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Azari, Afarin Ahmadi. "Effective tax rate in european companies." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21107.
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Mestrado em Finanças<br>Este trabalho pretende determinar como as características das Empresas têm influência no consequente tratamento Fiscal, nomeadamente na taxa efetiva de imposto.
No nosso estudo, a Taxa Efetiva de Imposto (TEI) foi definida das 3 seguintes formas: TEI1 sendo um logaritmo do rendimento coletável dividido pelo GAI (Ganhos antes de Impostos), TEI2 sendo um logaritmo do rendimento coletável dividido pelo GAI normalizado e TEI3 como um algoritmo do montante pago em Impostos dividido pelo GAI normalizado.
A amostra é constituída por 450 Empresas Publicas de 18 países Europeus e de 8 diferentes sectores de atividade. Listadas no Stoxx Euro 600 no período de 2012 a 2018.
As variáveis independentes utilizadas foram a Dimensão da Empresa, a profitabilidade, a Alavancagem Financeira, a "intensidade de capital" e o Inventário, enquanto que as variáveis dependentes são as Taxas Efetivas de Imposto (TEI).
Os resultados mostram um sinal negativo para a Dimensão da Empresa,
Alavancagem Financeira, Capital Intensivo e Lucratividade. No entanto, mostram um resultado positivo na relação entre a percentagem de Inventário e a Taxa Efetiva de Imposto.<br>This study aims to determine whether firm-specific characteristics have an influence on the company's effective tax rates. In our study, ETR has been defined in three ways as following: ETR1 defined as Logarithm of income tax divided by EBT, ETR2 as logarithm of income tax divided by normalized EBT, and ETR3 as Logarithm of cash tax paid divided by normalized EBT. The sample consisted of 450 public firms from 18 European countries from eight sectors listed on the Stoxx Euro 600 from 2002 to 2018. The independent variables used in this study are company size, leverage, capital intensity, inventory and Profitability jointly whereas the dependent variable is the company's effective tax rate. The results showed a negative sign for firm size, Leverage, capital intensity and profitability. Additionally, it indicated a positive relationship between inventory intensity and ETRs.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Bornemann, Tobias, and Benjamin Oßwald. "The Effect of Intellectual Property Boxes on Innovative Activity & Effective Tax Rates." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6059/1/SSRN%2Did3115977.pdf.
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We investigate whether and to what extent the adoption of an intellectual property box increases innovative activity and the extent to which different types of firms benefit financially. We examine the adoption of the intellectual property box in Belgium because it allows us to cleanly identify the impact on innovative activity and effective tax rates. Our results indicate an overall increase in innovative activity as proxied by patent applications, grants, and highly-skilled employment, at the expense of patent quality. We also provide evidence that firms with patents on average enjoy 7.2% to 7.9% lower effective tax rates, with the greatest financial benefits accruing to multinational firms compared to domestic firms. Within multinational firms, those without income shifting opportunities appear to benefit more than other multinationals with income shifting opportunities.<br>Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Sawyer, Adrian John. "Company average effective tax rates : a conceptual framework within the New Zealand experience." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accounting and Information Systems, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2704.
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The impact of effective tax rates on tax policy formation has intensified since the major
developments of the mid 1980s in the United States. In New Zealand the level of
attention has been appreciably lower.
This study critically reviews the effective tax rate literature from the United States,
Canada, United Kingdom and Australasia, with the objective to isolate the essential
findings of the research and to develop issues for consideration in New Zealand. A
conceptual framework is developed for the measurement of average effective tax rates
(AETRs) in New Zealand, incorporating an empirical and triangulation approach.
The focus is to measure the AETR for listed public companies from 1984 to 1991,
utilising three AETR ratios. The resulting AETRs are examined by way of individual
companies, industry and sharemarket capitalisation groupings, with critical findings
presented in both graphical and tabular form. Non-parametric statistics were utilised to
test the research hypotheses, including sample representativeness and the significance of
the ratio measure adopted.
The results suggest that through incorporating a multiple period and triangulation research
approach, AETRs, on average over time, are not dependent upon the particular research
measure employed. However, the results for the industry and capitalisation manipulations
of the data were mixed.
The conceptual framework also includes the results of a mail questionnaire survey of
expected AETR users and advisers. Parametric testing of the responses was employed to
test the research hypotheses, as well as to identify the presence of any non-response bias.
The testing provided mixed results, with evidence of response bias present in the results.
Selected policy issues are discussed, with suggested reforms for the current ETR
measurement and disclosure requirements offered for interested parties in New Zealand.
The research findings are compared to previous New Zealand research and to the United
States literature. Suggestions for future research are offered.
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Derashid, Chek. "The corporate effective tax rates, industrial policy hypothesis and earnings management : evidence from Malaysia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426804.
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Garcia, Joanna. "The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Lobbying Effectiveness: Evidence from Effective Tax Rates." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48897.
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In modern society, there is a generally accepted notion that corporations should be socially responsible, but there is much disagreement over what exactly "social responsibility" means. The primary area of disagreement concerns whether or not firms have a duty to consider non-owner stakeholders in their decision-making process. This paper addresses the need to quantify the benefits of socially responsible activities that provide financial returns to shareholders while still addressing the needs of non-owner stakeholders. It investigates the extent to which the reputational effects of corporate social responsibility lead to increased effectiveness of corporate lobbying expenditures, as measured by effective tax rates. This interactive effect creates a tangible economic benefit for firms, and ultimately their owners, providing an opportunity for firms to address the interests of both non-owners and owners. I expect, and find, that firms that are more socially responsible get a higher return on their lobbying expenditures than firms that are less socially responsible, reflected in lower effective tax rates. This result suggests that the competing viewpoints of the stakeholder and shareholder theories may not be as diametrically opposed as prior literature has suggested. The financial benefits that can be gained from being socially responsible may result in bottom-line profits to the shareholders, while still addressing the needs and desires of non-owner stakeholders.<br>Ph. D.
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Erickson, Matthew James, and Matthew James Erickson. "The Relation Between Firm Dividend Policy and the Predictability of Cash Effective Tax Rates." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624547.
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I examine the relation between a firm's dividend policy and its strategic tax decisions. I posit that the capital market pressure associated with paying a dividend leads dividend-paying firms to seek predictable cash flows. I specifically focus on the volatility of a firm's cash effective tax rate (ETR) due to the observability, large size, variability, and periodicity of cash tax payments. Consistent with dividend payments altering a firm's strategic tax preferences, I find that firms that pay a higher dividend exhibit more predictable cash ETRs. Further, I find that the predictability of a dividend-initiating (eliminating) firm's cash ETR subsequently increases (decreases). Additionally, I find that, consistent with prior research suggesting that financially constrained firms "borrow" cash from their tax account, financial constraint moderates the positive relation between the predictability of a firm's cash ETR and its dividend payments. Importantly, my results hold for firms initiating a dividend in response to the exogenous shock of the Bush tax cuts. Finally, I also examine specific tax strategies dividend-paying firms use to help increase the predictability of their cash tax payments. My results contribute to the academic literature by examining whether, and how, dividend-paying firms alter their strategic tax decisions. Additionally, I contribute to ongoing public policy debates over the value of dividend payments by demonstrating a positive relation between dividend payments and the predictability of a firm's cash tax payments.
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Anderson, Glenn Michael Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Topics in human capital and taxation: effective tax rates on education, the heterogeneous human capital model and the impact of nominal rigidities in the tax system." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41837.
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In this thesis I address several neglected issues relating to the theoretical and applied analysis of human capital and the impact of taxation. I begin with the problem of measuring the effective tax rate on human capital accumulation. I develop a forward-looking measure of the effective tax rate that is grounded in human capital theory, allowing for features that differentiate human capital formation from physical capital formation. These features include concavity of the earnings-investment frontier and adjustments in capital utilization through leisure. I argue that the few attempts that have been made to measure the effective tax rate on skill formation are either limited by the fact that they inherit assumptions applicable to the theory of the firm or have dubious theoretical foundations (Chapter Two). The new measure is used to derive the effective tax rate on human capital in 25 OECD countries, including Australia (Chapter Three). While there are numerous general equilibrium models which integrate nominal rigidities of one form or another, little attention has been devoted to nominal rigidities arising from partial indexation of income tax thresholds. No doubt one of the reasons for this gap in the literature is the difficulty associated with introducing a fully specified progressive tax regime into an applied general equilibrium model. I show that this hurdle can be overcome through a zero-profit condition for general equilibrium on the labour market. The condition is integrated into an aggregative model of the economy consisting of two sectors (consumption and education) and two factors of production (skilled and unskilled labour). Since skill formation is endogenous, the model allows us to reopen research into the optimal level of skill formation and the role of government (Chapter Four). An applied general equilibrium version of the model is used to evaluate the impact of recent tax reform proposals on skill formation (Chapter Five). A concluding chapter draws together these lines of enquiry with suggestions for future research (Chapter Six).
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Barešová, Eliška. "Vývoj rozdílů mezi implicitní a nominální sazbou daně korporací v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199241.
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The thesis entitled Development of the differences between the implicit and the nominal corporate tax rate in the Czech Republic deals with the amount of the implicit and nominal corporate tax rate, particularly the issue of the difference between the amounts of these rates. Examination of the rates follows the description of the characteristics of corporate income tax, the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this tax and its share of the total taxation . Furthermore, the thesis analyzed the method of calculating the effective tax rates and implicit tax rates on capital and corporate income. For comparison the thesis includes the analysis of the evolution of nominal and implicit tax rates on corporate income in the European Union and in the Czech Republic . For the final analysis, it is essential that the thesis presented as individual changes in the law on income tax since its introduction into the Czech legal system since 1993 to the present. Only with knowledge of legislative changes, it is possible to determine the relationship between nominal and implicit tax rate on corporate income, which deals with the thesis in the final analysis.
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Zavadilová, Dominika. "Vliv hospodářské krize na distorzi mezi efektivní a statutární sazbou daně v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-360534.
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The diploma thesis on topic The impact of the economic crisis on the difference between the effective and statutory tax rate in the Czech Republic deals with the issue above the nominal and effective tax rates on corporate income during the economic crisis, specifically between years 2006 and 2015. The thesis deals with the causes of these differences between rates during each year of the crisis, and there is also comparison among the Czech Republic and European Union countries. First the work mentioned problems related to the last economic crisis, not only globally but also in terms of the Czech Republic. The following is a basic characteristic of the tax on corporate income, the share of total taxes over the years and the most important changes in the Law on Income Tax in the Czech Republic in individual years. In conclusion there is displayed the development of implicit and statutory tax rates and an analysis of the differences between these two rates.
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Bellak, Christian, and Markus Leibrecht. "Effective tax rates as a determinant of foreign direct investment in Central- and East European countries. A panel analysis." SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1572/1/document.pdf.
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The Central- and East European Countries have lowered their corporate tax rates substantially in order to induce shifts of production capacity to their countries. This paper analyses empirically how inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows channeled to these countries reacts to these tax policies. We estimate a panel of 35 bilateral country-relationships over a period of 1995-2002. Results suggest a semielasticity of -2.93 which is in line with results derived in studies mainly on OECD countries. This indicates that from an individual country perspective, tax-lowering strategies have been successful in the past, yet they may not be a successful policy option for the future when privatization-related FDI will decrease.<br>Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
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Austin, Chelsea Rae. "Analysis of differences in the recognized and realized costs of stock options and the implications for studies of tax avoidance." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1288.
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This dissertation contains two separate essays on the implications of the complex financial reporting rules of stock option compensation outlined under ASC 718. The first essay examines the effect of the tax benefit from employees' exercise of stock options on the cash effective tax rate. While not explicitly stated, many tax avoidance studies implicitly want to investigate tax avoidance that is the result of firms' intentional choices. Although stock option exercise reduces firms' tax burden, the firm does not control the timing of option exercise and the accompanying tax benefit. When the realized tax benefit deviates from the firm's expected cost, stock option exercise results in unanticipated changes in the cash taxes paid. The cash effective tax rate (CASHETR), a common measure of tax avoidance, reflects both the anticipated and unanticipated cash tax savings from employees' exercise of stock options. CASHETR's inclusion of unanticipated cash tax savings mismeasures intentional tax avoidance.
Using both parametric and non-parametric analysis I show that the unanticipated tax benefit from employees' stock option exercise can cause firms to be identified as more aggressive tax avoiders. I also show that, among other differences, firms with greater unanticipated tax benefits from employees' exercise of stock options are more profitable, are less levered, have more extensive R&D, and have larger market-to-book ratios. Because these firm characteristics are often used as controls in studies of tax avoidance, the relationship between them and CASHETR's mismeasurement of intentional tax avoidance creates an endogeneity problem for researchers and could lead to incorrect inferences.
I use a research simulation to inform researchers of an implication of this endogeneity concern when CASHETR is used to measure firms' intentional tax avoidance. I construct a hypothetical firm characteristic that is correlated to varying degrees with stock growth. This hypothetical firm characteristic represents a number of firm operating characteristics that could be variables of interest in studies of tax avoidance. Using a common model of tax avoidance, I test the null hypothesis that this hypothetical firm characteristic is not a determinant of tax avoidance. I show CASHETR's inclusion of the unanticipated tax benefits from employees' exercise of stock options leads to inflated rejection rates of the null hypothesis and can change inferences about determinants of intentional tax avoidance.
Tax avoidance researchers can avoid the problems caused by the unanticipated tax benefit from stock options in two ways. First, they can use the effective tax rate for financial reporting purposes (GAAPETR). Because the financial reporting rules prohibit firms from including the unanticipated tax benefit from stock options in the calculation of the firm's tax expense, the unanticipated tax benefit from stock options does not affect GAAPETR. Second, researchers can use the excess tax benefit from the exercise of stock options disclosed by firms to adjust CASHETR to remove these unanticipated cash tax savings (CASHETRWITHOUT).
The second essay in this dissertation examines the difference between firms' recognized and realized costs from stock option compensation. Under ASC 718 a firm recognizes the estimated value of stock options at their grant date as an expense for financial reporting purposes. This estimate often differs from the realized cost of the stock options, which consists of the cash proceeds forgone because the stock is issued to an option holder at a below-market exercise price. When ASC 718 was implemented, critics contended that these reporting rules allowed firms to avoid recognizing the full amount of wealth transferred from shareholders to employees.
Consistent with this concern, I find that the realized cost of stock options exceeds the recognized cost of options for the median firm in my sample by $0.99 million, or 1.46 percent of pretax book income, in each year of my sample period. This translates into a wealth transfer from shareholders to employees in each year of my sample period of three cents per share in excess of recognized costs for the median firm. I also find that the realized cost from stock option compensation exceeds the recognized cost by $7.8 million, or 4.96 percent of pretax book income, in each year of my sample period for twenty-five percent of firms. The shareholders of these firms are transferring to employees 11.58 cents per share in excess of the recognized cost of stock options in each year of the sample period. Overall, these results suggest that firms using stock option compensation generally avoid recognizing the full realized cost of stock options.
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Hagen, Dominik von [Verfasser], and Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Schreiber. "Profit shifting of multinational entities - empirical analysis of effective tax rates, mergers & acquisitions and financing structures / Dominik von Hagen ; Betreuer: Ulrich Schreiber." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1154386198/34.
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Castro, de Oliveira Emanuel. "Growth and development in the Iberian Peninsula : three essays." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1455.
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Křivanová, Jana. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a v Irsku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201871.
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The purpose of the thesis is to compare the taxation of the employee income in the Czech Republic and in Ireland with appropriate legislation of 2015. In theoretical part, I describe tax system of both states with an emphasis on taxation of income from employment. The theoretical part contains also a short summary of tax systems development. Practical part is divided into two different sections. First of them is focused on the calculation of effective tax rate for taxpayers in different types of households and the second one deals with the calculation of interval and global progressivity of tax in both countries, together with an analysis of income equality or inequality in society by using the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient. The calculations showed a progressive tax effects in both the Czech Republic and Ireland, with higher rate of tax progression and higher degree of income inequality in Ireland. From the perspective of effective income tax rates, higher tax burden is imposed in Ireland. The effective tax rate is on average 13.5 of percentage points higher than in the Czech Republic. This is also confirmed by the legal provision of the relevant tax legislation.
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Cao, Jifeng. "Empirical evidence on explicit and implicit corporate tax burdens for public listed companies in the People's Republic of China." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3612.
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This thesis seeks to contribute to the Chinese taxation literature by researching effective tax rate (ETR), marginal tax rate (MTR) and implicit tax in particular. These areas have been addressed for a number of years within the developed market context, whereas the same research for companies in developing countries is largely non-existent in Western literature. The first topic is the ETR and MTR analysis. The ETR analysis offers an overview of the actual tax burden for listed companies in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), together with the Statutory Tax Rate (STR) analysis, which incorporates the tax structure aspect of tax preferences from 1994 to 2006. In 2002, the State Council stopped unauthorised corporate tax rebate from local government and 2002 became a breaking point of the corporate tax analysis. The ETR and STR analyses reveal that companies benefitted widely from tax preferences before 2002 regardless of their industry or region. However, after 2002, the ETRs increased significantly overall and the industrial and regional ETR differences are much more significant. The tax preferential industries and regions’ companies are still in the lower ETR and STR range, but the non-tax preferential companies’ ETRs and STR increased significantly after 2002. This evidences the effectiveness of Chinese tax preference policies. The MTR estimations are the first Chinese company specific MTR estimations. The MTRs were estimated from 1995 to 2002 and the MTRs results are generally consistent with ETR results, except that the MTR estimations jointly depend on the company Net Operating Loss (NOL) occurrences, income and STR. The second topic is the determinants of ETR. An alternative view of ETR determinants is proposed. It incorporates the accounting-tax conformity theory and identifies a tax rate preference as the new ETR determinant variable to fit the Chinese taxation context. Five explanatory variables are hypothesized in associating company characteristics after controlling the company location, industry and sample period dummy variables. These explanatory variables are tax rate preference, non-operating expenses, investment gain, provision for impairment and government ownership. The ETR determinants model is also examined by OLS regression (cross-sectional), and fixed-effects and random effects regression (panel data analysis). The results show that all of the explanatory variables are statistically significant coefficients with expected signs. The results also demonstrate that the proposed ETR determinant model is superior to previous determinant models. The third topic is implicit tax research. The results are evidence of the existence of implicit tax at the corporate level. The relationships between the company Pre-tax Return of Equity (PTROE) and tax preference variables and other control variables are also examined. The results demonstrate that there is a negative relationship between PTROE and tax rate preference when considering the companies aggregately in a large scale; and there is a positive relationship between PTROE and income related tax preference when considering the companies individually. The contradictory results indicate that in reality, the imperfect market conditions impede the realisation of implicit tax at the individual company level.
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Eriksson, Lantz Christofer, and Lowe Lundblad. "The Role of Auditing on Tax Reduction : Evidence from Sweden on private firms in the wake of the abolishment of mandatory auditing in Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-109292.
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The collection of taxes is something that affects almost every entity in society and often stir up heated feelings. Recent legislative changes have been made in Sweden to adjust to regulations in the European Union. These changes included the abolishment of mandatory auditing for small companies in 2011, leading to heavy debate regarding its effect on tax reduction. Has tax reduction increased when smaller companies are no longer under as heavy surveillance as in the past or is the effect negligible? This is the question that this thesis is trying to answer, namely: is there a connection between being audited and the level of tax reduction, measured as the effective tax rate, in which small Swedish companies partake in? Most of the previous research in the field is sparse when it comes to the effect this might have in the specific conditions of the Swedish market. These studies have mainly been conducted in an American setting and focuses either on large corporations and their reduction of tax liability or attempt to connect the characteristics of auditors with tax evasion. Some studies have been made in Sweden, dealing briefly with the matter but these studies have bypassed the connection between being audited and the level of tax reduction. With tax authorities trying to find new methods to refine their profiling of companies which reduce their tax liability, the thesis fits in well as an addition to both theory and practice. We have tested this connection by conducting a semi-quasi ex post facto experiment using a dataset containing annual reports from all small companies in the restaurant industry which is seen as the industry in which companies are most prone to tax reduction according to Swedish authorities (Skatteverket, 2014, p. 60-61). The dataset has then been altered in accordance with the studies by (Guenther 2014; Bianchi et al. 2014; Dalbor et al. 2004) which included winsorizing, cropping and removal of missing data. The studies of (Bianchi et al. 2014) and (Dalbor et al. 2004) were also used to form the control variables for the study. After the dataset was deemed fit for testing, STATA was used to statistically test the data. Initial results seemed to indicate that there was a positive significant correlation between being audited and the level of tax reduction of the company. However, the results of the propensity score matching based on company size indicated that the association was heavily reliant upon company size. We thus concluded that we cannot prove a statistically significant relationship between a company being audited and its level of tax reduction in the setting of our study. The implications of this finding are several. It helps to build onto existing knowledge regarding auditing’s effect on taxes paid as well as providing the tax authorities in Sweden with an insight into what indicators to use when streamlining their operations. Furthermore, it may add new arguments to be presented in the debate that has taken place in Sweden over the recent years following the legislative changes.
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Afonso, Ana Catarina Duarte. "Determinantes do corporate tax avoidance e da utilização de tax havens." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14487.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais<br>Este trabalho de investigação tem como objetivo analisar os determinantes do corporate tax avoidance e da utilização de tax havens, isto é, em que medida certas características da empresa poderão afetar a sua prática de tax avoidance e influenciar a sua escolha na utilização de subsidiárias localizadas em tax havens. Para uma amostra de 321 empresas Europeias constatou-se que a dimensão da empresa, a sua rentabilidade e o grau de utilização de tax havens, determinam de forma positiva o nível de tax avoidance, enquanto que o facto de estarmos perante uma empresa familiar, afeta negativamente o nível praticado. Verificou-se também que a dimensão da empresa influencia negativamente a sua escolha na localização de subsidiárias em tax havens.<br>This research aims to analyse the determinants of corporate tax avoidance and the use of tax havens, to what extent certain aspects of the company may affect its practice of tax avoidance and influence its choice in the use of subsidiaries located in tax havens. In a selection of 321 European companies, it was found that the size of the company, its profitability, and its degree of use of tax havens, positively determine the level of tax avoidance, while when a family business is endangered, it affects the level practiced in a negative way. It was also found that the size of the company negatively influenced in its choice in the location of subsidiaries in tax havens.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Caveldin, Linnea, and Rebecca Orädd. "Förklaringsfaktorer till variationer i effektiva skattesatser : En longitudinell studie av noterade företag i Sverige." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41183.
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Syfte: Företags kassaflöden och vinster samt staters inkomster påverkas av hur mycket skatt som betalas av företag. Resultat i tidigare forskning om företagsstorlekens betydelse för effektiva skattesatser är motstridiga. Utelämnande av andra variabler som i vissa studier har visats ha signifikanta effekter på effektiva skattesatser kan vara en anledning till denna motstridighet. Sådan forskning har inte genomförts i Sverige enligt författarnas kännedom. Därför undersöks i denna studie effekterna av variabler som mäter storlek, skuldsättning, kapitalintensitet, forsknings- och utvecklingsintensitet samt lönsamhet på effektiva skattesatser hos företag med svensk företagsledning eller koncernledning. Syftet med detta är att ge en bild av vilka faktorer som kan förklara variationer mellan dessa företags skattebörda. Metod: Fem hypoteser om samband mellan variabler deduceras utifrån teorier och tidigare forskning. 3 593 kvantitativa observationer från 702 noterade företag och 6 år samlas in från databasen Retriever Business. Den longitudinella datan används i en regressionsanalys som testar de fem hypoteserna. Resultat: Denna studie bidrar med empiriskt bevis för ett positivt och signifikant samband mellan företagsstorlek och effektiva skattesatser. Däremot visas inte effekterna av skuldsättning, kapitalintensitet, FoU-intensitet och lönsamhet på effektiva skattesatser vara signifikanta. Slutsatser: Den slutsats som dras är att företagsstorlek är en indikation på storleken på effektiva skattesatser för företag med svensk företagsledning eller koncernledning. Teorin om politiska kostnader kan användas för att förklara sambandets riktning.<br>Aim: Cash flows and profits in firms as well as government revenue are affected by how much is paid in corporate taxes. Results in prior research concerning the effect of firm size on effective tax rates are inconsistent. Omitting other variables that have in some studies been proven to have significant effects on effective tax rates can be one cause of this inconsistency. Such research has not been conducted in Sweden to the extent of the authors’ knowledge. Therefore, this study examines the effects of variables that measure size, leverage, capital intensity, research and development intensity, and profitability on effective tax rates for firms with Swedish management or group management. The aim of this is describing which factors that can explain variations between these firms’ tax burdens. Method: Five hypotheses regarding associations between variables are deduced from theories and prior research. 3 593 quantitative observations from 702 publicly listed firms and 6 years are collected from the database Retriever Business. The longitudinal data is used in a regression analysis that tests the five hypotheses. Results: This study provides empirical evidence for a positive and significant association between firm size and effective tax rates. However, the effects of leverage, capital intensity, R&D intensity, and profitability on effective tax rates are not shown to be significant. Conclusions: It is concluded that firm size is an indicator of the size of effective tax rates for firms with Swedish management or group management. The political cost theory can be used in explaining the direction of the association.
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Orlova, Daria. "Tax avoidance and Credit Rating association." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359873.
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In this research, I present the analysis of the relationship between credit rating and tax avoidance. I found out that the lower the cash effective tax rate the stronger the association with credit rating. Sensitivity analysis showed that the probability of falling into more favorable credit rating category is increases and the probability of falling into less favorable category decreases if cash effective tax rate increases at least by 1%. Also, the negative association between book-tax differences and credit rating found.
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Lourinho, Ana Maria Rêgo. "Descida da taxa de IRC e o efeito na competitividade." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13074.
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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais<br>O presente trabalho analisa o efeito da descida das taxas estatutárias de sociedades no crescimento económico, desemprego e investimento, nos 28 países da UE. Desta forma, procura-se analisar se existe alguma correlação entre a decisão de subida/descida da taxa de IRC e a variação destes indicadores económicos.
Os principais objetivos consistiram em analisar o efeito da variação das taxa estatutária e taxa efetiva de IRC nos países UE no período de 1990 a 2013, e compreender o efeito dessa variação e suas principais tendências no período em análise, nas variáveis PIB, desemprego e Investimento.
Numa primeira análise observou-se o comportamento do crescimento de PIB, diminuição de desemprego e evolução do investimento face à taxa estatutária de IRC por país da UE.
Os relatórios europeus apontam que, regra geral, o nível de tributação sobre as sociedades diminuiu significativamente na maioria dos países da UE, incluindo Portugal. No que se refere ao efeito das variáveis, o PIB demonstra um crescimento ligeiro face à diminuição da taxa em ambas análises sem, no entanto, esta variação ter valores firmemente representativos.
No que se refere à variável investimento tem um comportamento muito similar ao PIB, mas é convicção da autora que o mesmo se deve por força das políticas e benefícios fiscais de cada um dos países.
No caso do desemprego, os valores da análise são ligeiramente superiores, mas ainda assim muito ténues para que se possa afirmar o impacto da variação das taxas de imposto de sociedade como fator de decisão.<br>This paper analyzes the effect of lower statutory tax rates on corporate competitiveness, in the 28 countries of the UE and Eurozone.
The main objectives consisted in analyzing the effect of varying the statutory rate and the effective income tax rate in the IRC by each country in UE, during the period 1990-2013, and to understand the effect of this variation and its main trends in the reporting period, the GDP variables, unemployment and investment.
In a first analysis we observed the behavior of GDP growth, decreasing unemployment and evolution of investment compared to the statutory income tax rate by countries in the European Union. Then conducted to analyze the behavior of the same variables but now face the average effective tax rate and the total sample.
The results show that generally the level of corporate taxation decreased significantly in most UE countries, including Portugal. With regard to the behavior of GDP this shows a slight decrease in growth rate compared to either the first and second analysis without however having values representative of this variation.
As regards the investment variable, it has a very similar behavior to the GDP, but the author is convinced that the same must be under the political and fiscal benefits of each country.
In the case of unemployment, the analysis values are slightly higher but still very weak so that we can affirm the certainty of the variation in rates of corporation tax as a decision factor.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Štěpán, Jan. "Vývoj efektivních sazeb daní korporací." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124604.
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My diploma deals with the effective taxation from the corporate income. The main part of the thesis is aimed on general progress of the effective corporate tax as well as progress of the effective corporate tax in the Czech Republic. Effective corporate tax is a rate, which reflects the real taxation of corporates in particular states. The effective corporate tax arises from the statutory tax rate, which is adjusted by such items, which affect the final taxation. First part of the thesis deals with the options of set up of effective corporate income tax. The second part deals with the tax system in the Czech Republic. The analytic part is aimed on the progress of the effective tax rate. This part is attended by graphs, which show as well as compare the effective corporate income tax rate in particular states.
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Piatková, Daša. "Komparácia daňovej záťaže právnických osôb v Českej republike a na Slovensku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199254.
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This thesis aims to compare the tax burden on companies in terms of corporate tax rate in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Comparison of taxation between those countries is not only important in international statistics, but also because of the high impact of the tax burden on corporate decision-making on the allocation of investment. The rate of taxation of companies will be compared in two ways, based on evaluation of differences in tax legislation and through comparison of the effective tax rates. The thesis also includes theory concerning the tax burden indicators and their calculation, including the observed effective tax rate. The data used to calculate this indicator of tax burden were obtained from the Amadeus database. Based on the results of the two comparisons, it will be evaluated, in which country is the corporate income tax more favourable for the taxpayers.
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Pšurná, Pavla. "Vývoj efektivních sazeb daní z práce v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72737.
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This diploma thesis deals with the effective taxation on labour in the Czech republic and compares these trends with the countries of the European Union on the basis of statistical data to Eurostat and the OECD. An effective tax rate is an indicator that measures actual tax burden on taxpayers. In the contrast with nominal rate, this indicator can take into account aspects of the tax system that affect the final tax. First, I deal closely with the indicators used to measure the tax distortion on labour. Emphasis is placed on the implicit tax rate created by Eurostat and which enables the comparison of the tax burden in the CR with the other member states of the Union. The next section gives an overview of the income tax reforms that took place in the CR since 1993. It follows the part of the analysis which compares the implicit tax rates on labour between EU member states. The last chapter describes the tax wedge which complements the analysis of implicit tax rates. I also investigate the impact of labour costs on the tax burden on taxpayers in the EU countries. The aim of this work is to analyze the development of effective tax rates on the labour in the Czech Republic from 1993 to present and identify causes of changes in comparison with EU countries.
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Silva, José Marcos da. "A influência do ciclo de vida organizacional sobre o nível de planejamento tributário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96133/tde-06012017-151945/.
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As pesquisas que abordam a temática de planejamento tributário, nas últimas décadas, têm identificado que o tamanho das organizações é um fator determinante à adoção de práticas de planejamento tributário. No entanto, existe certa controvérsia, nessa questão, uma vez que as pesquisas têm encontrado relações tanto positivas quanto negativas entre o tamanho das organizações e o nível de planejamento tributário praticado. Os autores justificam essa relação partindo do pressuposto do custo reputacional, em que empresas maiores possuem maior monitoramento por parte da autoridade tributária e dos demais stakeholders. Outros argumentam que as empresas maiores possuem mais recursos e mais influência política para reduzirem suas cargas tributárias. Porém, ambas análises consideram uma relação linear entre o tamanho das empresas e o nível e planejamento tributário, ignorando particularidades econômicas, financeiras e operacionais das empresas. Tal assunção, considerando todas as empresas numa única amostra, pode-se levar a conclusões controversas, ao considerar que todas as empresas possuem as mesmas estruturas e estratégias ao longo do tempo. Desse modo, essa pesquisa tem por objetivo identificar se o estágio de ciclo de vida organizacional impacta o nível de planejamento tributário. Assim, entende-se que a Teoria do Ciclo de Vida Organizacional distingue as empresas pelas suas estruturas e estratégias adotadas, a exemplo do modelo proposto por Dickinson (2011) o qual classifica os estágios de ciclo de vida a partir da necessidade e disponibilidade de recursos, por meio dos sinais dos fluxos de caixa (operacional, de investimento e de financiamento). Assim, espera-se compreender melhor a relação entre o nível de planejamento tributário e as decisões de endividamento, de intensidade de capital, de investimento em capital de giro e a interação dos mecanismos de governança corporativa nos diferentes estágios de ciclo de vida. Para a realização das análises empíricas foram empregados testes de Kruskal Wallis, regressões de dados em painel e regressões quantílicas com dados anuais das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto que compuseram o índice IBrX 100 da BM&FBOVESPA, no período de 2008 a 2015. Os resultados apontam que as empresas em estágios inicias e avançados de ciclo de vida organizacional possuem maiores níveis de planejamento tributário do que as empresas em estágio de maturidade. Considerando as métricas de planejamento tributário ETR Corrente, BTD e DVA, por ciclo de vida, nos testes de Kruskal Wallis, obteve-se que as empresas em estágios iniciais possuem níveis maiores de planejamento tributários do que as empresas da maturidade. Já nos estágios Avançados, constatou-se que as métricas ETR Corrente, Cash ETR e DVA também apresentam níveis maiores de planejamento tributário do que as empresas maduras. As análises por meio de regressões quantílicas reafirmam esses resultados, para as métricas de BTD e de ETR Corrente. Esses achados remetem à conclusão de que empresas em estágios iniciais possuem menores custos reputacionais devido a maior propensão ao risco, em virtude da sua participação de mercado ainda não estar consolidada. Já as empresas em estágios avançados, dadas as baixas oportunidades de investimento, adotam estratégias menos defensivas, uma vez que nesses estágios não dispõem de condições financeiras e econômicas favoráveis para captar recursos, pois os ativos já estão depreciados e não servem como garantia real. Portanto, as adoções de planejamento tributário nas empresas analisadas indicam que há uma relação entre as particularidades econômicas e financeiras das empresas, classificadas pelos estágios de ciclo de vida, com as estratégias tributárias adotadas para a obtenção de economia fiscal.<br>Research addressing the issue of tax planning in recent decades, have identified that the size of the organizations is a determining factor for the adoption of tax planning practices. However, there is some controversy in this matter, since research has found both positive and negative relationship between the size of organizations and tax planning practiced. The authors explain this relationship assuming the reputational cost, where larger firms have greater monitoring by the tax authority and other stakeholders. Others argue that larger companies have more resources and more political influence to reduce their tax burdens. However, both research suggests a linear relationship between the size of companies and the level and tax planning, ignoring economic, financial and operational peculiarities of the company. Such an assumption, considering all companies in a single sample, can lead to controversial conclusions, considering that all companies have the same structures and strategies over time. Thus, this research aims to identify the organizational life cycle stage impacts the level of tax planning. Thus, it is understood that the Organizational Life Cycle Theory recognizes companies for their structures and strategies adopted, such as the model proposed by Dickinson (2011) which classifies the stages of life cycle from the need and availability of resources through the signs of the cash flows (operating, investing and financing). Therefore, we hope to better understand the relationship between the level of tax planning and borrowing decisions, capital intensity, investment in working capital and the interaction of corporate governance mechanisms in different stages of life cycle. To carry out the empirical analysis were used Kruskal Wallis test, regressions in data panel and quantile regressions using annual data of Brazilian public companies that composed the IBrX 100 from BM&FBOVESPA, in the period 2008 to 2015. The results show that companies in initial and advanced stages of organizational life cycle have higher tax planning levels than companies in the maturity stage. Considering the tax planning metrics ETR, BTD and DVA by life cycle, in the Kruskal Wallis test was found that the companies in early stages have higher levels of tax planning than the mature companies. Already in the Advanced stages, it was found that the metrics ETR Current, Cash ETR and DVA also have higher levels of tax planning than mature companies. Analyses by quantile regressions reaffirm these results to the metrics of BTD and ETR current. These findings refer to the conclusion that companies in early stages have lower costs reputational due to higher propensity for risk, by virtue of its market share has not yet been consolidated. The companies in advanced stages, given the low investment opportunities, adopt less defensive strategies, since these stages do not have the financial and economic conditions favorable to raise funds because the assets are already depreciated and do not serve as collateral. Therefore, the adoption of tax planning in the analyzed companies indicate that there is a relationship between economic and financial characteristics of companies, classified by the stages of life cycle, with tax strategies adopted to achieve tax savings.
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SU, YU-TING, and 蘇毓婷. "Corporate Diversification and Effective Tax Rates." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uwu5ww.
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碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>會計學系碩士班<br>105<br>This study aims to examine the relationship between corporate diversification and effective tax rates in Taiwan. This study uses industrial diversification/ global diversification to conduct the empirical tests.
Based on the empirical tests of the 2005~2015 observations, this study finds that industrial diversification is negatively correlated with effective tax rates. It suggests that the more industrial diversification is more likely to reduce effective tax rates. Moreover, global diversification is positively correlated with effective tax rates. It means that the more global diversification is more likely to increase effective tax rates.
Furthermore, this study uses different measures to proxy effective tax rates and corporate diversification and repeat previous tests. These sensitivity test results are consistent with the main empirical results.
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Lee, Yan-Kuan, and 李彥寬. "Regulatory Focus and Effective Tax Rates." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04728540295093404386.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>會計學研究所<br>103<br>This study investigates whether CEO personality can influence corporate tax avoidance. According to regulatory focus theory, people with a “promotion focus” are more eager to reach higher performance and benefits, whereas people with a “prevention focus” are more willing to give up additional benefits to avoid the associated risks. The purpose of this study is to find out whether a strongly promotion-focused CEO would act significantly differently from a strongly prevention-focused CEO in avoiding tax. Using use CEO regulatory focus as independent variables, and use measures of corporate tax avoidance (such as effective tax rate and book tax difference) as dependent variables, I find promotion-focused CEOs are significantly more aggressive in avoiding taxes, compared with prevention-focused CEOs. This result indicates that strongly promotion-focused CEOs are more willing to maximize their financial performance, even with the costs of additional risks. But I do not find significant positive relation between strongly prevention-focused CEOs and corporate tax burden as I expected.
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Wang, Shu-huei, and 王淑惠. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Effective Corporate Tax Rates." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61252756300542194908.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>會計系碩士班<br>101<br>This paper explores the correlation between Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, and Effective Corporate Tax Rates, ETRs. That is, the discussion focuses on whether or not companies with better performance in corporate social response engage in aggressive tax avoidance. The company recipients of the “Corporate Citizen Award” by Common Wealth Magazine and “Corporate Social Responsibility Award” by Global Vision Magazine were adopted as the award-winning group. Additionally, based on the industry each award-winning company belonged to, the three companies with the closest new operating income from 2008-2012 were adopted as the control groups, giving a total of 220 research participants. First, regression analysis was conducted through the panel data model. Empirical results show that ETRs showed a significantly negative correlation with CSR, indicating the better a company’s performance is in social corporate responsibility, the lower the ETRs, possibly because the award-winning companies are larger in scale which enabled them to obtain preferential taxes and the resulting lower tax burden. Secondly, the award-winning group and control group were compared and analyzed through t-test. The results show that the ETRs of the award-winning group are relatively lower than those of the control group. This analysis result coincides with the above-mentioned finding. Finally, the award-wining group and industry average were compared and analyzed through t-test. The results show that the ETRs of the award-winning group were lower than those of the industry average. This once again proves a company with better performance in CSR has lower ETRs.
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Shu-Han, Shiu, and 許淑涵. "The relation between firm size and effective tax rates." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19848250158669555686.
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碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>商務經營研究所<br>97<br>Integration of income tax system, The Statute for Upgrading Industries the Alternative Minimum Tax, these tax rate provision all has with during the effective tax rate is connected, also is the subject which many researchers discuss; Most researchers when discussion company scale and during effective tax rate relatedness all emphatically gathers around in two taxes the difference.
This research will gather an implementation after two taxes for ten years to discuss the company scale and during the effective tax rate the relatedness, and will discuss besides the company scale will have whether also other factors to be able to affect the effective tax rate; The real diagnosis way discusses by the structure equation way.
The real diagnosis result showed the company scale and during the effective tax rate does not have the direct influence effect; The interest cost with only does business loses affects factor of directly the effective tax rate for other.
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Chao, Yu-Shan, and 趙余珊. "Do The CSR Family Firms Have Less Effective Tax Rates?" Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69100301322294872956.
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碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>會計與財務碩士學位學程<br>103<br>This study examine the association between the CSR family firm and tax avoidance by using three effective tax rates. The sample is based on Taiwan corporations from 2011 to 2013. First, this research uses the family firms defined by TEJ to examine whether the family firms and non-family firms have different tax avoidance behavior, and result does not find the difference between them. Following this research examined the association between family firms and CSR, and we find that family firms are more CSR than non-family firms; this study further finds family firms’ CSR scores are lower than non-family firms. Finally, this research examines whether CSR can affect the family firms’ tax avoidance behavior, and find family firms that have CSR are more likely to have tax avoidance.
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Kuo, Chin-huan, and 郭金環. "The Determinants of Effective Tax Rates of Medium and Small Enterprises." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04420222989242450789.
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碩士<br>雲林科技大學<br>會計系研究所<br>96<br>The purpose of this study is to find oud the determinants of effective tax rates of medium and small enterprises (MSE). The data was gathered from those firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange and Gretai Sewrities Market from 2002 to 2007.
Empirical results show that the average effective rates of MSE is higher than that of large enterprises. The results also show that firm Size and R＆D are negatively associated with effective tax rate while leverage and ROA are positively associated with effective tax rate. The results also show that the effective tax rate of electronics industry is lower than Non-electronics industry.
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Ribeiro, Ana Isabel Martins. "The determinants of effective tax rates: firms characteristics and corporate governance." Master's thesis, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/81394.
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Ribeiro, Ana Isabel Martins. "The determinants of effective tax rates: firms characteristics and corporate governance." Dissertação, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/81394.
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Su, Ai-Ching, and 蘇愛晴. "The Study of Effective Tax Rates of Transnational Enterprises-The Moderating of Effectiveness of Tax Panning." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4d65eg.
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碩士<br>銘傳大學<br>會計學系碩士班<br>93<br>Transnational enterprises have more opportunities and greater incentives to avoid income taxation by exploiting differences between the tax rules of different countries, and by taking advantage of tax subsidy agreements with host countries. Using consolidated financial statement data on both listed and over the counter companies from 2000 to 2003, this study provides evidence on the impacts of the overseas investments scale on worldwide ETRs. Through the analyses with the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and many others, the main findings of this paper are as follows：
（1）The empirical result supports the political cost hypothesis. The larger the firm sizes are, the greater degrees they are monitored, so they bear greater political costs.
（2）Transnational enterprises with greater overseas investments scale have significantly lower effective tax rate, supporting that argument transnational enterprises have the advantage of reducing tax burden and transnational enterprises that may be tax-motivated.
（3）Offshore company which located in tax-heaven with more extensive foreign operations have lower worldwide ETRs than do offshore company which located in tax-heaven with less extensive foreign operations.
（4）There is a negative relationship between ETRs and firm size, leverage, R&D expenditure, and capital intensity.
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Valente, Sofia Gomes Laranjo. "The Determinants of Effective Tax Rates: Firm Characteristics and Corporate Social Responsibility." Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/117199.
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Valente, Sofia Gomes Laranjo. "The Determinants of Effective Tax Rates: Firm Characteristics and Corporate Social Responsibility." Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/117199.
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Pinheiro, Adriana Raquel da Costa Rebelo. "Explaining effective tax rates: the influence of Corporate Governance mechanisms and firms' characteristics." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/136175.
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Chang, Ming-Jie, and 張明傑. "The effect of Effective Tax Rates on Capital Income for the Financial Market." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15099814916633881997.
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碩士<br>銘傳大學<br>會計學系碩士班<br>99<br>This study intends to investigate whether there are any effects from effective tax rates on capital income for the financial market. In this study, we used data from Taiwan and OECD countries between 1980- 2008, and subdivided the financial markets into bank and stock market. So, we used different prospective banks and stock market to analyze our data. Our results show that the effect of effective tax rates on capital income for the stock market is insignificant. However, the results indicate that, the effect of effective tax rates on capital income for the bank is significantly negative. Thus, the government can decrease the effective tax rates on capital income to improve the bank''s development.
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Liu, Yi-Chun, and 劉怡均. "The study of the influence between company investment decision and effective tax rates." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a36jky.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>財稅學系<br>106<br>This study examines the link between adjusted effective tax rate of the corporate income tax and company investment in Taiwan and China. The sample data is divided into five major industries and a whole industry, attempting to finded whether it affects the investment of different industries. The unbalance panel data based on the sample of stock markets in Taiwan and China listed from 2006 to 2016 as our empirical data.
The empirical results show that different ETRs measurement have different effects on the investment of enterprises in different industries. In terms of the whole industry, the effective tax rate is not significant for the investment of enterprises in Taiwan and China. However, the larger firm size, the lower growth rate of revenue, can attracts company investment.
There are many factors affect company investments. According to this study, firm size is the main factor for attracting foreign direct investment, and the level of corporate income tax is not a major consideration for attracting foreign direct investment.
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Jan, Andreas Felix. "Empirical evidence on the difference between the effective and the statutory tax rates for listed groups in Germany." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/15413.
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The difference between the statutory and effective tax rate for listed groups is a complex variable influenced by a variety of factors. This paper aims to analyze whether this difference exists for listed groups in the German market and tests which factors have an impact on it. Thus the sample consists of 130 corporations listed in the three major German stock indices. The findings suggest that the companies that pay less than the statutory rate clearly outweigh the ones that pay more, and that the income earned from associated companies has a significant impact on this difference.
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Tung, Hui-Yu, and 董蕙瑜. "The Impact of 2008 Enterprise Income Tax Law Reform on China Listed Companies'' Effective Tax Rates." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94119950815659939007.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>會計學研究所<br>105<br>This study examines the impact of 2008 Enterprise Income Tax Law Reform on determinants of China listed companies’ corporate effective tax rates (ETRs) with panel data over thirteen-year period 2003-2015. First, we identifies some possible determinants of China listed companies’ ETRs based on theories, including firm characteristics, ownership structure, industries and regions. The findings from the empirical results are as follows.
The firm characteristics include firm size, profitability, capital structure (debt ratio), asset mix (capital intensity) and operating expenses. The results indicate the new Enterprise Income Tax (EIT) Law doesn’t make much difference on the relationship between firm characteristics and ETR. The political cost theory is used in China, larger the firm size, higher the tax payments. And the firm’s profitability also has a positive and significant effect on ETR. On the other hand, the coefficients on capital intensity and operating expenses are both significant and negative, showing the tax shield benefit. And debt ratio is the only one explanatory variable of firm characteristics which isn’t significant with ETR.
About ownership structures, because new EIT law abolishes many tax incentives for foreign invested enterprises, this study examines the difference of state owned and foreign invested enterprises’ ETRs. The empirical result shows new EIT law indeed decreases the gap of ETRs between state owned and foreign invested enterprises, making the firms with different ownership structures face more equitable tax treatment in China.
Furthermore, we investigate how ETRs different among industries and regions. Since new EIT law changed the mainly tax incentives determinants from firms’ located regions to firms’ industries, so that most industrial variables have no significant effect on ETRs before tax reform, and after new EIT law implementation, all industrial variables turn out to be associated with ETRs significantly, except culture and sports entertainment industry. Besides, we can find that agricultural industries and information technology industries are encouraging industries by Chinese government, because they have the most favorable tax incentives and the lowest ETRs after 2008 tax reform.
At the last, although new EIT law reduces the gap of ETRs among the firms at different regions, and only the firms at western China with specified industries can have favorable tax rate, the distribution of enterprise in China is still uneven, indicating that apart from tax policy Chinese government should make more efforts to improve regional development balance.
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Liu, Ting-chun, and 劉庭君. "The Effect of New Enterprise Income Tax Law and Labor Contract Law on Effective Tax Rates of Taiwan Companies." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53501620224858824477.
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碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>會計學系碩士班<br>98<br>Mainland China has attracted a huge amount of foreign investment by its cheap labor and raw material, plus and lots of preferential policies on taxes which aim to improve the rate of gross profit and competitiveness through cost cutting. However, with Mainland China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the development of economic globalization, the new Enterprise Income Tax Law and Labor Contract Law began to come into force on Jan.1, 2008. The research mainly aims to understand the effects of the implementation of the new Enterprise Income Tax Law and Labor Contract Law on the effective tax rates of Taiwan companies.
The research uses consolidated financial statements from 2005 to 2009 of the TSEC Listed and OTC Taiwanese Companies as samples. The empirical result shows that the effective tax rates of the TSEC Listed and OTC Taiwanese Companies have being increased significantly since Mainland China implemented the new Enterprise Income Tax Law and Labor Contract Law. Moreover, the larger amount Taiwan companies invest to Mainland, the larger effect the tax rate changes of the Mainland China impose on Taiwan companies. Apart from that, it also shows if the TSEC Listed and OTC Taiwanese Companies who invest to Mainland China are of electronics industry, the effective tax rates are significantly lower than those of other industries.
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Su, Li-Chueh, and 蘇麗雀. "An Investigation on the Relationship Between Firm Size and Effective Tax Rates in Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56084825613628390587.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>會計與財稅所<br>92<br>U.S. studies have found a positive relation between firm size and effective tax rates indicating that large U.S. firms suffer a “political cost”. Firm size has been used as a proxy for the firm’s political costs and hence managers’ proclivity to choose income reducing accounting procedures. This paper examines the connection between firm size and effective tax rates, confirms the political cost hypothesis whether is applicable in Taiwan. To examine the difference between ETR of large firms and small firms, a preliminary analysis is first conducted using traditional methodology. In addition to using the traditional methodology, a multiple variable regression is also employed which includes firm size with other explanatory variables and effective tax rates as the dependent variable.
This study suggests that there is evidence against the positive relation put forth by the political cost hypothesis. We find a negative relation between firm size and effective tax rates, which is in stark contrast to the majority of U.S. findings such as Zimmerman (1983). Furthermore, the political cost hypothesis is not applicable in Taiwan. The result may indicate that large firms are able to use their economic power to influence legislation or obtain favorable tax treatments, or because the government requires the cooperation of large firms to achieve national economic goals. The nature of relationships between governments and corporations is known to be different in Taiwan (industrializing county) and in the United States.
The empirical results also find research and development expense intensity；profitability; debt; capital intensity; long-term equity investment; capital gain; growth are potentially relevant factors on explain effective tax rates.
Keywords: Firm size; Effective tax rate; Political cost
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Kuo, Tai-Sheng, and 郭泰昇. "An Investigation on the Relationship between The Dividend Provision and the Effective Tax Rates." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42750649445578657564.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>財務金融學系<br>85<br>This research is to study the relationship between certain
provisions of the Statute for Upgrading Industries and the
dividend paying behavior for the stock listed companies. The
Statute, which enacted at 1990, allowed qualified firms to have
favorable tax treatments while paying stock diviednds. These
favorable tax treatments include that stock dividends received
by shareholders will be taxed only when they would be
transferred, and be taxed on the par value of the stocks.The
hypotheses raised in this research include:1.Whether those
qualified firms increase their stock dividends paying propensity
after the Statute was enacted?2.Was the increase of the stock
dividend paying propensity, if any, due to the enactment of the
Statute, or due to the trend of the economy? 3.While stock
dividends are taxed on par, is there a positive relationship
between the market prices of stocks and the propensity paying
stock dividends for the those qualified firms?The empirical
results show an increase in the propensity for paying stock
dividend, though not statistically significant, for the
qualified firms of the Statute. And the increases in the
propensity is more significant for the qualified firms, though
not statistically significant, than the rest of the market.
However, stock prices have no role in qualified firms'' stock
dividend propensity.
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Yun, Hsaio Shu, and 蕭淑雲. "The Impact of Employee Bonus as Expenses on Effective Tax Rates of Profit-Seeking Enterprises." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61937839326584852505.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>會計學系碩士班<br>99<br>Abstract
Title of Thesis：The Impact of Employee Bonus as Expenses on Effective Tax Rates of Profit-Seeking Enterprises
Student：Shu-Yun Hsaio Advisor：Dr. Mei-Juh Huang Total Pages：43
Month/Year：03/2011
Key Words：Employee Bonus as Expenses
Abstract：
In order to have Taiwan’s accounting regulations connected with International accounting regulations, and to help the enterprises to report their operational performance faithfully, Taiwan has adopted Employee Bonus as Expenses since Jan. 1st, 2008. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether this new regulation would cause tax shield effects, and then influence enterprises’ effective tax rates, and to investigate how effects of this new regulation on the tax burdens of electronic and non-electronic industries.
The empirical results show that after the implementation of Employee Bonus as Expenses, enterprises’ effective tax rates were lower than before. To evaluate different industries, we can find that compared to non-electronic industries, electronic industry has been having more preferential tax credits for a long time, so their real effective tax rates were corresponsive lower. In addition, the results also show that higher profitable enterprises have lower effective tax rates.
Moreover, the evidences of this study reveal that the enterprises with more income exemptions, such as securities or land capital gains income, will have lower effective tax rates. Besides, the outcomes also show that bigger enterprises were received more external supervisions and controls from government and the public, therefore, big enterprises would have higher tax costs and higher effective tax rates, and this result is consistent with the hypothesis of political cost.
Finally, with respect to the relationships between effective tax rates and using Certified Public Accountant (CPA) tax attestations, the evidences of this study show that the enterprise which using CPA tax attestation has lower effective tax rate. The reasons were speculated that the enterprises may ask their tax attested CPA to do tax planning for them, or the enterprises using CPA tax attestation in Taiwan are allowed to adopt five years loss carry-forwards (current regulation is 10 years), therefore, the CPA tax attested enterprises have lower average effective tax rates.
45
耿永昌. "The Impact of Dealing with Board Directors and Related Party Transaction on Effective Tax Rates." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dwezdd.
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46
Huang, Hsin-I., and 黃心怡. "The Impact of China’s Enterprise Income Tax Reform on Effective Tax Rates and Earnings Management－Evidence from Domestic, Foreign Listed Companies and Regional Tax Incentives." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35339266591038319386.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>財稅學系<br>101<br>In this study, as the object of listed companies in China, the topic is divided into two parts. First, investigate the effects of the law of China&;#39;s enterprise income tax (EIT) on effective tax rates (ETRs) of listed companies, and secondly, whether the implementation of the new law leads to expectance and earnings management of companies.
About the empirical results on ETRs witch use the financial statement data of China listed companies from 2002 to 2011, the average ETRs of listed companies have a significant drop after the implementation of the new EIT system in 2008. It means the new law of China generates direct tax benefits to the majority listed companies. The average ETRs of domestic listed companies decreased compared to before the implementation of the new tax system, however the ETRs of foreign listed companies are showing increased cases. Both the average ETRs has been approaching consistently, the different treatment on China&;#39;s domestic and foreign - funded tax burden was no longer existed. In terms of regional differences, the average ETRs of listed companies in eastern, northeastern and central regions was significantly reduced, while the average ETRs of special economic zones experienced notable growth. It improved the inequitable distribution of tax burden between regions.
As for earnings management, the empirical findings witch use the financial statement data of China listed companies from 2002 to 2008 indicate that in response to the implementation of the new EIT Law and access to tax-saving benefits, listed companies which is expected to decrease effective tax rate, appeared to have greater discretionary accruals during the legislative process (2006-2007) of the new EIT Law. Domestic enterprises with higher degree of privatization, and enterprises in the eastern and central regions, the discretionary accruals of 2007-2008 were significantly higher than the previous years. It proved the identity and regional differences in tax burden which caused by the tax system is an important factor of earnings management.
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"Effective tax rates as a determinant of foreign direct investment in Central- and East European countries." SFB International Tax Coordination, 2005. http://epub.wu-wien.ac.at/dyn/dl/wp/epub-wu-01_882.
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Hour, Yi Nain, and 侯怡年. "The Empirical Test between Firm Size and Effective Tax Rates-- The study of Political Process Theory." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58103781899423239853.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>企業管理研究所<br>82<br>In the hypothesis of Positive Accounting Theory, there are two
oppositive hypotheses discussing whether firm political
procedures are successful or not: 1. Political Influence theory:
Expounds that the firm size is negatively related to effective
tax rate. 2. Political cost theory:Expounds that the firm size
is positively realted to the effective tax rate. The main
purpose of this research is to investigate whether the
relationship between the firm size in Taiwan and the effective
tax rate is the positive relation of political cost theory or
the negative realtion of political effective theory; meanwhile,
to investigate if it is suitable to directly measure the
political process of firm with effective tax rate ? The results
of this reseach are as follows: 1. The Single Equation Basic
Model:This model is through the direct detection of the
relation between the firm size and effective tax rate, the
result is found is found generally in in conformity with the
statement of political cost. 2. The Path Model:The result,
which shows that the resulted firm size and the effective tax
rate positively related to each other, may be induced from the
two interferences of net operating losses and times interest
earned and the direct effect; The result, which shows the firm
size and the efective tax rate are negatively related may be
owing to Perference and Tax credit. 3. the Path Coefficient:In
the aspect of the oppposite importance of all variables, the
net operating losses doesn''t result in significant influence
toward the caused biase; however, the times interest earned has
greater influence on the contrary. As a conlusion, when one is
measuring the political process of firm, one should exclude the
two interferences from the effective tax rate.
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CHANG, CUIU SEN, and 張秋森. "The Effect of RMB Appreciation Expectation to Listed Companys’ Profitability and Effective Tax Rates in Taiwan？." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61984373123467117522.
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Chou, Yi-Chieh, and 周宜潔. "A Study of the Relationship of the Behavior of Tax Avoidance, Earnings Management, Effective Tax Rates and Corporate Governance of Controlled Foreign Company." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32375937082027274176.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>東吳大學<br>會計學系<br>103<br>According to that there’s no CFC rule in our country, many multinational enterprises do not paying overseas holdings LTD earnings in low tax jurisdictions to gain deferral privilege. Therefore, the point of this research was to investigate the relationship of the behavior of tax avoidance, earnings management, effective tax rates and corporate governance of controlled foreign company. This research use 14,507 data of Taiwan listed company, and the study period is from 1995 to 2013. After controlled ROA and size of the company, the result of the research is that the company which has higher DA, the motivation of tax avoidance is higher, and the number of retained-earnings unappropriated is higher, either. Moreover, the company which has higher ETR, which represent the company afford higher tax expenditure, and the number of retained-earnings unappropriated is also higher. At last, this research also investigate the effect of corporate governance to the behavior of tax avoidance. The result of the effect is that the company which has larger size of board of directors, the number of retained-earnings unappropriated is lower. It confirms that if company had better corporate governance, the managers’ ability of manipulating company’s finance and the behavior of company tax avoidance are restricted.