, measured by job creation. In addition, the survey data suggest that incentive recipients highly recommend this programme to other firms, but few firms actually increased their employment in Kansas because of these incentives; similarly, very few firms would have left the state if they had not benefited from this programme. Thus, incentives have little impact on the relocation or expansion decisions of firms.
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Mahanani, Setyo, Sri Retnoningsih, and Muhammad Naufal Syarif. "Analisis Sosialisasi Dan Pemahaman Perpajakan Terhadap Efektivitas Insentif Pajak Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19." Owner 6, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 1880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/owner.v6i2.820.
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This study analyzes how the tax incentive policies that have been given to MSME actors. This research was conducted in one of the capital areas of Semarang regency, namely Ungaran. The problem in this observation is to examine how a policy in the form of tax incentives provided by the government during the COVID-19 pandemic can be accepted or enjoyed by taxpayers, especially MSME actors. This observation aims to determine how the socialization of taxation and understanding of taxation on the issuance of Government Regulation no. 44 of 2020 has an influence on the effectiveness of providing tax incentives to taxpayers. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with the data analysis tool used is SPSS version 22. This study uses primary data. Information collection techniques or data collection in this study used questions or questionnaires. The results showed that tax socialization can have a positive effect on the effectiveness of tax incentives and understanding of taxation can also have a positive effect on the effectiveness of tax incentives. With good taxation socialization and a good understanding of taxation, the effectiveness of providing tax incentives for taxpayers whose taxes are provided by the government during the COVID-19 pandemic will increase.
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Jeffrey, Scott A., Alyce M. Dickinson, and Yngvi F. Einarsson. "The use of incentives in organizations." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 62, no. 6 (July 19, 2013): 606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-12-2012-0139.
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PurposeThe authors aim to analyze actual practice in industry with respect to the use, choice, and effectiveness of four types of incentives, cash, prepaid cards, travel, and merchandise.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a survey of 170 practicing incentive design managers.FindingsUsage of cash and cards continue to increase but travel and merchandise are still frequently used.Originality/valueThis will provide useful information to practitioners who design incentive programs.
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Bosch, Darrell J., James W. Pease, Robert Wieland, and Doug Parker. "Perverse Incentives with Pay for Performance: Cover Crops in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 42, no. 3 (December 2013): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500004950.
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Policymakers are concerned about nitrogen and phosphorus export to water bodies. Exports may be reduced by paying farmers to adopt practices to reduce runoff or by paying performance incentives tied to estimated run-off reductions. We evaluate the cost-effectiveness of practice and performance incentives for reducing nitrogen exports. Performance incentives potentially improve farm-level and allocative efficiencies relative to practice incentives. However, the efficiency improvements can be undermined by baseline shifts when growers adopt crops that enhance the performance payments but cause more pollution. Policymakers must carefully specify rules for performance-incentive programs and payments to avoid such baseline shifting.
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Adams, Jean, Belinda Bateman, Frauke Becker, Tricia Cresswell, Darren Flynn, Rebekah McNaughton, Yemi Oluboyede, et al. "Effectiveness and acceptability of parental financial incentives and quasi-mandatory schemes for increasing uptake of vaccinations in preschool children: systematic review, qualitative study and discrete choice experiment." Health Technology Assessment 19, no. 94 (November 2015): 1–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta19940.
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BackgroundUptake of preschool vaccinations is less than optimal. Financial incentives and quasi-mandatory policies (restricting access to child care or educational settings to fully vaccinated children) have been used to increase uptake internationally, but not in the UK.ObjectiveTo provide evidence on the effectiveness, acceptability and economic costs and consequences of parental financial incentives and quasi-mandatory schemes for increasing the uptake of preschool vaccinations.DesignSystematic review, qualitative study and discrete choice experiment (DCE) with questionnaire.SettingCommunity, health and education settings in England.ParticipantsQualitative study – parents and carers of preschool children, health and educational professionals. DCE – parents and carers of preschool children identified as ‘at high risk’ and ‘not at high risk’ of incompletely vaccinating their children.Data sourcesQualitative study – focus groups and individual interviews. DCE – online questionnaire.Review methodsThe review included studies exploring the effectiveness, acceptability or economic costs and consequences of interventions that offered contingent rewards or penalties with real material value for preschool vaccinations, or quasi-mandatory schemes that restricted access to ‘universal’ services, compared with usual care or no intervention. Electronic database, reference and citation searches were conducted.ResultsSystematic review – there was insufficient evidence to conclude that the interventions considered are effective. There was some evidence that the quasi-mandatory interventions were acceptable. There was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on economic costs and consequences. Qualitative study – there was little appetite for parental financial incentives. Quasi-mandatory schemes were more acceptable. Optimising current services was consistently preferred to the interventions proposed. DCE and questionnaire – universal parental financial incentives were preferred to quasi-mandatory interventions, which were preferred to targeted incentives. Those reporting that they would need an incentive to vaccinate their children completely required around £110. Those who did not felt that the maximum acceptable incentive was around £70.LimitationsSystematic review – a number of relevant studies were excluded as they did not meet the study design inclusion criteria. Qualitative study – few partially and non-vaccinating parents were recruited. DCE and questionnaire – data were from a convenience sample.ConclusionsThere is little current evidence on the effectiveness or economic costs and consequences of parental financial incentives and quasi-mandatory interventions for preschool vaccinations. Universal incentives are likely to be more acceptable than targeted ones. Preferences concerning incentives versus quasi-mandatory interventions may depend on the context in which these are elicited.Future workFurther evidence is required on (i) the effectiveness and optimal configuration of parental financial incentive and quasi-mandatory interventions for preschool vaccinations – if effectiveness is confirmed, further evidence is required on how to communicate this to stakeholders and the impact on acceptability; and (ii) the acceptability of parental financial incentive and quasi-mandatory interventions for preschool vaccinations to members of the population who are not parents of preschool children or relevant health professionals. Further consideration should be given to (i) incorporating reasons for non-vaccination into new interventions for promoting vaccination uptake; and (ii) how existing services can be optimised.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42012003192.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Hubbard, R. Glenn, and Jonathan S. Skinner. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Saving Incentives." Journal of Economic Perspectives 10, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.10.4.73.
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The authors argue that there is more to be learned from recent research on the effectiveness of targeted saving incentives than the wide variation in empirical estimates suggests. They conclude that characterizations of ‘all new saving’ or ‘no new saving’ are extreme IRAs and 401(k) plans appear to stimulate moderate amounts of new saving. The authors suggest a cost-benefit approach to ask: What is the incremental gain in capital accumulation per dollar of foregone revenue? For quite conservative measures of the saving impacts of IRAs or 401(k)s, the incremental gains in capital accumulation per dollar of lost revenue are large.
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FERRARI, IRENE. "The effectiveness of incentives to postpone retirement: evidence from Italy." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 18, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 220–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747217000452.
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AbstractThis paper investigates whether financial incentives may be used as an effective device to induce workers to postpone retirement by evaluating the Italian so-called ‘super-bonus’ reform. The bonus consisted of economic incentives given for a limited period to private sector workers who had reached the requirements for seniority pension but who chose to postpone retirement. Using data from the Bank of Italy Survey on Household Income and Wealth, this paper assesses the effect of the bonus on the decision to postpone retirement, by comparing private and public workers before and after the reform. Results suggest a 30% reduction in seniority retirement probability, despite the fact that, when changes in social security wealth are taken into account, the bonus actually provided a negative incentive for most workers. Results also suggest that the effect of the reform was driven by low-income workers. Some evidence is presented showing that liquidity constraints and financial (il)literacy may help to interpret these results.
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Faghri, Pouran D., and Rui Li. "Effectiveness of Financial Incentives in a Worksite Diabetes Prevention Program." Open Obesity Journal 6, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876823720140107001.
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Purpose: To evaluate the effect of financial incentive in a diabetes prevention weight loss program at worksites. Design: Group-level randomized intervention study. Setting: Four long term care facilities, randomly assigned to “incentive-IG” or “non incentive- NIG” groups. Participants: Ninety-nine employees, all overweight or obese (BMI= mean 34.8+7.4 kg/m2) and at risk for type 2 diabetes. Intervention: A 16 weeks weight loss program (diabetes prevention program) with a 3 month follow up. IG could either choose a "standard incentive" to receive cash award when achieving the projected weight loss or to participate in a "standard plus deposit incentive" to get additional money matched with their deposit for projected weight loss. All of the participants received a one-hour consultation for a healthy weight loss at the beginning. Measures: Weight-loss, diabetes risk score (DRS), and cardiovascular risk outcomes. Analyses: Linear and logistic regressions for completed cases with adjustments for clustering effect at group level. Results: IG lost on average more pounds (p=0.027), reduced BMI (p=0.04), and reduced in DRS (p=0.011) compared to NIG at week 16. At the 12-week follow-up period, those in IG plus deposit subgroup had twice the odds (OR=2.2, p=0.042) and those in the standard IG had three times the odds of achieving weight loss goals than NIG; those in the IG plus deposit group reduced DRS by 0.4 (p=0.045). Conclusion: Monetary incentives appear to be effective in reducing weight and diabetes risk.
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Lange, Florian, Laurens De Weerdt, and Laurent Verlinden. "Reducing Plastic Bag Use Through Prosocial Incentives." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052421.
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While excessive plastic use has severe ecological consequences, the distant nature of these consequences may limit their effect on individual plastic use behavior. One possibility to address this problem is to link plastic use behavior to more direct consequences. Pro-environmental behavior researchers adopting this approach typically try to change people’s behavior by providing them with monetary incentives. Here, we pursued an alternative strategy by linking pro-environmental behavior to prosocial incentives. Takeaway customers of a fast food restaurant were informed that, for every unused plastic bag, a small donation would be made to a charitable organization. In comparison to baseline and control conditions, the likelihood of using a restaurant-provided plastic bag was more than halved when plastic-bag refusal led to such prosocial incentives. In addition, we tested whether the effectiveness of prosocial incentives depended on their size and on the type of organization (prosocial vs. environmental) receiving the incentive. While these latter analyses revealed some promising trends, they did not allow for definitive conclusions about the effect of these parameters. Hence, while our field experiment provides support for the general effectiveness of prosocial incentives, more research is needed to determine which prosocial incentives are most effective in shaping plastic bag use and other environmentally relevant behaviors.
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Abildtrup, Jens, Anne Stenger, Francis de Morogues, Philippe Polomé, Marieke Blondet, and Claude Michel. "Biodiversity Protection in Private Forests: PES Schemes, Institutions and Prosocial Behavior." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091241.
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The overall research question addresses the effectiveness of incentive mechanisms in poli -cies that enhance private forest owners’ biodiversity protection. In particular, the paper focuses on the link between forest owners’ motivations, incentives, and institutions, and questions the incentives of the current biodiversity protection policies. Our hypothesis is that the purely monetary nature of the incentives can cause a “crowding out effect”, i.e., forest owners may reduce their voluntary contribution to biodiversity protection that is driven by prosocial motivations (altruism, self-image, etc.). With this in mind, as well as the knowledge acquired via this project about forest owners’ motivations, we looked for the most effective combinations of “incentive mechanisms” (monetary and non-monetary) and “institutions” (national and local authorities, NGOs, etc.) to encourage forest owners to adopt biodiversity protection measures in their forests.
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Doran, Tim, Kristin A. Maurer, and Andrew M. Ryan. "Impact of Provider Incentives on Quality and Value of Health Care." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021457.
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The use of financial incentives to improve quality in health care has become widespread. Yet evidence on the effectiveness of incentives suggests that they have generally had limited impact on the value of care and have not led to better patient outcomes. Lessons from social psychology and behavioral economics indicate that incentive programs in health care have not been effectively designed to achieve their intended impact. In the United States, Medicare's Hospital Readmission Reduction Program and Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Program, created under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provide evidence on how variations in the design of incentive programs correspond with differences in effect. As financial incentives continue to be used as a tool to increase the value and quality of health care, improving the design of programs will be crucial to ensure their success.
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Wang, Qian, Heshan Guan, and Rongrong Deng. "An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Enterprise Risk Management and Corporate Value—From the Perspective of Top Executives Incentives." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n1p228.
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Top executives incentives and risk management are important contents of corporate governance research. However, few empirical data studies of risk management take top level manager incentives economic benefit into account, and the executive incentives effectiveness is unclear in most studies, the paper collected empirical data of listed companies in financial industry in 2008-2013, and we found a inverted “U” shaped non-linear curve exists from the relationship between ERM and corporate value, when it exceeds a certain level, ERM will come into being an significantly diminishing marginal effect. Secondly, when the degree of top executives incentives become weak, on the contrary, the risk management behaviors will happen with increasing frequency and improve reflected coefficients between enterprise value and ERM, and it’s contributive to raise enterprise value. However, this influence is weak and not significant for executive equity incentive. The empirical results provide some references for the financial enterprise risk management application and the practice of executive incentive.
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Sittenthaler, Hanna M., and Alwine Mohnen. "Cash, non-cash, or mix? Gender matters! The impact of monetary, non-monetary, and mixed incentives on performance." Journal of Business Economics 90, no. 8 (June 17, 2020): 1253–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11573-020-00992-0.
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Abstract Standard economic theory asserts that cash incentives are always better than non-cash ones, or at least not worse. This study employs a real effort experiment to analyze the impact of monetary, non-monetary, and a combination of monetary and non-monetary incentives on performance, where non-monetary incentives are defined as tangible incentives with market value. Our overall results suggest that there exists no significant difference in performance in response to monetary, non-monetary, and mixed incentives. However, gender-based differentiation reveals a different picture: the performances of men and women depend upon the type of incentive used. Whereas men’s performance is significantly higher in response to monetary incentives compared to non-monetary ones, women’s performance is significantly higher in response to non-monetary incentives. The gender differences in the effectiveness of monetary and non-monetary incentives do not seem to be triggered by the perceived attractiveness of the non-monetary incentives but rather by the differences between men and women in the feelings of appreciation and perceived performance pressure in a tournament setting. Therefore, our results indicate that gender differences must be considered when implementing incentives.
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Liakhovets, Olena. "TAX INCENTIVES EFFECTIVENESS FOR THE INNOVATION ACTIVITY OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRIZES IN UKRAINE." Economics & Sociology 7, no. 1 (May 20, 2014): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2014/7-1/7.
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Nakagawa, Maho, Mathieu Lefebvre, and Anne Stenger. "Long-lasting effects of incentives and social preference: A public goods experiment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 25, 2022): e0273014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273014.
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This paper addresses the question of the effectiveness and permanence of temporary incentives to contribute to a public good. Using a common experimental framework, we investigate the effects of a recommendation that takes the form of an exhortative message to contribute, a monetary punishment and a non-monetary reward to sustain high levels of contributions. In particular, we shed light on the differential impact these mechanisms have on heterogeneous types of agents. The results show that all three incentives increase contributions compared to a pre-phase where there is no incentive. Monetary sanctions lead to the highest contributions, but a sudden drop in contributions is observed once the incentive to punish is removed. On the contrary, Recommendation leads to the lowest contributions but maintains a long-lasting impact in the Post-policy phase. In particular, it makes free-riders increase their contribution over time in the post-incentive phase. Finally, non-monetary reward backfires against those who are weakly conditional cooperators. Our findings emphasize the importance of designing and maintaining incentives not only for free-riders, but for strong and weak conditional cooperators as well, depending on characteristics of the incentives.
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Drake, Andrea R., Susan F. Haka, and Sue P. Ravenscroft. "Cost System and Incentive Structure Effects on Innovation, Efficiency and Profitability in Teams." Accounting Review 74, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.1999.74.3.323.
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The small number of full-scale adoptions of activity-based costing (ABC) coupled with ABC implementation failures have fueled a debate about the costs and benefits of ABC relative to more traditional volume-based costing (VBC) systems. ABC differs from VBC by focusing attention on activities and resources that are under the control of multiple workers. Reducing these costs often requires a coordinated effort. Therefore, incentives that motivate workers to cooperate are a prerequisite to successful process improvements based on ABC. Alternatively, when competitive incentives are combined with ABC, the result can be unexpected and negative. We examine how accounting cost system and incentive structure choices interact. We find that profits are highest when ABC is linked with group-based incentives, which provide high motivation to cooperate. In contrast, the lowest level of profit occurs when the same information-rich cost system, ABC, is coupled with tournament-based incentives. VBC, a cost system that provides a lower level of cost driver information, moderates the incentive effect. Thus, our results demonstrate that the effectiveness of ABC relative to traditional VBC is influenced by its interactive effect with incentive compensation.
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Lubarsky, David A., Michael T. French, Howard S. Gitlow, Lisa F. Rosen, and Steven G. Ullmann. "Why Money Alone Can’t (Always) “Nudge” Physicians." Anesthesiology 130, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002373.
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Abstract Behavioral economics seeks to define how humans respond to incentives, how to maximize desired behavioral change, and how to avoid perverse negative impacts on work effort. Relatively new in their application to physician behavior, behavioral economic principles have primarily been used to construct optimized financial incentives. This review introduces and evaluates the essential components of building successful financial incentive programs for physicians, adhering to the principles of behavioral economics. Referencing conceptual publications, observational studies, and the relatively sparse controlled studies, the authors offer physician leaders, healthcare administrators, and practicing anesthesiologists the issues to consider when designing physician incentive programs to maximize effectiveness and minimize unintended consequences.
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Burton, Alexandra, Stamatina Marougka, and Stefan Priebe. "Do financial incentives increase treatment adherence in people with severe mental illness? A systematic review." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, no. 3 (September 2010): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001160.
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SUMMARYAim – To identify whether financial or material incentives improve treatment adherence in people with severe mental illness. Method – A systematic review of studies published between 1950 and 2008 was conducted. EMBASE, MEDLINE, EBM, AMED and PsycINFO were searched. Studies were included if a financial or material incentive was offered and if the sample had a severe mental illness. Results – Fourteen articles were identified; three studies on adherence to psychiatric treatment and one on physical exercise. Ten articles used incentives for adherence to substance misuse treatment programmes. In all studies, financial incentives were associated with an increase in adherence; however the effect was not always maintained once the incentive was withdrawn. Conclusion – While existing research suggests that financial incentives may improve treatment adherence in severely mentally ill populations, very few studies focus on psychiatric treatment. Further research may address the long term effectiveness of incentives on adherence in this population.Declaration of Interest: The authors on this paper were supported by funds from the Wellcome Trust. All authors worked on a Wellcome Trust funded qualitative focus group study exploring stakeholder views on offering patients financial incentives to adhere to antipsychotic medication. Priebe is also lead applicant on a National Institute of Health Research (England) (NIHR) awarded grant to conduct a clinical trial on the use of financial incentives to achieve maintenance antipsychotic medication adherence.
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Matisoff, Daniel C., and Erik P. Johnson. "The comparative effectiveness of residential solar incentives." Energy Policy 108 (September 2017): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.032.
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Shen, Wei. "Improve Board Effectiveness: the Need for Incentives." British Journal of Management 16, s1 (March 2005): S81—S89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00449.x.
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Bailey, Charles D., and Nicholas J. Fessler. "The Moderating Effects of Task Complexity and Task Attractiveness on the Impact of Monetary Incentives in Repeated Tasks." Journal of Management Accounting Research 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-10104.
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ABSTRACT This study examines the interactive effects of task complexity and attractiveness on the effectiveness of explicit monetary incentives in promoting task performance. We provide theory for and find an interaction such that monetary incentives are more effective when tasks are less complex, but only when the task is viewed as relatively unattractive. In addition, by varying task complexity, this study extends Bailey et al. (1998), finding that when incentive pay leads to higher performance, it is through faster initial performance, not faster improvement.
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Zhang, Chan, Steven Lonn, and Stephanie D. Teasley. "Understanding the Impact of Lottery Incentives on Web Survey Participation and Response Quality." Field Methods 29, no. 1 (July 24, 2016): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x16647932.
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Cumulative evidence is mixed regarding the effect of lottery incentives on survey participation; little is known about why this strategy sometimes works and other times fails. We examined two factors that can influence the effectiveness of lottery incentives as suggested by leverage-salience theory: emphasis of survey attributes in invitations and characteristics of target populations. We conducted a web survey experiment where one condition highlighted lottery incentives in the e-mail invitations (incentive-centered condition) and the other highlighted the value of the survey with a brief mention of the lottery (survey-centered condition). We found that the incentive-centered condition had a significantly higher response rate than the survey-centered condition, especially among individuals with a relatively low income. Although invitation emphasis affected respondent compositions regarding motives for participation, the differences in response quality between the two experimental conditions were small and mostly not significant.
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Marti, Joachim, Marcus Bachhuber, Jordyn Feingold, David Meads, Michael Richards, and Sean Hennessy. "Financial incentives to discontinue long-term benzodiazepine use: a discrete choice experiment investigating patient preferences and willingness to participate." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): e016229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016229.
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ObjectivesInvestigate the acceptability of financial incentives for initiating a medically supervised benzodiazepine discontinuation programme among people with long-term benzodiazepine use and to identify programme features that influence willingness to participate.MethodsWe conducted a discrete choice experiment in which we presented a variety of incentive-based programs to a sample of older adults with long-term benzodiazepine use identified using the outpatient electronic health record of a university-owned health system. We studied four programme variables: incentive amount for initiating the programme, incentive amount for successful benzodiazepine discontinuation, lottery versus certain payment and whether partial payment was given for dose reduction. Respondents reported their willingness to participate in the programmes and additional information was collected on demographics, history of use and anxiety symptoms.ResultsThe overall response rate was 28.4%. Among the 126 respondents, all four programme variables influenced stated preferences. Respondents strongly preferred guaranteed cash-based incentives as opposed to a lottery, and the dollar amount of both the starting and conditional incentives had a substantial impact on choice. Willingness to participate increased with the amount of conditional incentive. Programme participation also varied by gender, duration of use and income.ConclusionsParticipation in an incentive-based benzodiazepine discontinuation programme might be relatively low, but is modifiable by programme variables including incentive amounts. These results will be helpful to inform the design of future trials of benzodiazepine discontinuation programmes. Further research is needed to assess the financial viability and potential cost-effectiveness of such economic incentives.
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Morgan, Heather, Pat Hoddinott, Gill Thomson, Nicola Crossland, Shelley Farrar, Deokhee Yi, Jenni Hislop, et al. "Benefits of Incentives for Breastfeeding and Smoking cessation in pregnancy (BIBS): a mixed-methods study to inform trial design." Health Technology Assessment 19, no. 30 (April 2015): 1–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta19300.
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BackgroundSmoking in pregnancy and/or not breastfeeding have considerable negative health outcomes for mother and baby.AimTo understand incentive mechanisms of action for smoking cessation in pregnancy and breastfeeding, develop a taxonomy and identify promising, acceptable and feasible interventions to inform trial design.DesignEvidence syntheses, primary qualitative survey, and discrete choice experiment (DCE) research using multidisciplinary, mixed methods. Two mother-and-baby groups in disadvantaged areas collaborated throughout.SettingUK.ParticipantsThe qualitative study included 88 pregnant women/recent mothers/partners, 53 service providers, 24 experts/decision-makers and 63 conference attendees. The surveys included 1144 members of the general public and 497 health professionals. The DCE study included 320 women with a history of smoking.Methods(1) Evidence syntheses: incentive effectiveness (including meta-analysis and effect size estimates), delivery processes, barriers to and facilitators of smoking cessation in pregnancy and/or breastfeeding, scoping review of incentives for lifestyle behaviours; (2) qualitative research: grounded theory to understand incentive mechanisms of action and a framework approach for trial design; (3) survey: multivariable ordered logit models; (4) DCE: conditional logit regression and the log-likelihood ratio test.ResultsOut of 1469 smoking cessation and 5408 breastfeeding multicomponent studies identified, 23 smoking cessation and 19 breastfeeding studies were included in the review. Vouchers contingent on biochemically proven smoking cessation in pregnancy were effective, with a relative risk of 2.58 (95% confidence interval 1.63 to 4.07) compared with non-contingent incentives for participation (four studies, 344 participants). Effects continued until 3 months post partum. Inconclusive effects were found for breastfeeding incentives compared with no/smaller incentives (13 studies) but provider commitment contracts for breastfeeding show promise. Intervention intensity is a possible confounder. The acceptability of seven promising incentives was mixed. Women (for vouchers) and those with a lower level of education (except for breastfeeding incentives) were more likely to disagree. Those aged ≤ 44 years and ethnic minority groups were more likely to agree. Agreement was greatest for a free breast pump and least for vouchers for breastfeeding. Universal incentives were preferred to those targeting low-income women. Initial daily text/telephone support, a quitting pal, vouchers for > £20.00 per month and values up to £80.00 increase the likelihood of smoking cessation. Doctors disagreed with provider incentives. A ‘ladder’ logic model emerged through data synthesis and had face validity with service users. It combined an incentive typology and behaviour change taxonomy. Autonomy and well-being matter. Personal difficulties, emotions, socialising and attitudes of others are challenges to climbing a metaphorical ‘ladder’ towards smoking cessation and breastfeeding. Incentive interventions provide opportunity ‘rungs’ to help, including regular skilled flexible support, a pal, setting goals, monitoring and outcome verification. Individually tailored and non-judgemental continuity of care can bolster women’s capabilities to succeed. Rigid, prescriptive interventions placing the onus on women to behave ‘healthily’ risk them feeling pressurised and failing. To avoid ‘losing face’, women may disengage.LimitationsIncluded studies were heterogeneous and of variable quality, limiting the assessment of incentive effectiveness. No cost-effectiveness data were reported. In surveys, selection bias and confounding are possible. The validity and utility of the ladder logic model requires evaluation with more diverse samples of the target population.ConclusionsIncentives provided with other tailored components show promise but reach is a concern. Formal evaluation is recommended. Collaborative service-user involvement is important.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42012001980.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Ding, Xiu-Hao, Yuanqiong He, Jiang Wu, and Chen Cheng. "Effects of positive incentive and negative incentive in knowledge transfer: carrot and stick." Chinese Management Studies 10, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 593–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-01-2016-0006.
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Purpose Employees play a central role in firms’ knowledge transferal, but knowledge-sharing brings significant costs for employees. Thus, this study aims to explore the components of firms’ incentive systems and how these influence employees’ knowledge-sharing, and also to test whether employees’ knowledge-sharing intentions transform into better knowledge transfer performance at the firm level. Design/methodology/approach This study collected data in China, and 219 usable questionnaires were collected. Then, this study used a structure equation model by LISREL for hypotheses testing. Findings This study finds that positive economic incentives, positive relational incentives and negative relational incentives all increase employees’ knowledge-sharing intentions, contributing to firms’ improved knowledge-transfer performance. Thus, both positive and negative incentives and both economic and relational incentives exert influences on employees’ knowledge-sharing activities. Practical implications Because employees have both material and emotional needs and always want to approach good things and avoid bad things, firms should take measures to make their incentive systems more comprehensive. Then, employees can be motivated to share their knowledge effectively. Originality/value Existing studies have mainly explored the effects of positive economic incentives on knowledge transferal. Because individuals have both a promotion self-regulatory focus associated with an approach motivation and a prevention self-regulatory focus associated with an avoidance motivation, and because they have both material and emotional needs, this study classifies incentives into three types and confirms their effectiveness for motivating employees to share knowledge.
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Ding, Lili, Zhongchao Zhao, and Lei Wang. "Executive Incentives Matter for Corporate Social Responsibility under Earnings Pressure and Institutional Investors Supervision." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2020): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062492.
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This paper theoretically explores the impact of the incentive preferences of executives (i.e., short-term incentives and long-term incentives) on corporate social responsibility (CSR) decisions (i.e., institutional CSR and technical CSR). Further, the paper presents the mechanism through which executives influence CSR activities by the pressures from financial analysts and institutional investors supervision. Using a large sample of China-listed firms over 2007–2017, we achieve some helpful empirical results. The executives with short-term incentives tend to implement technical CSR strategy, while those with long-term incentives tend to implement institutional CSR strategy. Executives with short-term incentives, compared with those with long-term incentives, show stronger inter-temporal tradeoffs behaviors in the earnings pressure context. Furthermore, dedicated institutional investors can effectively attenuate the hypocritical behaviors of executives, and the effectiveness of governance shows a positive relationship with investors’ horizon. Our findings enrich the understanding on the relationship between the executives and CSR decisions in the earnings pressure context and further helps to perfect the institutional design in China’s listed companies.
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Goerg, Sebastian J., Sebastian Kube, and Jonas Radbruch. "The Effectiveness of Incentive Schemes in the Presence of Implicit Effort Costs." Management Science 65, no. 9 (September 2019): 4063–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3160.
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Agents’ decisions to exert effort depend on the incentives and the potential costs involved. So far, most of the attention has been on the incentive side. However, our laboratory experiments underline that both the incentive and the cost side can be used separately to shape work performance. In our experiment, subjects work on a real-effort slider task. Between treatments, we vary the incentive scheme used for compensating workers. Additionally, by varying the available outside options, we explore the role of implicit costs of effort in determining workers’ performance. We observe that incentive contracts and implicit costs interact in a nontrivial manner. In general, performance decreases as implicit costs increase. Yet the magnitude of the reaction differs across incentive schemes and across the offered outside options, which, in turn, alters estimated output elasticities. In addition, comparisons between incentive schemes crucially depend on the implicit costs. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, decision analysis.
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Zhang, Lu, Difang Wan, Wenhu Wang, Chen Shang, and Fang Wan. "Incentive mechanisms and hedging effectiveness – an experimental study." China Finance Review International 8, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 332–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-06-2017-0077.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of four different incentives in improving hedging effectiveness and propose an alternative regulatory mechanism for China’s futures market.Design/methodology/approachThe research method that this study uses is a laboratory experiment, and this study follows the basic norms of experimental research. In addition, this paper designs and conducts a game experiment between hedgers and futures brokerage firms (FBFs) under different incentive mechanisms.FindingsBy analyzing the experimental data, it is found that compared with other incentive mechanisms, hedgers’ willingness to hedge and FBFs’ regulatory intention are both significantly higher for the dynamic linkage updating mechanism, indicating that hedgers have a stronger willingness to follow their hedging plan, and FBFs are more responsible for their regulatory behaviors. Additionally, the dynamic linkage updating mechanism has a long-term impact on effective hedging in the futures market.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings suggest that the dynamic linkage updating mechanism is beneficial for effectively restricting both hedgers’ over-speculation and FBFs’ regulatory slack and improving the hedging efficiency of the futures market.Practical implicationsTo solve the problem of inefficient hedging in China’s futures market, i.e., hedgers’ over-speculation and FBFs’ passive collusion with hedgers, the regulators of China’s futures market should reform the existing incentives and adopt a dynamic linkage updating mechanism to encourage all the participants to actively improve hedging effectiveness.Originality/valueThis paper analyzes and verifies, for the first time, the role of the dynamic linkage updating mechanism in the investing behaviors of hedgers and the regulatory behaviors of future brokerage firms. The futures market experiment that was designed and used in this study is a pioneering and exploratory experiment that applies game theory and mechanism design theory to the field of behavioral finance.
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Boderie, Nienke W., Johannes LW van Kippersluis, Diarmaid T. Ó Ceallaigh, Márta K. Radó, Alex Burdorf, Frank J. van Lenthe, and Jasper V. Been. "PERSonalised Incentives for Supporting Tobacco cessation (PERSIST) among healthcare employees: a randomised controlled trial protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e037799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037799.
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BackgroundSmoking is the primary preventable risk factor for disease and premature mortality. It is highly addictive and cessation attempts are often unsuccessful. Incentive-based programmes may be an effective method to reach sustained abstinence. Individualisation of incentives based on personal characteristics yields potential to further increase the effectiveness of incentive-based programmes.MethodA randomised controlled trial among healthcare workers recruited through their employer and signed up for a group-based smoking cessation programme. The intervention under study is the provision of personalised incentives on validated smoking cessation at several time points after the smoking cessation programme. A total of 220 participants are required. Participants are randomised 1:1 into intervention (personalised incentives) or control (no incentives). All participants join the group-based programme. Incentives are provided on validated abstinence directly after the smoking cessation programme and after 3, 6 and 12 months.Incentives are provided according to four schemes:(1) Standard: total reward size €350, pay-out scheme: €50 (t=0), €50 (t=3 months), €50 (t=6 months) and €200 (t=12 months), (2) descending: total reward size €300, pay-out scheme: €150, €100, €50 and €0, (3) ascending: total reward size: €400, pay-out scheme: €0, €0, €50 and €350 and (4) deposit: total reward size €450, pay-out scheme: €50, €50, €150, €200; participants pay a €100 deposit, returned conditional on abstinence after 6 months.Advice on which incentive scheme suits participants best is based on willingness to provide a deposit, readiness to quit, nicotine dependency and long-term or short-term reward preference. Participants are free to deviate from this advice. Abstinence is validated at each time point, with 15 months of total follow-up. The primary end point is validated abstinence at 12 months. Effectiveness will be determined by intention-to-treat analysis.Ethics and disseminationThe Erasmus MC Medical Ethics Committee decided that according to the Dutch Human Research Law (WMO), the protocol required no formal ethical approval. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and communicated to the participants.Trial registration numberNetherlands Trial Register NL7711.
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Pokrovskaya, N. V., and A. A. Razuvaeva. "Demand for tax instruments encouraging capital investment by Russian organizations." Finance and Credit 26, no. 8 (August 28, 2020): 1846–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.8.1846.
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Subject. The article addresses tax incentives for capital investment in the framework of corporate income tax, and their effectiveness, estimated as the scale of application of incentive instruments. Objectives. We explore tax instruments intended to boost the investment activity of businesses in Russia, in the context of their demand by Russian organizations. Methods. To estimate the efficiency of tax incentives for boosting investment, we calculate absolute and relative values of reduction in the tax base, according to the data of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Federal Tax Service of Russia, and Rosstat, and the number of companies, using these tax instruments. Results. The set of tax incentives and preferences focused on stimulating the investment activity within the income tax is quite wide, however, their application imposes significant restrictions on taxpayers. The effectiveness of applied tax incentives remains rather low. A relatively modest number of organizations use early depreciation mechanisms for acquired fixed assets to reduce income tax. Bonus depreciation is more common, however, it is applied by a sufficiently low number of taxpayers, although to a significant proportion of newly entered items of property, plant and equipment. Accelerated depreciation, both the declining method of depreciation and increasing coefficients, are used less frequently than bonus depreciation. Conclusions. Prospects for expanding the investment activity of a business can be associated with investment tax deduction. Its effectiveness assessment is possible only in the medium term.
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Girth, Amanda M., and Lauren E. Lopez. "Contract Design, Complexity, and Incentives: Evidence From U.S. Federal Agencies." American Review of Public Administration 49, no. 3 (July 28, 2018): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074018787558.
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Financial incentives are used throughout the public and private sectors to control costs, expedite projects, maximize quality, and encourage performance. Although federal agencies in the United States utilize incentive contracts, there is little research on the scope of their use or effectiveness. This study analyzes nearly 390,000 federal contracts across service acquisitions of varying complexity to determine whether incentive contracts differ in contract duration, cost, or technical performance when compared with other types of contracts. The results indicate that contracts appear to execute differently on these three dimensions based on the complexity of the acquired service. The findings provide a heightened understanding of the accountability dynamics in third-party implementation, particularly when financial incentives are used to motivate contractor performance.
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Kanuri, Vamsi K., and Michelle Andrews. "The Unintended Consequence of Price-Based Service Recovery Incentives." Journal of Marketing 83, no. 5 (June 28, 2019): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022242919859325.
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Subscription-based service providers (e.g., newspapers, internet services) often issue price-based incentives to recover from service failures. However, because considerable time may pass between when providers issue a recovery incentive and when service contracts are due for renewal, it is unclear whether recovery incentives can improve customer retention in the long run. The authors investigate this question by examining 6,919 contract renewal decisions of newspaper subscribers who received varying levels of recovery incentives after newspaper delivery failures. In contrast to conventional wisdom, they find that recovery incentives are associated with lower contract renewal likelihoods. They rationalize this finding using the economic theory of reference prices and further demonstrate that firms could mitigate the unintended consequence of recovery incentives by reminding subscribers of the original price at touch points following the recovery, discounting the renewal price, and prolonging the duration between the recovery and renewal. The authors also show that the intensity of promotions in the external environment at the time of administering recovery incentives, and that acquiring subscribers by communicating the value of the subscription service, can influence the long-term effectiveness of recovery incentives. For subscription-based service providers, the authors propose a decision support model to optimize recovery and renewal incentives and demonstrate its utility within this empirical context.